History of the Jews in Lithuania

3729: 2805:) in Poland and the elder (starosta) in Lithuania, who were known as the "Jewish judges" (judex Judæorum), and their deputies. The Jewish judge decided all cases between Christians and Jews and all criminal suits in which Jews were concerned; in civil suits, however, he acted only on the application of the interested parties. Either party who failed to obey the judge's summons had to pay him a fine. To him also belonged all fines collected from Jews for minor offenses. His duties included the guardianship of the persons, property, and freedom of worship of the Jews. He had no right to summon any one to his court except upon the complaint of an interested party. In matters of religion the Jews were given extensive autonomy. 2813:

16th century. Up to that time the documents merely state, for instance, that the "Jews of Brest humbly apply," etc. On assuming office the elders declared under oath that they would discharge the duties of the position faithfully, and would relinquish the office at the expiration of the appointed term. The elder acted in conjunction with the rabbi, whose jurisdiction included all Jewish affairs with the exception of judicial cases assigned to the court of the deputy, and by the latter to the king. In religious affairs, however, an appeal from the decision of the rabbi and the elder was permitted only to a council consisting of the chief rabbis of the king's cities. The cantor, sexton, and

2861:. The latter confirmed the charter of privileges granted to the Jews by his predecessors, and even gave them additional rights. His father's Jewish creditors received part of the sums due to them, the rest being withheld under various pretexts. The favorable attitude toward the Jews which had characterized the Lithuanian rulers for generations was unexpectedly and radically changed by a decree promulgated by Alexander in April 1495. By this decree all Jews living in Lithuania proper and the adjacent territories were summarily ordered to leave the country. 3940: 3922:

construct the stairs at the Tauras Hill, as well as those at the Evangelical Reformed Church. While institutionalized Jewish memory was abolished, a few memorials were allowed to continue with at least forty-five out of 231 Holocaust memorials in Lithuania being constructed before 1991. The death of Stalin brought some improvement in the status of Lithuanian Jews, with new Jewish communities moving to the country from less developed parts of the USSR and some development of the Holocaust narrative over the years. The book

3950: 3289:(end of 16th and beginning of 17th century) that "the Christians borrow clothes and jewelry from the Jews when they go to church." Sirkes (l.c. § 79) relates that a Christian woman came to the rabbi and expressed her regret at having been unable to save the Jew Shlioma from drowning. A number of Christians had looked on indifferently while the drowning Jew was struggling in the water. They were upbraided and beaten severely by the priest, who appeared a few minutes later, for having failed to rescue the Jew. 3296:§ 20) of a quarrel that occurred in a Lithuanian community concerning a cantor whom some of the members wished to dismiss. The synagogue was closed in order to prevent him from exercising his functions, and religious services were thus discontinued for several days. The matter was thereupon carried to the local lord, who ordered the reopening of the building, saying that the house of God might not be closed, and that the cantor's claims should be decided by the learned rabbis of Lithuania. 2895:, and cemeteries were returned to them, and permission was granted them to collect their old debts. The new charter of privileges permitted them to live throughout Lithuania as before. The return of the Jews and their attempt to regain their old possessions led to many difficulties and lawsuits. Alexander found it necessary to issue an additional decree (April 1503), directing his vice-regent to enforce the law. In spite of this some of the property was not recovered by the Jews for years. 2963:, and others, attempted to compete with the Jews as leaseholders of customs revenues, but were never successful. Since the Jews lived in the towns and on the lands of the king, the nobility could not wield any authority over them nor derive profit from them. They had not even the right to settle Jews on their estates without the permission of the king; but, on the other hand, they were often annoyed by the erection on their estates of the toll houses of the Jewish tax-collectors. 149: 5770: 5833: 4023: 3840: 164: 4926: 2873:, they established themselves in towns situated near the Lithuanian boundary. This permission, given at first for a period of two years, was extended "because of the extreme poverty of the Jews on account of the great losses sustained by them." The extension, which applied to all the towns of the kingdom, accorded the enjoyment of all the liberties that had been granted to their Polish brethren ( 42: 4009: 3958:

were also 192 Karaims by ethnicity for a total of 2,448; this was a significant decrease from the number of 423 in 2011. Karaims have historically defined themselves as ethnically distinct from Jews in Lithuania. In both the 2001 and 2011 census, Jews were Lithuania's fifth biggest ethnic minority, behind Poles, Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians, and just ahead of Germans.

2984:"The Jews shall not wear costly clothing, nor gold chains, nor shall their wives wear gold or silver ornaments. The Jews shall not have silver mountings on their sabers and daggers; they shall be distinguished by characteristic clothes; they shall wear yellow caps, and their wives kerchiefs of yellow linen, in order that all may be enabled to distinguish Jews from Christians." 4914: 3018:(1648–1668) sought to ameliorate their condition by granting various concessions to the Jewish communities of Lithuania. Attempts to return to the old order in the communal organization were not wanting, as is evident from contemporary documents. Thus in 1672, Jewish elders from various towns and villages in the grand duchy of Lithuania secured a charter from King 3050:

estates and farms, some of which were managed by Jewish leaseholders. The city properties were concentrated in the possession of monasteries, churches, and the lesser nobility. The Christian merchants were poor. Such was the condition of affairs in Lithuania at the time of the second partition of Poland (1793), when the Jews became subjects of Russia.

2658:. The gathering together of the scattered Jewish settlers in sufficient numbers and with enough power to form communities and to obtain privileges from their Lithuanian rulers implies the lapse of considerable time from the first migrations. Therefore, various historians attempted to claim that Jews migrated to Lithuania earlier. For example, 3707:. On December 29, 1918, Lithuania's government called for volunteers to defend the Lithuanian state; of 10,000 volunteers more than 500 Jewish. More than 3,000 Jews served in the Lithuanian army between 1918 and 1923. Initially, the Jewish community was given a wide amount of autonomy in education and taxation through community councils, or 3322:, § 157), Naphtali says the Jews of Vilna had been compelled to uncover their heads when taking an oath in court, but later purchased from the tribunal the privilege to swear with covered head, a practice subsequently made unnecessary by a decision of one of their rabbis to the effect that an oath might be taken with uncovered head. 4856: 3304:§ 70) a Jewish community which was forbidden by the local authorities to kill cattle and to sell meat—an occupation which provided a livelihood for a large portion of the Lithuanian Jews. For the period of a year following this prohibition the Jewish community was on several occasions assessed at the rate of three 3961:

Interest among descendants of Lithuanian Jews has spurred tourism and a renewal in research and preservation of the community's historic resources and possessions. Increasing numbers of Lithuanian Jews are interested in learning and practising the use of Yiddish. In 2000, the Jewish population of the

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was known for his tolerant stance towards Jews and his radical opponents not once nicknamed him as "Jewish King". Under Smetona's rule in Lithuania, not a single anti-Jewish law was passed and high-ranking Lithuanian officials, including ministers, did not publicly say anti-Jewish statements. Smetona

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rapidly grew in wealth and influence. Every community had at its head a Jewish elder. These elders represented the communities in all external relations, in securing new privileges, and in the regulation of taxes. Such officials are not, however, referred to by the title "elder" before the end of the

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The Jewish population of Lithuania continues a slow decline. In the 2001 census, there were 4,007 Jews by ethnicity. This declined by 2011 to 3,050 and 2,256 by 2021. The Jews also had the oldest age profiles; 41% of Jews were in the 60+ age demographic and only 13.2% were under the age of 20. There

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instead. Throughout Soviet rule, there was tension between the Jewish community and the authorities over the right to emigrate to Israel, and how to properly commemorate the Holocaust. The majority of Jews in Soviet Lithuania arrived after the war, with Russian and Yiddish as their primary language.

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were not successful. The impoverished Jewish merchants, having no capital of their own, were compelled to borrow money from the nobility, from churches, congregations, monasteries, and various religious orders. Loans from the latter were usually for an unlimited period and were secured by mortgages

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Despite the lack of any intent to support the project, the Jewish community was allowed to open the Jewish Museum in 1944 which was located in the apartment of its first director, Shmerl Kaczerginski. The institution served as a community center which received hundreds of inquiries from all across

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In 1792 the Jewish population of Lithuania was estimated at 250,000 (as compared with 80-100,000 in 1648, in the whole of Poland and Lithuania). The whole of the commerce and industries of Lithuania, now rapidly declining, was in the hands of the Jews. The nobility lived for the most part on their

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The fury of this uprising destroyed the organization of the Lithuanian Jewish communities. The survivors who returned to their old homes in the latter half of the 17th century were practically destitute. The wars which raged constantly in the Lithuanian territory brought ruin to the entire country

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commandants where it was stated to "severely punish all those who insult the German Government in any way, as well as those who deliberately agitate against Lithuanian Jews; to suppress the activity of all those Jewish organizations which appear to be under Communist cover or succumb to Communist

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is cited as follows: "I emphatically protest against the custom of our communal leaders of purchasing the freedom of Jewish criminals. Such a policy encourages crime among our people. I am especially troubled by the fact that, thanks to the clergy, such criminals may escape punishment by adopting

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de facto closed down the museum when it ordered its reorganized into the Vilnius Local History Museum. The Vilnius Jewish School was closed in 1946, and the one in Kaunas 1950. Jewish cemetery in Vilnius was paved over, the Old Vilnius Synagogue was razed while Jewish grave-stones were used to

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The expulsion was evidently not accompanied by the usual cruelties; for there was no popular animosity toward the Lithuanian Jews, and the decree was regarded as an act of mere willfulness on the part of an absolute ruler. Some of the nobility, however, approved Alexander's decree, expecting to

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At the same time, the middle of the 16th century witnessed a growing antagonism between the lesser nobility and the Jews. Their relations became strained, and the enmity of the Christians began to disturb the life of the Lithuanian Jews. The anti-Jewish feeling, due at first to economic causes

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The beginning of the 21st century was marked by conflicts between members of Chabad-Lubavitch and secular leaders. In 2005, Chief Rabbi Sholom Ber Krinsky was physically removed from the Synagogue by two men hired by the community's secular leader Mr. Alperovich, who then declared a new

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The opposition to the Jews was finally crystallized and found definite expression in the repressive Lithuanian statute of 1566, when the Lithuanian nobles were first allowed to take part in the national legislation. Paragraph Twelve of this statute contains the following articles:

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authorities in Poland and Lithuania. In 1568 King Sigismund ordered that the suits between Isaac Borodavka and Mendel Isakovich, who were partners in the farming of certain customs taxes in Lithuania, be carried for decision to Rabbi Solomon Luria and two auxiliary rabbis from

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Under the charter, the Lithuanian Jews formed a class of freemen subject in all criminal cases directly to the jurisdiction of the grand duke and his official representatives, and in petty suits to the jurisdiction of local officials on an equal footing with the lesser nobles

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per head of cattle in order to furnish funds with which to induce the officials to grant a hearing of the case. The Jews finally reached an agreement with the town magistrates under which they were to pay forty gulden annually for the right to slaughter cattle. According to

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considered Jews not as foreigners, but as Lithuanian citizens of foreign nationality and himself acted against antisemitic acts with his statements which were later followed by actions of governmental institutions (e.g. censorship). The Lithuanian courts, war commandants,

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is written in divorce cases "Brest" and not "Brisk," "because the majority of the Lithuanian Jews use the Russian language." It is not so with Brisk, in the district of Kujawa, the name of that town being always spelled "Brisk." Katz (a German) at the conclusion of his

4201:: "Eliyahu ben Shelomoh Zalman (Gaon of Vilna; 1720–1797), Torah scholar, kabbalist, and communal leader. The Gaon of Vilna... was a spiritual giant, a role model and source of inspiration for generations, and the central cultural figure of Lithuanian Jewry." 3930:

exhibition was opened in Kaunas and Vilnius in 1988 as the first public display of Jewish culture anywhere in the Soviet Union. Lithuanian Jewish Cultural Association was established in 1988 and it was renamed into the Lithuanian Jewish Community in 1991.

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Christianity. Mistaken piety impels our leaders to bribe the officials, in order to prevent such conversions. We should endeavor to deprive criminals of opportunities to escape justice." The same sentiment was expressed in the 16th century by

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also saw in the Jews dangerous competitors in commercial and financial undertakings. In their dealings with the agricultural classes the lords preferred the Jews as middlemen, thus creating a feeling of injury on the part of the

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Following the expulsion of Nazi German forces in 1944, The Soviets reannexed Lithuania as a Soviet republic, and prosecuted a number of Lithuanians for collaborating with the Nazis. Sites of wartime massacres, such as the

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The goodwill and tolerance of Vytautas endeared him to his Jewish subjects, and for a long time traditions concerning his generosity and nobility of character were current among them. His cousin, the king of Poland

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and other Christians, which result in the enmity of the Christians toward the Jews, and because of the inability of the Jewish elders to punish such offenders, who are protected by the lords, the king permits the

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also did not tolerate anti-Jewish attacks and severely punished their participants, especially activists. Consequently, Jews wished Smetona a long rule of Lithuania. However, under Smetona's rule Lithuania was

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profit by the departure of their Jewish creditors, as is indicated by numerous lawsuits on the return of the exiles to Lithuania in 1503. It is known from the Hebrew sources that some of the exiles migrated to

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reported that security cameras caught an unknown perpetrator throwing a stone at the Litvak Jewish Community (LJC) center and breaking the glass, as well as stones being thrown into the homes of Jews in

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and deprived the Jews of the opportunity to earn more than a bare livelihood. The intensity of their struggle for existence left them no time to reestablish the conditions which had existed up to 1648.

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the world about the fate of individual Jews in Lithuania. In 1945 the museum was relocated to the former ghetto library and jail buildings in Vilnius. The first exhibition at the museum was titled "

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Under these equitable laws the Jews of Lithuania reached a degree of prosperity unknown to their Polish and German co-religionists at that time. The communities of Brest, Grodno, Trakai, Lutsk, and

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Soon after Alexander's accession to the throne of Poland he permitted the Jewish exiles to return to Lithuania. Beginning in March 1503, as is shown by documents still extant, their houses, lands,

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The causes of the unexpected expulsion were probably many, including religious reasons, the need to fill a depleted treasury by confiscating the Jews' money, personal animosity, and other causes.

5308: 3832:, 91–95% of Lithuania's Jewish population were killed – almost all the Jews who had not managed to leave Lithuania and its environs. This was the highest casualty rate of Jews in any nation in 3199:§ 127) to the effect that Jews may employ in their religious services the melodies used in Christian churches, "since music is neither Jewish nor Christian, and is governed by universal laws." 1270: 3904:

became monuments. To avoid nationalist themes, the memorials were declared in the name of all victims, though the clear majority of them were Jewish. Most survivors never returned, moving to

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in Lithuania was due to the Lithuanian-Polish Jews who studied in the west, and to the German Jews who migrated about that time to Lithuania and Poland. Very little is known of these early

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Other restrictions of a similar nature are contained in the same paragraph. However, the king checked the desire of the nobility to modify essentially the old charters of the Jews.

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Public debate has ensued over memorials to Nazi collaborators. In 2019, a memorial plaque in central Vilnius was smashed with a sledgehammer by Jewish Lithuanian politician

3981:. Lithuanian authorities also removed several memorials of other collaborators. The removal of these memorials sparked antisemitic backlash, leading to threats against the 3890: 3463: 2598: 4572: 4664: 4626: 3722:

officially condemned antisemitic acts of coating of signs with tar by stating that "every Lithuanian, passing by these tarred signboards, must lower his eyes in shame".

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The far-reaching authority of the leading rabbis of Poland and Lithuania, and their wide knowledge of practical life, are apparent from numerous decisions cited in the

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in the 17th century). However, a few events, such as the expulsion of the Jews from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania between 1495 and 1503 occurred just within Lithuania.

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in 1264. Therefore, it seems more than likely that influential Polish Jews cooperated with the leading Lithuanian communities in securing the charters from Vytautas.

3806:). Other Jews, particularly religious Jews and Zionists, were treated harshly by the Soviet-imposed communist government in Lithuania prior to the German invasion. 1633: 5480: 5021: 2682:, is based largely upon the Medieval German spoken by the western Germanic Jewish immigrants. Another theory is that Jews migrated during the reign of Grand Duke 5410: 3033:

to summon the criminals before the Jewish courts for punishment and exclusion from the community when necessary." The efforts to resurrect the old power of the

1887: 4322: 4411: 3079:. No mention is made of them or of prominent Lithuanian rabbis in Jewish writings until the 16th century. The first known rabbinical authority and head of a 2976:

per head, and the Volhynian nobles demanded that the Jewish tax-collectors be forbidden to erect tollhouses or place guards at the taverns on their estates.

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of Ostrog and Vladimir in Volhynia it is known that they were flourishing in the middle of the 16th century, and that their heads vied with one another in

872: 835: 3188:, likewise shows that Jewish criminals invoked the aid of priests against the authority of Jewish courts by promising to become converts to Christianity. 3725:

By 1934, in a nationalist trend that reflected throughout Europe, the government scaled back much of this autonomy, and cases of antisemitism increased.

5617: 5430: 3488: 3459: 1811: 5736: 5751: 5455: 5345: 3771: 1834: 5627: 5127: 2667: 1184: 3985:, Vilnius's only remaining synagogue, along with the Jewish community headquarters, both of which were temporarily shuttered due to the threats. 5715: 5667: 5542: 5537: 5016: 4889: 4687: 4377: 4095: 3971: 2591: 1761: 1696: 1578: 106: 3222:

was in question, decided that the word is correctly spelled with a "b," and not with a "p," since the origin of the name was the Russian verb

5026: 4349: 3821: 3795: 882: 78: 3354: 5672: 5502: 5041: 4560: 1320: 5744: 5677: 5338: 5071: 4994: 1588: 1405: 1395: 635: 85: 4649: 4268: 3473: 2951:. The exemption of the Jews from military service and the power and wealth of the Jewish tax-farmers intensified the resentment of the 5937: 5602: 5268: 4308: 1984: 1934: 1899: 1593: 1458: 1325: 5572: 5532: 5512: 5492: 5395: 5056: 4545: 4147: 4122: 2622:

spans the period from the 14th century to the present day. There is still a small community in the country, as well as an extensive

2584: 1676: 1638: 1613: 1533: 1518: 1365: 1305: 1260: 125: 4241: 92: 5705: 5089: 3447: 1969: 1951: 1857: 1603: 1598: 1523: 1488: 1355: 4284: 3757:

severely punished the participants of anti-Jewish physical attacks or smashing of Jews windows (the culprits were punished with

2699: 5710: 5657: 5632: 5587: 5582: 5557: 5415: 4576: 3788: 3423: 2741:, together with the increased Jewish immigration from Germany, caused the Polish Jews to become apprehensive for their future. 2487: 2386: 1941: 1924: 1877: 1776: 1686: 1623: 1573: 1553: 1548: 1468: 1442: 1417: 1295: 1285: 1275: 1255: 1250: 5700: 3191:

The decisions of the Polish-Lithuanian rabbis are frequently marked by breadth of view also, as is instanced by a decision of

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A Selected Overview of Documents in the Lithuanian State Historical Archives Pertaining to Jewish Institutions/Organizations

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Hence when the favorable moment arrived, the Lithuanian nobility endeavored to secure greater power over the Jews. At the

2940:(Dec., 1548) of the frequency of such mixed marriages and of the education of the offspring in their fathers' faiths. The 2778: 2381: 1919: 1904: 1867: 1829: 1801: 1791: 1786: 1771: 1766: 1746: 1731: 1716: 1691: 1657: 1628: 1528: 1513: 1437: 1427: 1345: 1315: 1240: 1226: 5155: 862: 5637: 5592: 5517: 5487: 5178: 4456:"Lietuvos tautinių mažumų įtraukimas į LSSR administraciją ir sovietinės biurokratijos tautiniai santykiai 1940–1941 m." 1989: 1909: 1872: 1796: 1741: 1608: 1583: 1508: 1483: 1473: 1412: 1335: 1330: 1310: 1300: 1280: 1265: 1158: 626: 621: 3341:, when the Jewish inhabitants of Silz had the privilege of remaining on condition that they would pay the sum of 2,000 3281:

shed an interesting light also on the life of the Lithuanian Jews and on their relations to their Christian neighbors.

2845:). It was generally a time of prosperity and relative safety for the Jews of both countries (with the exception of the 4046: 1979: 1974: 1929: 1882: 1568: 1538: 1498: 1493: 1350: 656: 5725: 2690:

in 1323–1324 and economic opportunities – at the time, Lithuania had no cities in the western sense of the word, no

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and did not tolerate insults of German government but at the same time protected non-offending Jews as in 1934 the

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expresses the hope that when Lithuania shall have become more enlightened, the people will speak one language only—

2453: 2298: 2006: 1400: 596: 586: 322: 5695: 4166:, translated from the Russian by I. Friedlaender, "Jewish publication society of America", Philadelphia, 1916 p.65 3939: 2703: 943: 52: 5774: 5315: 5046: 4323:"THE TRAGEDY OF THE HOLOCAUST IN LITHUANIA: FROM THE ROOTS OF THE IDENTITY TO THE EFFORTS TOWARDS RECONCILIATION" 3780: 3704: 3469: 3443: 3297: 3015: 2997: 2857:

Casimir was succeeded as king of Poland by his son John Albert, and on the Lithuanian throne by his younger son,

2836: 2711: 2567: 2260: 2111: 2052: 5814: 5229: 4839: 4537: 3989: 3496: 2773:, and other large towns. The charter was modeled upon similar documents granted by Casimir III, and earlier by 2651: 2270: 2250: 1360: 840: 381: 99: 5819: 5301: 5222: 5061: 5051: 4874: 4183: 3762: 3754: 3435: 3269: 3088: 3061: 3019: 2411: 2401: 2366: 2245: 2235: 2018: 1189: 1131: 965: 644: 601: 316: 3949: 3282: 5880: 4750: 2917: 2650:

has been a subject of much speculation. The first reliable document attesting the presence of Jews in the

2530: 2265: 2179: 1245: 797: 416: 386: 792: 5875: 5809: 4561:

https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_kalba_tikyba.pdf/1d9dac9a-3d45-4798-93f5-941fed00503f

4198: 3852: 3775: 3719: 3688: 3104: 3022:(1669–1673), decreeing "that on account of the increasing number of Jews guilty of offenses against the 2921: 2878: 2719: 2715: 2421: 2416: 2361: 2149: 1064: 779: 674: 391: 3978: 3714:

In 1923, all over Lithuania, inscriptions and signboards in non-Lithuanian languages were smeared with

2797:, and other free citizens. The official representatives of the Polish king and the grand duke were the 2774: 5901: 4977: 4764: 4041: 3427: 3312: 3008: 2846: 2707: 2687: 2492: 2444: 2184: 2042: 855: 720: 709: 667: 4869: 4178: 3926:

was published in 1965 and 1973 as the first publication directly addressing the topic of Holokaust.

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and its philology. Jaffe, for instance, in a divorce case where the spelling of the woman's name as

3084: 5870: 5148: 3504: 3422:. Despite this, several prominent Hasidic scholars and dynasties originated from Lithuania such as 2967: 2858: 2545: 918: 785: 688: 681: 611: 499: 374: 204: 4814:(in English and Lithuanian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–6. 4772:(in English and Lithuanian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–3. 2904:

engendered by competition, was fostered by the clergy, who were then engaged in a crusade against

5804: 3503:. A small number also emigrated to the Ottoman Empire, to the Palestine region that would become 3372: 2956: 2734: 2396: 2346: 2293: 2288: 2202: 2072: 1340: 1169: 928: 848: 702: 268: 4806: 4736: 3994: 2960: 3401:

itself is a typical Lithuanian development, initiated by the Vilna Gaon's main disciple, Rabbi

3203: 3172: 5258: 5201: 4955: 4778: 4541: 4521: 4143: 4118: 3875: 3847:, the only synagogue in the city to survive the Nazi holocaust and post-war Soviet oppression. 3803: 3477: 3306: 2937: 2933: 2540: 2482: 2462: 2279: 1839: 1478: 938: 809: 739: 616: 529: 396: 148: 4706:"After vandalism attack, the Lithuanian Jewish community asks for increased state protection" 4646: 5863: 5838: 5278: 5273: 5106: 4960: 4265: 4051: 4028: 3879: 3211: 3168: 2770: 2691: 2510: 2391: 2351: 2315: 2013: 1563: 1074: 830: 734: 649: 539: 331: 196: 188: 4794:

An Overview of Lithuanian Archives with a Focus on the Lithuanian State Historical Archives

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History of the Jews in Russia and Poland From the Earliest Times until the Present Day" by

4071: 3733: 5011: 4881: 4820: 4653: 4272: 3860: 3856: 3784: 3749: 3737: 3718:

and fascist groups posted renunciations on the walls of houses. Lithuanian Prime Minister

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welcoming Lithuanian President Antanas Smetona and his companions under a Lithuanian and

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of Brest are found in the writings of the contemporary rabbis Solomon Luria (died 1585),

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was indifferent to the welfare of his subjects, and his eagerness to convert the Jews to

17: 3391:

study shaped the analytical "Lithuanian-style" form of learning still practiced in most

294: 5288: 5283: 5116: 4865: 4245: 4014: 3767: 3758: 3484: 3402: 3207: 3112: 3107:, rabbi of Ostrog and predecessor of Luria, died in 1559. Occasional references to the 2925: 2758: 2727: 2572: 2371: 2240: 2226: 2106: 2085: 2062: 2057: 2035: 2023: 1618: 1099: 1033: 998: 976: 913: 751: 729: 591: 570: 546: 312: 248: 232: 5931: 5194: 4950: 4860: 4840:

Chronicles of the Vilna Ghetto: wartime photographs & documents – vilnaghetto.com

4288: 3871: 3833: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3243: 3096: 2870: 2869:, and that by far the greater number settled in Poland, where, by permission of King 2631: 2520: 2515: 1721: 1648: 1174: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1003: 981: 933: 695: 534: 439: 401: 352: 252: 4210:

Martin Gilbert, The Jews in the Twentieth Century, (New York: Schocken Books, 2001).

3839: 4945: 4163: 4138:

Sirutavičius, Vladas; Staliūnas, Darius; Šiaučiūnaitė-Verbickienė, Jurgita (2012).

3867: 3829: 3500: 3492: 3353: 3138: 2738: 2635: 2550: 2376: 2217: 2212: 2170: 2123: 1217: 1084: 1069: 1028: 993: 606: 448: 244: 240: 4600: 5906: 5787: 5330: 4925: 3967: 3330: 3329:

of Meïr Lublin show (§ 40) that the Lithuanian communities frequently aided the

3192: 3177: 2723: 2671: 2535: 2477: 2142: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1008: 256: 41: 2670:). Other historians claim that Jews migrated from Germany in the 12th century. 5896: 5828: 4982: 4529: 4434: 4004: 3897: 3366: 3358: 3116: 2913: 2662:(1835–1919) claimed that the first Jews migrated in the 10th century from the 2193: 1207: 1136: 1094: 923: 903: 462: 369: 289: 4819:

Zizys, Dalius; Lithuanian Central State Archive; Tautvaisaite, Laima (2002).

4455: 4090: 3787:) did not change Lithuanian Jews situation and it remained as such until the 3141:, Solomon Luria was rabbi of Ostrog, and was regarded as one of the greatest 5778: 5769: 4848: 4808:

Lithuanian State Historical Archives = Lietuvos Valstybės Istorijos Archyvas

3825: 3684: 3410: 3128: 2909: 2892: 2683: 2618: 2356: 2341: 1431: 1379: 1141: 1089: 1079: 760: 756: 746: 661: 421: 169: 4913: 4805:

Tautvaisaite, Laima; Lithuanian State Historical Archives (November 2001).

2874: 1109: 3476:, and the former lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania became part of the 5911: 4354: 3159: 3151: 3092: 3071: 2942: 2924:. Frequent instances occurred of the marriage of Catholic women to Jews, 2905: 2802: 2787: 2750: 2675: 2525: 2135: 2067: 898: 406: 357: 4859: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 4744:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–11. 4688:"Lithuanian community reopens Vilnius shul days after contested closure" 4622: 3103:

in the fourth decade of the 16th century. Another rabbinical authority,

2920:, which had spread from Germany, tended to weaken the allegiance to the 2827:, did not interfere with his administration during Vytautas's lifetime. 5031: 4828:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–4. 4800:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–6. 4786:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–4. 4758:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–3. 3741: 3393: 3376: 3338: 2970:

in 1551 the nobility urged the imposition of a special poll tax of one

2824: 2815: 2798: 2757:

on June 24, 1388. Later similar privileges were granted to the Jews of

2679: 2663: 2501: 2467: 2336: 2130: 1119: 1114: 986: 877: 772: 768: 764: 513: 508: 485: 467: 342: 337: 327: 305: 280: 216: 4665:

Atminimo lentą sudaužęs S. Tomas kratosi kaltės ir ištraukė žydų kortą

4099:(in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. 2018-11-14. 2678:. The traditional language of the vast majority of Jews of Lithuania, 4533: 4199:

https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Eliyahu_ben_Shelomoh_Zalman

3905: 3901: 3431: 3418:, led by the Vilna Gaon who sharply denounced the innovations by the 3387: 3375:(1720–1797), the Vilna Gaon, who lived in Lithuania's greatest city, 3124: 3100: 2929: 2866: 2762: 2754: 2730: 2655: 2627: 2161: 2156: 2116: 2101: 1212: 1104: 524: 490: 476: 411: 4115:

The Jews of Lithuania: A History of a Remarkable Community 1316–1945

4763:

Grigoraitis, Vidas; Lithuanian Archives Department (January 2002).

4585:"Gyventojų ir būstų surašymai - Oficialiosios statistikos portalas" 4072:"Gyventojų ir būstų surašymai - Oficialiosios statistikos portalas" 4791:

Tautvaisaite, Laima; Lithuanian State Historical Archives (2002).

3948: 3938: 3838: 3727: 3381: 3352: 3147: 3134:, Isaac Cohen (died 1573), of whom but little is known otherwise. 3029: 2972: 2882: 2809: 2793: 2766: 2698:. In the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania expanded into 2695: 1124: 553: 457: 426: 29:

For the history of the Jewish community of Lithuanian origin, see

4435:"Lietuvos komunistų sudėtis 1940 m. spalio–1941 m. birželio mėn" 3919:

Council of Ministers of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

3824:

in June 1940, and one year later, in June 1941, occupied by the

3799: 3761:, imprisoned or even sent to hard labor prisons). Moreover, the 3529: 3345:

the Lithuanian communities contributed one-fifth of the amount.

3046:

thus became hopelessly indebted to the clergy and the nobility.

2614: 276: 228: 5740: 5334: 4885: 4766:

Lithuanian Archives Department = Lietuvos archyvų departamentas

4735:

Baranova, Galina; Lithuanian State Historical Archives (2002).

3915:

The Brutal Destruction of the Jews during the German Occupation

3715: 3483:

By the end of the 19th century, many of Lithuania's Jews fled

35: 4844: 4309:

YIVO | Population and Migration: Population since World War I

3127:

scholarship. Mention is also made by Gans of the head of the

2718:), territories already inhabited by Jews. After the death of 4676:

Smashed memorial plaque to Noreika to be restored in Vilnius

4526:

Yellow Star, Red Star: Holocaust Remembrance after Communism

3524: 3851:

The only European yeshiva to survive the Holocaust was the

4412:"A. Smetonos valdžios politika žydų atžvilgiu (1927-1940)" 3798:, some Jewish communists assumed significant roles in the 2654:

is the charter of 1388 granting privileges to the Jews in

4266:

http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2002_13_WJP.pdf

3495:. Tens of thousands of Lithuanian Jews emigrated to the 3184:, § 138). Another instance, cited by Katz from the same 5310:

Wooden synagogues in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

3255:—and that also Brest-Litovsk will be written "Brisk." 4573:"Population by ethnicity | Statistics Lithuania" 4749:

Gircyte, Vitalija; Kaunas Regional Archives (2002).

4459:

Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania

4440:

Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania

4350:"Lietuvos lenkai ir "Žydų karalius" Antanas Smetona" 3859:, its leaders and students managed to escape to the 3171:(known also as Abraham Schrenzel; died 1650), Rabbi 2140: 2121: 544: 5889: 5848: 5794: 5686: 5648: 5368: 5247: 5212: 5138: 5125: 5099: 5088: 5004: 4993: 4933: 4117:(8th ed.). Israel: Gefen Books. pp. 2–5. 4037:

Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus

2819:were subject to the orders of the rabbi and elder. 222: 210: 182: 160: 155: 66:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3891:History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union 3464:History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union 4627:The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot 3972:Chabad-Lubavitch related controversies: Lithuania 4780:The Lithuania Jewish Museum Rises from the Ashes 4311:. Yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-14. 4142:(in Lithuanian). Baltos lankos. pp. 38–39. 3822:Lithuanian Republic was occupied by Soviet Union 3361:, is considered the greatest of all Litvish Jews 2853:Expulsion of the Jews in 1495 and return in 1503 4343: 4341: 4339: 3119:(died 1613), who speak of its activity. Of the 3855:. With help of the Japanese consul in Kaunas, 3210:show that the rabbis were acquainted with the 5752: 5346: 4897: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 3229: 3223: 3003:Effect of the Cossacks' Uprising in Lithuania 2592: 8: 3515: 2726:changed for the worse. The influence of the 2688:his invitation of merchants and craftspeople 141: 4516: 4514: 4108: 4106: 3695:, who as of 2021 numbered 192 individuals. 3446:even settled in Lithuania such as those of 2841:In 1569, Poland and Lithuania were united ( 836:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 5759: 5745: 5737: 5353: 5339: 5331: 5135: 5096: 5001: 4904: 4890: 4882: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4244:. Demoscope.ru. 2013-01-15. Archived from 3740:banner and wishing to next time come from 3514: 2599: 2585: 2449: 2090: 1163: 970: 575: 444: 263: 147: 140: 3772:Ministry of National Defence of Lithuania 3489:Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire 3460:History of the Jews in the Russian Empire 126:Learn how and when to remove this message 3454:Lithuanian Jews under the Russian Empire 4321:GRUODYTĖ, EDITA; ADOMAITYTĖ, AURELIJA. 4174: 4172: 4063: 3802:and local communist nomenklatura (e.g. 3703:Lithuanian Jews took an active part in 3516:Historical Lithuanian Jewish population 2668:Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry 2500: 2452: 2278: 2225: 2192: 2169: 2093: 1959: 1847: 1821: 1656: 1450: 1225: 1197: 1056: 890: 819: 719: 634: 578: 498: 475: 447: 275: 4647:International Religious Freedom Report 4194: 4192: 3687:(all per the 1959 Soviet census), and 4085: 4083: 4081: 3371:Religious observances owe greatly to 3357:Rabbi Elijah ben Solomon, called the 2992:In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 7: 3671:The Jewish population data includes 3337:. On the expulsion of the Jews from 3002: 156:Regions with significant populations 64:adding citations to reliable sources 4378:"Švėkšnos sinagoga, turgaus aikštė" 3095:, who was already an old man when 2753:granted privileges to the Jews of 2674:were persecuted during the era of 75:"History of the Jews in Lithuania" 25: 4868:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). 4287:. Db1.stat.gov.lt. Archived from 3511:Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940) 2686:(reigned 1316–1341) attracted by 627:Historical population comparisons 5831: 5768: 4924: 4912: 4878:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 4854: 4822:Lithuanian Central State Archive 4601:"Lithuanian Jews revive Yiddish" 4140:Lietuvos žydai. Istorinė studija 4096:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 4021: 4007: 3953:Interior of Synagogue of Vilnius 2955:. Members of the nobility, like 1271:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1185:Historical population by country 162: 40: 3789:occupation of Lithuania in 1940 3242:§ 1) explains that the name of 2885:, now known as Ratne, Ukraine. 2877:, June 29, 1498). The expelled 51:needs additional citations for 5362:History of the Jews in Europe 4472:Brook, Daniel (26 July 2015). 3944:Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum 3810:World War II and the Holocaust 3796:Soviet occupation in June 1940 3474:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2881:settled in the Polish town of 1: 4920:Jews and Judaism in Lithuania 4454:Maslauskienė, Nijolė (2004). 4433:Maslauskienė, Nijolė (2004). 4242:"Приложение Демоскопа Weekly" 2722:(1370), the condition of the 842:Christianity and Judaism 4710:The European Jewish Congress 4384:(in Lithuanian). 2 May 2019. 3505:British Mandate of Palestine 3414:were the early opponents of 3268:This section is copied from 3060:This section is copied from 4611:– via news.bbc.co.uk. 3928:The Art of Lithuania's Jews 3845:Choral Synagogue of Vilnius 3472:ended the existence of the 3054:Jewish culture in Lithuania 2141: 2122: 1849:Latin America and Caribbean 545: 5954: 5269:Knesses Yisrael (Slabodka) 5112:Choral Synagogue (Vilnius) 3888: 3885:The Soviet era (1944–1990) 3865: 3816:The Holocaust in Lithuania 3813: 3457: 3364: 3236:Levush ha-Butz we-Argaman, 3038:on the real estate of the 3006: 2995: 2834: 2733:at the Polish court grew; 2454:Jewish political movements 2151:Conversion to Judaism 28: 5938:Jewish Lithuanian history 5826: 5785: 5297: 4382:Jewish Heritage Lithuania 4113:Greenbaum, Masha (1995). 3924:Mass Murders in Lithuania 3781:Constitution of Lithuania 3705:Freedom wars of Lithuania 3683:(or Central Asian Jews), 3667: 3542:— 2998:History of Jews in Poland 2837:History of Jews in Poland 2712:Battle on the Irpin River 857:Hinduism and Judaism 227: 215: 187: 146: 18:Lietuvos žydų bendruomenė 5230:Great Synagogue of Vilna 4752:Kaunas Regional Archives 4538:Cornell University Press 3990:European Jewish Congress 3935:Jews in modern Lithuania 3497:United States of America 3444:Polish Hasidic dynasties 3292:Luria gives an account ( 2652:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 683:Temple in Jerusalem 376:Bar and bat mitzvah 5303:List of Lithuanian Jews 5223:Red Synagogue of Jonava 4875:The Jewish Encyclopedia 4777:Margol, Howard (2002). 4623:"The Jews of Lithuania" 4410:Truska, Liudas (2004). 4285:"Rodiklių duomenų bazė" 4221:"YIVO | Lithuania" 4184:The Jewish Encyclopedia 4047:List of Lithuanian Jews 3970:. For more detail, see 3763:Government of Lithuania 3755:Lithuanian Police Force 3436:Yehuda Leib Schneersohn 3270:The Jewish Encyclopedia 3062:The Jewish Encyclopedia 2638:, and other countries. 645:Twelve Tribes of Israel 5411:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5214:Destroyed / demolished 4223:. Yivoencyclopedia.org 3988:In February 2024, the 3954: 3946: 3848: 3745: 3691:. It does not include 3362: 3230: 3224: 5264:Knesses Beis Yitzchak 3952: 3942: 3842: 3779:influence". The 1938 3748:Lithuanian President 3731: 3720:Augustinas Voldemaras 3356: 3283:Benjamin Aaron Solnik 3228:= "to love," and not 2922:Roman Catholic Church 2716:Battle of Blue Waters 2704:Galicia–Volhynia Wars 1391:São Tomé and Príncipe 1386:Republic of the Congo 780:Second Temple Judaism 651:Kingdom of Judah 622:Modern historiography 223:Related ethnic groups 178:as of the 2021 census 5902:Prussian Lithuanians 5163:Beit Medrash Hagadol 4978:Khmelnytsky Uprising 4540:. pp. 167–174. 4348:Eidintas, Alfonsas. 4042:History of Lithuania 3774:adopted an order to 3202:Decisions by Luria, 3069:The founding of the 3020:Michael Wiśniowiecki 3009:Khmelnytsky Uprising 2847:Chmielnicki Uprising 2708:Principality of Kiev 2493:World Agudath Israel 1634:United Arab Emirates 721:Second Temple period 711:Babylonian captivity 60:improve this article 5649:States with limited 3962:country was 3,600. 3732:Lithuanian Jews in 3517: 3238:§ 129). Meïr Katz ( 3137:At the time of the 2859:Alexander Jagiellon 2745:The Charter of 1388 786:Hellenistic Judaism 364:Land of Israel 323:Principles of faith 174:2,256 Jews and 192 143: 4694:. August 11, 2019. 4652:2006-09-22 at the 4487:– via Slate. 4271:2016-03-03 at the 3955: 3947: 3849: 3746: 3468:In 1795 the final 3373:Elijah ben Solomon 3363: 3167:(Ostrog, 1796) of 3105:Kalman Haberkaster 2775:Boleslaw of Kalisz 2646:The origin of the 2347:Jewish Koine Greek 1889:Dominican Republic 1170:Judaism by country 849:Jews and Christmas 704:Assyrian captivity 5925: 5924: 5851:ethnic minorities 5797:ethnic minorities 5734: 5733: 5328: 5327: 5259:Kelm Talmud Torah 5243: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5084: 5083: 4956:Paneriai massacre 4712:. 7 February 2024 4474:"Double Genocide" 4418:(in Lithuanian). 4332:. De Gruyter: 93. 3979:Stanislovas Tomas 3876:Paneriai massacre 3804:Nachman Dushanski 3701: 3700: 3478:Russian partition 3115:(died 1572), and 2934:Bishop of Vilnius 2648:Jews of Lithuania 2624:Lithuanian Jewish 2609: 2608: 2558: 2557: 2306: 2305: 2053:Reconstructionist 1997: 1996: 1149: 1148: 956: 955: 793:Jewish–Roman wars 741:Hasmonean dynasty 657:Kingdom of Israel 561: 560: 262: 261: 136: 135: 128: 110: 16:(Redirected from 5945: 5841: 5839:Lithuania portal 5836: 5835: 5834: 5773: 5772: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5738: 5687:Dependencies and 5628:Northern Ireland 5369:Sovereign states 5355: 5348: 5341: 5332: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5251: 5136: 5130: 5107:Kaunas Synagogue 5097: 5092: 5037:Chabad-Lubavitch 5002: 4997: 4961:Jewish partisans 4928: 4921: 4916: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4883: 4879: 4858: 4857: 4829: 4827: 4815: 4813: 4801: 4799: 4787: 4785: 4773: 4771: 4759: 4757: 4745: 4743: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4684: 4678: 4673: 4667: 4662: 4656: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4603:. 15 August 2018 4597: 4591: 4588: 4580: 4575:. 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The 2761:(July 1, 1388), 2700:Galicia–Volhynia 2692:Magdeburg Rights 2664:Khazar Khaganate 2601: 2594: 2587: 2450: 2331: 2152: 2146: 2127: 2091: 2038: 1985:New Zealand 1937: 1900:El Salvador 1890: 1822:Northern America 1814: 1408: 1164: 1075:Crimean Karaites 971: 949: 947: 868: 866: 858: 852: 843: 831:Rabbinic Judaism 812: 806: 800: 788: 776: 742: 735:Maccabean Revolt 712: 705: 699: 691: 684: 678: 670: 652: 576: 550: 445: 377: 365: 264: 168: 166: 165: 151: 144: 131: 124: 120: 117: 111: 109: 68: 44: 36: 21: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5885: 5844: 5837: 5832: 5830: 5824: 5790: 5781: 5767: 5765: 5735: 5730: 5688: 5682: 5668:Northern Cyprus 5650: 5644: 5543:North Macedonia 5364: 5359: 5329: 5324: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5293: 5249: 5235: 5208: 5128: 5121: 5090: 5080: 4995: 4989: 4929: 4919: 4910: 4866:Singer, Isidore 4864: 4855: 4836: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4734: 4731: 4729:Further reading 4726: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4692:Times of Israel 4686: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4659: 4654:Wayback Machine 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4599: 4598: 4594: 4583: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4520: 4519: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4409: 4408: 4389: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4358:(in Lithuanian) 4347: 4346: 4337: 4325: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4294: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4273:Wayback Machine 4264: 4260: 4251: 4249: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4226: 4224: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4190: 4177: 4170: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4112: 4111: 4104: 4089: 4088: 4079: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4027: 4022: 4020: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4003: 3995:Šiauliai County 3937: 3893: 3887: 3882: 3861:Shanghai ghetto 3857:Chiune Sugihara 3818: 3812: 3785:interwar period 3750:Antanas Smetona 3513: 3470:Third Partition 3466: 3456: 3448:Elijah Winograd 3416:Hasidic Judaism 3379:. His style of 3369: 3351: 3313:Hillel ben Herz 3302:She'erit Yosef, 3287:Mas'at Binyamin 3264: 3259:Items from the 3056: 3011: 3005: 3000: 2994: 2901: 2899:The Act of 1566 2855: 2843:Union of Lublin 2839: 2833: 2747: 2660:Abraham Harkavy 2644: 2613:history of the 2605: 2560: 2559: 2447: 2437: 2436: 2427:Judeo-Malayalam 2407:Judaeo-Georgian 2327: 2318: 2308: 2307: 2208:Yiddish theatre 2150: 2088: 2078: 2077: 2036: 2009: 1999: 1998: 1935: 1888: 1812: 1406: 1190:Genetic studies 1161: 1151: 1150: 968: 958: 957: 945: 944: 864: 863: 856: 846: 841: 823:and Middle Ages 821:Rabbinic period 808: 802: 795: 783: 754: 740: 710: 703: 694: 686: 682: 673: 668:in Judaism 665: 650: 573: 563: 562: 442: 432: 431: 375: 363: 308: 237:Belarusian Jews 163: 161: 142:Lithuanian Jews 139: 132: 121: 115: 112: 69: 67: 57: 45: 34: 31:Lithuanian Jews 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5951: 5949: 5941: 5940: 5930: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5867: 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5191: 5183: 5175: 5167: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5142: 5140:Still standing 5133: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5117:Vilnius Kenesa 5114: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5094: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5024: 5014: 5008: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4886: 4852: 4851: 4842: 4835: 4834:External links 4832: 4831: 4830: 4816: 4802: 4788: 4774: 4760: 4746: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4697: 4679: 4668: 4657: 4639: 4614: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4579:on 2007-06-04. 4564: 4553: 4546: 4522:Jelena Subotić 4490: 4478:Slate Magazine 4464: 4446: 4425: 4387: 4369: 4335: 4330:Wroclaw Review 4313: 4301: 4276: 4258: 4233: 4212: 4203: 4188: 4168: 4155: 4148: 4130: 4123: 4102: 4077: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4018: 4015:Judaism portal 4002: 3999: 3936: 3933: 3886: 3883: 3814:Main article: 3811: 3808: 3768:anti-communist 3699: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3512: 3509: 3487:to escape the 3485:Eastern Europe 3455: 3452: 3403:Chaim Volozhin 3365:Main article: 3350: 3347: 3285:states in his 3275: 3274: 3263: 3257: 3208:Mordecai Jaffe 3178:Maharam Lublin 3113:Moses Isserles 3085:Isaac Bezaleel 3067: 3066: 3055: 3052: 3007:Main article: 3004: 3001: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2936:complained to 2908:, notably the 2900: 2897: 2854: 2851: 2832: 2831:Jagiellon rule 2829: 2779:Jews in Poland 2746: 2743: 2735:Louis of Anjou 2728:Roman Catholic 2643: 2640: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2603: 2596: 2589: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2570: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2505: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2488:Territorialism 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2457: 2456: 2448: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2372:Judaeo-Spanish 2369: 2367:Judaeo-Iranian 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2319: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2283: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2230: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2197: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2174: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2147: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2096: 2095: 2089: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2010: 2005: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1964: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1852: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1813:United Kingdom 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1246:Bilad-el-Sudan 1243: 1238: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1202: 1201: 1199:Land of Israel 1195: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1162: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1059: 1058: 1057:Related groups 1054: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 990: 989: 984: 969: 964: 963: 960: 959: 954: 953: 952: 951: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 914:Jewish atheism 911: 906: 901: 893: 892: 888: 887: 886: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865:Islamic–Jewish 860: 853: 838: 833: 825: 824: 817: 816: 815: 814: 790: 777: 749: 744: 737: 732: 730:Yehud Medinata 724: 723: 717: 716: 715: 714: 707: 700: 692: 679: 671: 659: 654: 647: 639: 638: 636:Ancient Israel 632: 631: 630: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 592:Land of Israel 589: 581: 580: 574: 569: 568: 565: 564: 559: 558: 557: 556: 551: 547:Shulchan Aruch 542: 537: 532: 527: 519: 518: 517: 516: 511: 503: 502: 496: 495: 494: 493: 488: 480: 479: 473: 472: 471: 470: 465: 460: 452: 451: 443: 438: 437: 434: 433: 430: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 372: 367: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 325: 320: 313:God in Judaism 309: 304: 303: 300: 299: 298: 297: 292: 284: 283: 273: 272: 260: 259: 249:Ukrainian Jews 233:Ashkenazi Jews 225: 224: 220: 219: 213: 212: 208: 207: 185: 184: 180: 179: 172: 158: 157: 153: 152: 137: 134: 133: 48: 46: 39: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5950: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5847: 5840: 5829: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5775:Ethnic groups 5771: 5762: 5757: 5755: 5750: 5748: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5701:Faroe Islands 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5673:South Ossetia 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5647: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5503:Liechtenstein 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5344: 5342: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5319: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5305: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5246: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5195:Trakai Kenesa 5192: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5087: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5005:Denominations 5003: 5000: 4998: 4992: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4951:Kaunas Ghetto 4949: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4941:The Holocaust 4939: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4915: 4907: 4902: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4861:public domain 4850: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4824: 4823: 4817: 4810: 4809: 4803: 4796: 4795: 4789: 4782: 4781: 4775: 4768: 4767: 4761: 4754: 4753: 4747: 4740: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4643: 4640: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4602: 4596: 4593: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4557: 4554: 4549: 4547:9781501742408 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4457: 4450: 4447: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4302: 4291:on 2013-10-14 4290: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4262: 4259: 4248:on 2013-10-12 4247: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4222: 4216: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4149:9789955236344 4145: 4141: 4134: 4131: 4126: 4124:965-229-132-3 4120: 4116: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4019: 4016: 4005: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3945: 3941: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3872:Kaunas Ghetto 3869: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3835: 3834:the Holocaust 3831: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3783:(the last in 3782: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3681:Bukharan Jews 3678: 3677:Georgian Jews 3674: 3673:Mountain Jews 3670: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3528: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3424:Karlin-Stolin 3421: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3389: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3360: 3355: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3335:Austrian Jews 3332: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3244:Brest-Litovsk 3241: 3237: 3234:= "to beat" ( 3232: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3198: 3197:Bayis Hadash, 3194: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3097:Solomon Luria 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3010: 2999: 2991: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2968:Diet of Vilna 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2871:John I Albert 2868: 2862: 2860: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2820: 2818: 2817: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2789: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2642:Early history 2641: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2632:United States 2629: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2440: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2412:Judeo-Aramaic 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2402:Judeo-Italian 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2382:Ghardaïa Sign 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2312: 2311: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2007:Denominations 2003: 2002: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1835:United States 1833: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1321:Guinea-Bissau 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1175:Lists of Jews 1173: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 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538: 536: 535:Mishneh Torah 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 522: 521: 520: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506: 505: 504: 501: 497: 492: 489: 487: 484: 483: 482: 481: 478: 474: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 455: 454: 453: 450: 446: 441: 436: 435: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 373: 371: 368: 366: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 333: 329: 326: 324: 321: 318: 314: 311: 310: 307: 302: 301: 296: 295:Who is a Jew? 293: 291: 288: 287: 286: 285: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 265: 258: 254: 253:Estonian Jews 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 221: 218: 214: 209: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 181: 177: 173: 171: 159: 154: 150: 145: 130: 127: 119: 116:November 2019 108: 105: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: 80: 77: – 76: 72: 71:Find sources: 65: 61: 55: 54: 49:This article 47: 43: 38: 37: 32: 27: 19: 5858: 5678:Transnistria 5507: 5228: 5221: 5213: 5200: 5193: 5185: 5177: 5169: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5139: 5126: 4967: 4946:Vilna Ghetto 4923: 4918: 4917: 4873: 4853: 4821: 4807: 4793: 4779: 4765: 4751: 4737: 4714:. Retrieved 4709: 4700: 4691: 4682: 4671: 4660: 4642: 4630:. Retrieved 4617: 4605:. Retrieved 4595: 4577:the original 4567: 4556: 4525: 4481:. Retrieved 4477: 4467: 4458: 4449: 4438: 4428: 4419: 4415: 4381: 4372: 4360:. Retrieved 4353: 4329: 4316: 4304: 4293:. Retrieved 4289:the original 4279: 4261: 4250:. Retrieved 4246:the original 4236: 4225:. Retrieved 4215: 4206: 4182: 4164:S. M. Dubnow 4158: 4139: 4133: 4114: 4094: 4066: 3987: 3976: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3927: 3923: 3914: 3911: 3894: 3868:Vilna Ghetto 3850: 3830:World War II 3819: 3793: 3747: 3724: 3713: 3708: 3702: 3501:South Africa 3493:antisemitism 3482: 3467: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3370: 3342: 3326: 3324: 3319: 3316: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3291: 3286: 3278: 3276: 3267: 3260: 3248: 3239: 3235: 3219: 3215: 3201: 3196: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3164: 3158: 3156: 3142: 3139:Lublin Union 3136: 3131: 3120: 3108: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3068: 3059: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3028: 3023: 3016:John Casimir 3012: 2987: 2978: 2971: 2965: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2902: 2890: 2887: 2863: 2856: 2840: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2748: 2739:Christianity 2645: 2636:South Africa 2626:diaspora in 2612: 2610: 2551:Post-Zionism 2422:Judeo-Berber 2417:Judeo-Arabic 2377:Judeo-Gascon 2124:Pidyon haben 2043:Conservative 1751: 1589:Saudi Arabia 1407:South Africa 1396:Sierra Leone 1218:Israeli Jews 1132:Mosaic Arabs 1085:Kaifeng Jews 946:Arab–Israeli 919:Emancipation 798:Great Revolt 607:Anti-Judaism 602:Antisemitism 597:Name "Judea" 392:Baal teshuva 245:Latvian Jews 241:Russian Jews 138:Ethnic group 122: 113: 103: 96: 89: 82: 70: 58:Please help 53:verification 50: 26: 5907:Samogitians 5815:Belarusians 5788:Lithuanians 5716:Isle of Man 5651:recognition 5603:Switzerland 5538:Netherlands 4870:"Lithuania" 4362:25 December 4179:"Lithuania" 3968:Chief Rabbi 3853:Mir yeshiva 3434:founded by 3426:founded by 3320:Yoreh De'ah 3317:Bet Hillel, 3298:Joseph Katz 3193:Joel Sirkes 2957:Borzobogaty 2918:Reformation 2724:Polish Jews 2720:Casimir III 2672:German Jews 2546:Revisionist 2536:Neo-Zionism 2143:Zeved habat 1936:Puerto Rico 1762:Netherlands 1594:South Korea 1579:Philippines 1459:Afghanistan 1326:Ivory Coast 1100:Crypto-Jews 1065:Bnei Anusim 1044:Bene Israel 1009:Beta Israel 966:Communities 873:Middle Ages 612:Persecution 387:Bereavement 257:Polish Jews 5897:Kursenieki 5820:Ukrainians 5573:San Marino 5533:Montenegro 5513:Luxembourg 5493:Kazakhstan 5396:Azerbaijan 5190:(Joniškis) 5182:(Joniškis) 5091:Synagogues 4983:Vilna Gaon 4845:Litvak SIG 4530:Ithaca, NY 4295:2013-04-14 4252:2013-04-14 4227:2013-04-16 4058:References 3898:Ninth Fort 3889:See also: 3866:See also: 3794:After the 3458:See also: 3367:Vilna Gaon 3359:Vilna Gaon 3349:Vilna Gaon 3300:mentions ( 3117:David Gans 2996:See also: 2961:Zagorovski 2914:Calvinists 2893:synagogues 2835:See also: 2706:) and the 2694:or closed 2666:(see also 2531:Maximalism 2483:Secularism 2463:Autonomism 2280:Literature 2073:Humanistic 1677:Azerbaijan 1639:Uzbekistan 1614:Tajikistan 1534:Kyrgyzstan 1519:Kazakhstan 1366:Mozambique 1341:Madagascar 1261:Cape Verde 1213:New Yishuv 1208:Old Yishuv 1159:Population 1137:Subbotniks 1095:Samaritans 1034:Romanyotim 977:Ashkenazim 924:Old Yishuv 904:Sabbateans 891:Modern era 883:Golden Age 810:Bar Kokhba 530:Beit Yosef 397:Philosophy 205:Lithuanian 86:newspapers 5881:Armenians 5779:Lithuania 5706:Gibraltar 5508:Lithuania 5205:(Vilnius) 5171:Merchants 5042:Chernobyl 5022:Ashkenazi 5017:Orthodoxy 4849:JewishGen 4607:15 August 4483:15 August 3828:. During 3685:Krymchaks 3668:Source: 3411:Misnagdim 3294:Responsa, 3249:responsum 3204:Meïr Katz 3173:Meïr Sack 3163:. In the 3129:Kremenetz 3024:Shlyakhta 2953:shlyakhta 2949:shlyakhta 2943:shlyakhta 2910:Lutherans 2777:, to the 2684:Gediminas 2619:Lithuania 2541:Religious 2397:Zarphatic 2387:Bukharian 2357:Judeo-Tat 2342:Yeshivish 2316:Languages 2271:Sephardic 2261:Israelite 2251:Ethiopian 2241:Ashkenazi 2180:Religious 1970:Australia 1952:Venezuela 1858:Argentina 1840:Greenland 1752:Lithuania 1604:Sri Lanka 1599:Singapore 1524:Kurdistan 1489:Indonesia 1479:Hong Kong 1432:Abayudaya 1356:Mauritius 1090:Igbo Jews 1080:Krymchaks 999:Sephardim 867:relations 761:Sadducees 757:Pharisees 747:Sanhedrin 662:Jerusalem 422:Synagogue 290:Etymology 183:Languages 170:Lithuania 5932:Category 5912:Tutejszy 5876:Latvians 5849:Smaller 5810:Russians 5795:Largest 5726:Svalbard 5711:Guernsey 5658:Abkhazia 5633:Scotland 5588:Slovenia 5583:Slovakia 5558:Portugal 5416:Bulgaria 5279:Rameiles 5274:Ponevezh 5250:Yeshivas 5174:(Jonava) 5166:(Jonava) 5072:Vizhnitz 5067:Veretzky 5027:Hasidism 4973:Timeline 4650:Archived 4524:(2019). 4416:Istorija 4355:15min.lt 4269:Archived 4001:See also 3776:counties 3709:kehillot 3553:+1900.0% 3491:and the 3440:Koidanov 3394:yeshivas 3333:and the 3327:responsa 3279:responsa 3261:Responsa 3186:responsa 3182:Responsa 3160:responsa 3143:Talmudic 3132:yeshivah 3125:Talmudic 3121:yeshivot 3109:yeshivah 3099:went to 3093:Volhynia 3089:Vladimir 3081:yeshivah 3077:yeshivot 3072:yeshivot 2906:heretics 2879:Karaites 2803:palatine 2788:szlachta 2771:Vladimir 2765:(1389), 2751:Vytautas 2676:crusades 2568:Category 2526:Kahanism 2473:Feminism 2445:Politics 2329:Biblical 2299:American 2246:Bukharan 2236:American 2136:Shidduch 2112:Clothing 2068:Haymanot 2014:Orthodox 1942:Suriname 1925:Paraguay 1878:Colombia 1777:Portugal 1687:Bulgaria 1624:Thailand 1574:Pakistan 1554:Mongolia 1549:Malaysia 1469:Cambodia 1443:Zimbabwe 1418:Tanzania 1296:Eswatini 1286:Ethiopia 1276:Djibouti 1256:Cameroon 1251:Botswana 1180:Diaspora 1142:Noahides 1115:Marranos 1039:Cochinim 1024:Bukharim 1014:Gruzinim 1004:Teimanim 994:Mizrahim 982:Galician 948:conflict 909:Hasidism 899:Haskalah 804:Diaspora 675:timeline 587:Timeline 500:Rabbinic 407:Kabbalah 382:Marriage 358:Tzedakah 348:Holidays 306:Religion 269:a series 267:Part of 211:Religion 5864:Karaims 5623:England 5613:Ukraine 5563:Romania 5523:Moldova 5481:Ireland 5476:Iceland 5471:Hungary 5461:Germany 5456:Georgia 5446:Finland 5441:Estonia 5436:Denmark 5421:Croatia 5406:Belgium 5401:Belarus 5391:Austria 5386:Armenia 5381:Andorra 5376:Albania 5202:Zamelis 5156:Čekiškė 5100:Current 5047:Komarno 5032:Breslov 5012:Karaite 4968:History 4863:: 4716:12 June 4632:27 June 4091:"Žydai" 3826:Germans 3742:Vilnius 3734:Švėkšna 3583:263,000 3575:+226.9% 3572:250,000 3550:120,000 3442:. Some 3420:Hasidim 3377:Vilnius 3343:gulden, 3339:Silesia 2825:Jogaila 2816:shochet 2799:voivode 2680:Yiddish 2511:General 2502:Zionism 2478:Leftism 2468:Bundism 2392:Knaanic 2352:Yevanic 2337:Yiddish 2294:Yiddish 2289:Israeli 2266:Mizrahi 2256:Israeli 2227:Cuisine 2203:Ancient 2185:Secular 2131:Kashrut 2107:Wedding 2094:Customs 2086:Culture 2063:Science 2058:Renewal 2048:Karaite 2029:Hasidic 1961:Oceania 1947:Uruguay 1915:Jamaica 1895:Ecuador 1863:Bolivia 1807:Ukraine 1782:Romania 1757:Moldova 1737:Hungary 1727:Germany 1722:Georgia 1712:Finland 1707:Estonia 1702:Denmark 1697:Czechia 1682:Belarus 1672:Austria 1667:Armenia 1644:Vietnam 1559:Myanmar 1544:Lebanon 1464:Bahrain 1423:Tunisia 1401:Somalia 1376:Nigeria 1371:Namibia 1361:Morocco 1291:Eritrea 1236:Algeria 1120:Neofiti 1029:Italkim 1019:Juhurim 929:Zionism 878:Khazars 773:Sicarii 769:Zealots 765:Essenes 752:Schisms 617:Leaders 579:General 571:History 514:Tosefta 509:Midrash 486:Mishnah 468:Ketuvim 463:Nevi'im 412:Customs 343:Shabbat 338:Halakha 330: ( 328:Mitzvot 315: ( 281:Judaism 217:Judaism 197:Russian 189:Yiddish 100:scholar 5871:Tatars 5721:Jersey 5663:Kosovo 5608:Turkey 5598:Sweden 5578:Serbia 5568:Russia 5553:Poland 5548:Norway 5528:Monaco 5498:Latvia 5466:Greece 5451:France 5426:Cyprus 5284:Telshe 5149:Alanta 5129:Former 5057:Ruzhin 4996:Groups 4934:Topics 4544: 4534:London 4532:& 4146: 4121: 3906:Israel 3902:Kaunas 3878:, and 3744:(1928) 3693:Karaim 3663:−26.0% 3652:−23.9% 3641:−67.7% 3630:−15.7% 3627:12,398 3619:−37.6% 3616:14,703 3605:23,566 3597:−90.6% 3594:24,683 3564:−36.3% 3561:76,474 3432:Kopust 3397:. The 3388:Talmud 3331:German 3307:gulden 3253:German 3206:, and 3152:Tiktin 3101:Ostroh 3044:kahals 3042:. The 3035:kahals 3030:kahals 2932:. The 2930:Tatars 2875:Kraków 2867:Crimea 2794:boyars 2763:Grodno 2755:Trakai 2731:clergy 2696:guilds 2656:Trakai 2630:, the 2628:Israel 2573:Portal 2432:Domari 2362:Shassi 2323:Hebrew 2218:Humour 2162:Hiloni 2157:Aliyah 2117:Niddah 2102:Minyan 2037:Reform 2024:Haredi 2019:Modern 1920:Mexico 1905:Guyana 1868:Brazil 1830:Canada 1802:Sweden 1792:Serbia 1787:Russia 1772:Poland 1767:Norway 1747:Latvia 1732:Greece 1717:France 1692:Cyprus 1658:Europe 1629:Turkey 1619:Taiwan 1529:Kuwait 1514:Jordan 1504:Israel 1438:Zambia 1428:Uganda 1346:Malawi 1316:Guinea 1306:Gambia 1241:Angola 1227:Africa 1110:Dönmeh 1105:Anusim 1049:Berber 987:Litvak 939:Israel 845: 782: 696:Second 664: 525:Targum 491:Gemara 477:Talmud 449:Tanakh 402:Ethics 353:Prayer 203:, and 201:Polish 193:Hebrew 176:Karaim 167: 102: 95: 88: 81: 73: 5890:Other 5805:Poles 5696:Åland 5638:Wales 5593:Spain 5518:Malta 5488:Italy 5187:White 5062:Seret 5052:Koson 4826:(PDF) 4812:(PDF) 4798:(PDF) 4784:(PDF) 4770:(PDF) 4756:(PDF) 4742:(PDF) 4326:(PDF) 3900:near 3759:fines 3660:2,256 3649:3,050 3638:4,007 3608:−4.5% 3586:+5.2% 3539:6,000 3382:Torah 3231:lupit 3225:lubit 3220:Lubka 3216:Lupka 3148:Pinsk 3040:kahal 2973:ducat 2928:, or 2926:Turks 2883:Ratno 2810:Minsk 2767:Lutsk 2759:Brest 2749:Duke 2710:(see 2702:(see 2521:Labor 2516:Green 2213:Dance 2171:Music 1990:Palau 1910:Haiti 1873:Chile 1797:Spain 1742:Italy 1649:Yemen 1609:Syria 1584:Qatar 1564:Nepal 1509:Japan 1484:India 1474:China 1413:Sudan 1336:Libya 1331:Kenya 1311:Ghana 1301:Gabon 1281:Egypt 1266:Benin 1125:Xueta 1070:Lemba 689:First 554:Zohar 458:Torah 440:Texts 427:Rabbi 417:Rites 317:names 107:JSTOR 93:books 5917:Roma 5859:Jews 5317:List 4718:2024 4634:2018 4609:2018 4542:ISBN 4485:2018 4364:2023 4144:ISBN 4119:ISBN 3843:The 3820:The 3800:NKVD 3689:Tats 3657:2021 3646:2011 3635:2001 3624:1989 3613:1979 3602:1970 3591:1959 3580:1939 3569:1792 3558:1764 3547:1569 3536:1389 3525:Pop. 3521:Year 3499:and 3462:and 3438:and 3408:The 3385:and 3325:The 3277:The 3150:and 3083:was 2714:and 2615:Jews 2611:The 1980:Guam 1975:Fiji 1930:Peru 1883:Cuba 1569:Oman 1539:Laos 1499:Iraq 1494:Iran 1451:Asia 1380:Igbo 1351:Mali 370:Brit 279:and 277:Jews 229:Jews 79:news 5777:in 5179:Red 4847:at 4420:LIX 3716:tar 3218:or 3087:of 2791:), 2617:in 2194:Art 540:Tur 332:613 62:by 5934:: 4872:. 4708:. 4690:. 4625:. 4536:: 4528:. 4493:^ 4476:. 4437:. 4414:. 4390:^ 4380:. 4352:. 4338:^ 4328:. 4191:^ 4181:, 4171:^ 4105:^ 4093:. 4080:^ 3997:. 3974:. 3874:, 3870:, 3863:. 3836:. 3791:. 3711:. 3679:, 3675:, 3530:±% 3507:. 3480:. 3450:. 3430:, 3405:. 3154:. 3091:, 2959:, 2912:, 2769:, 2634:, 807:, 801:, 771:, 767:, 763:, 759:, 271:on 255:, 251:, 247:, 243:, 239:, 235:, 231:, 199:, 195:, 191:, 5760:e 5753:t 5746:v 5354:e 5347:t 5340:v 4905:e 4898:t 4891:v 4720:. 4636:. 4587:. 4550:. 4366:. 4298:. 4255:. 4230:. 4152:. 4127:. 4074:. 3315:( 3273:. 3195:( 3180:( 3065:. 2801:( 2785:( 2600:e 2593:t 2586:v 1434:) 1430:( 1382:) 1378:( 851:) 847:( 813:) 796:( 789:) 784:( 775:) 755:( 698:) 687:( 677:) 666:( 334:) 319:) 129:) 123:( 118:) 114:( 104:· 97:· 90:· 83:· 56:. 33:. 20:)

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Knowledge (XXG)

History of the Jews in Lithuania

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