663:
155:
38:
673:(CKD) can also develop slowly and, initially, show few symptoms. CKD can be the long term consequence of irreversible acute disease or part of a disease progression. CKD is divided into 5 different stages (1–5) according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). In CKD1 eGFR is normal and in CKD5 eGFR has decreased to less than 15 ml/min.
1096:. Stage 1 CKD is mildly diminished renal function, with few overt symptoms. Stages 2 and 3 need increasing levels of supportive care from their medical providers to slow and treat their renal dysfunction. People with stage 4 and 5 kidney failure usually require preparation towards active treatment in order to survive.
1136:
Before the advancement of modern medicine, renal failure was often referred to as uremic poisoning. Uremia was the term for the contamination of the blood with urea. It is the presence of an excessive amount of urea in blood. Starting around 1847, this included reduced urine output, which was thought
940:
Acute kidney injury (previously known as acute renal failure) – or AKI – usually occurs when the blood supply to the kidneys is suddenly interrupted or when the kidneys become overloaded with toxins. Causes of acute kidney injury include accidents, injuries, or complications from surgeries in which
944:
Drug overdoses, accidental or from chemical overloads of drugs such as antibiotics or chemotherapy, along with bee stings may also cause the onset of acute kidney injury. Unlike chronic kidney disease, however, the kidneys can often recover from acute kidney injury, allowing the person with AKI to
552:
In the United States, acute failure affects about 3 per 1,000 people a year. Chronic failure affects about 1 in 1,000 people with 3 per 10,000 people newly developing the condition each year. In Canada, the lifetime risk of kidney failure or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) was estimated to be 2.66%
681:
Acute kidney injuries can be present on top of chronic kidney disease, a condition called acute-on-chronic kidney failure (AoCRF). The acute part of AoCRF may be reversible, and the goal of treatment, as with AKI, is to return the person to baseline kidney function, typically measured by serum
1235:
People who receive earlier referrals to a nephrology specialist, meaning a longer time before they must start dialysis, have a shorter initial hospitalization and reduced risk of death after the start of dialysis. Other methods of reducing disease progression include minimizing exposure to
545:. Other recommended measures from chronic disease include staying active and specific dietary changes. Depression is also common among patients with kidney failure, and is associated with poor outcomes including higher risk of kidney function decline, hospitalization, and death. A recent
1029:
is another well-known cause of chronic failure. The majority of people affected with polycystic kidney disease have a family history of the disease. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is also a known cause of chronic kidney failure. Other genetic illnesses cause kidney failure, as well.
2608:"Protein Diet Restriction Slows Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in Non-Diabetic and in Type 1 Diabetic Patients, but Not in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Using Glomerular Filtration Rate as a Surrogate"
2829:
2810:
703:. Very low levels of azotemia may produce few, if any, symptoms. If the disease progresses, symptoms become noticeable (if the failure is of sufficient degree to cause symptoms). Kidney failure accompanied by noticeable symptoms is termed
698:
Symptoms can vary from person to person. Someone in early stage kidney disease may not feel sick or notice symptoms as they occur. When the kidneys fail to filter properly, waste accumulates in the blood and the body, a condition called
882:
Normally proteins are too large to pass through the kidneys. However they are able to pass through when the glomeruli are damaged. This does not cause symptoms until extensive kidney damage has occurred, after which symptoms include:
1570:
Mehrotra R, Cukor D, Unruh M, Rue T, Heagerty P, Cohen SD, et al. (March 2019). "Comparative
Efficacy of Therapies for Treatment of Depression for Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Randomized Clinical Trial".
1116:
A normal GFR varies according to many factors, including sex, age, body size and ethnic background. Renal professionals consider the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to be the best overall index of kidney function.
1478:
852:. As the kidneys fail, they produce less erythropoietin, resulting in decreased production of red blood cells to replace the natural breakdown of old red blood cells. As a result, the blood carries less
945:
resume a normal life. People with acute kidney injury require supportive treatment until their kidneys recover function, and they often remain at increased risk of developing future kidney failure.
1074:
not attributed to other etiologies. Two western
African variants in APOL1 have been shown to be associated with end stage kidney disease in African Americans and Hispanic Americans.
549:-funded study of patients with kidney failure receiving outpatient hemodialysis found similar effectiveness between nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments for depression.
1227:
may help some people with kidney disease. A high protein diet from either animal or plant sources appears to have negative effects on kidney function at least in the short term.
553:
for men and 1.76% for women. Acute failure is often reversible while chronic failure often is not. With appropriate treatment many with chronic disease can continue working.
537:
and then drained, with this process being repeated multiple times per day. Kidney transplantation involves surgically placing a kidney from someone else and then taking
1486:
2743:
Smart NA, Dieberg G, Ladhani M, Titus T (June 2014). "Early referral to specialist nephrology services for preventing the progression to end-stage kidney disease".
972:
that appears after the release of the crushing pressure. The mechanism is believed to be the release into the bloodstream of muscle breakdown products – notably
3128:
1167:
Those with end stage renal failure who undergo haemodialysis have higher risk of spontaneous intra-abdominal bleeding than the general population (21.2%) and
1219:, a low protein diet is found to have a preventive effect on progression of chronic kidney disease. However, this effect does not apply to people with
2237:
419:
can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. Kidney failure is classified as either
2898:
3211:
2154:
1062:
gene has been proposed as a major genetic risk locus for a spectrum of nondiabetic renal failure in individuals of
African origin, these include
2665:
Chauveau P, Combe C, Fouque D, Aparicio M (November 2013). "Vegetarianism: advantages and drawbacks in patients with chronic kidney diseases".
2061:
1923:
2700:
Bernstein AM, Treyzon L, Li Z (April 2007). "Are high-protein, vegetable-based diets safe for kidney function? A review of the literature".
1195:
The treatment of acute kidney injury depends on the cause. The treatment of chronic kidney failure may include renal replacement therapy:
1155:(FENa) index and the renal failure index (RFI). The renal failure index is equal to urine sodium times plasma creatinine divided by urine
3294:
2127:
1241:
2370:"Missense mutations in the APOL1 gene are highly associated with end stage kidney disease risk previously attributed to the MYH9 gene"
2027:
1067:
941:
the kidneys are deprived of normal blood flow for extended periods of time. Heart-bypass surgery is an example of one such procedure.
1625:
1554:
1524:
1367:
121:
1772:
1121:
offers an easy to use on-line GFR calculator for anyone who is interested in knowing their glomerular filtration rate. (A serum
2949:
55:
3138:
1287:
1118:
533:. Hemodialysis uses a machine to filter the blood outside the body. In peritoneal dialysis specific fluid is placed into the
102:
59:
1159:. A FENa score greater than 3% or a renal failure index (RFI) greater than 3 are helpful in confirming acute renal failure.
74:
2954:
2891:
1180:
686:. Like AKI, AoCRF can be difficult to distinguish from chronic kidney disease if the person has not been monitored by a
3204:
2925:
1152:
621:
81:
3014:
2197:"Risk of kidney failure associated with the use of acetaminophen, aspirin, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs"
1093:
1063:
507:
48:
3049:
1026:
829:
511:
495:
479:
304:
275:
88:
3150:
3044:
2848:
1324:
3054:
2884:
196:
70:
3320:
3271:
3197:
3090:
3004:
2996:
2961:
2944:
1950:
1105:
1097:
1071:
1012:
670:
657:
572:
515:
424:
239:
221:
3113:
3034:
2489:"Urinary indices - fractional excretion of sodium ( FENA ), renal failure index. Acute tubular necrosis"
1913:
2178:
1137:
to be caused by the urine mixing with the blood instead of being voided through the urethra. The term
521:
Treatment of acute failure depends on the underlying cause. Treatment of chronic failure may include
3118:
2984:
2619:
2324:
2077:
Silva GB, Vasconcelos AG, Rocha AM, Vasconcelos VR, Barros J, Fujishima JS, et al. (June 2017).
1955:. Deerfield, Illinois: Baxter International Inc. 2008-05-01. pp. 14–15. 08/1046R. Archived from
1863:
579:; other factors that may help differentiate acute kidney failure from chronic kidney failure include
568:
562:
483:
420:
289:
235:
209:
3315:
3266:
3249:
3239:
3085:
2833:
1245:
1200:
1172:
1168:
1092:
Chronic kidney failure is measured in five stages, which are calculated using the person's GFR, or
935:
601:
596:
526:
487:
456:
376:
294:
2775:
2311:
Genovese G, Friedman DJ, Ross MD, Lecordier L, Uzureau P, Freedman BI, et al. (August 2010).
3176:
3133:
2725:
2539:
1596:
1184:
969:
755:
491:
467:
299:
256:
183:
2429:
2417:
964:
is suddenly relieved from the pressure obstructing the blood flow through its tissues, causing
662:
3220:
2979:
2859:
2756:
2717:
2682:
2647:
2588:
2531:
2523:
2467:
2399:
2350:
2293:
2218:
2170:
2108:
2057:
1919:
1892:
1837:
1819:
1754:
1713:
1672:
1621:
1615:
1588:
1550:
1520:
1419:
1363:
1283:
1277:
1204:
1018:
968:. The resulting overload can lead to the clogging and the destruction of the kidneys. It is a
957:
791:
538:
530:
380:
314:
171:
2418:
FACP, FASN. Calculators for HealthCare
Professionals. National Kidney Foundation. 13 Oct 2008
2131:
1641:
Turin TC, Tonelli M, Manns BJ, Ahmed SB, Ravani P, James MT, Hemmelgarn BR (September 2012).
1544:
1514:
1357:
620:
per day in adults, less than 0.5 mL/kg/h in children or less than 1 mL/kg/h in infants); and
3026:
2974:
2969:
2748:
2709:
2674:
2637:
2627:
2578:
2570:
2515:
2459:
2389:
2381:
2368:
Tzur S, Rosset S, Shemer R, Yudkovsky G, Selig S, Tarekegn A, et al. (September 2010).
2340:
2332:
2283:
2275:
2208:
2098:
2090:
1811:
1744:
1703:
1662:
1654:
1580:
1409:
1399:
1224:
832:, which causes large, fluid-filled cysts on the kidneys and sometimes the liver, can cause:
534:
503:
475:
332:
95:
2031:
1981:
1220:
1216:
1101:
1017:
Chronic kidney failure has numerous causes. The most common causes of chronic failure are
965:
645:
542:
448:
213:
2623:
2328:
2157:[The role of arterial hypertension in the development of chronic renal failure]
1780:
1692:"The meaning of acute kidney injury and its relevance to intensive care and anaesthesia"
648:
may be necessary to bridge the time gap required for treating these fundamental causes.
3278:
3166:
3039:
3009:
2915:
2907:
2642:
2607:
2583:
2558:
2394:
2369:
2345:
2312:
2288:
2263:
2103:
2078:
1667:
1642:
1414:
1387:
1237:
997:
985:
961:
949:
849:
841:
605:
346:
270:
3309:
3244:
3234:
3145:
3080:
2313:"Association of trypanolytic ApoL1 variants with kidney disease in African Americans"
2238:"Renal involvement with hantavirus infection (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome)"
2155:"[The role of arterial hypertension in development of chronic renal failure]"
1038:
787:
604:(AKI), previously called acute renal failure (ARF), is a rapidly progressive loss of
471:
452:
262:
2842:
2838:
2729:
2543:
2001:
1600:
1100:
is considered a severe illness and requires some form of renal replacement therapy (
3171:
3161:
3123:
2752:
1196:
1022:
804:
752:
Less frequent urination, or in smaller amounts than usual, with dark coloured urine
644:. The underlying cause must be identified and treated to arrest the progress, and
641:
522:
444:
372:
163:
154:
2130:. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Archived from
824:
Shortness of breath due to extra fluid on the lungs (may also be caused by anemia)
2853:
2774:
Dirkx TC, Woodell T, Watnick S (2017). Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW (eds.).
2632:
27:
Disease where the kidneys fail to adequately filter waste products from the blood
3157:
2936:
2559:"Letter to the editor: spontaneous renal haemorrhage in end-stage renal disease"
2213:
2196:
2094:
1815:
1176:
845:
729:
617:
498:. Diagnosis of acute failure is often based on a combination of factors such as
188:
37:
2864:
2713:
2488:
1708:
1691:
2678:
2574:
2385:
1156:
1122:
1045:
1000:
981:
912:
853:
769:
683:
584:
576:
176:
17:
2527:
1440:
148:
Renal failure, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), stage 5 chronic kidney disease
3254:
3075:
3070:
2823:
2819:
2336:
1034:
977:
973:
872:
800:
687:
436:
427:, which develops slowly and can often be irreversible. Symptoms may include
2760:
2721:
2686:
2651:
2592:
2471:
2403:
2354:
2297:
2174:
2112:
1758:
1749:
1732:
1717:
1676:
1658:
1592:
1423:
587:
as chronic kidney disease generally leads to anemia and small kidney size.
2535:
2222:
1823:
1404:
749:
More frequent urination, or in greater amounts than usual, with pale urine
2463:
2279:
2241:
989:
916:
900:
781:
743:
725:
721:
700:
637:
609:
499:
432:
326:
2126:
National Kidney and
Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (2012).
575:. The type of renal failure is differentiated by the trend in the serum
2519:
704:
460:
2802:
3095:
2814:
2503:
1584:
1139:
993:
857:
734:
690:
and no baseline (i.e., past) blood work is available for comparison.
580:
440:
416:
225:
205:
2153:
Kes P, Basić-Jukić N, Ljutić D, Brunetta-Gavranić B (October 2011).
624:. AKI can result from a variety of causes, generally classified as
2504:"Acute renal failure in neonates: Incidence, etiology and outcome"
1977:
1058:
953:
661:
613:
546:
428:
2876:
2056:(10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill Medical. p. 733.
666:
Illustration of a kidney from a person with chronic renal failure
3189:
1329:
National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
772:
in the blood that diseased kidneys cannot filter out may cause:
715:
3193:
2880:
1956:
1125:
level, a simple blood test, is needed to use the calculator.)
790:(caused by low levels of calcium which can be associated with
31:
803:
in the blood that diseased kidneys cannot filter out (called
1929:
1918:. Deerfield, Illinois: Baxter International Inc. p. 6.
1733:"New insights in acute kidney failure in the critically ill"
1388:"Insulin resistance in patients with chronic kidney disease"
166:
machine which is used to replace the function of the kidneys
1893:"Kidney failure (renal failure with uremia, or azotaemia)"
1779:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2012. Archived from
1143:
is now used for the illness accompanying kidney failure.
897:
Appetite loss, which may include a bad taste in the mouth
763:
Unusual amounts of urination, usually in large quantities
2079:"Acute kidney injury complicating bee stings - a review"
2557:
Tonolini M, Ierardi AM, Carrafiello G (December 2015).
2268:
Clinical
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
2083:
Revista do
Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo
1386:
Liao MT, Sung CC, Hung KC, Wu CC, Lo L, Lu KC (2012).
1362:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 19.
1041:(paracetamol) can also cause chronic kidney failure.
818:
Failure of kidneys to remove excess fluid may cause:
439:. Complications of acute and chronic failure include
2792:
948:
Among the accidental causes of renal failure is the
3287:
3227:
3106:
3063:
3025:
2995:
2935:
2914:
2796:
2450:Meyer TW, Hostetter TH (September 2007). "Uremia".
1844:. Medline Plus, National Institutes of Health. 2011
1802:Klahr S, Miller SB (March 1998). "Acute oliguria".
996:is not fully understood, but may be due in part to
567:Kidney failure can be divided into two categories:
386:
359:
313:
245:
231:
195:
182:
170:
144:
139:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2195:Perneger TV, Whelton PK, Klag MJ (December 1994).
1617:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1
1546:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1
1048:, can attack the kidneys, causing kidney failure.
821:Swelling of the hands, legs, ankles, feet, or face
710:Symptoms of kidney failure include the following:
2606:Rughooputh MS, Zeng R, Yao Y (28 December 2015).
1915:Understanding Treatment Options For Renal Therapy
1690:Moore EM, Bellomo R, Nichol AD (November 2012).
451:. Complications of chronic failure also include
2502:Stapleton FB, Jones DP, Green RS (1987-09-01).
2777:Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2018
1538:
1536:
889:Swelling in the hands, feet, abdomen, and face
423:, which develops rapidly and may resolve; and
3205:
2892:
2264:"The spectrum of MYH9-associated nephropathy"
1187:does not differ from the general population.
988:(the breakdown of skeletal muscle damaged by
616:production, quantified as less than 400
506:. Diagnosis of chronic failure is based on a
191:, feeling tired, loss of appetite, confusion
8:
2702:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
915:, people with kidney failure may experience
2745:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1886:
1884:
482:. Causes of chronic kidney failure include
3212:
3198:
3190:
2899:
2885:
2877:
2793:
2026:Hebert LA, Charleston J, Miller E (2009).
1508:
1506:
1504:
1392:Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1319:
153:
136:
2641:
2631:
2582:
2393:
2344:
2287:
2212:
2102:
1748:
1707:
1666:
1620:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 294.
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1413:
1403:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1282:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 457.
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1549:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 37.
1435:
1433:
1381:
1379:
1044:Some infectious disease agents, such as
992:conditions). The specific action on the
1359:Renal Failure and Replacement Therapies
1257:
1066:(HIVAN), primary nonmonogenic forms of
466:Causes of acute kidney failure include
415:), is a medical condition in which the
2780:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
2483:
2481:
510:(GFR) of less than 15 or the need for
2262:Bostrom MA, Freedman BI (June 2010).
1519:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 28.
1171:(18.1%). Meanwhile, those undergoing
7:
3129:Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac syndrome
1516:Nephrology: Clinical Cases Uncovered
850:make oxygen-carrying red blood cells
840:Healthy kidneys produce the hormone
640:experience AKI, sometimes requiring
60:adding citations to reliable sources
3295:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
2452:The New England Journal of Medicine
2201:The New England Journal of Medicine
1804:The New England Journal of Medicine
1175:have a higher chance of developing
1151:Two other urinary indices, are the
718:in the blood, which can result in:
514:. It is also equivalent to stage 5
1068:focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
25:
1215:In non-diabetics and people with
1169:non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia
760:Pressure, or difficulty urinating
1033:Overuse of common drugs such as
36:
2128:"The Kidneys and How They Work"
2054:Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
1982:"10 Symptoms of Kidney Disease"
677:Acute-on-chronic kidney failure
622:fluid and electrolyte imbalance
47:needs additional citations for
2753:10.1002/14651858.CD007333.pub2
1696:Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
1119:The National Kidney Foundation
1070:, and hypertension affiliated
1:
2236:Appel GB, Mustonen J (2012).
1842:A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia
1777:A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia
956:are suddenly released in the
636:. Many people diagnosed with
608:, generally characterized by
2633:10.1371/journal.pone.0145505
1181:gastrointestinal perforation
1021:and long-term, uncontrolled
2926:Template:Glomerular disease
2214:10.1056/NEJM199412223312502
2095:10.1590/S1678-9946201759025
1816:10.1056/NEJM199803053381007
1573:Annals of Internal Medicine
1153:fractional sodium excretion
984:– that are the products of
908:Excess protein in the blood
728:(or both) that may lead to
3337:
3015:Balkan endemic nephropathy
2714:10.1016/j.jada.2007.01.002
2667:Journal of Renal Nutrition
1864:"Stages of kidney disease"
1709:10.1177/0310057X1204000604
1112:Glomerular filtration rate
1094:glomerular filtration rate
1064:HIV-associated nephropathy
1010:
933:
655:
594:
560:
508:glomerular filtration rate
500:decreased urine production
347:Glomerular filtration rate
327:Decreased urine production
3050:Renovascular hypertension
2679:10.1053/j.jrn.2013.08.004
2575:10.1007/s13244-015-0439-4
2416:Fadem, Stephen Z., M.D.,
2386:10.1007/s00439-010-0861-0
1891:Grinsted P (2005-03-02).
1731:Ricci Z, Ronco C (2012).
1279:Primer on Kidney Diseases
1027:Polycystic kidney disease
830:Polycystic kidney disease
512:renal replacement therapy
496:polycystic kidney disease
480:hemolytic uremic syndrome
305:polycystic kidney disease
276:hemolytic uremic syndrome
161:
152:
3151:Renal papillary necrosis
3045:Hypertensive nephropathy
1838:"Chronic kidney disease"
1479:"What is renal failure?"
1088:Stages of kidney failure
960:after a long compressed
952:, when large amounts of
894:Other symptoms include:
869:Difficulty concentrating
835:Pain in the back or side
435:, loss of appetite, and
3055:Renal cortical necrosis
2337:10.1126/science.1193032
1643:"Lifetime risk of ESRD"
1183:. However, the rate of
856:, a condition known as
583:and the kidney size on
474:, certain medications,
409:end-stage renal disease
224:, high blood pressure,
3091:Chronic kidney disease
3005:Interstitial nephritis
2962:Acute tubular necrosis
2945:Renal tubular acidosis
1912:Stein A (2007-07-01).
1773:"Acute kidney failure"
1750:10.4414/smw.2012.13662
1659:10.1681/ASN.2012020164
1483:Johns Hopkins Medicine
1072:chronic kidney disease
1052:Genetic predisposition
1013:Chronic kidney disease
1007:Chronic kidney failure
860:. This can result in:
810:Abnormal heart rhythms
671:Chronic kidney disease
667:
658:Chronic kidney disease
652:Chronic kidney failure
573:chronic kidney failure
541:medication to prevent
516:chronic kidney disease
425:chronic kidney failure
393:: 3 per 1,000 per year
366:: Depends on the cause
240:chronic kidney failure
3114:Analgesic nephropathy
3035:Renal artery stenosis
2563:Insights into Imaging
1513:Clatworthy M (2010).
905:Darkening of the skin
886:Foamy or bubbly urine
863:Feeling tired or weak
742:Nocturnal urination (
665:
638:paraquat intoxication
3119:Renal osteodystrophy
2508:Pediatric Nephrology
2464:10.1056/NEJMra071313
2280:10.2215/CJN.08721209
2163:Acta Medica Croatica
1737:Swiss Medical Weekly
1246:intravenous contrast
1221:type 2 diabetes
1217:type 1 diabetes
844:that stimulates the
591:Acute kidney failure
569:acute kidney failure
563:Hepatorenal syndrome
421:acute kidney failure
236:Acute kidney failure
210:high blood potassium
56:improve this article
3240:Respiratory failure
3086:Acute renal failure
2624:2015PLoSO..1045505R
2329:2010Sci...329..841G
2052:Katzung BG (2007).
1405:10.1155/2012/691369
1356:Blakeley S (2010).
1231:Slowing progression
1201:peritoneal dialysis
1173:peritoneal dialysis
1147:Renal failure index
1108:whenever feasible.
1083:Measurement for CKD
1078:Diagnostic approach
936:Acute kidney injury
930:Acute kidney injury
911:With high doses of
901:Difficulty sleeping
602:Acute kidney injury
597:Acute kidney injury
527:peritoneal dialysis
488:high blood pressure
457:high blood pressure
377:peritoneal dialysis
295:high blood pressure
267:certain medications
3177:Reflux nephropathy
3134:Diabetes insipidus
2916:Glomerular disease
2520:10.1007/BF00849230
2169:(Suppl 3): 78–84.
1868:www.kidneyfund.org
1783:on 17 January 2014
1276:Cheung AK (2005).
1185:acute pancreatitis
970:reperfusion injury
877:Low blood pressure
756:Blood in the urine
694:Signs and symptoms
668:
492:nephrotic syndrome
470:, blockage of the
468:low blood pressure
398:: 1 per 1,000 (US)
300:nephrotic syndrome
257:Low blood pressure
3303:
3302:
3187:
3186:
3064:General syndromes
2985:Liddle's syndrome
2980:Gitelman syndrome
2874:
2873:
2063:978-0-07-145153-6
1925:978-1-85959-070-6
1614:Ferri FF (2017).
1543:Ferri FF (2017).
1205:kidney transplant
1106:kidney transplant
1019:diabetes mellitus
958:blood circulation
792:hyperphosphatemia
539:immunosuppressant
531:kidney transplant
431:, feeling tired,
402:
401:
381:kidney transplant
315:Diagnostic method
134:Medical condition
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
3328:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3191:
2975:Bartter syndrome
2970:Fanconi syndrome
2901:
2894:
2887:
2878:
2794:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2635:
2618:(12): e0145505.
2603:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2430:"GFR calculator"
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2177:. Archived from
2160:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2030:. Archived from
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2006:MedicineNet, Inc
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1952:The PD Companion
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1928:. Archived from
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1653:(9): 1569–1578.
1647:J Am Soc Nephrol
1638:
1632:
1631:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1585:10.7326/M18-2229
1567:
1561:
1560:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1510:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1485:. Archived from
1475:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1441:"Kidney Failure"
1437:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1407:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1353:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1325:"Kidney Failure"
1321:
1294:
1293:
1273:
1225:plant-based diet
1223:. A whole food,
1129:Use of the term
1098:Stage 5 CKD
813:Muscle paralysis
535:abdominal cavity
504:serum creatinine
476:muscle breakdown
407:, also known as
333:serum creatinine
271:muscle breakdown
261:blockage of the
157:
137:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
71:"Kidney failure"
64:
40:
32:
21:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3283:
3223:
3218:
3188:
3183:
3102:
3059:
3021:
2991:
2931:
2910:
2905:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2805:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2747:(6): CD007333.
2742:
2741:
2737:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2458:(13): 1316–25.
2449:
2448:
2444:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2323:(5993): 841–5.
2310:
2309:
2305:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2165:(in Croatian).
2158:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1960:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1933:
1926:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1489:on 18 June 2017
1477:
1476:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1355:
1354:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1297:
1290:
1275:
1274:
1259:
1254:
1233:
1213:
1193:
1165:
1149:
1134:
1085:
1080:
1054:
1015:
1009:
938:
932:
927:
866:Memory problems
784:in broken bones
714:High levels of
696:
679:
660:
654:
599:
593:
565:
559:
449:volume overload
394:
367:
355:
338:
337:
309:
281:
280:
216:
214:volume overload
135:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3334:
3332:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3279:Encephalopathy
3276:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3167:Hydronephrosis
3155:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3040:Renal ischemia
3037:
3031:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3010:Pyelonephritis
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2941:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2908:Kidney disease
2906:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2856:
2845:
2826:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:Classification
2790:
2789:External links
2787:
2784:
2783:
2766:
2735:
2692:
2673:(6): 399–405.
2657:
2598:
2569:(6): 693–695.
2549:
2514:(3): 314–320.
2494:
2477:
2442:
2421:
2409:
2374:Human Genetics
2360:
2303:
2274:(6): 1107–13.
2254:
2228:
2207:(25): 1675–9.
2187:
2184:on 2013-07-19.
2145:
2118:
2069:
2062:
2044:
2018:
2002:"Hyperkalemia"
1993:
1969:
1942:
1924:
1904:
1880:
1855:
1829:
1794:
1764:
1723:
1682:
1633:
1626:
1606:
1579:(6): 369–379.
1562:
1555:
1532:
1525:
1500:
1457:
1429:
1375:
1368:
1341:
1295:
1288:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1232:
1229:
1212:
1209:
1192:
1189:
1164:
1161:
1148:
1145:
1133:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1053:
1050:
1011:Main article:
1008:
1005:
1003:of myoglobin.
986:rhabdomyolysis
950:crush syndrome
934:Main article:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
921:
920:
919:
909:
906:
903:
898:
892:
891:
890:
887:
880:
879:
878:
875:
870:
867:
864:
842:erythropoietin
838:
837:
836:
827:
826:
825:
822:
816:
815:
814:
811:
797:
796:
795:
785:
779:
776:
766:
765:
764:
761:
758:
753:
750:
747:
740:
737:
732:
695:
692:
678:
675:
656:Main article:
653:
650:
606:renal function
595:Main article:
592:
589:
558:
557:Classification
555:
405:Kidney failure
400:
399:
388:
384:
383:
361:
357:
356:
354:
353:
350:
343:
336:
335:
329:
323:
317:
311:
310:
308:
307:
302:
297:
292:
286:
279:
278:
273:
268:
265:
259:
253:
247:
243:
242:
233:
229:
228:
199:
193:
192:
186:
180:
179:
174:
168:
167:
159:
158:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
140:Kidney failure
133:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
18:Kidney Failure
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3333:
3322:
3321:Organ failure
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3262:Renal failure
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3245:Liver failure
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:Heart failure
3233:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3221:Organ failure
3215:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3146:Renal papilla
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3081:Renal failure
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2708:(4): 644–50.
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:(3): 345–50.
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2134:on 2 May 2015
2133:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2034:on 2011-05-05
2033:
2029:
2028:"Proteinuria"
2022:
2019:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1959:on 2010-06-25
1958:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1932:on 2019-01-30
1931:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1905:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1810:(10): 671–5.
1809:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1702:(6): 929–48.
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1627:9780323529570
1623:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1556:9780323529570
1552:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:9781405189903
1522:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:9781846289378
1365:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:Complications
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1039:acetaminophen
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1006:
1004:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
942:
937:
929:
924:
918:
914:
910:
907:
904:
902:
899:
896:
895:
893:
888:
885:
884:
881:
876:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
833:
831:
828:
823:
820:
819:
817:
812:
809:
808:
807:) may cause:
806:
802:
799:A buildup of
798:
793:
789:
788:Muscle cramps
786:
783:
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67:Find sources:
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45:This article
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3261:
3172:Pyonephrosis
3124:Nephroptosis
2997:Interstitium
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2434:. Retrieved
2432:. Kidney.org
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2245:. Retrieved
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2179:the original
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2136:. Retrieved
2132:the original
2121:
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2072:
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2047:
2036:. Retrieved
2032:the original
2021:
2010:. Retrieved
2008:. 2008-07-03
2005:
1996:
1985:. Retrieved
1972:
1961:. Retrieved
1957:the original
1951:
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1934:. Retrieved
1930:the original
1914:
1907:
1896:. Retrieved
1872:. Retrieved
1870:. 2021-11-22
1867:
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1781:the original
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1491:. Retrieved
1487:the original
1482:
1448:. Retrieved
1444:
1395:
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1358:
1332:. Retrieved
1328:
1278:
1238:nephrotoxins
1234:
1214:
1197:hemodialysis
1194:
1166:
1150:
1138:
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1115:
1091:
1057:
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1043:
1032:
1023:hypertension
1016:
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939:
805:hyperkalemia
709:
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680:
669:
642:hemodialysis
633:
629:
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600:
566:
551:
523:hemodialysis
520:
465:
445:hyperkalemia
429:leg swelling
412:
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395:
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373:Hemodialysis
368:
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339:
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282:
249:
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189:Leg swelling
164:hemodialysis
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
3158:Major calyx
3139:Nephrogenic
1493:18 December
1450:11 November
1445:MedlinePlus
1334:11 November
1177:peritonitis
1001:metabolites
998:nephrotoxic
846:bone marrow
778:Bone damage
739:Weight loss
730:dehydration
612:(decreased
145:Other names
3316:Nephrology
3310:Categories
2860:DiseasesDB
2436:2011-09-25
2038:2011-03-24
2012:2009-05-26
1987:2009-05-26
1978:Amgen Inc.
1963:2010-07-12
1936:2010-07-12
1898:2009-05-26
1874:2023-03-09
1743:: w13662.
1398:: 691369.
1289:1416023127
1252:References
1157:creatinine
1123:creatinine
1046:hantavirus
982:phosphorus
913:penicillin
854:hemoglobin
770:phosphates
684:creatinine
585:sonography
577:creatinine
561:See also:
331:increased
177:Nephrology
82:newspapers
3076:Nephrosis
3071:Nephritis
2528:1432-198X
2247:1 January
2138:1 January
1848:1 January
1787:1 January
1191:Treatment
1035:ibuprofen
978:potassium
974:myoglobin
873:Dizziness
801:potassium
688:physician
634:postrenal
630:intrinsic
543:rejection
437:confusion
387:Frequency
360:Treatment
172:Specialty
3288:Multiple
3027:Vascular
2966:Genetic
2950:proximal
2761:24938824
2730:39551628
2722:17383270
2687:24070587
2652:26710078
2612:PLOS ONE
2593:26472545
2544:23333812
2472:17898101
2404:20635188
2355:20647424
2298:20299374
2242:UpToDate
2175:23120821
2113:28591253
1980:(2009).
1759:22923149
1718:23194202
1677:22904351
1601:67876948
1593:30802897
1424:22919275
1240:such as
1102:dialysis
990:ischemic
966:ischemia
917:seizures
782:Nonunion
744:nocturia
726:diarrhea
722:Vomiting
701:azotemia
646:dialysis
626:prerenal
610:oliguria
484:diabetes
433:vomiting
290:Diabetes
184:Symptoms
112:May 2024
3272:Chronic
3255:Chronic
3228:General
2937:Tubules
2854:D051437
2643:4692386
2620:Bibcode
2584:4656237
2536:3153295
2395:2921485
2346:2980843
2325:Bibcode
2317:Science
2289:4890964
2223:7969358
2104:5459532
2089:: e25.
1824:9486997
1668:3431421
1415:3420350
994:kidneys
775:Itching
705:uraemia
529:, or a
461:anaemia
417:kidneys
396:Chronic
369:Chronic
352:< 15
340:Chronic
283:Chronic
218:Chronic
96:scholar
3162:pelvis
3096:Uremia
2955:distal
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1242:NSAIDs
1140:uremia
1131:uremia
1037:, and
980:, and
954:toxins
925:Causes
858:anemia
735:Nausea
632:, and
581:anemia
494:, and
478:, and
459:, and
447:, and
441:uremia
246:Causes
226:anemia
206:Uremia
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3267:Acute
3250:Acute
3107:Other
2865:26060
2726:S2CID
2540:S2CID
2182:(PDF)
2159:(PDF)
1597:S2CID
1203:, or
1104:) or
1059:APOL1
614:urine
547:PCORI
391:Acute
364:Acute
349:(GFR)
320:Acute
250:Acute
232:Types
202:Acute
103:JSTOR
89:books
2924:See
2849:MeSH
2834:9-CM
2757:PMID
2718:PMID
2683:PMID
2648:PMID
2589:PMID
2532:PMID
2524:ISSN
2468:PMID
2400:PMID
2351:PMID
2294:PMID
2249:2013
2219:PMID
2171:PMID
2140:2013
2109:PMID
2058:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1850:2013
1820:PMID
1789:2013
1755:PMID
1714:PMID
1673:PMID
1622:ISBN
1589:PMID
1551:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1495:2017
1452:2017
1420:PMID
1396:2012
1364:ISBN
1336:2017
1284:ISBN
1244:and
1211:Diet
1179:and
1056:The
962:limb
716:urea
413:ESRD
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2839:584
2830:ICD
2824:N19
2820:N17
2811:ICD
2749:doi
2710:doi
2706:107
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2638:PMC
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2579:PMC
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