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106:
religion and history thus originates out of perceptive relations to habitat, that is, as motivated by the belief in the livingness of things as providing clues for human living. As he put it in 1876, "the
Civilisations prior to the Sixth Century B.C. were chiefly determined by the Powers and Aspects of Nature, and those posterior thereto by the Activities and Myths of Mind." By contrast, Jaspers denied major significance to religions prior to the Axial Age. Stuart-Glennie’s theory of the moral revolution is set in the context of a comparative theory of history that gave great attention to material conditions, as well as to pre-Axial folk cultures and civilizations, both of which Jaspers undervalued or ignored. Where Jaspers’ theory of the Axial Age was arguably flawed by ethnocentrism, Stuart-Glennie’s philosophy of history was unfortunately flawed by his acceptance of the “scientific” racism of the times, illustrated in his claim that civilization began in the “Conflict of Higher and Lower Races.”
97:, Stuart-Glennie reiterated his thesis: “…one great epoch can be signalised—that which I was, I believe, the first, thirty-two years ago ( “New Philosophy of History,” 1873), to point out as having occurred in the sixth (or fifth-sixth) century B.C. in all the countries of civilisation from the Hoangho to the Tiber. There arose then, as revolts against the old religions of outward observance or custom, new religions of inward purification or conscience—in China, Confucianism; in India, Buddhism; in Persia, Zoroastrianism; in Syria, Yahvehism (as a religion of the people rather than merely of the prophets), and changes of a similar character in the religions also of Egypt, of Greece, and of Italy.”
117:, Shaw compared Stuart-Glennie favorably to Friedrich Nietzsche. Shaw described Stuart-Glennie’s writing on how religious legitimation could be used for social dominance, instilling fear and subordination in the underclass, and false hope in a just afterlife: the rise of what Stuart-Glennie called the “Hell religions.” Stuart-Glennie was also seen, by Shaw, as a successor to
110:
science and history, and also influenced his conception of humanitarianism, which became a key element of Stuart-Glennie’s third phase of history. Mill said of Stuart-Glennie that he was, "a young man of, I think, considerable promise, who occupies himself very earnestly with the higher philosophical problems on the basis of positive science."
191:
Stuart-Glennie was also a founding contributor to the emergence of sociology, as Eugene Halton has shown. He was an active participant in the fledgling
Sociological Society of London in the first decade of the twentieth century, and a friend of early sociologist and fellow Scotsman Patrick Geddes and
109:
As a young man of twenty-one Stuart-Glennie had met and traveled with the well-known philosopher John Stuart-Mill, whose middle name was given to him by his father, philosopher James Mill, to honor Stuart-Glennie's grandfather, Sir John Stuart. Mill approved of Stuart-Glennie's interests in positive
100:
Stuart-Glennie's theory of the moral revolution was part of a broader three phase critical philosophy of history, which included gradations unexplored by
Jaspers, such as a view of prehistory as “panzoonist” in outlook, a worldview of revering “all life” as a religious basis for conceiving nature.
105:
in 1873 as an alternative to E. B. Tylor’s theory of animism, which appeared in 1871. Whereas Tylor’s idea of animism held that spirit inhabits things from without, Stuart-Glennie’s panzooinism allowed that inherent powers of nature are worthy of attention and devotion. Stuart-Glennie's model of
81:
has claimed that Stuart-Glennie’s most significant idea was his theory, first published in 1873, of what he termed "the moral revolution", delineating deep changes across different civilizations in the period 2,500 years ago, roughly centered around 600-500 BCE. It formed the second stage of his
160:
as a supporter of Stuart-Glennie. Robertson’s dismissal of Stuart-Glennie’s original thesis concerning the era of the moral revolution demonstrate how the times were not ready for an idea that only became widely known after
Jaspers’ book in the mid twentieth century.
548:""The Later Letters of John Stuart Mill 1849-1873 Part II," in The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume XV, eds. Francis E. Mineka and Dwight N. Lindley, Toronto, CAN: University of Toronto Press, London, UK: Routledge and Kegan Paul"
200:, Vol. II." In one of his papers delivered to the society, published in 1906, he predicted a Russian revolution and transformation of Europe by the year 2000, a "United States of Europe."
196:, in 1910. Geddes’ review begins: "Of the many historical, sociological, and philosophical writings of the late Mr. J. S. Stuart-Glennie three characteristic examples are to be found in
113:
Stuart-Glennie met and became a friend of Irish playwright, critic, and political activist George
Bernard Shaw in 1885. Both shared an interest in socialism. In his preface to his play,
82:
three stage "Ultimate Law of
History." This historical shift around roughly 600 BCE in a variety of civilizations, most notably ancient China, India, Judaism, and Greece, was termed the
563:
Forgotten
Founders and Other Neglected Social Theorists. Edited by Christopher T. Conner, Nicholas Baxter, and David R. Dickens. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, Pp. 11-26
665:
John Stuart-Glennie's Lost Legacy. In
Forgotten Founders and Other Neglected Social Theorists. Edited by Christopher T. Conner, Nicholas Baxter, and David R. Dickens
219:, for which he introduced a neologism "koenononosography" in 1889. He presented a racial theory of folklore origins at the International Folk-lore Congress of 1891.
822:"John Stuart-Glennie's Lost Legacy." Forgotten Founders and Other Neglected Social Theorists. Edited by Christopher T. Conner, Nicholas Baxter, and David R. Dickens
1011:"On the Origin of Fairies: Victorians, Romantics, and Folk Belief", Carole Silver, Browning Institute Studies, Vol. 14, The Victorian Threshold, 1986, pp. 147-150.
121:, with a theory of origins of civilization and religious transformations going back some eight thousand years, and based on racial foundations. In his 1956 book,
248:
were two authors who were proponents of the racialist interpretation of folklore. Stuart-Glennie went further, and gained attention with his theory that
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226:, argued that mythical beings could have been modeled on historic "savage" or "primitive" races. This theory was developed by
66:. He wrote a series of books and numerous articles, developing a broad philosophy of history. He also contributed to the
490:"Sociology's Missed Opportunity: John Stuart-Glennie's Lost Theory of the Moral Revolution, Also Known as the Axial Age"
181:
263:
Arthurian localities: Their historical origin, chief country, and
Fingalian relations; with a map of Arthurian Scotland
203:
Stuart-Glennie was involved in the attempt to set up a Celtic League in 1886, and in
Scottish activism of the 1890s.
282:
Pilgrim-memories; or, Travel and discussion in the birth-countries of Christianity with the late Henry Thomas Buckle
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363:
252:
were superior women of an archaic white race, wedded to a dark skinned race beneath them in level of civilization.
838:
From the Axial Age to the Moral Revolution: John Stuart-Glennie, Karl Jaspers, and a New Understanding of the Idea
464:
From the Axial Age to the Moral Revolution: John Stuart-Glennie, Karl Jaspers, and a New Understanding of the Idea
392:
From the Axial Age to the Moral Revolution: John Stuart-Glennie, Karl Jaspers, and a New Understanding of the Idea
294:
Europe and Asia, discussions of the Eastern question in travels through independent, Turkish, and Austrian Illyria
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Stuart-Glennie is remembered as a folklorist for his extreme ethnological stance regarding the origin of
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also Victor Branford. Geddes published an obituary for Stuart-Glennie in the new sociological journal,
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Greek folk poesy; annotated translations from the whole cycle of Romaic folk-verse and folk-prose
245:
40:
433:"Sociological Studies," in Sociological Papers, Volume 2, eds. Francis Galton et al, pp. 243-278
288:
Isis and Osiris; or, The Origin of Christianity: As a Verification of an Ultimate Law of History
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in London, through Stuart-Glennie’s friend and Mumford’s mentor sociologist Patrick Geddes.
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As a disciple of Buckle, with whom he travelled, Stuart-Glennie was heavily criticised by
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for a time, before coming up against the same issue of women's rights as foundational.
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Equivocal Feminists: The Social Democratic Federation and the Woman Question 1884-1911
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The Broadview Anthology of Drama: Volume 2: The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
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concept. Mumford became aware of Stuart-Glennie’s work around 1920, while editing
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607:
Bereft of Reason: On the Decline of Social Thought and Prospects for Its Renewal
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In the Morningland; or, The law of the origin and transformation of Christianity
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525:"The Axial Age, The Moral Revolution, and the Polarization of Life and Spirit"
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Archaeological Review. A journal of historic and pre-historic antiquities
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In his last publication on the moral revolution, published in 1906 in
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172:, known as "Speranza". He took part in a socialist demonstration in
919:
Highland Resistance: The Radical Tradition In The Scottish North
835:
Eugene Halton; Palgrave Connect (Online service) (4 July 2014).
461:
Eugene Halton; Palgrave Connect (Online service) (4 July 2014).
59:
306:
Greek folk-songs from the Ottoman provinces of Northern Hellas
805:
Geddes, Patrick (1910). "The Late Mr. J.S. Stuart-Glennie".
561:
Halton, Eugene (2019). "John Stuart-Glennie's Lost Legacy".
35:
was his maternal grandfather He was educated in law at the
180:
in wanting to include family matters in the charter of the
148:; Robertson took up challenges to his account of Buckle in
31:
He was the son of Alexander Glennie of Maybank Aberdeen;
350:
Patrick Geddes, "The Late Mr. J. S. Stuart Glennie",
946:
Patrick Geddes: Social Evolutionist and City Planner
23:, philosopher, founding sociologist, and socialist.
54:Stuart-Glennie later left the law and travelled in
604:
448:The Modern Revolution, Proemia 1: Pilgrim Memories
354:, Volume a3, Issue 4, pages 317–323, October 1910.
450:. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 479.
435:. London: MacMillan & Co. Ltd. p. 262.
824:. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. pp. 11–26.
667:. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. pp. 11–26.
576:Craig S. Walker; Jennifer Wise (9 July 2003).
222:Anthropologists in the 19th century, such as
8:
1033:Works by or about John Stuart Stuart-Glennie
683:Buckle and His Critics: A Study in Sociology
784:. Cambridge University Press. p. 112.
365:Register of Admissions to the Middle Temple
164:In 1885 Stuart-Glennie met and befriended
639:Political Philosophy and the Open Society
265:. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. 1869.
129:credited him with anticipating Jaspers'
611:. University of Chicago Press. p.
343:
312:The women of Turkey and their folk-lore
892:Bernard Shaw's Book Reviews: 1884-1950
19:(1841–1910) was a Scottish barrister,
991:. Taylor & Francis. p. 310.
895:. Penn State Press. pp. 229–30.
378:s:Men-at-the-Bar/Glennie, John Stuart
207:was influenced by his pan-Celticism.
7:
724:Michael Holroyd (17 February 2015).
70:. His ideas were ahead of the time.
1020:Silver 1986, p.150; 1999, pp.97–98.
922:. Andrews UK Limited. p. 156.
916:Iain Fraser Grigor (17 June 2014).
636:Dante L. Germino (1 January 1982).
420:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
841:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 88.
703:. Penn State Press. pp. 27–.
467:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 88.
184:during the 1880s; and was later a
14:
757:. Aware Journalism. p. 125.
754:The History of the Fabian Society
730:. Head of Zeus Ltd. p. 108.
751:Edward R. Pease (16 June 2014).
582:. Broadview Press. p. 210.
395:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
862:Peter Berresford Ellis (2002).
727:Bernard Shaw: The New Biography
697:John Anthony Bertolini (1993).
330:) (based on the collections of
985:Richard Mercer Dorson (1999).
943:Helen Meller (2 August 2005).
494:Journal of Classical Sociology
418:The Origin and Goal of History
1:
1077:Scottish folk-song collectors
1072:19th-century Scottish writers
446:Stuart-Glennie, John (1876).
431:Stuart-Glennie, John (1906).
778:Karen Hunt (11 April 2002).
334:and other Greek folklorists)
182:Social Democratic Federation
988:History of British Folklore
176:, in 1887. He clashed with
152:, made in the biography by
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700:Shaw and Other Playwrights
546:Mill, John Stuart (1972).
168:in London at the house of
123:The Transformations of Man
17:John Stuart Stuart-Glennie
949:. Routledge. p. 70.
642:. LSU Press. p. 66.
276:New Philosophy of History
502:10.1177/1468795X17691434
300:The Archaian white races
142:John Mackinnon Robertson
101:Stuart-Glennie proposed
33:John Stuart of Inchbreck
1062:Scottish travel writers
868:. Y Lolfa. p. 79.
820:Halton, Eugene (2019).
807:The Sociological Review
663:Halton, Eugene (2019).
523:Halton, Eugene (2018).
488:Halton, Eugene (2017).
389:Halton, Eugene (2014).
352:The Sociological Review
314:(1890, 2 volumes, with
194:The Sociological Review
135:The Sociological Review
603:Eugene Halton (1995).
496:. 17, 3 (3): 191–212.
416:Jaspers, Karl (1953).
332:Panayiotis Aravantinos
146:Buckle and His Critics
86:("die Achsenzeit") by
74:Views and associations
37:University of Aberdeen
889:Bernard Shaw (1996).
228:Edwin Sidney Hartland
224:Edward Burnett Tylor
198:Sociological Papers
166:George Bernard Shaw
95:Sociological Papers
246:Alfred Cort Haddon
41:University of Bonn
1067:Victorian writers
998:978-0-415-20476-7
956:978-1-134-84928-4
929:978-1-84989-045-8
875:978-0-86243-643-8
848:978-1-137-47350-9
809:. A3, 4: 317–323.
791:978-0-521-89090-8
764:978-1-5001-9039-2
737:978-1-78497-140-3
649:978-0-8071-0974-8
622:978-0-226-31462-4
589:978-1-55111-582-5
474:978-1-137-47350-9
402:978-1-137-47350-9
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535:(2): 56–71.
368:, at p. 514
232:Andrew Lang
154:Alfred Huth
103:panzooinism
62:to collect
1046:Categories
687:, pp.100–2
339:References
170:Jane Wilde
158:John Fiske
21:folklorist
510:152276051
131:Axial Age
90:in 1949.
84:Axial Age
975:, p. 199
529:Existenz
217:folklore
211:Folklore
64:folklore
43:and was
1035:at the
47:at the
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234:, and
186:Fabian
56:Europe
506:S2CID
256:Works
993:ISBN
951:ISBN
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244:and
60:Asia
58:and
39:and
27:Life
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318:)
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