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Kabyle grammar

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The predicative particle "d" is an indispensable tool in speaking Kabyle, "d" is equivalent to both "it is + adjective" and "to be + adjective", but cannot be replaced by the verb "ili" (to be). It is always followed by a noun (free state).
3015:
Dallet, Jean-Marie. 1982. Dictionnaire kabyle–français, parler des At Mangellet, Algérie. Études etholinguistiques Maghreb–Sahara 1, ser. eds. Salem Chaker, and Marceau Gast. Paris: Société d’études linguistiques et anthropologiques de
736:
alone is rarely used in Kabyle, instead often appearing with an accompanying particle. The preterite also has an accompanying negative paradigm which may or may not differ from that of the non-negative preterite depending on the verb.
1902:
The predicative particle "d" should not be confused with the particle of coordination "d"; indeed, the latter is followed by a noun at its annexed state while the first is always followed by a noun at its free state.
1714:. In English it could be translated into verb+er. It is obtained by prefixing the verb with « am- Â» or with « an- Â» if the first letter is b / f / m / w (there are exceptions however). 3108: 1300:
The participles in Kabyle are used as a means of expressing relative phrases in which the preceding noun is the participle's subject. In the following proverb,
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The second involves the loss of the initial vowel in the case of some feminine nouns (the sound represented by the letter 'e' is not considered a true vowel):
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in Kabyle is done by adding affixes (prefixes, suffixes or both). These affixes are static and identical for all finite stems, with only the theme changing.
3156: 741:"Weak verbs" have a preterite form that is the same as their aorist. Examples of weak verbs that follow are conjugated at the first person of the singular: 343:), while the other serves as a post-verbal subject of a transitive verb and the object of a preposition, among other contexts, and may be glossed as 3084: 3035: 579:
When the direct object is indicated on the verb by a direct object affix, the direct object's identity may be restated in the annexed state.
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Complex example (Mixing indirect and direct object) : « Yefka-yas-t. Â» — "He gave it to him." (He.gave-to.him-it)
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Some prepositions have two forms : one is used with pronominal suffixes and the other form is used in all other contexts.
4321: 3210: 932:"to be/become big or old") use a different set of person-number endings in their preterites, which contains only suffixes. 4432: 4422: 3200: 3180: 1758:
There are 6 regular stems of forming action nouns, and the 7th is for quality verbs : (C for consonant, V for vowel)
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When located after a verb, the direct object of the verb takes the free state, while the subject is in the annexed state.
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Achab, R. : 1998 – Langue berbère. Introduction Ă  la notation usuelle en caractères latins, Paris, Editions Hoggar.
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Isolated : Used when we omit the subject we are speaking about : «Wagi yelha» — "This is nice." (This-is.nice)
88:(there are some exceptions, however). Note that most feminine nouns are in fact feminized versions of masculine nouns. 3517: 3371: 688:
After a preposition (at the exception of "ar" and "s"), all nouns take their annexed state. Hence the free-state noun
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Each Kabyle verb has five participles, all formed by attaching various affixes onto a corresponding finite stem.
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Corpus-based studies of lesser-described languages : the CorpAfroAs corpus of spoken AfroAsiatic languages
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ffer "to hide" → tuffra "hiding" (stem VI), « Tuffra n tidett ur telhi Â» — "Hiding the truth is bad".
4098: 3434: 3429: 3361: 3232: 3220: 3205: 2975: 847: 4178: 4045: 3660: 3537: 3411: 3079:. Amina Mettouchi, Martine Vanhove, Dominique Caubet. Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 2015. pp. 237–238. 57: 4121: 4393: 4244: 3892: 3874: 3688: 2995:
Achab, R. : 1996 – La nĂ©ologie lexicale berbère (1945–1995), Paris/Louvain, Editions Peeters, 1996.
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NaĂŻt-Zerrad, K. : 1994 – Manuel de conjugaison kabyle (le verbe en berbère), L’Harmattan, Paris.
1552: 4377: 4372: 3979: 3821: 3693: 3269: 721: 363:. The construct state of the noun derives from the free state through one of the following rules: 4168: 4111: 3954: 3859: 3625: 3552: 3512: 3497: 3479: 3441: 3291: 3241: 3169: 3102: 1029: 61: 4035: 3056:
Tizi-Wwuccen. Méthode audio-visuelle de langue berbère (kabyle), Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 1986.
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NaĂŻt-Zerrad, K. : 1995 – Grammaire du berbère contemporain, I – Morphologie, ENAG, Alger.
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orients toward the interlocutor or toward a certain place, and could be translated as "there".
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Depending on the role of the noun in the sentence, it takes either its free or annexed state.
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Verb derivation is done by adding affixes. There are three types of derivation forms :
729: 328: 65: 2577: Â» "from the town". All words preceded by a preposition (at the exception of «  4339: 4293: 4216: 4206: 4196: 4186: 4078: 4053: 3987: 3964: 3959: 3829: 3795: 3790: 3780: 3775: 3737: 3727: 3700: 3650: 3635: 3610: 3585: 3575: 3547: 3542: 3527: 3474: 3451: 3416: 3396: 3339: 3316: 3306: 3276: 3264: 23: 2340:
Suffix: Used with a noun, example : « Axxam-agi» — "This house." (House-this).
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attached to the verb, and one or more negative words that modify the verb or one of its
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External or "Regular": consists in changing the initial vowel of the noun, and adding a
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enz "to be sold" → zzenz "to sell" → ttuzenz "to be sold" (ttuzenz = enz !!).
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mood). Unlike other Berber languages, where it is used to express the present, the
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Mammeri, M. : 1976 – Tajerrumt n tmaziÉŁt (tantala taqbaylit), Maspero, Paris.
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man.ABS NEG NEG.PTCP-work.IPFV, give.IMP-3SG.M.IO distaff.ABS PTCL 3SG.M-spin.AOR
4134: 3854: 2698: 2688: 1743: 1660:: is obtained by prefixing the verb with ttu- / ttwa- / tt- / mm(e)- / n- / nn-: 35: 1687:
enɣ "to kill" → mmenɣ "to kill each other" → smenɣ "to make to kill each other"
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Example : « Yenna-yas. Â» — "He said to him." (He.said-to.him)
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based language, Kabyle verbs use two particles to show the path of motion:
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Example : « YuÉŁ-it. Â» — "He bought it." (He.bought-it)
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Mixed: combines a change of vowels (within the word) with the suffix
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Example : « Axxam-nneÉŁ. Â» — "Our house." (House-our)
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Other negative words (acemma ... etc.) are used in combination with
1342: 1329: 661: 595: 541: 502: 1409: 1370: 716:, three of them conventionally labelled the preterite (expressing 603: 591: 42:
CS:construct state FS:free state ANN:annexed state ABS:free state
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When a noun is moved in front of the verb to establish it as the
607: 157:, and do not have a suffix. Plural nouns generally start with an 332: 27: 22:
is the set of structural rules and regulations included in the
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Internal: involves only a change in the vowels within the word:
68:, masculine nouns and adjectives generally start with a vowel ( 1509:
orients toward the speaker, and could be translated as "here".
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As in all Berber languages, Kabyle has two types of states or
1680:: obtained by combining two or more of the previous prefixes: 1617:: obtained by prefixing the verb with s- / sse- / ssu- : 1562:. For example, simple verbal negation is expressed by «  3001:
F. Amazit-Hamidchi & M. Lounaci : Kabyle de poche,
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Only the first two numbers are Berber; for higher numbers,
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Grammaire moderne du kabyle, tajerrumt tatrart n teqbaylit
2336:('this, these'), far-deictic ('that, those') and absence: 1627:
kcem "to enter" → ssekcem "to make to enter, to introduce"
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The first involves a vowel alternation, whereby the vowel
1746:, which in English it could be translated into verb+ing: 1640:: obtained by prefixing the verb with m- / my(e)- / myu-: 1551:
Kabyle usually expresses negation in two parts, with the
2585: Â», "towards", "until" ) take their annexed state. 1413: 1008:
As an example, the full finite conjugation of the verb
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Also some of these prepositions have a corresponding
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Example : « Ula d nekk. Â» — "Me too."
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A man who doesn't work? Give him a distaff to spin!)
1032:
of a verb is the second-person singular imperative.
4391: 4358: 4330: 4312: 4273: 4243: 4215: 4177: 4148: 4120: 4097: 4044: 4011: 3978: 3933: 3873: 3819: 3766: 3713: 3671: 3601: 3566: 3488: 3465: 3387: 3325: 3240: 3231: 165:. There are three types of plural : External, 3023:. Paris: Edition Association de Culture Berbère. 2519:) "two". The noun being counted follows it in the 704:"of" triggering the construct state's appearance. 475:Finally, some nouns do not change for free state: 430:The third involves the addition of a semi-vowel ( 80:), while the feminine nouns generally start with 1566: Â» before the verb and the particle «  1012:"to fly" exhibiting its four themes (preterite 936:Kabyle stative preterite person-number affixes 1650:áą­áą­ef "to hold" → myuáą­áą­af "to hold each other". 1624:ffeÉŁ "to go out" → ssuffeÉŁ "to make to go out" 926:A group of stative/resultative verbs (such as 724:) and aorist (essentially functioning like an 3150: 3051:Un parler berbere d'Algerie (Kabyle): syntax 8: 1667:krez "to plough" → ttwakrez "to be ploughed" 927: 2715:iÉŁer / ÉŁer way / (s)aniÉŁer / (s)awier / ÉŁer 1898:Idir yella d anelmad, "Idir was a student". 1590:to express more complex types of negation. 1574:« UrareÉŁ Â» ("I played") → «  1437: 712:Kabyle verbs inflect for four paradigms of 700:, (a glass of water), with the preposition 3237: 3157: 3143: 3135: 3107:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 335:: one is unmarked (and can be glossed as 2783:ideg / deg way / deg waydeg / anda / deg 2637: 2394: 2343: 2187: 2098: 2004: 1915: 1760: 1446: 1034: 1028:) is given below. For Kabyle verbs, the 934: 852: 809: 744: 3066: 1647:áş“er "to see" → máş“er "to see each other" 1630:irid "to be washed" → ssired "to wash". 153:Singular nouns generally start with an 3100: 3053:. Provence: UniversitĂ© de Provence. 1728:inig "to travel" → iminig "traveller" 7: 3021:Manuel de grammaire berbère (kabyle) 2530:"First" and "last" are respectively 1895:Idir d anelmad, "Idir is a student". 1693:Two prefixes can cancel each other: 1538:aman» (bring the water), « awi- 806:"Strong verbs" or "irregular verbs": 64:, masculine and feminine. Like most 1670:eÄŤÄŤ "to eat" → mmeÄŤÄŤ "to be eaten". 1542:aman Â» (carry away the water). 1182: 1141: 1731:eks "to graze" → ameksa "shepherd" 14: 1725:áą­áą­ef "to hold" → anaáą­áą­af "holder" 484:tuccent → tuccent "female jackal" 2766:iÉŁef / ÉŁef way / ÉŁef wadeg / ÉŁef 2573: Â» "to the people", «  2332:There are three demonstratives, 720:), intensive aorist (expressing 638:, it remains in its free state. 161:and often have a suffix such as 1742:Every verb has a corresponding 1710:Every verb has a corresponding 1527: Â» (he came), « iruḥ- 627:3SG.M-hit.PFV-3SG.M.ACC dog.ANN 2821:s ways / s wacu / s / iss / is 2694:iwumi / iwimi / imi / umi / mi 2670:'and, with, in the company of' 2569:precede their objects: «  16:Grammar of the Kabyle language 1: 2620:wemcic Â» "she gave meat 2538:(regular adjectives). Other 1036:Finite conjugation of Kabyle 854:Kabyle person-number affixes 355:. The former is often called 2814:'with, by means of, using' ( 2628:tefka aksum Â» "The cat 2130:ÉŁ / (y)aÉŁ / tnaÉŁ / (y)anteÉŁ 1456:Intensive Aorist Participle 1304:"who doesn't work" modifies 3030:. Editions KARTHALA, 2001. 2542:are formed with the prefix 681:boy.ABS 3SG-hit.PFV dog.ABS 572:3SG-hit.PFV boy.ANN dog.ABS 481:taddart → taddart "village" 4449: 2609: Â» "for/to" → «  2119:ÉŁ / (y)aÉŁ / naÉŁ / (y)anaÉŁ 1892:Nekk d argaz, "I'm a man". 1864:zdi "to be united" → azday 1582: Â» ("I did not play") 1426:, efk-as taáą›uka ad yellem! 3176: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2196: 2193: 2190: 1977:netta / nettan / nettani 1886:D taqcict, "it's a girl". 1455: 1452: 1449: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 383:ameqqran → umeqqran "big" 2624:the cat" → « Amcic 2478:tidak-ihin / tigad-ihin 2476:tidak-inna / tigad-inna 2447:widak-ihin / wigad-ihin 2445:widak-inna / wigad-inna 1874:Predicative particle "d" 1570: Â» after the verb: 386:adrar → udrar "mountain" 380:amaziÉŁ → umaziÉŁ "Berber" 3888:Central Atlas Tamazight 2763:'on; because of; about' 2659:Translation equivalent 2650:Translation equivalent 1401: 1391: 1380: 1357: 1335: 1323: 1312: 1024:, and intensive aorist 928: 692:(water), annexed state 667: 653: 642: 613: 583: 558: 547: 533: 508: 494: 3130:Kabyle verb conjugator 3049:Salem Chaker. 1983. 3019:Hamid Hamouma. n.d. 1867:ini "to say" → timenna 1861:ÉŁeáş“áş“ "to bite" → aÉŁáş“aáş“ 424:murt → tmurt "country" 323:Free and annexed state 60:, Kabyle has only two 3111:) CS1 maint: others ( 2800:iseg / seg way / ansi 1450:Preterite Participle 1063:Intensive Imperative 1016:, negative preterite 58:Afro-Asiatic language 4433:Languages of Algeria 4423:Afroasiatic grammars 3026:Kamal Nait-Zerrad. 2639:Kabyle prepositions 2378:(y)ihin / (y)ihinna 2090:Pronouns of the verb 1969:kunnemti / kennemti 1436:is not a real man. ( 47:Nouns and adjectives 3518:Old Church Slavonic 2982:"when he arrived", 2811:iss- / yiss- / yis- 2640: 2616:« Tefka aksum 2581: Â» and «  2558:"third (f.)", etc. 2468:ti / tigi / tigini 2465:ta / tagi / tagini 2001:Possessive pronouns 1051:Negative Preterite 1041: 937: 855: 776:Muqel (to observe) 722:imperfective aspect 569:Yewwet weqcic aydi. 522:3SG-hit.PFV boy.ABS 4383:Lingua Franca Nova 4026:Classical Japanese 2986:"see if he came". 2978:precede the verb: 2638: 2503:is used. They are 2486:tidak / tidak-nni 2455:widak / widak-nni 1991:nutenti / nitenti 1889:D nekk, "it's me". 1531: Â» (he went). 1453:Aorist Participle 1035: 935: 853: 684:The boy hit a dog. 678:Aqcic yewwet aydi. 575:The boy hit a dog. 438:) word-initially: 4410: 4409: 4064:Classical Chinese 3709: 3708: 3170:world's languages 3086:978-90-272-6889-1 3036:978-2-84586-172-5 2968: 2967: 2735:'to' (direction) 2718:'to' (direction) 2613: Â» "to whom" 2492: 2491: 2437:wi/ wigi/ wigini 2434:wa/ wagi/ wagini 2388: 2387: 2317: 2316: 2178: 2177: 2084: 2083: 1995: 1994: 1912:Personal pronouns 1851: 1850: 1491: 1490: 1298: 1297: 1057:Intensive Aorist 1006: 1005: 924: 923: 840: 839: 822:Intensive aorist 803: 802: 790:Krez (to plough) 757:Intensive aorist 718:perfective aspect 714:tense–aspect–mood 38:, and sentences. 4440: 4428:Berber languages 4079:Mandarin Chinese 3910:Levantine Arabic 3238: 3159: 3152: 3145: 3136: 3117: 3116: 3106: 3098: 3071: 2890:'beneath, under' 2729:'to' (direction) 2712:'to' (direction) 2655:Relative pronoun 2641: 2593:relative pronoun 2474:tihid / tihidak 2471:tihin / tihinna 2443:wihid / wihidak 2440:wihin / wihinna 2395: 2344: 2188: 2099: 2005: 1916: 1761: 1500:satellite-framed 1447: 1439: 1434:who doesn't work 1415: 1411: 1407: 1397: 1387: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1331: 1319: 1042: 938: 931: 856: 810: 745: 674: 663: 659: 649: 624:Yewwet-it weydi. 620: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 565: 554: 543: 539: 515: 504: 500: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 66:Berber languages 4448: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4387: 4354: 4326: 4308: 4276:Native American 4269: 4239: 4211: 4173: 4144: 4116: 4093: 4040: 4007: 3974: 3929: 3869: 3815: 3762: 3705: 3667: 3597: 3562: 3484: 3461: 3383: 3362:Scottish Gaelic 3321: 3227: 3172: 3163: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3099: 3087: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3063: 2992: 2984:muqel ma yusa-d 2973: 2564: 2554:"second (m.)", 2497: 2487: 2485: 2477: 2475: 2456: 2454: 2446: 2444: 2330: 2184:Indirect object 2092: 2003: 1966:kemm / kemmini 1955:keÄŤÄŤ / keÄŤÄŤini 1944:nekk / nekkini 1933:nekk / nekkini 1914: 1909: 1876: 1740: 1708: 1596: 1594:Verb derivation 1549: 1496: 1442: 1417: 1399: 1389: 1378: 1355: 1333: 1321: 845: 827:Aru (to write) 710: 686: 676: 665: 651: 632: 622: 611: 577: 567: 556: 545: 527: 517: 506: 361:construct state 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 325: 246:c "a cat" → imc 190:"an old man" → 151: 124:"an old woman". 84:and end with a 54: 49: 44: 26:, ranging from 24:Kabyle language 17: 12: 11: 5: 4446: 4444: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4415: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4398: 4396: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4364: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4336: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4318: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4280: 4278: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4249: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4221: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4183: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4155: 4153: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4103: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4017: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3984: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3939: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3890: 3885: 3879: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3826: 3824: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3772: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3719: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3681: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3607: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3583: 3578: 3572: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3538:Serbo-Croatian 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3494: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3471: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3412:Istro-Romanian 3409: 3404: 3399: 3393: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3342: 3337: 3331: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3244: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3188: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3164: 3162: 3161: 3154: 3147: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3125: 3124:External links 3122: 3119: 3118: 3085: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3024: 3017: 3013: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2988: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2822: 2819: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2695: 2692: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2673:(w)ukud / wi d 2671: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2653:Corresponding 2651: 2648: 2647:With suffixes 2645: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2633: 2632:she gave meat" 2614: 2563: 2560: 2525:sin n yirgazen 2496: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2484:tid / tid-nni 2482: 2479: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2453:wid / wid-nni 2451: 2448: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2393: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2372:(y)a / (y)agi 2369: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2329: 2328:Demonstratives 2326: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2002: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1980:nutni / nitni 1978: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1958:kunwi / kenwi 1956: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1595: 1592: 1584: 1583: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1532: 1517: 1516: 1510: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1400: 1390: 1379: 1356: 1334: 1322: 1311: 1310: 1296: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1004: 1003: 1000: 997: 993: 992: 989: 986: 982: 981: 978: 975: 971: 970: 967: 964: 960: 959: 956: 953: 949: 948: 945: 942: 922: 921: 918: 915: 911: 910: 907: 904: 900: 899: 896: 893: 889: 888: 885: 882: 878: 877: 874: 871: 867: 866: 863: 860: 844: 841: 838: 837: 834: 831: 828: 824: 823: 820: 817: 814: 808: 807: 801: 800: 797: 794: 791: 787: 786: 783: 780: 777: 773: 772: 769: 766: 763: 762:If (to outdo) 759: 758: 755: 752: 749: 743: 742: 709: 706: 666: 652: 641: 640: 636:sentence topic 612: 582: 581: 557: 546: 532: 531: 507: 493: 492: 488: 487: 486: 485: 482: 473: 472: 471: 470: 469:uccen "jackal" 463: 456: 449: 428: 427: 426: 425: 418: 407: 390: 389: 388: 387: 384: 381: 324: 321: 320: 319: 318: 317: 303: 288: 277: 272:"sky" → igenwa 263: 262: 254: 253: 252: 251: 240: 239:rar "mountain" 230: 229: 225: 224: 223: 222: 215: 201: 179: 178: 150: 147: 146: 145: 135: 125: 114:"an old man", 109: 53: 50: 48: 45: 40: 20:Kabyle grammar 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4445: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4099:Austroasiatic 4096: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3233:Indo-European 3230: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3186:Orthographies 3184: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3070: 3067: 3060: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3012: 3011:2-7005-0324-4 3008: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2941:'in front of' 2940: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2884:ddaw / seddaw 2883: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2867:nnig / sennig 2866: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2824:'with what' ( 2823: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2803:'from where' 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2749:(w)uÉŁur / ÉŁur 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2597:interrogative 2594: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2483: 2480: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2452: 2449: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2400:Near-deictic 2396: 2390: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2347:Near-deictic 2345: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2095:Direct object 2094: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2000: 1998: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1873: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1745: 1737: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1705: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1678:Complex forms 1676: 1675: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1493: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1435: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1416: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1382: 1377: 1359: 1354: 1340: 1338: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1043: 1039: 1033: 1031: 1030:citation form 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1001: 998: 995: 994: 990: 987: 984: 983: 979: 976: 973: 972: 968: 965: 962: 961: 957: 954: 951: 950: 946: 943: 940: 939: 933: 930: 919: 916: 913: 912: 908: 905: 902: 901: 898:t(e) — (e)mt 897: 894: 891: 890: 886: 883: 880: 879: 875: 872: 869: 868: 864: 861: 858: 857: 851: 849: 842: 835: 832: 829: 826: 825: 821: 818: 815: 812: 811: 805: 804: 798: 795: 792: 789: 788: 784: 781: 778: 775: 774: 770: 767: 764: 761: 760: 756: 753: 750: 747: 746: 740: 739: 738: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 707: 705: 703: 699: 695: 691: 685: 682: 679: 675: 669: 664: 655: 650: 644: 639: 637: 631: 630:He hit a dog. 628: 625: 621: 615: 610: 585: 580: 576: 573: 570: 566: 560: 555: 549: 544: 535: 530: 526: 525:He hit a boy. 523: 520: 519:Yewwet aqcic. 516: 510: 505: 496: 491: 483: 480: 479: 478: 477: 476: 468: 464: 462:iles "tongue" 461: 457: 454: 450: 447: 443: 442: 441: 440: 439: 437: 433: 423: 419: 416: 412: 408: 406:mÉŁart "women" 405: 401: 397: 396: 395: 394: 393: 385: 382: 379: 378: 377: 376: 375: 373: 369: 364: 362: 359:, the latter 358: 334: 330: 322: 315: 311: 307: 304: 301: 297: 293: 289: 286: 282: 278: 275: 271: 267: 266: 265: 264: 260: 256: 255: 249: 245: 241: 238: 234: 233: 232: 231: 227: 226: 220: 216: 213: 209: 205: 202: 199: 198: 194: 189: 187: 183: 182: 181: 180: 176: 172: 171: 170: 168: 164: 160: 156: 149:Pluralization 148: 143: 139: 136: 133: 129: 126: 123: 122: 118: 113: 110: 107: 106: 102: 97: 94: 93: 92: 89: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 51: 46: 43: 39: 37: 33: 29: 25: 21: 4225:Massachusett 4179:Austronesian 4046:Sino-Tibetan 3904: 3312:West Frisian 3211:Prepositions 3190: 3075: 3069: 3050: 3027: 3020: 2990:Bibliography 2983: 2979: 2976:Conjunctions 2974: 2971:Conjunctions 2826:instrumental 2816:instrumental 2791:seg / si / g 2774:deg / g / di 2757:ÉŁef / af / f 2701:) / 'whose' 2676:'with whom' 2644:Preposition 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2606: 2599:), example: 2590: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2567:Prepositions 2565: 2562:Prepositions 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2529: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2495:Numerotation 2481:tin / tinna 2450:win / winna 2403:Far-deictic 2350:Far-deictic 2334:near-deictic 2331: 2179: 2085: 2077:(i)s / ines 2066:(i)s / ines 2055:(i)m / inem 2044:(i)k / inek 1996: 1901: 1881: 1877: 1814:a(C)CaC(C)i 1792:aC(C)VC(C)V 1770:Action noun 1757: 1741: 1709: 1692: 1677: 1657: 1637: 1614: 1597: 1587: 1585: 1579: 1575: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1550: 1539: 1535: 1528: 1524: 1523:« iruḥ- 1518: 1512: 1506: 1498:Kabyle is a 1497: 1494:Verb framing 1487:ur nettafeg 1443: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1404: 1394: 1383: 1360: 1341: 1336: 1328: 1324: 1315: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1037: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1007: 925: 895:t(e) — (e)ḍ 887:t(e) — (e)m 884:t(e) — (e)ḍ 846: 819:ad + aorist 754:ad + aorist 711: 701: 697: 693: 689: 687: 683: 680: 677: 670: 656: 645: 633: 629: 626: 623: 616: 586: 578: 574: 571: 568: 561: 550: 536: 528: 524: 521: 518: 511: 497: 489: 474: 466: 459: 452: 448:asif "river" 445: 435: 431: 429: 421: 417:mdint "town" 414: 410: 403: 399: 391: 371: 367: 365: 360: 356: 326: 313: 309: 305: 299: 295: 291: 284: 280: 273: 269: 258: 247: 243: 236: 218: 211: 207: 203: 196: 192: 191: 185: 184: 162: 158: 154: 152: 141: 137: 131: 127: 120: 116: 115: 111: 104: 100: 99: 95: 90: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 55: 41: 19: 18: 4394:constructed 4378:Interlingue 4373:Interlingua 4245:Uto-Aztecan 3935:Niger–Congo 3875:Afroasiatic 3201:Determiners 3181:Phonologies 2935:zdat / zzat 2873:'on top of' 2697:'to whom' ( 2687:'for, to' ( 2667:yid- / did- 2527:"two men". 2211:Short form 2205:Short form 2033:(i)w / inu 2022:(i)w / inu 1744:action noun 1738:Action noun 1534:« awi- 1481:ara yafgen 1274:ur ufigent 1208:tettafgemt 1060:Imperative 848:Conjugation 843:Conjugation 730:subjunctive 698:kas n waman 696:, can form 144:"mosquito". 91:Examples: 36:punctuation 4417:Categories 4151:East Asian 4112:Vietnamese 3898:Historical 3860:Mingrelian 3626:Hindustani 3603:Indo-Aryan 3553:Slovincian 3513:Macedonian 3498:Belarusian 3480:Lithuanian 3442:Portuguese 3372:colloquial 3196:Adjectives 3061:References 3005:, France, 2980:mi yiwweḍ 2958:'like, as' 2769:'on what' 2575:si temdint 2488:tigad-nni 2457:wigad-nni 2431:masculine 2242:ÉŁ / (y)aÉŁ 2225:ÉŁ / (y)aÉŁ 2208:Long form 2202:Long form 1882:Examples: 1847:teC1C2eC3 1811:(C)CaC(C) 1803:aC(C)eCCi 1789:C(C)VC(C) 1712:agent noun 1706:Agent noun 1519:Examples: 1302:ur nxeddem 1280:ad afgent 1205:tettafgeḍ 1167:tettafgem 1164:tettafgeḍ 1048:Preterite 816:Preterite 796:ad kerzeÉŁ 785:ttmuquleÉŁ 782:ad muqleÉŁ 751:Preterite 455:aḍu "wind" 357:free state 235:adrar → id 200:"old men". 134:"a woman". 4368:Esperanto 4360:auxiliary 4258:Classical 4169:Mongolian 4059:Cantonese 3993:Malayalam 3980:Dravidian 3850:Kabardian 3758:Meänkieli 3733:Hungarian 3558:Ukrainian 3503:Bulgarian 3402:Dalmatian 3302:Ripuarian 3297:Old Norse 3292:Norwegian 3287:Icelandic 3250:Afrikaans 3103:cite book 3095:897946694 2839:'between' 2556:tis tlata 2511:) "one", 2462:feminine 2375:(y)agini 2310:(y)asent 2276:(y)akent 2194:Singular 2105:Singular 2011:Singular 1947:nekkenti 1922:Singular 1854:Examples: 1844:iC1C2VC3 1718:Examples: 1638:Reflexive 1615:Causative 1604:reflexive 1600:Causative 1560:arguments 1484:yettafeg 1478:ur nufig 1470:Negative 1464:Negative 1286:ttafgent 1283:tettafeg 1277:ad tafeg 1271:ur tufig 1246:yettafeg 1220:ttafgemt 1196:tufigemt 1130:nettafeg 1040:"to fly" 1020:, aorist 944:Singular 906:i/y(e) — 862:Singular 584:Yewwet-it 413:mdint → t 402:mÉŁart → t 217:ul → ulaw 169:, Mixed: 140:"a fly", 130:"a man", 108:"a girl". 98:"a boy", 4332:artistic 4322:American 4284:Cherokee 4192:Hawaiian 4130:Has Hlai 4074:Kokborok 4069:Dzongkha 4031:Okinawan 4021:Japanese 3925:Ugaritic 3920:Tigrinya 3845:Georgian 3822:European 3748:Livonian 3723:Estonian 3679:Albanian 3656:Sanskrit 3631:Maithili 3621:Gujarati 3616:Bhojpuri 3533:Silesian 3457:Venetian 3447:Romanian 3426:Lombard 3377:literary 3242:Germanic 3216:Pronouns 3191:Grammars 3166:Grammars 2924:'behind' 2786:'where' 2752:'among' 2706:ÉŁer / ar 2571:i medden 2540:ordinals 2536:aneggaru 2532:amezwaru 2521:genitive 2423:Singular 2417:Singular 2411:Singular 2406:Absence 2381:(y)inna 2364:Singular 2358:Singular 2353:Absence 2301:3rd (f) 2293:(y)asen 2284:3rd (m) 2267:2nd (f) 2259:(y)awen 2250:2nd (m) 2233:1st (f) 2216:1st (m) 2174:(i)tent 2168:3rd (f) 2157:3rd (m) 2152:(i)kent 2146:2nd (f) 2135:2nd (m) 2124:1st (f) 2113:1st (m) 2074:3rd (f) 2063:3rd (m) 2052:2nd (f) 2041:2nd (m) 2030:1st (f) 2019:1st (m) 1985:3rd (f) 1974:3rd (m) 1963:2nd (f) 1952:2nd (m) 1941:1st (f) 1930:1st (m) 1907:Pronouns 1822:C1C2eC3 1800:C(C)eCC 1553:particle 1547:Negation 1467:Positive 1461:Positive 1384:distaff. 1262:3rd (f) 1249:ttafgen 1225:3rd (m) 1202:tefgemt 1193:tufigeḍ 1190:tufgemt 1184:2nd (f) 1179:ttafget 1155:tufigem 1152:tufigeḍ 1143:2nd (m) 1127:ttafgeÉŁ 1098:Singular 1092:Singular 1086:Singular 1080:Singular 1074:Singular 1068:Singular 996:3rd (f) 985:3rd (m) 974:2nd (f) 963:2nd (m) 920:— (e)nt 914:3rd (f) 903:3rd (m) 892:2nd (f) 881:2nd (m) 833:ad aruÉŁ 799:kerrzeÉŁ 768:ad ifeÉŁ 726:irrealis 465:uccen → 374: : 276:"skies". 250:c "cats" 221:"hearts" 167:Internal 132:tameáą­áą­ut 4340:Klingon 4294:Miskito 4253:Nahuatl 4207:Tagalog 4197:Ilocano 4187:Cebuano 4122:Kra–Dai 4089:Tibetan 4054:Burmese 4036:HachijĹŤ 4013:Japonic 3988:Kannada 3965:Swahili 3796:Turkmen 3791:Turkish 3738:Ingrian 3728:Finnish 3701:Hittite 3689:Ancient 3651:Punjabi 3636:Marathi 3611:Bengali 3586:Persian 3576:Kurdish 3568:Iranian 3548:Slovene 3528:Russian 3475:Latvian 3452:Spanish 3435:Western 3430:Eastern 3417:Italian 3397:Catalan 3340:Cornish 3317:Yiddish 3307:Swedish 3277:Faroese 3265:English 3168:of the 3016:France. 3003:Assimil 2907:'until' 2746:'among' 2630:to whom 2605:«  2552:wis sin 2426:Plural 2420:Plural 2414:Plural 2367:Plural 2361:Plural 2197:Plural 2191:Person 2163:(i)ten 2149:(i)kem 2141:(i)ken 2108:Plural 2102:Person 2014:Plural 2008:Person 1988:nettat 1925:Plural 1919:Person 1836:tuCCCa 1658:Passive 1608:Passive 1578:urareÉŁ 1475:yufgen 1424:nxeddem 1402:yellem! 1337:nxeddem 1308:"man". 1268:ufgent 1237:ufigen 1217:ttafeg 1214:afgemt 1199:tafgeḍ 1187:tufgeḍ 1176:ttafeg 1161:tefgem 1158:tafgeḍ 1149:tufgem 1146:tufgeḍ 1115:ufigeÉŁ 1101:Plural 1095:Plural 1089:Plural 1083:Plural 1077:Plural 1071:Plural 1054:Aorist 1045:Person 999:— (e)t 977:— (e)ḍ 966:— (e)ḍ 955:— (e)ÉŁ 947:Plural 941:Person 917:t(e) — 909:— (e)n 876:n(e) — 873:— (e)ÉŁ 865:Plural 859:Person 836:ttaruÉŁ 793:kerzeÉŁ 779:muqleÉŁ 771:ttifeÉŁ 458:iles → 444:asif → 370:become 331:of the 316:"hands" 206:rgaz → 62:genders 32:phrases 4402:Lojban 4392:Other 4350:Quenya 4299:Navajo 4274:Other 4235:Ojibwe 4230:Munsee 4164:Korean 4159:Evenki 4149:Other 4003:Telugu 3955:Herero 3915:Somali 3905:Kabyle 3893:Hebrew 3883:Arabic 3840:Basque 3835:Adyghe 3830:Abkhaz 3820:Other 3801:Uyghur 3781:Kyrgyz 3776:Kazakh 3768:Turkic 3753:Udmurt 3715:Uralic 3641:Nepali 3581:Pashto 3543:Slovak 3523:Polish 3490:Slavic 3467:Baltic 3407:French 3389:Italic 3335:Breton 3327:Celtic 3282:German 3255:Danish 3093:  3083:  3034:  3009:  2918:deffir 2797:'from' 2699:dative 2689:dative 2501:Arabic 2304:(y)as 2287:(y)as 2270:(y)am 2253:(y)ak 2236:(i)yi 2219:(i)yi 2171:(i)tt 2127:(i)yi 2116:(i)yi 2080:nsent 2058:nkent 2036:nnteÉŁ 1936:nekni 1825:aCCaC 1432:A man 1419:Argaz 1412:-spin. 1381:taáą›uka 1358:efk-as 1349:-work. 1265:tufeg 1243:afgen 1240:yafeg 1234:yufig 1231:ufgen 1228:yufeg 1173:afget 1124:nafeg 1121:afgeÉŁ 1118:nufig 1112:nufeg 1109:ufgeÉŁ 1026:ttafeg 734:aorist 654:yewwet 614:weydi. 548:weqcic 534:Yewwet 509:aqcic. 495:Yewwet 451:aḍu → 308:fus → 302:"root" 294:r → iáş“ 175:suffix 56:As an 52:Gender 4345:NaĘĽvi 4304:Otomi 4289:Inuit 4265:Nawat 4217:Algic 4202:Malay 4107:Khmer 3998:Tamil 3960:Sotho 3948:Pular 3865:Ubykh 3811:Yakut 3806:Uzbek 3786:Tatar 3694:Koine 3684:Greek 3672:Other 3661:Vedic 3591:Tajik 3508:Czech 3422:Latin 3367:Welsh 3345:Irish 3260:Dutch 3221:Verbs 3206:Nouns 2760:fell- 2626:iwumi 2611:iwumi 2509:yiwet 2505:yiwen 2313:sent 2279:kent 2160:(i)t 2138:(i)k 2069:nsen 2047:nwen 2025:nneÉŁ 1833:CCeC 1781:aCVC 1778:CVCV 1767:Verb 1764:Stem 1361:give. 1313:Argaz 1306:argaz 1211:afeg 1170:afeg 1002:— it 991:— it 980:— it 969:— it 958:— it 929:imÉŁur 830:uriÉŁ 813:Verb 765:ifeÉŁ 748:Verb 708:Verbs 694:waman 668:aydi. 660:-hit. 643:Aqcic 594:-hit. 559:aydi. 540:-hit. 501:-hit. 329:cases 287:"fly" 268:igenn 214:"men" 142:tizit 128:argaz 119:amÉŁar 112:amÉŁar 103:aqcic 96:aqcic 34:, to 28:words 4314:sign 4140:Thai 4084:Mizo 3970:Zulu 3943:Fula 3743:Komi 3646:Odia 3357:Manx 3113:link 3109:link 3091:OCLC 3081:ISBN 3032:ISBN 3007:ISBN 2856:'of' 2836:gar- 2780:'in' 2732:sani 2595:(or 2546:(f. 2534:and 2517:snat 2515:(f. 2507:(f. 2384:nni 2296:sen 2262:wen 1841:VII 1797:III 1606:and 1438:lit. 1396:PTCL 1351:IPFV 1347:PTCP 1316:man. 1106:1st 1038:afeg 1022:afeg 1018:ufig 1014:ufeg 1010:afeg 952:1st 870:1st 690:aman 671:dog. 646:boy. 617:dog. 562:dog. 551:boy. 512:boy. 333:noun 312:fass 283:→ iz 242:amic 210:rgaz 195:mÉŁar 188:mÉŁar 4135:Lao 3855:Laz 3350:Old 3270:Old 2833:ger 2740:ÉŁur 2550:): 2548:tis 2544:wis 2513:sin 2239:yi 2222:yi 1830:VI 1808:IV 1786:II 1580:ara 1568:ara 1414:AOR 1406:3SG 1386:ABS 1367:3SG 1363:IMP 1343:NEG 1330:NEG 1318:ABS 728:or 673:ABS 662:PFV 658:3SG 648:ABS 619:ANN 608:ACC 600:3SG 596:PFV 588:3SG 564:ABS 553:ANN 542:PFV 538:3SG 514:ABS 503:PFV 499:3SG 434:or 351:or 349:int 345:ann 339:or 337:abs 177:-n, 163:-en 138:izi 30:to 4419:: 3105:}} 3101:{{ 3089:. 2964:— 2952:am 2947:— 2930:— 2913:— 2901:ar 2896:— 2879:— 2862:— 2845:— 2828:) 2622:to 2583:ar 2523:: 2307:s 2290:s 2273:m 2256:k 2245:ÉŁ 2228:ÉŁ 1819:V 1775:I 1610:. 1602:, 1588:ur 1576:Ur 1564:ur 1556:ur 1421:ur 1392:ad 1375:IO 1325:ur 988:— 353:cs 347:, 341:fs 314:en 300:an 290:aáş“ 285:an 279:iz 259:-n 219:en 212:en 197:en 159:i- 155:a- 86:-t 82:t- 78:u- 76:, 74:i- 72:, 70:a- 3158:e 3151:t 3144:v 3115:) 3097:. 2961:— 2955:— 2944:— 2938:— 2927:— 2921:— 2910:— 2904:— 2893:— 2887:— 2876:— 2870:— 2859:— 2853:— 2850:n 2842:— 2818:) 2808:s 2794:— 2777:— 2743:— 2726:— 2723:s 2709:— 2691:) 2684:— 2681:i 2664:d 2618:i 2607:i 2579:s 1540:n 1536:d 1529:n 1525:d 1513:n 1507:d 1410:M 1408:. 1373:. 1371:M 1369:. 1365:- 1353:, 1345:. 1339:, 702:n 606:. 604:M 602:. 598:- 592:M 590:. 467:w 460:y 453:w 446:w 436:y 432:w 422:a 420:t 415:e 411:a 409:t 404:e 400:a 398:t 372:u 368:a 310:i 306:a 298:r 296:u 292:a 281:i 274:n 270:i 261:: 248:a 244:i 237:u 208:i 204:a 193:i 186:a 121:t 117:t 105:t 101:t

Index

Kabyle language
words
phrases
punctuation
Afro-Asiatic language
genders
Berber languages
Internal
suffix
cases
noun
sentence topic
tense–aspect–mood
perfective aspect
imperfective aspect
irrealis
subjunctive
aorist
Conjugation
citation form
satellite-framed
particle
arguments
Causative
reflexive
Passive
agent noun
action noun
near-deictic
Arabic

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