Leukoplakia - Knowledge (XXG)

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knowledge becomes available. In 1984 an international symposium agreed upon the following definition: "a whitish patch or plaque, which cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease, and is not associated with any physical or chemical agent except the use of tobacco." There were, however, problems and confusion in applying this definition. At a second international symposium held in 1994, it was argued that whilst tobacco was a likely causative factor in the development of leukoplakia, some white patches could be linked directly to the local effects of tobacco by virtue of their disappearance following smoking cessation, suggesting that this kind of white patch represents a reactive lesion to local tissue irritation rather than a lesion caused by carcinogens in cigarette smoke, and could be better termed to reflect this etiology, e.g. smokers' keratosis. The second international symposium, therefore, revised the definition of leukoplakia to: "a predominantly white lesion of the oral mucosa that cannot be characterized as any other definable lesion."

1663:). In 1930, it was shown experimentally that leukoplakia could be induced in rabbits that were subjected to tobacco smoke for 3 minutes per day. According to one source from 1961, leukoplakia can occur on multiple different mucous membranes of the body, including in the urinary tract, rectum, vagina, uterus, vulva, paranasal sinuses, gallbladder, esophagus, eardrums, and pharynx. Generally, oral leukoplakia is the only context where the term is in common usage in modern medicine. In 1988, a case report used the term 424:. "Verrucous leukoplakia" (or "verruciform leukoplakia") is a descriptive term used for thick, white, papillary lesions. Verrucous leukoplakias are usually heavily keratinized and are often seen in elderly people. Some verrucous leukoplakias may have an exophytic growth pattern, and some may slowly invade surrounding mucosa, when the term proliferative verrucous leukoplakia may be used. Non-homogeneous leukoplakias have a greater risk of cancerous changes than homogeneous leukoplakias. 473: 1555: 1575:

risk" sites are recognized, statistically, leukoplakia is more common on the buccal mucosa, alveolar mucosa, and the lower labial mucosa. Leukoplakia of the floor of the mouth and tongue accounts for over 90% of leukoplakias showing dysplasia or carcinoma on biopsy. This is thought to be due to pooling of saliva in the lower part of the mouth, exposing these areas to more carcinogens held in suspension.

48: 1470:. Often, if biopsy demonstrates moderate or severe dysplasia then the decision to excise them is taken more readily. Sometimes, white patches are too large to remove completely and instead they are monitored closely. Even if the lesion is completely removed, long term review is still usually indicated since leukoplakia can recur, especially if predisposing factors such as smoking are not stopped. 970: 310: 326: 390:) leukoplakia, which are described below. The word leukoplakia is also included within the nomenclature of other oral conditions which present as white patches, however, these are specific diagnoses that are generally considered separate from leukoplakia, with the notable exception of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, which is a recognized sub-type of leukoplakia. 293:

alcohol. In potentially half of cases leukoplakia will shrink with stopping smoking; however, if smoking is continued up to 66% of cases will become more white and thick. The percentage of people affected is estimated at 1–3%. Leukoplakia becomes more common with age, typically not occurring until after 30. Rates may be as high as 8% in men over the age of 70.

1427:) against the mucosa in an attempt to relieve toothache. Developmental white patches usually are present from birth or become apparent earlier in life, whilst leukoplakia generally affects middle aged or elderly people. Other causes of white patches generally require pathologic examination of a biopsy specimen to distinguish with certainty from leukoplakia. 302: 1571:). While the degree of dysplasia has been shown to be an important predictor of malignant change, many have challenged its use due to the low predictive value from the lack of objectivity of grading dysplasia. While 10% of leukoplakia lesions show dysplasia when biopsied, as many as 18% of oral lesions undergo malignant change in the absence of dysplasia. 433:

slowly enlarge into adjacent mucosal sites. An established PVL lesion is usually thick and exophytic (prominent), but initially it may be flat. Smoking does not seem to be as strongly related as it is to leukoplakia generally, and another dissimilarity is the preponderance for women over 50. There is a very high risk of dysplasia, transformation to

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is stretched. A frictional keratosis will generally be adjacent to a sharp surface such as a broken tooth or rough area on a denture and will disappear when the causative factor is removed. Some have a suggested as general rule that any lesion that does not show signs of healing within 2 weeks should be biopsied. Morsicatio buccarum and

529:(HIV) infection. This condition is not considered to be a true idiopathic leukoplakia since the causative agent has been identified. It is one of the most common oral lesions associated with HIV infection, along with pseudomembraneous candidiasis. The appearance of the lesion often heralds the transition from HIV to 813:. Smoking, which as discussed above can lead to the development of leukoplakia, can also promote oral candidiasis. Candida in association with leukoplakia should not be confused with white patches which are primarily caused by candida infection, such as chronic hyperplastic candidiasis ("candidal leukoplakia"). 488:,. though this is not universally accepted to be a distinct clinical entity from idiopathic leukoplakia generally, as it is distinguished from the latter by location only. Usually sublingual keratoses are bilateral and possess a parallel-corrugated, wrinkled surface texture described as "ebbing tide". 1629:

The prevalence of oral leukoplakia varies around the world, but generally speaking it is not an uncommon condition. Reported prevalence estimates range from less than 1% to more than 5% in the general population. Leukoplakia is, therefore, the most common premalignant lesion that occurs in the mouth.

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The annual malignant transformation rate of leukoplakia rarely exceeds 1%, i.e. the vast majority of oral leukoplakia lesions will remain benign. A number of clinical and histopathologic features are associated with varying degrees of increased risk of malignant transformation, although other sources

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There are many known conditions that present with a white lesion of the oral mucosa, but the majority of oral white patches have no known cause. These are termed leukoplakia once other likely possibilities have been ruled out. There are also few recognized subtypes of leukoplakia, described according

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is known. It is now rare, but when syphilis was more common, this white patch usually appeared on the top surface of the tongue and carried a high risk of cancerous changes. It is unclear if this lesion was related to the condition itself or whether it was caused by the treatments for syphilis at the

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Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a recognized high risk subtype of non-homogeneous leukoplakia. It is uncommon, and usually involves the buccal mucosa and the gingiva (the gums). This condition is characterized by (usually) extensive, papillary or verrucoid keratotic plaques that tends to

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Leukoplakia located on the floor of the mouth, the posterior and lateral tongue, and the retromolar areas (the region behind the wisdom teeth) have higher risk, whereas white patches in areas such as the top surface of the tongue and the hard palate do not have significant risk. Although these "high

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rather than intervene. Recommended recall intervals vary. One suggested program is every 3 months initially, and if there is no change in the lesion, then annual recall thereafter. Some clinicians use clinical photographs of the lesion to help demonstrate any changes between visits. Watchful waiting

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Leukoplakia cannot be rubbed off the mucosa, distinguishing it readily from white patches such as pseudomembraneous candidiasis, where a white layer can be removed to reveal an erythematous, sometimes bleeding surface underneath. The white color associated with leukoedema disappears when the mucosa

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Leukoplakia is a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning that which lesions are included depends upon what diagnoses are currently considered acceptable. Accepted definitions of leukoplakia have changed over time and are still controversial. It is possible that the definition will be further revised as new

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Tobacco smoking or chewing is the most common causative factor, with more than 80% of persons with leukoplakia having a positive smoking history. Smokers are much more likely to develop leukoplakia than non-smokers. The size and number of leukoplakia lesions in an individual is also correlated with

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Most cases of leukoplakia cause no symptoms, but infrequently there may be discomfort or pain. The exact appearance of the lesion is variable. Leukoplakia may be white, whitish yellow or grey. The size can range from a small area to much larger lesions. The most common sites affected are the buccal

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Treatment recommendations depend on features of the lesion. If abnormal cells are present or the lesion is small surgical removal is often recommended; otherwise close follow up at three to six month intervals may be sufficient. People are generally advised to stop smoking and limit the drinking of

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was coined in 1861 by Karl Freiherr von Rokitansky, who used it to refer to white lesions of the urinary tract. In 1877, Schwimmer first used the term for an oral white lesion. It is now thought that this white lesion on the tongue represented syphilitic glossitis, a condition not included in the

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showing through the thin layer of epithelium. Melanin produced in the oral mucosa also influences the color, with a darker appearance being created by higher levels of melanin in the tissues (associated with racial/physiologic pigmentation, or with disorders causing melanin overproduction such as

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in the underlying lamina propria are variable. In mucous membranes, hyperkeratosis can be defined as "an increase in the thickness of the keratin layer of the epithelium, or the presence of such a layer in a site where none would normally be expected." In leukoplakia, the hyperkeratosis varies in

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form is occasionally seen in biopsies of idiopathic leukoplakia. It is debated whether candida infection is a primary cause of leukoplakia with or without dysplasia, or a superimposed (secondary) infection that occurs after the development of the lesion. It is known that Candida species thrive in

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is a potentially malignant disorder affecting the oral mucosa. It is defined as "essentially an oral mucosal white lesion that cannot be considered as any other definable lesion." Oral leukoplakia is a white patch or plaque that develops in the oral cavity and is strongly associated with smoking.

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A systematic review found that no treatments commonly used for leukoplakia have been shown to be effective in preventing malignant transformation. Some treatments may lead to healing of leukoplakia, but do not prevent relapse of the lesion or malignant change. Regardless of the treatment used, a

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The epithelium may show hypertrophy (e.g. acanthosis) or atrophy. Red areas within leukoplakia represent atrophic or immature epithelium which has lost the ability to keratinize. The transition between the lesion and normal surrounding mucosa may be well-demarcated, or poorly defined. Melanin, a

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is an alternative to incisional biopsy, where a stiff brush is scraped against the lining of the mouth to remove a sample of cells. This is then made into a smear which can be examined microscopically. Sometimes the biopsy site can be selected with adjunct methods which aim to highlight areas of

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Homogeneous leukoplakia (also termed "thick leukoplakia") is usually well defined white patch of uniform, flat appearance and texture, although there may be superficial irregularities. Homogeneous leukoplakia is usually slightly elevated compared to surrounding mucosa, and often has a fissured,

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does not rule out the possibility of repeated biopsies. If the lesion changes in appearance repeat biopsies are especially indicated. Since smoking and alcohol consumption also places individuals at higher risk of tumors occurring in the respiratory tract and pharynx, "red flag" symptoms (e.g.

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Generally, dysplasia is subjectively graded by pathologists into mild, moderate or severe dysplasia. This requires experience as it is a difficult skill to learn. It has been shown that there is high degree of inter-observer variation and poor reproducibility in how dysplasia is graded. Severe

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Hyperkeratosis and altered epithelial thickness may be the only histologic features of a leukoplakia lesion, but some show dysplasia. The word "dysplasia" generally means "abnormal growth", and specifically, in the context of oral red or white lesions, refers to microscopic changes ("cellular

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in tobacco smoke). The risk of malignant transformation is similar to normal mucosa. Mechanical trauma, e.g. caused by a sharp edge on a denture, or a broken tooth, may cause white patches which appear very similar to leukoplakia. However, these white patches represent a normal hyperkeratotic

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Within the mouth, leukoplakia is sometimes further classified according to the site involved, e.g. leukoplakia buccalis (leukoplakia of the buccal mucosa) or leukoplakia lingualis (leukoplakia of the lingual mucosa). There are two main clinical variants of oral leukoplakia, namely homogeneous

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in the commissural area (just inside the cheek at the corners of the mouth) as a mixed lesion of white nodular patches on an erythematous background, although any part of the mouth may be affected. Erythroleukoplakia and erythroplakia have a higher risk of cancerous changes than homogeneous

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shows progressive changes in the form of cells from the basal to the superficial layers, with cells becoming more flat ("squames") towards the surface as a continuous maturation process. In dysplastic epithelium, cells may become vertically orientated rather than becoming flat towards the

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Surgical removal of the lesion is the first choice of treatment for many clinicians. However, the efficacy of this treatment modality cannot be assessed due to insufficient available evidence. This can be carried out by traditional surgical excision with a scalpel, with lasers, or with

1099:, including both normal and abnormal mitoses. Abnormal mitosis may be abnormally located, e.g. occurring in suprabasal cells (cell layers more superficial to the basal cell layer) or of abnormal form, e.g. "tri-radiate mitoses" (a cell splitting into 3 daughter cells rather than only 2) 349:) are not considered to be leukoplakias. Leukoplakia could also be considered according to the affected site, e.g. oral leukoplakia, leukoplakia of the urinary tract, including bladder leukoplakia or leukoplakia of the penis, vulvae, cervix or vagina. Leukoplakia may also occur in the 1436:

diagnosis of leukoplakia almost always leads to a recommendation that possible causative factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption be stopped, and also involves long term review of the lesion, to detect any malignant change early and thereby improve the prognosis significantly.

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Leukoplakia is more common in middle-aged and elderly males. The prevalence increases with increasing age. In areas of the world where smokeless tobacco use is common, there is a higher prevalence. In the Middle East region, the prevalence of leukoplakia is less than 1% (0.48%).

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is unclear because the incidence of esophageal leukoplakia is so low. It usually appears as a small, nearly opaque white lesion that may resemble early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The histologic appearance is similar to oral leukoplakia, with hyperkeratosis and possible

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the level of smoking and how long the habit has lasted for. Other sources argue that there is no evidence for a direct causative link between smoking and oral leukoplakia. Cigarette smoking may produce a diffuse leukoplakia of the buccal mucosa, lips, tongue and rarely the

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is "white plaques of questionable risk having excluded (other) known diseases or disorders that carry no increased risk for cancer". However, this definition is inconsistently applied in the medical literature, and some refer to any oral white patch as "leukoplakia".

459:(erythroplasia) is an entirely red patch that cannot be attributed to any other cause. Erythroleukoplakia can therefore be considered a variant of either leukoplakia or erythroplakia since its appearance is midway between. Erythroleukoplakia frequently occurs on the 820:(HPV), especially HPV 16 and 18, is sometimes found in areas of leukoplakia, however, since this virus can be coincidentally found on normal, healthy mucosal surfaces in the mouth, it is unknown if this virus is involved in the development of some leukoplakias. 681:

The exact underlying cause of leukoplakia is largely unknown, but it is likely multifactorial, with the main factor being the use of tobacco. Tobacco use and other suggested causes are discussed below. The mechanism of the white appearance is thickening of the

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examination to grade the presence of any epithelial dysplasia. This is an indicator of malignant potential and usually determines the management and recall interval. The sites of a leukoplakia lesion that are preferentially biopsied are the areas that show

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of p53 can disrupt its regulatory function and lead to uncontrolled cell growth. Mutations of p53 have been demonstrated in the cells from areas of some leukoplakias, especially those with dysplasia and in individuals who smoke and drink heavily.

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Almost all oral white patches are usually the result of keratosis. For this reason, oral white patches are sometimes generally described as keratoses, although a minority of oral white lesions are not related to hyperkeratosis, e.g. epithelial

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Vellappally S, Binmgren MA, Huraib SB, Hashem MI, Patil S, Anil S. Assessment of DNA Damage in Leukoplakia Patients with Different Degrees of Dysplasia. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2015 Dec 1;16(12):971-6. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1790. PMID

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The term has been incorrectly used for white patches of any cause (rather than specifically referring to idiopathic white patches) and also to refer only to white patches which have a risk of cancerous changes. It has been suggested that

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which is associated with increased risk of cancer. The edges of the lesion are typically abrupt and the lesion changes with time. Advanced forms may develop red patches. There are generally no other symptoms. It usually occurs within the

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Mukherjee S, Ray JG, Chaudhuri K. Evaluation of DNA damage in oral precancerous and squamous cell carcinoma patients by single cell gel electrophoresis. Indian J Dent Res. 2011 Sep-Oct;22(5):735-6. doi: 10.4103/0970-9290.93475. PMID

1058:") in the mucosa that indicate a risk of malignant transformation. When dysplasia is present, there is generally an inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria. The following are commonly cited as being possible features of 731:, tends to produce a distinctive white patch in a buccal sulcus termed "tobacco pouch keratosis". In the majority of persons, cessation triggers shrinkage or disappearance of the lesion, usually within the first year after stopping. 450:

Erythroleukoplakia ("speckled leukoplakia"), left commissure. Biopsy showed mild epithelial dysplasia and candida infection. Antifungal medication may turn this type of lesion into a homogeneous leukoplakia (i.e. the red areas would

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wrinkled or corrugated surface texture, with the texture generally consistent throughout the whole lesion. This term has no implications on the size of the lesion, which may be localized or extensive. When homogeneous leukoplakia is

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with high mortality (PVL does not transform into verrucous carcinoma, which is a lesion with a good prognosis usually; the similarity of names does not reflect the common origin, but only the resemblance of their appearance).

770:. Its use is strongly associated with development of leukoplakia, usually in the buccal sulcus. This type of leukoplakia has been termed "sanguinaria associated keratosis" and more than 80% of people with leukoplakia in the 690:. The abnormal keratin appears white when it becomes hydrated by saliva, and light reflects off the surface evenly. This hides the normal pink-red color of mucosae (the result of underlying vasculature showing through the 1563:

argue that there are no universally accepted and validated factors which can reliably predict malignant change. It is also unpredictable to an extent if an area of leukoplakia will disappear, shrink or remain stable.

1375:). In keratosis, the thickened keratin layer absorbs water from saliva in the mouth and appears white in comparison with normal mucosa. Normal oral mucosa is a red-pink color due to the underlying vasculature in the 411:

Non-homogeneous leukoplakia is a lesion of non-uniform appearance. The color may be predominantly white or a mixed white and red. The surface texture is irregular compared to homogeneous leukoplakia, and may be flat

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Although smoking increases risk of malignant transformation, smoking also causes many white patches with no dysplasia. This means that statistically, white patches in non-smokers have a higher risk.

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and keratin which is lost from areas of dysplasia or carcinoma under blue light or by initially staining of the mucosa with toluidine blue or dilute acetic acid and examination under white light.

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is beyond doubt, there is no clear evidence that alcohol is involved in the development of leukoplakia, but it does appear to have some influence. Excessive use of a high alcohol-containing

694:). A similar situation can be seen on areas of thick skin such as the soles of the feet or the fingers after prolonged immersion in water. Another possible mechanism is thickening of the 7127: 3579:

Hassona Y, Scully C, Almangush A, Baqain Z, Sawair F. Oral potentially malignant disorders among dental patients: a pilot study in Jordan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(23):10427-31.

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are located at the level of the occlusal plane (the level at which the teeth meet). A chemical burn has a clear history of placing an aspirin tablet (or other caustic substance such as

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on the skin, and will resolve when the cause is removed. Where there is a demonstrable cause such as mechanical or thermal trauma, the term idiopathic leukoplakia should not be used.

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is more likely to develop. The chance of cancer formation depends on the type, with between 3–15% of localized leukoplakia and 70–100% of proliferative leukoplakia developing into

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The involvement of viruses in the formation of some oral white lesions is well established, e.g. Epstein-Barr virus in oral hairy leukoplakia (which is not a true leukoplakia).

645:. Progression to anal stenosis has been described. The malignant potential is seemingly low, and few cases of anal carcinoma have been reported associated with anal leukoplaka. 455:

Erythroleukoplakia (also termed speckled leukoplakia, erythroleukoplasia or leukoerythroplasia) is a non-homogeneous lesion of mixed white (keratotic) and red (atrophic) color.

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Red lesions (erythroplasia) and mixed red and white lesions (erythroleukoplakia/"speckled leukoplakia") have a higher risk of malignant change than homogeneous leukoplakia.

5171: 658:, although any mucosal surface in the mouth may be involved. The clinical appearance, including the surface texture and color, may be homogeneous or non-homogeneous (see: 1199: 370: 366: 1602:

A change in the appearance of the white patch, apart from a change in the color, has a higher risk. Changes in the lesion such as becoming fixed to underlying tissues,

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and there may be floating debris in the bladder. Leukoplakia of the bladder may undergo cancerous changes, so biopsy and long term follow up are usually indicated.

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have used this substance. Upon stopping contact with the causative substance, the lesions may persist for many years. Although this type of leukoplakia may show

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to patients with varying grades of dysplasia. In another study, DNA damage, also measured by the comet assay, was found to be greater in oral leukoplakia and

7951: 633:, it appears as white plaques which may be diffuse, circumferential, or circumscribed. The histologic appearance is similar to oral leukoplakia, with 502:, rather than a subtype of true leukoplakia. However, some sources use this term to refer to leukoplakia lesions that become colonized secondarily by 3830: 5803: 5001: 4952: 1874: 333:

Leukoplakia could be classified as mucosal disease, and also as a premalignant condition. Although the white color in leukoplakia is a result of

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Ultraviolet radiation is believed to be a factor in the development of some leukoplakia lesions of the lower lip, usually in association with

545:, specifically in the tertiary stage of the infection. It is not considered to be a type of idiopathic leukoplakia, since the causative agent 7007: 3644: 3515: 3350: 3316: 3291: 3076: 2946: 2764: 2662: 2603: 2573: 2531: 2447: 1884: 1794: 1732: 1118:. There may be an increase in the number of basal cells, and they may lose their cellular orientation (losing their polarity and long axis). 1114:, where keratin is formed below the normal keratin layer. This can occur in individual cells or groups of cells, forming an intraepithelial 1550:

White patch on left buccal mucosa. Biopsy showed early squamous cell carcinoma. The lesion is suspicious because of the presence of nodules

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rate. Other methods involve the use of luminescence, relying on either the property of normal autoflorescent molecules in mucosa such as

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Candidal leukoplakia is usually considered to be a largely historical synonym for a type of oral candidiasis, now more commonly termed

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Another very common cause of white patches in the mouth is frictional or irritational trauma leading to keratosis. Examples include

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have also been studied with regards a therapy for leukoplakia. Some of this research is carried out based upon the hypothesis that

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to refer to an acquired condition in a female where dyskeratotic cells were present in the epithelia of the mouth and genitalia.

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A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie.

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Lodi G, Franchini R, Warnakulasuriya S, Varoni EM, Sardella A, Kerr AR, Carrassi A, MacDonald LC, Worthington HV (July 2016).

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is an unhelpful term since there is so much inconsistency surrounding its use, and some clinicians now avoid using it at all.

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Katsinelos P, Christodoulou K, Pilpilidis I, Papagiannis A, Patakiouta F, Xiarchos P, Amperiadis P, Eugenidis N (May 2001).

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Loss the normal organization of the epithelial layers. The distinction between the epithelial layers may be lost. Normally

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samples. The level of DNA damage was found to increase in a stepwise manner from healthy controls, through patients with

387: 6127: 719:, where the lit end of the cigarette is held in the mouth is also associated with mucosal changes. Tobacco chewing, e.g. 6751: 6506: 6197: 4900: 4509: 4213: 4198: 4136: 4082: 4005: 3823: 751:(> 25%) may cause a grey plaque to form on the buccal mucosa, but these lesions are not considered true leukoplakia. 526: 3141:, (pdf format) hosted by the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Page accessed on December 19, 2006. 7862: 6501: 6032: 5987: 5428: 5391: 5121: 4402: 4314: 1319: 3420:

Holmstrup P, Vedtofte P, Reibel J, Stoltze K (May 2006). "Long-term treatment outcome of oral premalignant lesions".

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are lost or retained in the superficial layers respectively), or a mixture of both in different areas of the lesion.

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Leukoplakia has a wide range of possible histologic appearances. The degree of hyperkeratosis, epithelial thickness (

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El-Naggar, Adel K.; Chan, John K. C.; Grandis, Jennifer R.; Takata, Takashi; Slootweg, Pieter J. (23 January 2017).

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The word leukoplakia means "white patch", and is derived from the Greek words λευκός - "white" and πλάξ - "plate".

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pigment naturally produced in oral mucosa, can leak from cells and give a grey color to some leukoplakia lesions.

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is rare. It may extend up to the anorectal junction. On digital examination it feels hard and granular, and at

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Although overall, oral cancer is more common in males, females with white patches are at higher risk than men.

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staining, where the dye is preferentially retained by dysplastic tissue, is sometimes used, but there is high

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Leucoplakia, leukokeratosis, idiopathic leukoplakia, leukoplasia, idiopathic keratosis, idiopathic white patch

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is a historic term for a visualized white patch which histologically represents keratinization in an area of

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experimentation has demonstrated that HPV 16 is capable of inducing dysplastic changes in previously normal

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is a corrugated ("hairy") white lesion on the sides of the tongue caused by opportunistic infection with

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Arduino PG, Bagan J, El-Naggar AK, Carrozzo M (October 2013). "Urban legends series: oral leukoplakia".

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Campbell-Walsh Urology: Expert Consult Premium Edition: Enhanced Online Features and Print, 4-Volume Set

884: 847: 817: 810: 4351: 1610:(enlargement of lymph nodes in the neck), and bone destruction may herald the appearance of malignancy. 1310: 342: 7785: 7210: 7097: 6946: 6107: 5905: 5880: 5700: 5339: 5324: 4890: 4823: 4429: 4161: 2657:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 33, 36, 38, 39, 43, 46, 106, 111–117, 121. 1535: 1381: 1059: 1005: 924: 670: 606: 5818: 472: 289:. The lesions from a yeast infection can typically be rubbed off while those of leukoplakia cannot. 7896: 7835: 7691: 7032: 6829: 6766: 6741: 6715: 6569: 6547: 6142: 6102: 6022: 6012: 5755: 5491: 5471: 5461: 5334: 5267: 5149: 5144: 5070: 4969: 4622: 4546: 4385: 4334: 4283: 4263: 4176: 4166: 4092: 4067: 3925: 3714: 1534:. High doses of retinoids may cause toxic effects. Other treatments that have been studied include 1279: 1233: 1225: 1213: 912: 859: 827: 582: 417: 413: 346: 4032: 226:

The cause of leukoplakia is unknown. Risk factors for formation inside the mouth include smoking,

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Master dentistry volume 1, oral and maxillofacial surgery, radiology, pathology and oral medicine

2116: 1614: 1420: 1389: 1229: 1171: 842:. Conditions associated with mucosal atrophy include iron deficiency, some vitamin deficiencies, 586: 547: 518: 80: 7037: 5745: 5720: 5381: 1554: 809:

altered tissues. Some leukoplakias with dysplasia reduce or disappear entirely following use of

446: 2809: 2565: 2559: 2243: 1613:

White patches present in combination with other conditions that carry a higher risk (e.g. oral

1514:, but none have evidence that they prevent malignant transformation in an area of leukoplakia. 7778: 7676: 7359: 7247: 6736: 6442: 6318: 6313: 6192: 6166: 6092: 6082: 5920: 5895: 5496: 5085: 5050: 4883: 4779: 4637: 4561: 4268: 4208: 4171: 4146: 3995: 3873: 3868: 3785: 3756: 3640: 3562: 3511: 3488: 3437: 3402: 3346: 3312: 3287: 3259: 3190: 3172: 3114: 3072: 3027: 3008: 2942: 2858: 2815: 2760: 2735: 2712: 2658: 2626: 2599: 2569: 2527: 2499: 2472: 2443: 2411: 2359: 2303: 2276: 2270: 2249: 2224: 2141: 2108: 2068: 2022: 1962: 1880: 1790: 1728: 1590:

Larger white patches are more likely to undergo malignant transformation than smaller lesions.

1568: 1487: 1338: 1160: 1135: 1131: 787: 642: 561: 362: 286: 173: 143: 60: 7112: 3531:

Zhang L, Poh CF, Williams M, Laronde DM, Berean K, Gardner PJ, et al. (September 2012).

2938: 2932: 2297: 985:

is usually indicated to rule out other causes of white patches and also to enable a detailed

862:, which is keratosis in response to heat from tobacco smoking (rather than a response to the 7901: 7830: 7632: 7460: 7227: 7166: 6834: 6683: 6589: 6537: 6407: 6182: 6117: 5466: 5101: 5091: 5055: 4964: 4715: 4654: 4588: 4578: 4526: 4424: 4319: 4156: 3552: 3544: 3478: 3468: 3457:"Grading systems in head and neck dysplasia: their prognostic value, weaknesses and utility" 3429: 3392: 3382: 3249: 3180: 3164: 3106: 3019: 2998: 2988: 2848: 2702: 2694: 2401: 2393: 2349: 2341: 2214: 2206: 2100: 2012: 2004: 1952: 1445: 1249: 695: 522: 503: 498: 274: 161: 1400:, or exogenous pigments such as heavy metals can be introduced into the mucosa, e.g. in an 476:

Homogeneous leukoplakia in the floor of the mouth in a smoker. Biopsy showed hyperkeratosis

7708: 7651: 7560: 7524: 7465: 7406: 7264: 7175: 6819: 6746: 6417: 6132: 5977: 5915: 5622: 5408: 5203: 5096: 4932: 4851: 4831: 4755: 4740: 4610: 4514: 4482: 4453: 4375: 4301: 4097: 3980: 3970: 3915: 3900: 3138: 1607: 1397: 1372: 798: 716: 655: 602: 227: 203: 128: 86: 560:

Leukoplakia of the esophagus is rare compared to oral leukoplakia. The relationship with

7883: 7745: 7637: 7597: 7575: 7411: 7274: 7259: 7203: 6879: 6869: 6786: 6328: 6156: 5788: 5740: 5710: 5578: 5509: 5476: 5198: 4937: 4671: 4551: 4346: 4131: 3944: 3723: 3557: 3532: 3483: 3456: 3433: 3397: 3370: 3238:"Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa" 3185: 3152: 3003: 2976: 2406: 2381: 2354: 2329: 2219: 2194: 2017: 1992: 1546: 1463: 1412: 1401: 1376: 1349: 1111: 1085: 1073: 1014: 1010: 1002:

areas. These areas are more likely to show any dysplasia than homogeneous white areas.

712: 687: 634: 481: 334: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3719: 2679: 7940: 7891: 7416: 7401: 7364: 7299: 7217: 6864: 6839: 6794: 6756: 6624: 6491: 6351: 6303: 6235: 6207: 5690: 5568: 5396: 5215: 4979: 4959: 4868: 4735: 4695: 4492: 4253: 4228: 4203: 4181: 3965: 3955: 3920: 3254: 3237: 3202: 2120: 1503: 1271: 1115: 995: 662:). Some signs are generally associated with a higher risk of cancerous changes (see: 460: 456: 278: 262: 216: 165: 149: 69: 3603: 2786: 2299:

Biopsy Interpretation of the Gastrointestinal Tract Mucosa: Volume 1: Non-Neoplastic

7810: 7663: 7542: 7450: 7428: 7369: 7304: 7232: 7147: 6809: 6381: 6361: 6176: 6171: 6161: 6002: 5541: 5317: 5312: 5297: 5277: 5247: 5080: 4789: 4730: 4661: 4583: 4573: 4541: 4504: 4465: 4457: 4072: 4027: 4012: 3910: 3905: 3808: 3548: 3131: 2442:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 113, 179, 211, 215–220. 2210: 1593:

White patches which have been present for a long period of time have a higher risk.

1077: 1043: 974: 637:

and acanthosis. It may be asymptomatic, with symptoms due to other lesions such as

613:, where it appears as a whitish-gray or yellow lesion, on a background of inflamed 590: 243: 47: 969: 3750: 2526:(5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. pp. 781, 850, 2705. 17: 7815: 7730: 7703: 7667: 7613: 7534: 7519: 7445: 7332: 7309: 7198: 7084: 7071: 6954: 6938: 6669: 6371: 6037: 5735: 5725: 5715: 5632: 5627: 5558: 4632: 4593: 4412: 4288: 4116: 4037: 4017: 3780: 2135: 1603: 1531: 1523: 1491: 1467: 1393: 999: 916: 759: 744: 630: 309: 208: 122: 2698: 2380:

Petersen PE, Bourgeois D, Ogawa H, Estupinan-Day S, Ndiaye C (September 2005).

1957: 1940: 325: 7916: 7800: 7750: 7672: 7580: 7511: 7396: 7222: 7057: 6804: 6645: 6522: 6240: 6212: 5982: 5695: 5481: 5307: 5075: 4905: 4846: 4784: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4700: 4683: 4627: 4598: 4519: 4380: 4358: 4243: 4223: 3791: 3761: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3153:"Human papillomavirus and leukoplakia of the oral cavity: a systematic review" 2104: 1495: 1450: 1384:). Other endogenous pigments can be overproduced to influence the color, e.g. 1178: 1134:, denoting the presence of neoplastic cells which have not yet penetrated the 1042:

thickness and may be either ortho- or para-keratosis, (depending upon whether

1030: 991: 863: 802: 763: 748: 699: 691: 638: 626: 614: 610: 421: 377:

may be associated with leukoplakia of the oral mucosa and of the anal mucosa.

358: 338: 3176: 2008: 1789:(10th ed.). Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker. pp. 87, 88, 90–93, 101–105. 7805: 7795: 7681: 7151: 6849: 6799: 6563: 6150: 6122: 6027: 5862: 5563: 5546: 5282: 5060: 4863: 4487: 4370: 3990: 3885: 3863: 3168: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1499: 1453:- coughing blood) often trigger medical investigation by other specialties. 1385: 1295: 1089: 986: 888: 775: 767: 724: 594: 566: 400: 341:), similarly appearing white lesions that are caused by reactive keratosis ( 282: 270: 235: 169: 136: 73: 3566: 3492: 3473: 3441: 3406: 3263: 3194: 3118: 3031: 3023: 3012: 2862: 2716: 2440:

Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment

2415: 2363: 2228: 2145: 2112: 2026: 1966: 891:(programmed cell death). One of the most studied tumor suppressor genes is 369:, which is thickening of the skin on the palms and soles of the feet (see: 3796: 3387: 3035:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace 2993: 2503: 2476: 1655:

has been incorporated into the names for several other oral lesions (e.g.

1599:

Candida infection in the presence of dysplasia has a small increased risk.

1034: 273:, but is not diagnostic. Other conditions that can appear similar include 7911: 7617: 6930: 6874: 6496: 6476: 6412: 6366: 6308: 6245: 6187: 6007: 5956: 5885: 5573: 5524: 5292: 5045: 5026: 5006: 4827: 4705: 4649: 3895: 2853: 2836: 1507: 1368: 1122: 1121:

Alteration of the normal epithelial-connective tissue architecture - the

1081: 1018: 896: 822: 542: 239: 220: 2397: 2345: 948:

In the mouth, the current definition of oral leukoplakia adopted by the

577:

In the context of lesions of the mucous membrane lining of the bladder,

301: 6942: 6673: 6527: 6437: 6356: 6343: 6293: 6222: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5659: 5617: 5302: 5262: 5156: 5030: 4819: 4186: 2707: 1558:

Nodular leukoplakia in right commissure. Biopsy showed severe dysplasia

1527: 1424: 1096: 839: 740: 683: 598: 266: 231: 132: 3671: 3506:

El-Naggar AK, Chan JK, Grandis J, Takata T, Slootweg PH (2017-01-23).

3110: 1125:

may become "drop shaped". wider at their base than more superficially.

7552: 7323: 6285: 6230: 5997: 5992: 5966: 5875: 5401: 4873: 4461: 4056: 3683: 3345:(Ed. 1st. ed.). Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 170, 171. 1993:"ABC of oral health. Swellings and red, white, and pigmented lesions" 1055: 982: 868: 805: 350: 247: 3286:(7th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 221–238. 2680:"Chronic hyperplastic candidosis/candidiasis (candidal leukoplakia)" 2564:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 2195:"Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer" 1879:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 209–217. 317: 257:

Leukoplakia is a descriptive term that should only be applied after

1530:

and cell growth suppressor proteins (e.g. p53) are antagonistic to

5951: 2811:

Principles and Practice of Surgery for the Colon, Rectum, and Anus

1553: 1545: 968: 920: 720: 506:

species, thereby distinguishing it from hyperplastic candidiasis.

471: 445: 324: 316: 308: 300: 887:

are genes involved in the regulation of normal cell turnover and

6532: 6051: 5870: 1411:

of a white lesion in the mouth can be considered according to a

728: 7116: 6903: 5822: 5777: 5676: 5600: 5358: 5237: 5023: 4813: 4451: 4114: 4054: 3942: 3850: 3812: 3341:

Terézhalmy GT, Huber MA, Jones AC, Sankar V, Noujeim M (2009).

3236:

Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, van der Waal I (November 2007).

2977:"Oral carcinogenesis and oral cancer chemoprevention: a review" 1444:

Beyond advising smoking cessation, many clinicians will employ

6934: 3852: 3151:

Radzki D, Kusiak A, Ordyniec-Kwaśnica I, Bondarczuk A (2021).

2242:

Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, Partin AW, Peters CA (2011).

1727:(2. ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 337–345. 1596:

Persons with a positive family history of cancer in the mouth.

892: 183:

Close follow up, stop smoking, limit alcohol, surgical removal

2382:"The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health" 2330:"Oral lesions in infection with human immunodeficiency virus" 2302:(2 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 10. 1651:

modern definitions of oral leukoplakia. Since then, the word

1407:

Almost all white patches are benign, i.e. non-malignant. The

838:

Leukoplakia is more likely to develop in areas of epithelial

911:

was measured in oral leukoplakia patients using single cell

3371:"Oral Leukoplakia as It Relates to HPV Infection: A Review" 1567:

Presence and degree of dysplasia (mild, moderate or severe/

2734:(3rd ed.). Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press. p. 438. 2067:(4 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 355–358. 2759:(2nd ed.). Tokyo: Springer Verlag. pp. 20, 21. 2328:

Coogan MM, Greenspan J, Challacombe SJ (September 2005).

778:, the potential for malignant transformation is unknown. 762:(Bloodroot) is a herbal extract that is included in some 2134:

Mohammed F, Fairozekhan AT (2022). "Oral Leukoplakia".

3284:

Cawsonś essentials of oral pathology and oral medicine

2937:(3rd ed.). Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 2275:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 156. 1070:, in which cells are of abnormal and different shapes. 3311:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 422–424. 2492:

Archivio Italiano di Urologia, Nefrologia, Andrologia

2091:

Underner M, Perriot J, Peiffer G (January 2012). "".

3661: 2837:"Anal leukoplakia: an unusual case of anal stenosis" 895:, which is found on the short arm of chromosome 17. 7882: 7875: 7850: 7717: 7650: 7606: 7551: 7533: 7510: 7378: 7331: 7322: 7273: 7174: 7165: 7158: 7070: 7046: 7021: 6971: 6962: 6953: 6818: 6785: 6729: 6714: 6705: 6662: 6633: 6612: 6603: 6556: 6515: 6484: 6473: 6466: 6455: 6400: 6342: 6284: 6221: 6141: 6070: 6059: 6050: 5965: 5929: 5861: 5854: 3771: 3665: 3069:

Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology

3067:James WD, Elston DM, Berger TG, Andrews GC (2006). 1941:"Leukoplakia-A Diagnostic and Management Algorithm" 1587:

Older people with white patches are at higher risk.

541:This term refers to a white lesion associated with 187: 179: 155: 142: 121: 113: 105: 93: 79: 59: 37: 32: 5252:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities 3639:(3rd ed.). : Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 2558:Coulthard P, Horner K, Sloan P, Theaker E (2008). 1723:Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE (2002). 403:, it may feel leathery, dry, or like cracked mud. 211:, although sometimes mucosa in other parts of the 202:Leukoplakia is a firmly attached white patch on a 5849:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology 2785:Petrou SP, Pinkstaff DM, Wu KJ, Bregg KJ (2003). 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 371:Leukoplakia with tylosis and esophageal carcinoma 2757:Pathology of the esophagus an atlas and textbook 2589: 2587: 2585: 1787:Burket's oral medicine diagnosis & treatment 601:(difficult urination or pain during urination), 5607:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues 3510:. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 3092: 3090: 3088: 2975:Tanaka T, Tanaka M, Tanaka T (1 January 2011). 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2625:. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2140:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 1371:and ulceration caused by a chemical burn (see: 4219:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis 3364: 3362: 3277: 3275: 3273: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2061:Neville BW, Damm DD, Chi AC, Allen CM (2015). 1581:Verrucous or nodular areas have a higher risk. 1207:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis 743:of alcohol with smoking in the development of 7128: 6915: 6334:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta 5834: 5177:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis 3824: 2687:Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine 8: 5988:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma) 2598:. New York: Humana Press. pp. 121–122. 361:leukoplakia is linked to the development of 148:Made after other possible causes ruled out, 3508:WHO classification of head and neck tumours 2622:WHO Classification of Head and Neck Tumours 2522:Tadataka Yamada; et al., eds. (2009). 2199:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 1082:increased in size relative to the cytoplasm 7879: 7656: 7337: 7328: 7171: 7162: 7135: 7121: 7113: 6968: 6959: 6922: 6908: 6900: 6711: 6609: 6481: 6470: 6463: 6067: 6056: 5858: 5841: 5827: 5819: 5774: 5673: 5597: 5355: 5234: 5020: 4810: 4448: 4111: 4051: 3939: 3847: 3831: 3817: 3809: 3662: 3062: 3060: 3049:|...|intentional=yes}} 2463:Højgaard AD, Jessen AL (August 1991). "". 2375: 2373: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2248:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 2309. 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2056: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1363:to the clinical appearance of the lesion. 1095:Increased number of cells seen undergoing 669:Leukoplakia may rarely be associated with 321:Exophytic leukoplakia on the buccal mucosa 46: 29: 3556: 3482: 3472: 3396: 3386: 3253: 3184: 3002: 2992: 2852: 2706: 2653:Tyldesley WR, Field A, Longman L (2003). 2405: 2386:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2353: 2334:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2218: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2016: 1956: 1945:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1486:medications have been studied, including 3242:Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 2086: 2084: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1145: 365:, and sometimes this is associated with 5804:Oral manifestations of systemic disease 4953:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis 3635:Weedon D, Strutton G, Rubin AI (2010). 3157:Advances in Dermatology and Allergology 1676: 589:, suprapubic pain (pain felt above the 6641:Disseminated intravascular coagulation 4990:As a manifestation of systemic disease 3588:Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). 3343:Physical evaluation in dental practice 3282:Cawson RA, Odell EW, Porter S (2002). 2678:Sitheeque MA, Samaranayake LP (2003). 1130:dysplasia is synonymous with the term 609:. The white lesion may be seen during 305:Leukoplakia in the lower labial sulcus 55:Leukoplakia on the inside of the cheek 7008:Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma 3604:"The carcinogenic effects of tobacco" 3307:Kerawala C, Newlands C, eds. (2010). 2732:Oxford handbook of clinical dentistry 1876:Clinical problem solving in dentistry 1617:), are more likely to turn malignant. 246:lesion, a tissue alteration in which 7: 4836:Gums and tooth-supporting structures 3616:from the original on 1 November 2013 2596:Clinical oral medicine and pathology 1080:of cells varies in size, any may be 7922:Persistent genital arousal disorder 5487:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum 5330:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction 3455:Fleskens S, Slootweg P (May 2009). 2296:Montgomery EA, Voltaggio L (2012). 1088:. There may also be more prominent 1037:), dysplasia and inflammatory cell 659: 428:Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia 259:other possible causes are ruled out 7952:Conditions of the mucous membranes 7003:Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma 6423:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation 4604:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis 4088:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia 3434:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.08.011 3375:International Journal of Dentistry 1725:Oral & maxillofacial pathology 1510:(drugs similar to vitamin A), and 654:mucosa, the labial mucosa and the 531:acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 363:esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 25: 7736:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder 7255:Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 6324:Transient acantholytic dermatosis 1665:acquired dyskeratotic leukoplakia 1006:Brush biopsy/exfoliative cytology 386:leukoplakia and non-homogeneous ( 329:Leukoplakia on the side of tongue 238:. One specific type is common in 85:Firmly attached white patch on a 7013:Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma 6433:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis 5706:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin 5643:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome 5638:Central hypoventilation syndrome 5520:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma 4948:Necrotizing periodontal diseases 4928:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis 3840:Oral and maxillofacial pathology 3255:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00582.x 2981:Pathology Research International 2808:Gordon PH, Nivatvongs S (2007). 2730:Mitchell L, Mitchell DA (1999). 2272:Homeostasis - Tumor - Metastasis 2064:Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology 1991:Scully C, Porter S (July 2000). 1893:from the original on 2017-09-10. 499:chronic hyperplastic candidiasis 355:gastro-esophageal reflux disease 6443:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides 5552:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis 5189:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect 4643:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour 1440:Predisposing factors and review 1373:Oral ulceration#Chemical injury 1288:Drug-induced lichenoid reaction 353:, possibly in association with 7350:Dysfunctional uterine bleeding 6684:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus 6392:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis 6018:Infantile digital fibromatosis 5537:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis 5372:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion 3549:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-12-0173 3309:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 2931:Soames JV, Southam JC (1999). 2594:Bruch JM, Treister NS (2010). 2490:Coppi F (September 1989). "". 2211:10.1002/14651858.CD001829.pub4 1939:Villa A, Woo SB (April 2017). 1785:Greenberg MS, Glick M (2003). 1302:Idiopathic and smoking related 1104:stratified squamous epithelium 977:scraped from the buccal mucosa 663: 484:or under the tongue is called 313:Leukoplakia of the soft palate 66:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 1: 6276:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 6113:Langerhans cell histiocytosis 5731:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome 5680:Soft tissues around the mouth 5377:Ectopic salivary gland tissue 3609:. World Health Organization. 480:Sometimes leukoplakia of the 345:or frictional keratoses e.g. 7446:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea) 7417:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea) 6752:Systemic lupus erythematosus 6507:Systemic lupus erythematosus 6198:Systemic lupus erythematosus 4901:Gingival cyst of the newborn 4510:Failure of eruption of teeth 4214:Hand, foot and mouth disease 4199:Focal epithelial hyperplasia 4137:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica 4083:Palatal cysts of the newborn 4006:Transient lingual papillitis 2787:"Leukoplakia of the bladder" 2524:Textbook of gastroenterology 1322:("tobacco pouch keratosis") 527:human immunodeficiency virus 521:on a systemic background of 7863:Pelvic inflammatory disease 6974:malignant epithelial tumors 6033:Lymphangioma circumscriptum 5429:Salivary gland diverticulum 5392:Necrotizing sialometaplasia 4403:Smokeless tobacco keratosis 4315:Basaloid squamous carcinoma 3369:Feller L, Lemmer J (2012). 2814:. CRC Press. p. 1288. 1320:Smokeless tobacco keratosis 1224:Frictional keratosis (e.g. 1138:and invaded other tissues. 973:Microscopic examination of 585:. The symptoms may include 407:Non-homogeneous leukoplakia 7973: 7858:Pelvic congestion syndrome 7288:Fallopian tube obstruction 6855:Mucous membrane pemphigoid 5439:Salivary gland hyperplasia 5387:HIV salivary gland disease 4896:Gingival cyst of the adult 4342:Oral florid papillomatosis 3537:Cancer Prevention Research 2699:10.1177/154411130301400403 1958:10.1016/j.joms.2016.10.012 1659:, now more usually termed 1494:(target Candida species), 1062:in leukoplakia specimens: 998:(redness), and erosive or 931:than in control subjects. 265:generally shows increased 7907:Vestibular papillomatosis 7826: 7759: 7659: 7486: 7476:Metropathia haemorrhagica 7340: 7093: 5784: 5773: 5686: 5678:Orofacial soft tissues – 5672: 5613: 5596: 5444:Salivary gland hypoplasia 5367: 5354: 5258: 5233: 5172:Bisphosphonate-associated 5066:Idiopathic osteosclerosis 5041: 5019: 4842: 4809: 4537:Dentinogenesis imperfecta 4473: 4447: 4127: 4110: 4063: 4050: 4001:Median rhomboid glossitis 3951: 3938: 3859: 3846: 2655:Tyldesley's Oral medicine 2105:10.1016/j.lpm.2011.06.005 1344: 1326: 1301: 1284:Graft versus host disease 1278:Lichenoid reaction (e.g. 1267: 1245: 1220: 1167: 1157:Normal anatomic variation 950:World Health Organization 925:non-dysplastic epithelium 919:”) applied to peripheral 269:build up with or without 54: 45: 7243:Follicular cyst of ovary 7024:benign epithelial tumors 6993:Adenoid cystic carcinoma 6988:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma 6620:Thrombocytopenic purpura 6266:Dermatitis herpetiformis 6251:Acute contact dermatitis 6203:Pityriasis rubra pilaris 6128:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome 6098:Lichen simplex chronicus 5978:Epidermal inclusion cyst 5751:Orofacial granulomatosis 5530:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma 5515:Adenoid cystic carcinoma 5449:Salivary gland neoplasms 5240:Temporomandibular joints 5211:Periapical periodontitis 4943:Linear gingival erythema 4711:Regional odontodysplasia 4557:Enamel hypocalcification 3592:Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3461:Head & Neck Oncology 2009:10.1136/bmj.321.7255.225 1661:hyperplastic candidiasis 7741:Sexual arousal disorder 7697:Candidal vulvovaginitis 7355:Endometrial hyperplasia 6998:Salivary duct carcinoma 6885:Squamous-cell carcinoma 6880:Systemic histoplasmosis 6271:Porphyria cutanea tarda 5901:Squamous-cell carcinoma 5648:Obstructive sleep apnea 5414:Salivary duct stricture 5194:Paget's disease of bone 4691:Pulp canal obliteration 4532:Dentin hypersensitivity 4478:Amelogenesis imperfecta 4330:Squamous cell carcinoma 4310:Adenosquamous carcinoma 4297:Squamous cell papilloma 4274:Melanocytic oral lesion 3637:Weedon's skin pathology 3169:10.5114/ada.2021.107269 1332:squamous cell carcinoma 1216:(follicular keratosis) 929:squamous-cell carcinoma 867:reaction, similar to a 844:oral submucous fibrosis 435:squamous cell carcinoma 394:Homogeneous leukoplakia 252:squamous cell carcinoma 191:Up to 8% of men over 70 100:Squamous cell carcinoma 7957:Oral mucosal pathology 7184:Endometriosis of ovary 6860:Cicatricial pemphigoid 6777:Acne keloidalis nuchae 6772:Folliculitis decalvans 5794:Hemifacial hypertrophy 5761:Pyostomatitis vegetans 5434:Salivary gland fistula 5424:Salivary gland atresia 5419:Salivary gland aplasia 5273:Mandibular dislocation 5244:muscles of mastication 5122:Calcifying odontogenic 4751:Vertical root fracture 4746:Cracked tooth syndrome 4721:Shovel-shaped incisors 4616:Wisdom tooth impaction 4498:Early childhood caries 4364:Benign mucous membrane 4325:Spindle cell carcinoma 4234:Intraoral dental sinus 4152:Burning mouth syndrome 3474:10.1186/1758-3284-1-11 1559: 1551: 1409:differential diagnosis 1313:(Stomatitis nicotina) 1263:Syphlytic leukoplakia 1257:Oral hairy leukoplakia 1193:Dyskeratosis congenita 1186:Pachyonychia congenita 1142:Differential diagnosis 1110:There may be abnormal 978: 885:Tumor suppressor genes 880:Tumor suppressor genes 772:vestibule of the mouth 597:(blood in the urine), 537:Syphilitic leukoplakia 515:Oral hairy leukoplakia 510:Oral hairy leukoplakia 477: 452: 375:Dyskeratosis congenita 330: 322: 314: 306: 285:due to repeated minor 213:gastrointestinal tract 172:due to repeated minor 157:Differential diagnosis 7628:Vesicouterine fistula 7571:Cervical incompetence 7496:Recurrent miscarriage 7434:Premenstrual syndrome 7295:Fallopian tube cancer 6983:Acinic cell carcinoma 6762:Loose anagen syndrome 6689:Necrobiosis lipoidica 6625:Actinic/solar purpura 6299:Insect bite reactions 6088:Seborrheic dermatitis 5911:Merkel-cell carcinoma 5891:Molluscum contagiosum 5603:Stomatognathic system 5505:Acinic cell carcinoma 5127:Glandular odontogenic 4279:Molluscum contagiosum 3071:. Saunders Elsevier. 3041:|...}} 3018:(Retracted, see 2791:Infections in Urology 1557: 1549: 1163:(Fordyce's granules) 1025:Histologic appearance 972: 848:sideropenic dysphagia 818:Human papilloma virus 811:antifungal medication 782:Ultraviolet radiation 475: 449: 328: 320: 312: 304: 7786:Rectovaginal fistula 7211:Poor ovarian reserve 6947:head and neck cancer 6585:Annulare centrifugum 6108:Glucagonoma syndrome 5906:Basal-cell carcinoma 5881:Seborrheic keratosis 5746:Oral Crohn's disease 5701:Basal cell carcinoma 5340:Condylar hyperplasia 5325:Maxillary hypoplasia 4891:Gingival enlargement 4824:periodontal ligament 4430:Verruciform xanthoma 4162:Condyloma acuminatum 3024:10.1155/2016/9267585 2854:10.1055/s-2001-14256 2465:Ugeskrift for Laeger 1657:candidal leukoplakia 1536:photodynamic therapy 1086:stain more intensely 1060:epithelial dysplasia 671:esophageal carcinoma 492:Candidal leukoplakia 486:sublingual keratosis 468:Sublingual keratosis 7836:Postcoital bleeding 7764:Urogenital fistulas 7692:Bacterial vaginosis 7345:Asherman's syndrome 7033:Pleomorphic adenoma 6830:Aphthous stomatitis 6767:Lichen planopilaris 6742:Androgenic alopecia 6548:Fixed drug eruption 6123:Pemphigus foliaceus 6023:Granular cell tumor 5756:Perioral dermatitis 5492:Pleomorphic adenoma 5472:Monomorphic adenoma 5462:Canalicular adenoma 5335:Condylar hypoplasia 5268:Condylar resorption 5112:Lateral periodontal 5071:Mandibular fracture 4970:Periodontal abscess 4567:Turner's hypoplasia 4335:Verrucous carcinoma 4284:Morsicatio buccarum 4264:Lupus erythematosus 4177:Erythema multiforme 4093:Stomatitis nicotina 3388:10.1155/2012/540561 2994:10.4061/2011/431246 2269:Banfalvi G (2013). 1488:anti-inflammatories 1280:Lupus erythematosus 1226:morsicatio buccarum 915:(also called the “ 913:gel electrophoresis 860:nicotine stomatitis 828:squamous epithelium 625:Leukoplakia of the 583:squamous metaplasia 347:morsicatio buccarum 89:, changes with time 7721:Sexual dysfunction 7687:Atrophic vaginitis 7623:Retroverted uterus 7586:Female infertility 7566:Cervical dysplasia 7491:Female infertility 7283:Female infertility 7238:Corpus luteum cyst 7194:Ovulatory disorder 7189:Female infertility 6850:Pemphigus vulgaris 6679:Granuloma annulare 6543:Carcinoid syndrome 6428:Tuberous sclerosis 6387:Coccidioidomycosis 6261:Bullous pemphigoid 6256:Pemphigus vulgaris 6188:Secondary syphilis 6078:Contact dermatitis 5799:Facial hemiatrophy 5653:Periodic breathing 5584:Sjögren's syndrome 5457:Basal cell adenoma 5221:Torus mandibularis 5199:Periapical abscess 5182:Osteoradionecrosis 5107:Buccal bifurcation 5086:Intraosseous cysts 4975:Periodontal trauma 4879:Pyogenic granuloma 4726:Supernumerary root 4679:Pulp calcification 4667:Premature eruption 4638:Odontogenic tumors 4435:White sponge nevus 4408:Submucous fibrosis 4352:Smoker's melanosis 4239:Irritation fibroma 4078:High-arched palate 3986:Foliate papillitis 3976:Cunnilingus tongue 3961:Black hairy tongue 3891:Congenital lip pit 3772:External resources 3137:2013-07-03 at the 1615:submucous fibrosis 1560: 1552: 1390:hyperbilirubinemia 1348:Oral keratosis of 1311:Smoker's keratosis 1172:White sponge nevus 979: 834:Epithelial atrophy 741:synergistic effect 649:Signs and symptoms 548:Treponema pallidum 519:Epstein-Barr virus 478: 453: 442:Erythroleukoplakia 343:smoker's keratosis 331: 323: 315: 307: 109:After 30 years old 7934: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7871: 7870: 7846: 7845: 7779:Obstetric fistula 7677:Vaginal discharge 7646: 7645: 7591:Cervical stenosis 7506: 7505: 7360:Endometrial polyp 7318: 7317: 7248:Theca lutein cyst 7110: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7066: 7065: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6737:Telogen effluvium 6701: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6599: 6598: 6451: 6450: 6319:Lichen spinulosus 6314:Keratosis pilaris 6193:Mycosis fungoides 6093:Stasis dermatitis 6083:Atopic dermatitis 6046: 6045: 5921:Trichoepithelioma 5896:Actinic keratosis 5816: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5769: 5768: 5668: 5667: 5592: 5591: 5497:Sebaceous adenoma 5350: 5349: 5229: 5228: 5140:Median mandibular 5135:Nasopalatine duct 5051:Alveolar osteitis 5015: 5014: 5002:Perio-endo lesion 4884:Congenital epulis 4805: 4804: 4562:Enamel hypoplasia 4443: 4442: 4418:Riga–Fede disease 4269:Melanocytic nevus 4209:Hairy leukoplakia 4172:Epulis fissuratum 4106: 4105: 4046: 4045: 3996:Geographic tongue 3934: 3933: 3806: 3805: 3646:978-0-7020-3485-5 3517:978-92-832-2438-9 3352:978-0-8138-2131-3 3318:978-0-19-920483-0 3293:978-0-443-07106-5 3111:10.1111/odi.12065 3078:978-0-7216-2921-6 2948:978-0-19-262894-7 2766:978-4-431-68616-3 2755:Takubo K (2007). 2664:978-0-19-263147-3 2605:978-1-60327-519-4 2575:978-0-443-06896-6 2533:978-1-4051-6911-0 2449:978-0-443-06818-8 2438:Scully C (2008). 1886:978-0-443-06784-6 1796:978-1-55009-186-1 1734:978-0-7216-9003-2 1569:carcinoma in situ 1382:Addison's disease 1360: 1359: 1339:Carcinoma in situ 1234:factitious injury 1136:basement membrane 1132:carcinoma in situ 1084:, shape, and may 788:actinic cheilitis 607:urge incontinence 562:esophageal cancer 223:may be affected. 195: 194: 144:Diagnostic method 27:Medical condition 18:Leukoplakia, oral 16:(Redirected from 7964: 7902:Kraurosis vulvae 7897:Bartholin's cyst 7880: 7831:Vaginal bleeding 7724: 7657: 7633:Uterine prolapse 7461:Menometrorrhagia 7385: 7338: 7329: 7228:Ovarian apoplexy 7172: 7163: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7114: 7051: 7026: 6976: 6969: 6960: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6901: 6835:Oral candidiasis 6712: 6610: 6538:Erythema nodosum 6482: 6471: 6464: 6408:Tinea versicolor 6246:Bullous impetigo 6183:Pityriasis rosea 6118:Lichen sclerosus 6103:Darier's disease 6068: 6057: 6013:Kaposi's sarcoma 5859: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5820: 5775: 5674: 5598: 5467:Ductal papilloma 5356: 5235: 5132:Non-odontogenic: 5117:Globulomaxillary 5056:Buccal exostosis 5021: 4965:Peri-implantitis 4811: 4527:Dentin dysplasia 4449: 4425:Verruca vulgaris 4320:Mucosal melanoma 4167:Darier's disease 4142:Behçet's disease 4112: 4068:Bednar's aphthae 4052: 3940: 3926:Trumpeter's wart 3848: 3833: 3826: 3819: 3810: 3663: 3651: 3650: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3615: 3608: 3599: 3593: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3560: 3543:(9): 1081–1089. 3528: 3522: 3521: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3486: 3476: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3400: 3390: 3366: 3357: 3356: 3338: 3323: 3322: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3279: 3268: 3267: 3257: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3188: 3148: 3142: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3094: 3083: 3082: 3064: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3042: 3016: 3006: 2996: 2972: 2953: 2952: 2939:139–140, 144–151 2928: 2867: 2866: 2856: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2782: 2771: 2770: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2710: 2684: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2650: 2637: 2636: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2591: 2580: 2579: 2555: 2538: 2537: 2519: 2508: 2507: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2435: 2420: 2419: 2409: 2377: 2368: 2367: 2357: 2325: 2314: 2313: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2222: 2190: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2088: 2079: 2078: 2058: 2031: 2030: 2020: 1988: 1971: 1970: 1960: 1936: 1895: 1894: 1873:Odell W (2010). 1870: 1801: 1800: 1782: 1739: 1738: 1720: 1446:watchful waiting 1250:Oral candidiasis 1214:Darier's disease 1146: 994:(hardening) and 696:stratum spinosum 525:, almost always 523:immunodeficiency 275:yeast infections 50: 30: 21: 7972: 7971: 7967: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7962: 7961: 7937: 7936: 7935: 7926: 7867: 7842: 7822: 7755: 7718: 7713: 7709:Vaginal atresia 7642: 7602: 7561:Cervical cancer 7547: 7529: 7525:Uterine fibroid 7502: 7482: 7466:Polymenorrhagia 7407:Oligoamenorrhea 7379: 7374: 7314: 7269: 7265:Ovarian torsion 7154: 7144:Female diseases 7141: 7111: 7102: 7089: 7062: 7047: 7042: 7038:Warthin's tumor 7022: 7017: 6972: 6949: 6928: 6898: 6889: 6821: 6814: 6781: 6747:Alopecia areata 6725: 6707: 6693: 6650: 6629: 6605: 6595: 6552: 6511: 6497:Viral exanthems 6475: 6459: 6457: 6447: 6418:Pityriasis alba 6396: 6338: 6280: 6217: 6137: 6133:Zinc deficiency 6063: 6061: 6042: 5970: 5961: 5925: 5916:Nevus sebaceous 5850: 5847: 5817: 5808: 5780: 5765: 5721:Ludwig's angina 5682: 5664: 5623:Mouth breathing 5609: 5588: 5409:Pneumoparotitis 5382:Frey's syndrome 5363: 5361:Salivary glands 5346: 5254: 5225: 5204:Phoenix abscess 5037: 5033:hard tissues – 5011: 4933:Hypercementosis 4852:Cementoblastoma 4838: 4801: 4515:Dens evaginatus 4469: 4439: 4391:Denture-related 4376:Plasmoacanthoma 4302:Keratoacanthoma 4123: 4121:Lining of mouth 4102: 4098:Torus palatinus 4059: 4042: 4023:Lingual thyroid 3981:Fissured tongue 3971:Crenated tongue 3947: 3930: 3916:Nasolabial cyst 3901:Herpes labialis 3855: 3842: 3837: 3807: 3802: 3801: 3767: 3766: 3674: 3660: 3655: 3654: 3647: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3353: 3340: 3339: 3326: 3319: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3281: 3280: 3271: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3139:Wayback Machine 3130: 3126: 3096: 3095: 3086: 3079: 3066: 3065: 3058: 3044: 3036: 3034: 3017: 2974: 2973: 2956: 2949: 2930: 2929: 2870: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2784: 2783: 2774: 2767: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2682: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2652: 2651: 2640: 2633: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2593: 2592: 2583: 2576: 2557: 2556: 2541: 2534: 2521: 2520: 2511: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2437: 2436: 2423: 2379: 2378: 2371: 2327: 2326: 2317: 2310: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2256: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2205:(7): CD001829. 2192: 2191: 2160: 2150: 2148: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2093:Presse Médicale 2090: 2089: 2082: 2075: 2060: 2059: 2034: 2003:(7255): 225–8. 1990: 1989: 1974: 1938: 1937: 1898: 1887: 1872: 1871: 1804: 1797: 1784: 1783: 1742: 1735: 1722: 1721: 1678: 1673: 1644: 1636: 1627: 1608:lymphadenopathy 1544: 1498:(precursors to 1478:Many different 1476: 1459: 1442: 1433: 1398:hemochromatosis 1161:Fordyce's spots 1144: 1076:, in which the 1027: 967: 942: 937: 906: 882: 877: 875:Pathophysiology 856: 846:, syphilis and 836: 796: 794:Micro-organisms 784: 757: 737: 717:Reverse smoking 708: 679: 656:alveolar mucosa 651: 623: 575: 558: 539: 512: 494: 470: 444: 430: 409: 396: 383: 299: 228:chewing tobacco 204:mucous membrane 162:Yeast infection 129:chewing tobacco 87:mucous membrane 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7970: 7968: 7960: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7947:Oral neoplasia 7939: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7888: 7886: 7877: 7873: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7860: 7854: 7852: 7848: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7788: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7769:Ureterovaginal 7760: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7753: 7748: 7746:Vaginal cancer 7743: 7738: 7733: 7727: 7725: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7679: 7670: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7638:Uterine cancer 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7598:Nabothian cyst 7595: 7594: 7593: 7583: 7578: 7576:Cervical polyp 7573: 7568: 7563: 7557: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7545: 7539: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7522: 7516: 7514: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7498: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7412:Oligomenorrhea 7409: 7404: 7399: 7388: 7386: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7279: 7277: 7275:Fallopian tube 7271: 7270: 7268: 7267: 7262: 7260:Ovarian cancer 7257: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7204:Oligoovulation 7201: 7186: 7180: 7178: 7169: 7160: 7156: 7155: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7117: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7100: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7076: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7054: 7052: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7029: 7027: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6979: 6977: 6966: 6964:Salivary gland 6957: 6951: 6950: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6904: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6870:Coxsackievirus 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6826: 6824: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6587: 6582: 6580:Gyratum repens 6577: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6504: 6502:Toxic erythema 6499: 6494: 6492:Drug eruptions 6488: 6486: 6479: 6468: 6461: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6329:Lichen nitidus 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6290: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6231:Herpes simplex 6227: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6074: 6072: 6065: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5974: 5972: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5867: 5865: 5856: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5823: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5789:Eagle syndrome 5785: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5711:Cystic hygroma 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5677: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5625: 5620: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5601: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5579:Sialolithiasis 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5510:Adenocarcinoma 5507: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5477:Myoepithelioma 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5352: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5238: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5150:Traumatic bone 5147: 5145:Median palatal 5142: 5137: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5024: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4945: 4940: 4938:Hypocementosis 4935: 4930: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4881: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4814: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4672:Neonatal teeth 4664: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4559: 4554: 4552:Ectopic enamel 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4452: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4347:Oral melanosis 4344: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4304: 4299: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4147:Bohn's nodules 4144: 4139: 4134: 4132:Amalgam tattoo 4128: 4125: 4124: 4115: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3936: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3813: 3804: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3788: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3753: 3742: 3707: 3675: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3666:Classification 3659: 3658:External links 3656: 3653: 3652: 3645: 3627: 3594: 3581: 3572: 3523: 3516: 3498: 3447: 3428:(5): 461–474. 3412: 3358: 3351: 3324: 3317: 3299: 3292: 3269: 3248:(10): 575–80. 3228: 3218: 3208: 3163:(1): 594–600. 3143: 3124: 3084: 3077: 3056: 2954: 2947: 2934:Oral Pathology 2868: 2827: 2820: 2800: 2772: 2765: 2747: 2741:978-0192629630 2740: 2722: 2670: 2663: 2638: 2631: 2611: 2604: 2581: 2574: 2539: 2532: 2509: 2482: 2471:(35): 2408–9. 2455: 2448: 2421: 2369: 2315: 2308: 2288: 2281: 2261: 2254: 2234: 2158: 2126: 2080: 2073: 2032: 1972: 1951:(4): 723–734. 1896: 1885: 1802: 1795: 1740: 1733: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1643: 1640: 1635: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1611: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1543: 1540: 1475: 1472: 1458: 1455: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1413:surgical sieve 1402:amalgam tattoo 1377:lamina propria 1358: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1350:kidney failure 1346: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1315: 1314: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1241:Chemical burn 1238: 1237: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1210: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1143: 1140: 1127: 1126: 1119: 1112:keratinization 1108: 1100: 1093: 1074:Nuclear atypia 1071: 1026: 1023: 1015:false positive 1011:Toluidine blue 966: 963: 941: 938: 936: 933: 905: 902: 881: 878: 876: 873: 855: 852: 835: 832: 795: 792: 783: 780: 756: 753: 736: 733: 713:floor of mouth 707: 704: 688:hyperkeratosis 686:layer, called 678: 675: 660:classification 650: 647: 635:hyperkeratosis 622: 619: 574: 571: 557: 554: 538: 535: 511: 508: 493: 490: 482:floor of mouth 469: 466: 443: 440: 429: 426: 408: 405: 395: 392: 382: 379: 335:hyperkeratosis 298: 297:Classification 295: 271:abnormal cells 193: 192: 189: 185: 184: 181: 177: 176: 159: 153: 152: 146: 140: 139: 125: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 107: 103: 102: 97: 91: 90: 83: 77: 76: 63: 57: 56: 52: 51: 43: 42: 39: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7969: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7892:Vulvar cancer 7890: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7874: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7825: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7774:Vesicovaginal 7772: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7758: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7605: 7599: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7509: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7485: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7439: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7402:Hypomenorrhea 7400: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7377: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7365:Endometriosis 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7300:Hematosalpinx 7298: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7272: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7218:Mittelschmerz 7216: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7138: 7133: 7131: 7126: 7124: 7119: 7118: 7115: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7092: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7045: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7020: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6925: 6920: 6918: 6913: 6911: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6840:Lichen planus 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6795:Onychomycosis 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6757:Tinea capitis 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6706:Miscellaneous 6704: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6604:Nonblanchable 6602: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6454: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401:Hypopigmented 6399: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6352:Acne vulgaris 6350: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6304:Lichen planus 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6236:Herpes zoster 6234: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6208:Parapsoriasis 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5844: 5839: 5837: 5832: 5830: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5776: 5772: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5691:Actinomycosis 5689: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5671: 5661: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5569:Sialodochitis 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5248:malocclusions 5245: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5216:Stafne defect 5214: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5167:Osteonecrosis 5165: 5163: 5162:Osteomyelitis 5160: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5035:Bones of jaws 5032: 5028: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4980:Periodontitis 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4960:Pericoronitis 4958: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4916:Granulomatous 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4869:Eruption cyst 4867: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4696:Pulp necrosis 4694: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4655:Dens in dente 4653: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4547:Discoloration 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4254:Lichen planus 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4229:Herpes zoster 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4204:Fordyce spots 4202: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4182:Erythroplakia 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3966:Caviar tongue 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3956:Ankyloglossia 3954: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3921:Sun poisoning 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3829: 3827: 3822: 3820: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3648: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3628: 3612: 3605: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3524: 3519: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3422:Oral Oncology 3416: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3300: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3229: 3222: 3219: 3212: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3105:(7): 642–59. 3104: 3100: 3099:Oral Diseases 3093: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3048: 3040: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2828: 2823: 2821:9781420017991 2817: 2813: 2812: 2804: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2748: 2743: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2693:(4): 253–67. 2692: 2688: 2681: 2674: 2671: 2666: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2632:9789283224389 2628: 2624: 2623: 2615: 2612: 2607: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2456: 2451: 2445: 2441: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2309:9781451180589 2305: 2301: 2300: 2292: 2289: 2284: 2282:9789400773356 2278: 2274: 2273: 2265: 2262: 2257: 2255:9781416069119 2251: 2247: 2246: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2138: 2130: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2074:9781455770526 2070: 2066: 2065: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1792: 1788: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1641: 1639: 1633: 1631: 1624: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1556: 1548: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504:beta carotene 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1464:eletrocautery 1456: 1454: 1452: 1447: 1439: 1437: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1415:(see table). 1414: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1364: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1272:Lichen planus 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1168:Developmental 1166: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1116:keratin pearl 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1003: 1001: 997: 996:erythroplasia 993: 988: 984: 976: 975:keratinocytes 971: 964: 962: 960: 954: 951: 946: 939: 934: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 903: 901: 898: 894: 890: 886: 879: 874: 872: 870: 865: 861: 853: 851: 849: 845: 841: 833: 831: 829: 825: 824: 819: 814: 812: 807: 804: 800: 793: 791: 789: 781: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 754: 752: 750: 746: 742: 739:Although the 734: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 705: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 676: 674: 672: 667: 665: 661: 657: 648: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 620: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 572: 570: 568: 563: 555: 553: 550: 549: 544: 536: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 509: 507: 505: 501: 500: 491: 489: 487: 483: 474: 467: 465: 464:leukoplakia. 462: 461:buccal mucosa 458: 457:Erythroplakia 448: 441: 439: 436: 427: 425: 423: 419: 415: 406: 404: 402: 393: 391: 389: 380: 378: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 359:Oropharyngeal 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 327: 319: 311: 303: 296: 294: 290: 288: 284: 280: 279:lichen planus 276: 272: 268: 264: 263:Tissue biopsy 260: 255: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 234:, and use of 233: 229: 224: 222: 218: 217:urinary tract 214: 210: 205: 200: 190: 186: 182: 178: 175: 171: 167: 166:lichen planus 163: 160: 158: 154: 151: 150:tissue biopsy 147: 145: 141: 138: 134: 130: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 101: 98: 96: 95:Complications 92: 88: 84: 82: 78: 75: 71: 70:Oral medicine 67: 64: 62: 58: 53: 49: 44: 40: 36: 31: 19: 7811:Sigmoidocele 7719: 7664:Hematocolpos 7543:Parametritis 7451:Metrorrhagia 7429:Dysmenorrhea 7382:Menstruation 7380: 7370:Endometritis 7305:Hydrosalpinx 7233:Ovarian cyst 7079: 7048: 7023: 6973: 6844: 6810:Ingrown nail 6382:Dermatophyte 6377:Gonococcemia 6362:Folliculitis 6003:Neurofibroma 5971:subcutaneous 5679: 5606: 5542:Sialadenitis 5501: 5453: 5318:Scissor bite 5313:Retrognathia 5298:Overeruption 5278:Malocclusion 5251: 5131: 5090: 5081:Micrognathia 5034: 5025:Periapical, 4911:Desquamative 4835: 4816:Periodontium 4790:Acid erosion 4731:Taurodontism 4662:Open contact 4574:Enamel pearl 4542:Dilaceration 4505:Concrescence 4306: 4293: 4248: 4120: 4073:Cleft palate 4033:Microglossia 4028:Macroglossia 4013:Glossoptosis 3911:Microcheilia 3906:Macrocheilia 3790: 3779: 3755: 3744: 3709: 3678: 3636: 3630: 3618:. Retrieved 3597: 3589: 3584: 3575: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3507: 3501: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3378: 3374: 3342: 3308: 3302: 3283: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3221: 3211: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3127: 3102: 3098: 3068: 3045:{{ 3037:{{ 2984: 2980: 2933: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2810: 2803: 2797:(4): 95–102. 2794: 2790: 2756: 2750: 2731: 2725: 2690: 2686: 2673: 2654: 2621: 2614: 2595: 2560: 2523: 2498:(3): 205–9. 2495: 2491: 2485: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2439: 2398:10665/269475 2392:(9): 661–9. 2389: 2385: 2346:10665/269477 2340:(9): 700–6. 2337: 2333: 2298: 2291: 2271: 2264: 2244: 2237: 2202: 2198: 2149:. Retrieved 2136: 2129: 2096: 2092: 2063: 2000: 1996: 1948: 1944: 1875: 1786: 1724: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1637: 1628: 1625:Epidemiology 1561: 1492:antimycotics 1477: 1460: 1443: 1434: 1417: 1406: 1365: 1361: 1318:Others e.g. 1305:Leukoplakia 1128: 1068:pleomorphism 1052: 1048: 1039:infiltration 1028: 1004: 980: 958: 955: 947: 943: 907: 883: 857: 837: 821: 815: 797: 785: 758: 738: 709: 680: 668: 652: 624: 578: 576: 559: 546: 540: 513: 497: 495: 485: 479: 454: 431: 410: 397: 388:heterogenous 384: 332: 291: 256: 244:precancerous 230:, excessive 225: 198: 196: 131:, excessive 123:Risk factors 7816:Urethrocele 7731:Dyspareunia 7704:Hydrocolpos 7668:Hydrocolpos 7614:Hematometra 7535:Parametrium 7520:Adenomyosis 7333:Endometrium 7310:Salpingitis 7199:Anovulation 7085:Rhabdomyoma 7080:Leukoplakia 6955:Oral cancer 6939:oral cavity 6865:Herpesvirus 6845:Leukoplakia 6670:Scleroderma 6557:Specialized 6485:Generalized 6460:involvement 6372:Candidiasis 6064:involvement 6038:Myxoid cyst 5886:Acrochordon 5736:Microstomia 5726:Macrostomia 5716:Gnathophyma 5633:Catathrenia 5628:Sleep apnea 5559:Sialectasis 5102:Dentigerous 5092:Odontogenic 4921:Plasma cell 4857:Gigantiform 4633:Microdontia 4623:Macrodontia 4594:Hyperdontia 4289:Oral cancer 4249:Leukoplakia 4157:Candidiasis 4117:Oral mucosa 4038:Rhabdomyoma 4018:Hypoglossia 3879:Plasma cell 3797:Leukoplakia 3781:MedlinePlus 3132:Leukoplakia 2708:10722/53240 1653:leukoplakia 1648:leukoplakia 1606:, cervical 1532:oncogenesis 1526:nutrients, 1524:antioxidant 1496:carotenoids 1474:Medications 1468:cryotherapy 1394:hemosiderin 1356:Skin graft 1268:Immunologic 1044:cell nuclei 1009:dysplasia. 959:leukoplakia 917:comet assay 864:carcinogens 768:mouthwashes 764:toothpastes 760:Sanguinaria 755:Sanguinaria 745:oral cancer 639:hemorrhoids 631:proctoscopy 579:leukoplakia 199:leukoplakia 106:Usual onset 38:Other names 33:Leukoplakia 7941:Categories 7917:Vulvodynia 7801:Enterocele 7751:Vaginismus 7673:Leukorrhea 7581:Cervicitis 7512:Myometrium 7397:Amenorrhea 7223:Oophoritis 7098:Oropharynx 7058:Oncocytoma 6805:Paronychia 6646:Vasculitis 6570:Multiforme 6568:Erythema ( 6523:Cellulitis 6474:Blanchable 6223:Blistering 6213:Ichthyosis 6071:Eczematous 5983:Hemangioma 5696:Angioedema 5502:Malignant: 5482:Oncocytoma 5308:Prognathia 5097:periapical 5076:Microgenia 5027:mandibular 4985:Aggressive 4906:Gingivitis 4847:Cementicle 4785:Abfraction 4775:Tooth wear 4768:Edentulism 4763:Tooth loss 4716:Resorption 4701:Pulp polyp 4684:Pulp stone 4628:Meth mouth 4599:Hypodontia 4589:Gemination 4520:Talon cusp 4413:Ulceration 4381:Stomatitis 4359:Pemphigoid 4307:Malignant: 4259:Linea alba 4244:Leukoedema 4224:Herpangina 4192:Giant-cell 3792:Patient UK 3757:DiseasesDB 3602:Roffo AH. 2987:: 431246. 2847:(5): 469. 2151:16 January 2137:StatPearls 2099:(1): 3–9. 1671:References 1604:ulceration 1516:Vitamins C 1512:cytotoxics 1451:hemoptysis 1431:Management 1421:linea alba 1327:Neoplastic 1230:linea alba 1179:Leukoedema 1152:Diagnosis 1031:acanthosis 992:induration 987:histologic 940:Definition 909:DNA damage 904:DNA damage 803:pathogenic 749:mouth wash 700:acanthosis 692:epithelium 627:anal canal 621:Anal canal 615:urothelium 611:cystoscopy 451:disappear) 339:acanthosis 242:. It is a 236:betel nuts 137:betel nuts 7806:Rectocele 7796:Cystocele 7682:Vaginitis 7049:ungrouped 6800:Psoriasis 6708:disorders 6663:Indurated 6564:Urticaria 6516:Localized 6458:epidermal 6241:Varicella 6151:Psoriasis 6062:epidermal 6028:Leiomyoma 5930:Pigmented 5863:Epidermal 5564:Sialocele 5547:Parotitis 5288:Open bite 5283:Crossbite 5061:Cherubism 5031:maxillary 4864:Cementoma 4795:Attrition 4611:Impaction 4579:Fluorosis 4488:Anodontia 4483:Ankylosis 4371:Pemphigus 3991:Glossitis 3886:Cleft lip 3864:Cheilitis 3467:(1): 11. 3203:240506764 3177:1642-395X 3047:retracted 3039:retracted 2841:Endoscopy 2121:206741213 1646:The term 1634:Etymology 1542:Prognosis 1508:retinoids 1500:vitamin A 1386:bilirubin 1296:Psoriasis 1246:Infective 1221:Traumatic 1123:rete pegs 1066:Cellular 1000:ulcerated 935:Diagnosis 889:apoptosis 776:dysplasia 727:, called 725:areca nut 723:leaf and 698:, called 664:prognosis 595:hematuria 587:frequency 567:dysplasia 556:Esophagus 422:exophytic 283:keratosis 188:Frequency 180:Treatment 170:keratosis 127:Smoking, 74:Dentistry 61:Specialty 7912:Vulvitis 7876:External 7791:Prolapse 7618:Pyometra 7159:Internal 7152:genitals 6875:Syphilis 6822:membrane 6477:Erythema 6413:Vitiligo 6367:Impetigo 6344:Pustular 6309:Miliaria 6157:Corporis 6008:Xanthoma 5957:Melanoma 5937:Freckles 5574:Sialosis 5525:Lymphoma 5397:Mucocele 5293:Overbite 5046:Agnathia 5007:Teething 4832:alveolus 4828:cementum 4780:Abrasion 4756:Occlusal 4741:Avulsion 4706:Pulpitis 4650:Odontoma 4396:Herpetic 4386:Aphthous 3896:Eclabium 3620:30 April 3611:Archived 3567:22911111 3493:19432960 3442:16316774 3407:22505902 3264:17944749 3226:22406732 3216:27018032 3195:35950127 3135:Archived 3119:23379968 3032:27433369 3013:21660266 2863:11396772 2717:12907694 2416:16211157 2364:16211162 2229:27471845 2146:28723042 2113:21840161 2027:10903660 1967:27865803 1891:Archived 1528:vitamins 1484:systemic 1369:necrosis 1107:surface. 1090:nucleoli 1019:collagen 897:Mutation 823:In vitro 643:fissures 543:syphilis 533:(AIDS). 401:palpated 240:HIV/AIDS 221:genitals 81:Symptoms 7607:General 7146:of the 6943:pharynx 6674:morphea 6634:Papular 6613:Macular 6606:Purpura 6590:Ab igne 6575:Migrans 6528:Abscess 6456:Without 6438:Leprosy 6357:Rosacea 6294:Scabies 6286:Papular 6155:Tinea ( 6143:Scaling 5947:Melasma 5942:Lentigo 5855:Growths 5660:Snoring 5618:Bruxism 5454:Benign: 5303:Overjet 5263:Bruxism 5157:Osteoma 4995:Chronic 4820:gingiva 4294:Benign: 4187:Fibroma 3874:Angular 3869:Actinic 3751:D007971 3558:3793638 3484:2686689 3398:3299253 3381:: 1–7. 3186:9326939 3004:3108384 2566:194–195 2504:2529634 2477:1949238 2407:2626328 2355:2626330 2220:6457856 2018:1118223 1642:History 1502:, e.g. 1480:topical 1457:Surgery 1425:eugenol 1200:Tylosis 1097:mitosis 1035:atrophy 981:Tissue 840:atrophy 801:in its 799:Candida 735:Alcohol 706:Tobacco 684:keratin 603:urgency 599:dysuria 573:Bladder 504:Candida 418:nodular 414:papular 367:tylosis 267:keratin 232:alcohol 133:alcohol 117:Unknown 7652:Vagina 7553:Cervix 7472:Other 7457:Mixed 7441:Timing 7324:Uterus 7167:Adnexa 7148:pelvis 7072:Tongue 6931:Tumors 6820:Mucous 6716:Ulcers 6177:Faciei 6172:Manuum 6162:Cruris 6052:Rashes 5998:Lipoma 5993:Keloid 5967:Dermal 5876:Callus 5402:Ranula 4874:Epulis 4736:Trauma 4584:Fusion 4493:Caries 4466:enamel 4462:dentin 4057:Palate 3945:Tongue 3786:001046 3724:530.83 3643: 3565: 3555: 3514: 3491: 3481: 3440: 3405: 3395: 3349: 3315: 3290: 3262: 3201: 3193: 3183: 3175: 3117: 3075: 3030: 3026:, 3011: 3001: 2945: 2861: 2818: 2763: 2738: 2715: 2661: 2629: 2602: 2572: 2530: 2502: 2475: 2446: 2414: 2404: 2362: 2352: 2306: 2279: 2252: 2227: 2217: 2144: 2119: 2111: 2071: 2025: 2015: 1965: 1883: 1793: 1731: 1078:nuclei 1056:atypia 983:biopsy 965:Biopsy 869:callus 854:Trauma 806:hyphal 677:Causes 605:, and 552:time. 351:larynx 287:trauma 281:, and 248:cancer 174:trauma 114:Causes 7884:Vulva 7851:Other 7176:Ovary 6167:Pedis 5952:Nevus 5779:Other 4454:Teeth 3740:624.0 3736:623.1 3732:622.2 3728:607.0 3720:528.6 3705:N90.4 3701:N89.4 3697:N88.0 3693:N48.0 3689:K13.2 3614:(PDF) 3607:(PDF) 3199:S2CID 3043:with 2683:(PDF) 2117:S2CID 1345:Other 1330:Oral 1149:Cause 921:blood 721:betel 591:pubis 381:Mouth 219:, or 209:mouth 197:Oral 7424:Pain 7392:Flow 7150:and 6941:and 6787:Nail 6730:Hair 6533:Boil 6060:With 5871:Wart 5741:Noma 5246:and 5029:and 4834:) – 4458:pulp 3853:Lips 3762:7438 3746:MeSH 3715:9-CM 3641:ISBN 3622:2013 3563:PMID 3512:ISBN 3489:PMID 3438:PMID 3403:PMID 3379:2012 3347:ISBN 3313:ISBN 3288:ISBN 3260:PMID 3191:PMID 3173:ISSN 3115:PMID 3073:ISBN 3028:PMID 3009:PMID 2985:2011 2943:ISBN 2859:PMID 2816:ISBN 2761:ISBN 2736:ISBN 2713:PMID 2659:ISBN 2627:ISBN 2600:ISBN 2570:ISBN 2528:ISBN 2500:PMID 2473:PMID 2444:ISBN 2412:PMID 2360:PMID 2304:ISBN 2277:ISBN 2250:ISBN 2225:PMID 2203:2016 2153:2022 2142:PMID 2109:PMID 2069:ISBN 2023:PMID 1963:PMID 1881:ISBN 1791:ISBN 1729:ISBN 1518:and 1482:and 766:and 729:paan 337:(or 6935:lip 6933:of 6467:Red 5969:and 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