2417:
2675:
2759:
2755:, which contained the names of seven ritual circumcisers in Suriname along with prayers for converting and circumcising enslaved people. Although initially most Afro-Surinamese people entered Judaism through conversion, by the end of the eighteenth century, many members of the Black Jewish community had been Jews from birth for several generations. Black Jews were never regarded as white Jews and were discriminated against.
2981:
2493:
30:
2967:
2726:
2823:(as used in the context of Suriname) is the word used locally for 'Afro-Surinamese' (people or culture), its original meaning carried a negative connotation to mean that a white European person had forgotten how to be a "good Jew" (or proper Englishman, etc.) due to having adopted some characteristics that European communities considered "native".
2883:
Jews. Eventually the Jews of color formed their own synagogue: Darje
Jesariem or Darhe Jesarim in 1791, although the white Jews considered this legally more of a fraternity—it only lasted until 1794. The building has long been destroyed (in 1804), but in its place is a city square known as Sivaplein,
2854:
Identity can be used to exclude persons from a community, but it can also be used to force people to be part of community against their will. During the 17th and 18th centuries forced inclusion was commonplace in both the
Portuguese and High German Jewish communities and the rigid identity boundaries
2826:
Especially
Sephardic Jewish men 'interacted' with the black slaves on their plantations, and the usually illegitimate children with African women were raised as Jews and given Jewish names. By the 18th century this black and coloured population had grown considerably. Black and coloured Jews were not
2666:
On August 17, 1665, the
English formally granted Jews in Suriname freedom of religion including the right to build synagogues and religious schools, as well as an independent court of justice and private civic guard under their exclusive control, making the Surinamese Jews the only diaspora community
2642:
The Jews were a stabilizing factor in the
Surinamese community. They had the mentality of long-term residents, unlike most of the other colonists, who went around with the idea that they eventually, after having earned enough money, would return to their fatherland. For the Jews the colony was really
2924:
As the plantation economy faltered and
Jodensavanne depopulated, Jews in Paramaribo found it increasingly difficult not to integrate with other ethnic groups of the country, despite periodic attempts from Jewish leaders in the Netherlands to keep them in line—many simply intermarried with other
2831:
were formulated by the
Beracha Ve Shalom synagogue in 1754. Black and multiracial Jews were allowed inside the synagogues, but were not allowed to participate in any of the rituals, and had to sit on special pews which were lower than the others. In 1841 black and coloured Jews were given equal
2786:
congregations. In 1817, Darhe
Jesarim was disbanded and its members were absorbed back into the city's two white-run synagogues. Late eighteenth-century census takers tabulated that 10% of Suriname's Jewish community was non-white. One historian has suggested, however, that by the end of the
2750:
had the most sizable Black Jewish population. European Jews in
Suriname converted both people they enslaved and the children of Jewish men and women of color. Incorporation of enslaved people into Judaism was so important that in 1767–68, Dutch Jew Salomon Levy Maduro published
2745:
Jews with
African ancestry have lived in the Americas since the colonial era. Before the 1820s, the largest Jewish communities were in the Caribbean, as were the largest communities of Jews with ancestral ties to Africa. Of the Caribbean Jewish communities,
2802:
During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries some members of Suriname's community travelled north, and settled in North American cities. For example, in 1857, a German-Jewish journalist interviewed several African American women who worshipped at
2713:—slaves who had managed to escape from the plantations into the jungle, interacted with local Native American tribes, and now raided the holdings of their former masters as free men. Most of Suriname's Jews eventually relocated to the capital of
2896:
In the eighteenth century, Suriname was rocked by a series of crises which hit Jewish plantations, some of which were among the oldest in the colony, particularly hard. Expenses tended to increase as a result of: a hefty tribute levied by the
2928:
The Sephardic and Ashkenazic communities began to blur together as early as the 18th century, eventually sharing a synagogue for a while. They did not officially fuse until in 1999. In 2004 the last remaining synagogue decided to switch from
2815:
Jews in Suriname were initially split into the more populous Sephardim concentrated in the Jewish Savanna, and the much later arriving and less numerous Ashkenazim at the Neve Salom synagogue (the only still functioning synagogue).
2717:, but they would return to the synagogue in the Jodensavanne to celebrate the holidays until 10 September 1832, when a fire destroyed the village and synagogue. The savanna area was subsequently overtaken with jungle regrowth.
2925:
ethnicities in the 19th century. In 1825 Jewish people in Suriname were given equal rights, though this also entailed their loss of privileges allowing them to police their own community, which they had enjoyed since 1665.
2855:
were often supported by legislation. Though the cultural identity of Portuguese Jews was defined as being a white colonial elite, this identity existed alongside an aggressive policy to include poor Jews and Jews of color.
2787:
eighteenth century the majority of Jews in Suriname may have had at least one African ancestor, even if they were considered white at the time. Famous Surinamese artists and figures with Jewish ancestry include
4403:
1050:
3882:
2635:
Pernambuco and dismantled the policies of the deposed Dutch regime. These refugee planters often retained enough capital to start new plantations in the colonies to which they fled.
1628:
1283:
978:
1170:
4337:
2584:
2378:
142:
1165:
3827:
1413:
3275:
3226:
2573:
or Jewish marriage act, was recorded by a rabbi in 1643. The Marshall Creek settlement was eventually abandoned, as had other pre-1650 attempts at colonization (
3961:
3681:
2521:
1667:
4237:
3452:
652:
615:
3792:
2663:, "Suriname was one of the most important centers of the Jewish population in the Western Hemisphere, and Jews there were planters and slaveholders.".
4017:
1591:
4433:
2937:. About 130 Jewish community members remained in a combined Sephardic and Ashkenazic congregation at Neve Shalom (which includes community hall and
2788:
1614:
4109:
3860:
964:
4156:
4005:
2371:
1541:
1476:
1358:
4222:
3865:
3251:
3202:
3158:
2446:
662:
4426:
3787:
2461:
1100:
2607:, who had been instrumental in the innovation and industrialization of the cultivation and processing of sugarcane, including the use of
4052:
3820:
2913:
from overexploitation on Suriname's oldest plantations both decreased revenues. Security conditions deteriorated as a result of ongoing
1368:
1185:
1175:
415:
3395:
4487:
4372:
4146:
1764:
1714:
1679:
1373:
1238:
1105:
4119:
3993:
3674:
3319:
3130:
2514:
2364:
1456:
1418:
1393:
1313:
1298:
1145:
1085:
1040:
4129:
2476:
2456:
4073:
3782:
3759:
3704:
2955:
In the 1990s, the jungle growth in the Jodensavanne was cleared, 450 graves uncovered and the ruins of the synagogue maintained.
1749:
1731:
1637:
1531:
1383:
1378:
1303:
1268:
1135:
3055:
Bert Koene (2019) "De mensen van Vossenburg en Wayampibo: Twee Surinaamse plantages in de slaventijd" Hilversum: Verloren. p. 23
4199:
4139:
4010:
3966:
3941:
3739:
3724:
3445:
2766:
By 1759, Afro-Surinamese Jews (sometimes referred to by scholars as "Eurafrican Jews") had formed their own brotherhood called
2267:
2166:
1704:
1657:
1556:
1466:
1403:
1353:
1333:
1328:
1248:
1222:
1197:
1075:
1065:
1055:
1035:
1030:
4227:
4178:
4095:
4068:
3971:
3956:
3813:
3754:
3729:
3709:
3469:
2952:. In a 21st-century census, 181 Surinamese people entered "Judaism" as their religion, out of a total population of 560,000.
1740:
1726:
1694:
1674:
1642:
1586:
1561:
1536:
1516:
1506:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1461:
1451:
1446:
1423:
1338:
1323:
1243:
1202:
1155:
1150:
1070:
1015:
4114:
2416:
4322:
4047:
4042:
4032:
3734:
3714:
2161:
1699:
1684:
1647:
1609:
1581:
1571:
1566:
1551:
1546:
1526:
1511:
1496:
1471:
1437:
1408:
1308:
1293:
1217:
1207:
1125:
1095:
1020:
1006:
4421:
642:
17:
4492:
4388:
4124:
4078:
3988:
3870:
3719:
3667:
2804:
2507:
2396:
1769:
1689:
1652:
1576:
1521:
1388:
1363:
1288:
1263:
1253:
1192:
1115:
1110:
1090:
1080:
1060:
1045:
938:
406:
401:
4151:
4103:
3744:
2546:
1759:
1754:
1709:
1662:
1348:
1318:
1278:
1273:
1130:
436:
4438:
3382:
4393:
4354:
3438:
2233:
2078:
1786:
1180:
376:
366:
102:
723:
4332:
4027:
4000:
2827:
considered 'real' Jews by the white Jews, the first rules which formally classified these 'mulatos' as not being
2347:
2040:
1891:
1832:
4398:
3696:
2835:
Some Jewish family names have endured and are now considered Afro-Surinamese family names and the names of the
2612:
2050:
2030:
1140:
620:
161:
2774:
and provided a place where Afro-Surinamese Jews could worship without the inequities and distinctions made in
2643:
a safe place, free from persecution and social exclusion. Such a life was almost impossible to find elsewhere.
3289:
Stipriaan, Alex (1997). "An unusual parallel, Jews and Africans in Suriname in the 18th and 19th centuries".
4362:
4161:
4062:
3017:
2608:
2471:
2191:
2181:
2146:
2025:
2015:
1798:
969:
911:
745:
424:
381:
96:
3243:
By dawn's early light: Jewish contributions to American culture from the nation's founding to the Civil War
2941:). The second synagogue was rented for use as a computer service shop, its furniture and art loaned to the
4265:
3648:
2949:
2864:
2779:
2678:
2628:
2436:
2310:
2045:
1959:
1025:
577:
196:
166:
2647:
A third group of Jewish immigrants came 1664, after their expulsion from the Pernambucan capital city of
2569:
After the arrival of the first Jews in 1639, as part of the tobacco-growing Marshall Creek settlement, a
572:
4255:
4232:
4188:
3632:
2921:
as the colony's exclusive trading port, nearer to the coast, acted to pull Jews away from Jodensavanne.
2901:; the 1773 collapse of Dietz, a major Amsterdam sugarcane refinery, in the wake of the previous year's
2604:
2201:
2196:
2141:
1929:
844:
559:
454:
171:
3088:
Encyclopedia of Latin America: Amerindians through The Age of Globalization (Prehistory to the Present)
4454:
3035:
2738:
2481:
2272:
2224:
1964:
1822:
635:
500:
489:
447:
4466:
3976:
3770:
3604:
2934:
2914:
2624:
2576:
2441:
2405:
2325:
698:
565:
468:
461:
391:
279:
154:
2863:
Three official synagogues were built in Suriname: Beracha Ve Shalom in 1685, in the Jodensavanne;
2674:
3594:
3269:
3220:
2898:
2702:
2686:
2176:
2126:
2073:
2068:
1982:
1852:
1120:
949:
708:
628:
482:
48:
2948:
Most Jews had left Suriname when it was granted independence in 1975 and others left during the
2905:
in the United Kingdom; and the unsustainable accrual of real estate loans. The introduction of
4344:
4270:
3950:
3569:
3499:
3461:
3325:
3315:
3257:
3247:
3208:
3198:
3164:
3154:
2758:
2656:
2320:
2262:
2242:
2059:
1619:
1258:
718:
589:
519:
396:
309:
176:
4297:
4247:
3627:
3619:
3586:
3514:
3402:
2930:
2783:
2730:
2466:
2290:
2171:
2131:
2095:
1793:
1343:
854:
610:
514:
429:
319:
111:
2737:, Suriname. As part of the conversion process, people would immerse in this bath. Photo by
4327:
4260:
3981:
3875:
3599:
3544:
3536:
3134:
2986:
2876:
2840:
2710:
2497:
2252:
2211:
2206:
2186:
2108:
2102:
2035:
1987:
1827:
1808:
959:
688:
600:
583:
127:
3127:
2843:
refer to the Jewish plantation owners their ancestors escaped from. In the cemeteries of
2671:
in 1948. These rights were left undisturbed when the Dutch took over the colony in 1667.
74:
4314:
4285:
4275:
4194:
3845:
3836:
3659:
3559:
3509:
3477:
2972:
2910:
2902:
2848:
2792:
2352:
2151:
2020:
2006:
1886:
1865:
1842:
1837:
1815:
1803:
1398:
879:
813:
778:
756:
693:
531:
509:
371:
350:
326:
92:
4481:
4459:
4166:
4083:
3930:
3923:
3564:
3554:
3519:
3504:
3494:
3489:
2942:
2771:
2767:
2652:
2431:
2300:
2295:
1501:
1428:
954:
803:
798:
793:
783:
761:
713:
475:
314:
219:
181:
132:
38:
4292:
4173:
3526:
2994:
2698:
2690:
2620:
2592:
2330:
2156:
1997:
1992:
1950:
1903:
997:
864:
849:
808:
773:
386:
228:
3103:
2762:
Portrait of a married couple in Suriname (Johannes Ellis and Maria Louisa de Hart)
4037:
3902:
3361:
2796:
2550:
2315:
2257:
1922:
828:
823:
818:
788:
3347:
Vink, W., 2010. Creole Jews: negotiating community in colonial Suriname. BRILL.
29:
4088:
4022:
3916:
3212:
2962:
2918:
2906:
2872:
2844:
2775:
2734:
2714:
2706:
2632:
2616:
2600:
1973:
987:
916:
874:
703:
683:
242:
149:
69:
3261:
3194:
Jewish autonomy in a slave society: Suriname in the Atlantic world, 1651-1825
3168:
3895:
3329:
2880:
2868:
2694:
2136:
2121:
1211:
1159:
921:
869:
859:
540:
536:
526:
441:
201:
3192:
2725:
2623:. Yet more knowledge was carried by planters themselves fleeing before the
889:
3423:
3383:
Jewish Sanctuary in the Atlantic World: A Social and Architectural History
3241:
3148:
3888:
3854:
3805:
3574:
3309:
3066:
2836:
2747:
2596:
2588:
2558:
2541:
2451:
2305:
1915:
1847:
678:
186:
137:
34:
4302:
4280:
3909:
2570:
2281:
2247:
2116:
1910:
899:
894:
766:
657:
552:
548:
544:
293:
288:
265:
247:
122:
117:
107:
85:
60:
3482:
2938:
2668:
2648:
2426:
1941:
1936:
1896:
1881:
992:
884:
304:
270:
256:
191:
3430:
4204:
3549:
3147:
Hoberman, Michael; Leibman, Laura Arnold; Surowitz-Israel, Hilit.
2757:
2724:
2673:
2554:
904:
333:
237:
206:
28:
3240:
Mendelsohn, Adam; Rosengarten, Dale; Milberg, Leonard L. (2016).
3090:. J. Michael Francis, Facts On File. New York, N.Y. 2010, p. 296,
4367:
2537:
56:
4434:
Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
3809:
3663:
3434:
3401:. ALGEMEEN BUREAU VOOR DE STATISTIEK - SURINAME. Archived from
2667:
with "complete political autonomy" prior to the foundation of
2599:. Many of these were part of a large-scale immigration of the
2888:
meaning 'fraternity' in the language of the Portuguese Jews.
2583:
In 1652, a new group that migrated under the leadership of
18:
Kerkeraad der Nederlands Portugees Israelitische Gemeente
2697:—relied, as had the economy of Pernambuco before it, on
3128:
The Surprising Discovery of Suriname’s Jewish Community
2770:("Path of the Righteous"). Darhe Jesarim both educated
2705:
in 1712 and the levies he instituted, competition from
3396:"Definitieve Resultaten Achtste Algemene Volkstelling"
2611:. Some of this knowledge had been transferred to the
1920:
1901:
324:
4447:
4414:
4381:
4353:
4313:
4246:
4215:
3940:
3844:
3768:
3695:
3641:
3618:
3585:
3535:
3468:
2701:. The community declined in the wake of the French
2545:starts in 1639, as the English government allowed
3036:"Biography of Francis, Lord Willoughby of Parham"
2557:to settle the region, coming to the old capital
2807:in New York who had immigrated from Suriname.
3821:
3675:
3446:
2515:
2372:
8:
4238:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
3794:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3355:
3353:
3311:Black Judaism: story of an American movement
2693:—an area that was settled and planted with
616:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
3828:
3814:
3806:
3682:
3668:
3660:
3453:
3439:
3431:
3274:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3225:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2729:18th Century Ritual bath (now dry) at the
2522:
2508:
2390:
2379:
2365:
2229:
1870:
943:
750:
355:
224:
43:
3314:. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press.
2909:cultivation in Europe from 1784 and the
3343:
3341:
3339:
3051:
3049:
3012:
3010:
3006:
2595:area, not far from the then-capital of
2404:
2393:
2280:
2232:
2058:
2005:
1972:
1949:
1873:
1739:
1627:
1601:
1436:
1230:
1005:
977:
836:
670:
599:
499:
414:
358:
278:
255:
227:
55:
3267:
3218:
3098:
3096:
3067:"A Star Historian Opens a New Chapter"
3018:"Suriname Virtual Jewish History Tour"
4223:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
7:
3690:History of the Jews in South America
3364:(in Dutch). Joods Cultureel Kwartier
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
4422:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3065:Herschthal, Eric (17 August 2006).
2847:Jewish tombstones appear alongside
4373:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
25:
407:Historical population comparisons
2979:
2965:
2491:
2415:
1051:Democratic Republic of the Congo
965:Historical population by country
4439:Institute for Sephardic Studies
3150:Jews in the Americas, 1776-1826
3137:by Jacob Steinberg, 2008 Kulanu
4228:Antisemitism in the Arab world
3191:Ben-Ur, Aviva (June 5, 2020).
2832:religious rights in Suriname.
1:
3104:"History of Jews in Suriname"
2661:Encyclopedia of Latin America
2638:Historian Bert Koene writes,
622:Christianity and Judaism
4389:American Sephardi Federation
4382:Major communal organizations
3360:Cohen, Julie-Marthe (2019).
3022:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
2805:Congregation Shearith Israel
4104:Western Europe and overseas
2871:Jews in the new capital of
2547:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
1921:
1902:
1629:Latin America and Caribbean
325:
4509:
4394:Sephardi Community Council
3308:Landing, James E. (2001).
3153:(First ed.). London.
3069:. The Jewish Daily Forward
2234:Jewish political movements
1931:Conversion to Judaism
4488:Jewish Surinamese history
4399:World Sephardi Federation
2462:National Military Council
637:Hinduism and Judaism
2819:Although today the term
2613:Dutch West India Company
2585:Francis, Lord Willoughby
463:Temple in Jerusalem
156:Bar and bat mitzvah
3883:Expulsion from Portugal
2472:Surinamese Interior War
425:Twelve Tribes of Israel
2950:civil war of the 1980s
2917:, while the growth of
2865:Neveh Shalom Synagogue
2763:
2742:
2682:
2679:Neveh Shalom Synagogue
2645:
2629:Portuguese Inquisition
41:
4233:Antisemitism in Islam
3951:Eastern Mediterranean
3362:"Joden in de Cariben"
2761:
2728:
2677:
2640:
2631:after the Portuguese
1171:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1166:Republic of the Congo
560:Second Temple Judaism
431:Kingdom of Judah
402:Modern historiography
32:
4338:Sephardi chief rabbi
4315:Religion and culture
3871:Expulsion from Spain
3427:– "Jews in Suriname"
3291:Studia Rosenthaliana
2789:Maria Louisa de Hart
2739:Laura Arnold Leibman
2273:World Agudath Israel
1414:United Arab Emirates
501:Second Temple period
491:Babylonian captivity
4493:Judaism and slavery
3385:by Barry L. Stiefel
2935:Progressive Judaism
2659:. According to the
2591:and settled in the
2577:History of Suriname
2498:Suriname portal
2482:Return to democracy
2447:Constituent country
2442:Society of Suriname
566:Hellenistic Judaism
144:Land of Israel
103:Principles of faith
3133:2017-08-30 at the
3108:surinamejewishlife
2911:depletion of soils
2899:Cassard expedition
2879:in 1735, built by
2867:in 1719, built by
2764:
2753:Sefer Brit Itschak
2743:
2703:Cassard expedition
2687:plantation economy
2683:
2601:Jewish plantocracy
2437:Dutch colonization
2127:Jewish Koine Greek
1669:Dominican Republic
950:Judaism by country
629:Jews and Christmas
484:Assyrian captivity
42:
4475:
4474:
4271:Judaeo-Portuguese
3803:
3802:
3775:other territories
3657:
3656:
3462:Surinamese people
3253:978-0-87811-059-9
3204:978-0-8122-9704-1
3160:978-1-315-47257-7
2709:, and attacks by
2657:David Cohen Nassy
2532:
2531:
2389:
2388:
2338:
2337:
2086:
2085:
1833:Reconstructionist
1777:
1776:
929:
928:
736:
735:
573:Jewish–Roman wars
521:Hasmonean dynasty
437:Kingdom of Israel
341:
340:
16:(Redirected from
4500:
4463:
4430:
4407:
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2931:Orthodox Judaism
2903:financial crisis
2784:Tzedek ve-Shalom
2731:Tzedek ve-Shalom
2524:
2517:
2510:
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2494:
2477:1990 coup d'Ă©tat
2467:December murders
2457:1980 coup d'Ă©tat
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3408:on 2015-09-24.
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2973:Judaism portal
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3321:0-89089-820-0
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3246:. Princeton.
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2943:Israel Museum
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2777:
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2772:Jews of color
2769:
2768:Darhe Jesarim
2760:
2756:
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2749:
2740:
2736:
2733:Synagogue in
2732:
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2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Judeo-Aramaic
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Judeo-Italian
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
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2138:
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2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1928:
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1917:
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1912:
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1805:
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1797:
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1791:
1788:
1787:Denominations
1783:
1782:
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1615:United States
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1199:
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1179:
1177:
1174:
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1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1101:Guinea-Bissau
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
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1022:
1019:
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1008:
1004:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
984:
983:
980:
976:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
955:Lists of Jews
953:
951:
948:
947:
946:
945:
940:
935:
934:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
841:
840:
835:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
758:
755:
754:
753:
752:
747:
742:
741:
730:
722:
720:
717:
715:
714:The Holocaust
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
675:
674:
669:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
641:
639:
634:
630:
624:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
607:
606:
602:
598:
591:
585:
579:
574:
571:
567:
561:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
506:
505:
502:
498:
493:
488:
486:
481:
477:
473:
470:
465:
460:
456:
452:
449:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
420:
417:
413:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
363:
362:
357:
352:
347:
346:
335:
332:
329:
328:
323:
321:
318:
316:
315:Mishneh Torah
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
301:
300:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
281:
277:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
262:
261:
258:
254:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
234:
233:
230:
226:
221:
216:
215:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
153:
151:
148:
146:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
113:
109:
106:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
90:
87:
82:
81:
76:
75:Who is a Jew?
73:
71:
68:
67:
66:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:
40:
39:South America
36:
31:
27:
19:
4293:Judeo-Gascon
4266:Judeo-Arabic
4256:Judeo-Berber
4187:
4134:
4102:
4074:Gibraltarian
4063:North Africa
4061:
4053:Thessalonian
3949:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3861:Roman Empire
3853:
3771:Dependencies
3749:
3609:
3403:the original
3390:
3378:
3366:. Retrieved
3310:
3303:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3242:
3235:
3193:
3149:
3142:
3107:
3087:
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3060:
3039:
3030:
3021:
2995:Jodensavanne
2954:
2947:
2927:
2923:
2895:
2892:Depopulation
2885:
2862:
2853:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2801:
2780:Neveh Shalom
2765:
2752:
2744:
2699:slave labour
2691:Jodensavanne
2684:
2665:
2660:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2621:Dutch Brazil
2593:Jodensavanne
2582:
2574:
2568:
2535:
2533:
2452:Independence
2331:Post-Zionism
2202:Judeo-Berber
2197:Judeo-Arabic
2157:Judeo-Gascon
1904:Pidyon haben
1823:Conservative
1721:
1369:Saudi Arabia
1187:South Africa
1176:Sierra Leone
998:Israeli Jews
912:Mosaic Arabs
865:Kaifeng Jews
726:Arab–Israeli
699:Emancipation
578:Great Revolt
387:Anti-Judaism
382:Antisemitism
377:Name "Judea"
172:Baal teshuva
26:
4458: [
4425: [
4402: [
4301: [
4023:Palestinian
3073:29 November
2915:Maroon Wars
2797:Josef Nassy
2615:during its
2609:slave labor
2551:Netherlands
2406:History of
2326:Revisionist
2316:Neo-Zionism
1923:Zeved habat
1716:Puerto Rico
1542:Netherlands
1374:South Korea
1359:Philippines
1239:Afghanistan
1106:Ivory Coast
880:Crypto-Jews
845:Bnei Anusim
824:Bene Israel
789:Beta Israel
746:Communities
653:Middle Ages
392:Persecution
167:Bereavement
4482:Categories
4006:Macedonian
3994:Alexandria
3942:Dispersion
3917:Megorashim
3896:Degredados
3866:Golden Age
3633:Portuguese
3570:Paramaccan
3470:Indigenous
3424:Haruth.com
3213:1151890624
3001:References
2919:Paramaribo
2907:sugar beet
2873:Paramaribo
2859:Synagogues
2845:Paramaribo
2776:Paramaribo
2735:Paramaribo
2721:Black Jews
2715:Paramaribo
2707:beet sugar
2633:recaptured
2617:occupation
2605:Pernambuco
2311:Maximalism
2263:Secularism
2243:Autonomism
2060:Literature
1853:Humanistic
1457:Azerbaijan
1419:Uzbekistan
1394:Tajikistan
1314:Kyrgyzstan
1299:Kazakhstan
1146:Mozambique
1121:Madagascar
1041:Cape Verde
993:New Yishuv
988:Old Yishuv
939:Population
917:Subbotniks
875:Samaritans
814:Romanyotim
757:Ashkenazim
704:Old Yishuv
684:Sabbateans
671:Modern era
663:Golden Age
590:Bar Kokhba
310:Beit Yosef
177:Philosophy
4248:Languages
4195:Amazonian
4179:Livornese
4157:Hamburger
4001:Hungarian
3967:Bulgarian
3889:Conversos
3760:Venezuela
3705:Argentina
3649:Brazilian
3368:5 October
3270:cite book
3262:939558940
3221:cite book
3169:993959117
2881:Sephardic
2869:Ashkenazi
2695:sugarcane
2655:, led by
2651:and then
2575:See also
2549:from the
2321:Religious
2177:Zarphatic
2167:Bukharian
2137:Judeo-Tat
2122:Yeshivish
2096:Languages
2051:Sephardic
2041:Israelite
2031:Ethiopian
2021:Ashkenazi
1960:Religious
1750:Australia
1732:Venezuela
1638:Argentina
1620:Greenland
1532:Lithuania
1384:Sri Lanka
1379:Singapore
1304:Kurdistan
1269:Indonesia
1259:Hong Kong
1212:Abayudaya
1136:Mauritius
870:Igbo Jews
860:Krymchaks
779:Sephardim
647:relations
541:Sadducees
537:Pharisees
527:Sanhedrin
442:Jerusalem
202:Synagogue
70:Etymology
4355:Politics
4135:Suriname
4110:American
4096:Tunisian
4084:Moroccan
4069:Algerian
4028:Romanian
4011:Monastir
3989:Egyptian
3982:Splicani
3972:Croatian
3957:Albanian
3910:Marranos
3903:Lançados
3855:Sepharad
3750:Suriname
3740:Paraguay
3725:Colombia
3620:European
3605:Javanese
3575:Saramaka
3330:36877310
3297:: 74–93.
3131:Archived
2959:See also
2839:clan of
2837:Saramaka
2829:jechidim
2811:Identity
2748:Suriname
2597:Torarica
2589:Suriname
2587:came to
2559:Torarica
2542:Suriname
2408:Suriname
2397:a series
2395:Part of
2348:Category
2306:Kahanism
2253:Feminism
2225:Politics
2109:Biblical
2079:American
2026:Bukharan
2016:American
1916:Shidduch
1892:Clothing
1848:Haymanot
1794:Orthodox
1722:Suriname
1705:Paraguay
1658:Colombia
1557:Portugal
1467:Bulgaria
1404:Thailand
1354:Pakistan
1334:Mongolia
1329:Malaysia
1249:Cambodia
1223:Zimbabwe
1198:Tanzania
1076:Eswatini
1066:Ethiopia
1056:Djibouti
1036:Cameroon
1031:Botswana
960:Diaspora
922:Noahides
895:Marranos
819:Cochinim
804:Bukharim
794:Gruzinim
784:Teimanim
774:Mizrahim
762:Galician
728:conflict
689:Hasidism
679:Haskalah
584:Diaspora
455:timeline
367:Timeline
280:Rabbinic
187:Kabbalah
162:Marriage
138:Tzedakah
128:Holidays
86:Religion
49:a series
47:Part of
35:Suriname
4415:Studies
4345:Haredim
4323:Cuisine
4298:Bagitto
4281:Haketia
4174:Italian
4147:English
4130:Curaçao
4115:Antwerp
4089:Tetuani
4048:Rhodian
4033:Serbian
4018:Ottoman
3977:Ragusan
3962:Bosnian
3846:Origins
3755:Uruguay
3730:Ecuador
3710:Bolivia
3595:Chinese
3560:Matawai
3545:Maroons
3537:African
3510:Sikiana
3505:Saloema
3500:Kali'na
2841:Maroons
2741:, 2008.
2711:Maroons
2689:of the
2681:(right)
2625:Spanish
2571:ketubah
2565:History
2291:General
2282:Zionism
2258:Leftism
2248:Bundism
2172:Knaanic
2132:Yevanic
2117:Yiddish
2074:Yiddish
2069:Israeli
2046:Mizrahi
2036:Israeli
2007:Cuisine
1983:Ancient
1965:Secular
1911:Kashrut
1887:Wedding
1874:Customs
1866:Culture
1843:Science
1838:Renewal
1828:Karaite
1809:Hasidic
1741:Oceania
1727:Uruguay
1695:Jamaica
1675:Ecuador
1643:Bolivia
1587:Ukraine
1562:Romania
1537:Moldova
1517:Hungary
1507:Germany
1502:Georgia
1492:Finland
1487:Estonia
1482:Denmark
1477:Czechia
1462:Belarus
1452:Austria
1447:Armenia
1424:Vietnam
1339:Myanmar
1324:Lebanon
1244:Bahrain
1203:Tunisia
1181:Somalia
1156:Nigeria
1151:Namibia
1141:Morocco
1071:Eritrea
1016:Algeria
900:Neofiti
809:Italkim
799:Juhurim
709:Zionism
658:Khazars
553:Sicarii
549:Zealots
545:Essenes
532:Schisms
397:Leaders
359:General
351:History
294:Tosefta
289:Midrash
266:Mishnah
248:Ketuvim
243:Nevi'im
192:Customs
123:Shabbat
118:Halakha
110: (
108:Mitzvot
95: (
61:Judaism
4205:Xuetas
4162:Indian
4152:French
4079:Libyan
4038:Syrian
3839:topics
3735:Guyana
3715:Brazil
3610:Jewish
3600:Indian
3565:Ndyuka
3555:Kwinti
3520:Wayana
3515:TiriyĂł
3495:Akurio
3483:Lokono
3478:Arawak
3328:
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3260:
3250:
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3167:
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2939:mikveh
2875:; and
2851:ones.
2849:creole
2821:Creole
2795:, and
2669:Israel
2649:Recife
2432:Caribs
2427:Arawak
2399:on the
2353:Portal
2212:Domari
2142:Shassi
2103:Hebrew
1998:Humour
1942:Hiloni
1937:Aliyah
1897:Niddah
1882:Minyan
1817:Reform
1804:Haredi
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1700:Mexico
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1648:Brazil
1610:Canada
1582:Sweden
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1567:Russia
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1547:Norway
1527:Latvia
1512:Greece
1497:France
1472:Cyprus
1438:Europe
1409:Turkey
1399:Taiwan
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1294:Jordan
1284:Israel
1218:Zambia
1208:Uganda
1126:Malawi
1096:Guinea
1086:Gambia
1021:Angola
1007:Africa
890:Dönmeh
885:Anusim
829:Berber
767:Litvak
719:Israel
625:
562:
476:Second
444:
305:Targum
271:Gemara
257:Talmud
229:Tanakh
182:Ethics
133:Prayer
4462:]
4448:Other
4429:]
4406:]
4328:Music
4305:]
4125:Aruba
4120:Dutch
4043:Greek
3720:Chile
3628:Dutch
3587:Asian
3550:Aluku
3527:Warao
3490:Carib
3406:(PDF)
3399:(PDF)
2555:Italy
2301:Labor
2296:Green
1993:Dance
1951:Music
1770:Palau
1690:Haiti
1653:Chile
1577:Spain
1522:Italy
1429:Yemen
1389:Syria
1364:Qatar
1344:Nepal
1289:Japan
1264:India
1254:China
1193:Sudan
1116:Libya
1111:Kenya
1091:Ghana
1081:Gabon
1061:Egypt
1046:Benin
905:Xueta
850:Lemba
469:First
334:Zohar
238:Torah
220:Texts
207:Rabbi
197:Rites
97:names
4368:Shas
3745:Peru
3370:2020
3326:OCLC
3316:ISBN
3276:link
3258:OCLC
3248:ISBN
3227:link
3209:OCLC
3199:ISBN
3165:OCLC
3155:ISBN
3075:2011
2886:siva
2782:and
2685:The
2627:and
2538:Jews
2534:The
1760:Guam
1755:Fiji
1710:Peru
1663:Cuba
1349:Oman
1319:Laos
1279:Iraq
1274:Iran
1231:Asia
1160:Igbo
1131:Mali
150:Brit
59:and
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3773:and
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2778:'s
2619:of
2603:of
2580:).
2540:in
1974:Art
320:Tur
112:613
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