List of atheist philosophers

3330:"But tragically, Comte's "remarkable clearness and extent of vision as to natural things" was coupled with a "total blindness in regard to all that pertains to man's spiritual nature and relations." His "astonishing philosophic power" served only to increase the "plausibility" of a dangerous infidelity. Comte was, once unmasked, a "blank, avowed, unblushing Atheist." Some of the Reformed writers were careful enough to note that technically Comte was not an atheist since he never denied the existence of God, merely his comprehensibility. Practically, however, this made little difference. It only pointed to the skepticism and nescience at the core of his positivism. The epistemological issues dominated the criticism of Comte. Quickly, his atheism was traced to his sensual psychology (or "sensualistic psychology", as Robert Dabney preferred to say)." Charles D. Cashdollar, 'Auguste Comte and the American Reformed Theologians', 2283: 5361:

impression to the ordinary man in the street I think I ought to say that I am an Atheist... None of us would seriously consider the possibility that all the gods of Homer really exist, and yet if you were to set to work to give a logical demonstration that Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, and the rest of them did not exist you would find it an awful job. You could not get such proof. Therefore, in regard to the Olympic gods, speaking to a purely philosophical audience, I would say that I am an Agnostic. But speaking popularly, I think that all of us would say in regard to those gods that we were Atheists. In regard to the Christian God, I should, I think, take exactly the same line." Am I an Agnostic or an Atheist?, from Last Philosophical Testament 1943–1968, (1997) Routledge

2492:- are like sorcerers and magicians, and that their miracles are entirely fictitious, (3) questions the necessity of prophecy and revelation if God is indeed all-powerful, (4) denies that the Qur'an is the revealed word of God and that it has any unique aesthetic value, (5) maintains that the God of the Qur'an is ultimately all-too-human and imperfect (i.e. lacking in knowledge and wisdom, easily angered, quick to punish, excessive, arbitrary, and unjust), (6) argues that the world is eternal and we are by no means compelled to posit a first divine cause, and (7) points out that Paradise as described in the Qur'an does not seem particularly desirable. 2025: 3506:"So when I say “I rightly pass as an atheist” I know that because of everything that I’ve done so far, say in terms of deconstruction and so on and so forth, I’ve given a number of signs of my being a non-believer in God in a certain way, an atheist. And nevertheless, although I confirm that it is right to say “I’m an atheist”, I can’t say myself “I am an atheist” as a position, see “I am” or “I know what I am”: “I am this, and nothing else and I’m identifying myself as an atheist.” I would never say… this would sound obscene: “I am.” I wouldn’t say “I am an atheist” or I wouldn’t say “I am a believer” either." 386: 1130: 989: 5215:

widely, all the types have one common, namely that god is superior to man. So, in relation to the god of his belief, the believer places himself in a position of inferiority. The prayer, 'Thy will be done' expresses the believer's feeling of surrender and subordination to god. Because free will exists, god does not exist and the concept of an almighty god is clearly an absurdity. Belief in the existence of god is an expression of mans slave mind. Slave mind seeks a prop and an easy prop on which the slave-mind rested was a concept of god."

2079: 1882: 2047: 4374:"A self-confessed "religious atheist", Lipton was fully engaged with his religious culture, taking his family to synagogue on Saturdays and teaching children at the Sabbath school. He did not think it was necessary to believe in God to recognise the value of religion in providing the individual with a moral compass." 'Obituary of Professor Peter Lipton, Inspiring head of Cambridge's department of History and Philosophy whose atheism did not impede his religious observance', 1326: 5759:: "On the one hand, Sir John Eccles, a quiet-spoken theist with the most devastating way of answering questions with a single "yes", on the other, Professor Searle, a flamboyant atheist using words I've never heard of or likely to again "now we know that renal secretions synthesize a substance called angiotensin and that angiotensin gets into the hypothalamus and causes a series of neuron firings". " Peter Dear, 'Today's television and radio programmes', 2429: 933: 1900: 2319: 1152: 1936: 747: 6301: 1918: 700: 24: 1977: 6185:"While Shirley was (and is) a devout Catholic and so took the marriage as a commitment for eternity, Bernard, an atheist, had not done so when he made the wedding vows. Shirley says: "The Church and Bernard had a wonderful time debating all this. The theologians were so thrilled to be discussing it with a leading philosopher." " Stuart Jeffries, 'Profile: Bernard Williams', 625: 1560: 313: 162: 907: 5173:" Asked if Rand was an atheist, Brook said, "Yes, she was - and I have been since the age of 6, before I read Ayn Rand. But more than anti-religion, she was for reason. She spends time on the positive. She believed the way to evaluate things in life and reality is through reason, rational thought. That's what we try to emphasize." " George Hohmann, ' 2301: 5845:"Within a year I had gone to Miss Graves to tell her that I no longer believed in God. 'I know,' she said, 'I have been through that myself.' But her strategy misfired: I never went through it." B.F. Skinner, pp. 387-413, E.G. Boring and G. Lindzey's A History of Psychology in Autobiography (Vol. 5), New York: Appleton Century-Crofts, 1967. 2735:"The reverend Dr Tom Ambrose was sacked yesterday by his bishop for being "arrogant, aggressive, rude, bullying, high-handed, disorganised and at times petty", as a Church of England tribunal put it. Twice, he even spat at parishioners. You might expect that, as an atheist, I might rub my hands over this clerical outrage." Julian Baggini, 2186: 1402: 2204: 5258:(1997, "The Monk and the Philosopher", 1998), a book-length dialogue between Revel, the convinced atheist, and his son Mathieu Ricard, who had abandoned a career in molecular biology research to go to live in Asia, to study Buddhism, and who subsequently became a Buddhist monk." David Drake, Obituary: Jean-François Revel, 6289: 3686:"'There is no God, there is no life after death, Jesus was a man, and, perhaps most important, the influence of religion is by and large bad,' he wrote in the current issue of Free Inquiry, a magazine about secular humanism, a school of thought that emphasizes values based on experience rather than religion." 4016:"The principles of Hume's philosophy implied that the question of God's existence cannot be settled definitively either way, so he was in one sense an agnostic. However, since he does not seem to have entertained any belief in God, it is probably also fair to call him an atheist—just not a campaigning one." 3257:"If I had to sum up my own atheism, I think I would have to say that it amounts to this: I have no interest in the supernatural. I also have no interest in what others believe about the supernatural as long as their belief does not involve intolerance of those who disagree with them." Robert Todd Carroll, 5346:

makes me embarrassed to be an atheist.' But in all the hype and embarrassment over geneticist Professor Richard Dawkins's anti-religious arguments, there is an important strand in his argument that has been overlooked: his views on morality." Richard Harries, 'It is possible to be moral without God',

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A protean freethinker who experimented with Mu'tazilism and Shi'ism before finally embracing atheism, Ibn al-Rawandi was condemned by most Muslims as a dangerous heretic...In these works alone, he (1) rejects all religious dogmas as unacceptable to reason, (2) argues that prophets - Muhammad included

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In addition, he authored many important articles on metaphysics, including his famous "The Unreality of Time" in 1908, some of which are collected in his Philosophical Studies...He began preparatory school at Weybridge, but because of his frequent advocacy of atheism he was removed, and transplanted

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Early in his life, Ibn al-Rawandi was a Mutazilite scholar, who, like all Mutazilite scholars sought to apply Greek philosophy to explicate Islamic theology. After rejecting Mutazilism, he turned for a while to Shi'ism. At some point, however, and for reasons that are apparently unknown, al-Rawnadi

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He was influenced for several years by the theologian Arthur Miller, who combined a strict adherence to Presbyterian doctrine with an equally strong support for socialism and opposition to nationalism. But Prior's pacifism weakened, and he served from 1942 to 1945 in the New Zealand air force. And

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He was, at this stage of his life, obsessed with religion. He believed in the virgin birth and the voice of the devil, and was a devout Presbyterian (Prior 1940)...In later life, however, he described himself as having 'no religious beliefs' (Prior c.1967). In 1961, when Max Cresswell—then a logic

2688:"I do not believe in God. It seems to me that theists of all kinds have very largely failed to make their concept of a deity intelligible; and to the extent that they have made it intelligible, they have given us no reason to think that anything answers to it." Ayer, A.J. (1966). "What I Believe," 2640:

This degree of radicalism Sydney could endure. But what of a man who had signed up as a communist immediately on his arrival, who was unashamedly an atheist, a realist where philosophers were expected to be idealists, who freely mixed with students when he was expected to meet them only in classes

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Positivists did not merely reject religious discourse as meaningless, they rejected religion. They thought of religious belief as confused and nonsensical. ...their unofficial leader, Moritz Schlick, thought of religion as a kind of childhood phase in the intellectual development of humankind, a

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Gora stated that "Atheism is the opposite of theism. What then is theism? Theism means belief in the existence of god. But what is god? The form of god has changed considerably from the primitives, solid flesh to a metaphysical concept of the ultimate reality. Though the forms of god have varied

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Russell said: "As a philosopher, if I were speaking to a purely philosophic audience I should say that I ought to describe myself as an Agnostic, because I do not think that there is a conclusive argument by which one prove that there is not a God. On the other hand, if I am to convey the right

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With respect to his personal beliefs, Dewey wrote to Max Otto that "I feel the gods are pretty dead, tho I suppose I ought to know that however, to be somewhat more philosophical in the matter, if atheism means simply not being a theist, then of course I'm an atheist. But the popular if not the

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In sum, with Hume's agnosticism and Bentham's atheism, the fundamental voluntarist thesis about the gulf between the divine and the human mind reaches new depths, and this serves to reinforce and radicalize the rejection, begun by Pufendorf, of Grotian rights-theory as the appropriate means of

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For Kant, the mathematical sublime, as seen for example in the starry heavens, suggests to imagination the infinite, which in turn leads by subtle turns of contemplation to the concept of God. Schopenhauer's atheism will have none of this, and he rightly observes that despite adopting Kant's

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created an uproar for its rejection of God, creation, religion, and free will and for its explanation of mind and consciousness as physical states of the brain produced by matter in motion. His continued defense of atheism and atomism and his denial of any distinction between mind and matter

4188:. Pesquisa FAPESP. Acesso em 12/07/2016. "— O senhor é um socialista ateu? — Eu acho que sim. (...) minha revisão e reavaliação positiva do papel da consciência religiosa não significa o abandono da minha descrença básica de ateu. (...) não acredito em Deus, mas tenho boas relações com ele." 4135:

Ajita...preached a thoroughgoing materialist doctrine: good deeds and charity gained a man nothing in the end. His body dissolved into the primary elements at death, no matter what he had or had not done. Nothing remained. Good and evil, charity and compassion were all irrelevant to a man's

5471:"Santayana playfully called himself 'a Catholic atheist,' but in spite of the fact that he deliberately immersed himself in the stream of Catholic religious life, he never took the sacraments. He neither literally regarded himself as a Catholic nor did Catholics regard him as a Catholic." 3674:

His new book touches on politics, but also on faith. Raised Catholic, Eco has long since left the church. 'Even though I'm still in love with that world, I stopped believing in God in my 20s after my doctoral studies on St. Thomas Aquinas. You could say he miraculously cured me of my

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Here is another example cited by the author: an atheist, a man like Lucilio Vanini (that is what many people call him, whereas he himself adopts the magnificent name of Giulio Cesare Vanini in his works), will suffer a preposterous martyrdom for his chimera rather than renounce his

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etymological significance of the word is much wider. ...Although he described himself as an atheist in one sense of the term, it is also clear that Dewey was opposed to militant atheism for the same reason that he was opposed to supernaturalism: he thought both positions dogmatic.

3865:"Coleridge also introduced Charles Lamb to Godwin. Lamb had shown some sympathy for the New Philosophy but the arguments of Coleridge and his own religiosity and common sense quickly turned him against it. He was particularly repelled by Godwin's atheism." Peter H. Marshall, 3010:"Some years ago, without realizing what it might mean, I accepted a dinner invitation from a Jewish colleague for dinner on Friday night. I should say that my colleague had never appeared particularly orthodox, and he would have known that I am an atheist." Simon Blackburn, 5156:"His tolerance and good humour enabled him to disagree strongly without giving or taking offence, for example with his brother Michael Ramsey whose ordination (he went on to become archbishop of Canterbury) Ramsey, as a militant atheist, naturally regretted." D. H. Mellor, 3822:(1798; "On the Development of the Concept of Religion"), a work that occasioned Fichte's dismissal from the University of Jena on the charge of atheism after he had published a corroborative treatise. Forberg also wrote further apologetical works in support of atheism." ' 5957:"As he wrote: "Stirner's egoism springs from a conscious and total atheism, with this playful indifference and apathy to any higher essence being the prerequisite for encountering one's own being, one's uniqueness, Einzigkeit." Laurel Jean Fredrickson, Duke University, 1765:(1879–1973): Indian philosopher, social activist, politician and businessman affectionately called by his followers as Periyar or E. V. R., who started the Self-Respect Movement or the Dravidian Movement. He is also the founder of political party, Dravidar Kazhagam. 5607:"...sagte Michael Schmidt-Salomon, Vorstand der Giordano-Bruno-Stiftung und damit so etwas wie Deutschlands Chef-Atheist." ("...said Michael Schmidt-Salomon, chairman of the Giordano Bruno Foundation, and therefore something of a 'chief atheist' for Germany.") 1967:

who declared that he had been an atheist from age twelve. Although he regarded God as a self-contradictory concept, he still thought of it as an ideal toward which people strive. According to Sartre, his most-repeated summary of his existentialist philosophy,

3244:"Carnap had a modest but deeply religious family background, which might explain why, although he later became an atheist, he maintained a respectful and tolerant attitude in matters of faith throughout his life." Buldt, Bernd: "Carnap, Paul Rudolf", 1743:(1926–2016): American philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist who was a central figure in analytic philosophy from the 1960s, especially in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of science. 2383:. In the 1990s Vermeersch created a stir in Belgian media with an article of rational and ethical arguments, "Why the Christian God Cannot Exist". In January 2008 a hundred prominent Flemings voted him the most influential Flemish intellectual. 2675:"Conversely, an absolute denial of God's existence is equally meaningless, since verification is impossible. However, despite this assertion, Ayer may be considered a practical atheist: one who sees no reason to worship an invisible deity." 3383:

Interviewer: "What is your relation with religion? Which religion do you think is true?" Donald Davidson: "None. I am an atheist, and always have been. Many of the claims of religion are good candidates for propositions that lack a truth

5097:"In my third year of high school I walked often with my new Jamaican friends, Fred and Harold Cassidy, trying to convert them from their Episcopalian faith to atheism." Willard Van Orman Quine, Lewis Edwin Hahn, Paul Arthur Schilpp, 381:, in which he argues that coming into existence is a serious harm, regardless of the feelings of the existing being once brought into existence, and that, as a consequence, it is always morally wrong to create more sentient beings. 3119:, 1857; "Nature and Spirit") appealed strongly to freethinkers, but dialectical materialists condemned his acceptance of competitive capitalism, which Büchner viewed as an example of Charles Darwin's "struggle for survival." " ' 4880:(1992), Oppy presented a logical argument for God's nonexistence based upon an alleged fact of metaethics: the falsity of moral realism. If moral realism is false, then that is a fact that is incompatible with God's existence. 5675:

It is easy to find many of the underpinnings of Schopenhauer's doctrine of the denial of the will to live in the Theologia Germanica, but only if one is willing to gainsay the anonymous author's theism and Schopenhauer's

1281:(1954–2007): British philosopher, the Hans Rausing Professor and Head of the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at Cambridge University until his unexpected death in November 2007. He was "one of the leading 5369:. Russell was chosen by LOOK magazine to speak for agnostics in their well-known series explaining the religions of the U.S., and authored the essay "What Is An Agnostic?" which appeared 3 November 1953 in that magazine 5177: 5488:"My atheism, like that of Spinoza, is true piety towards the universe, and denies only gods fashioned by men in their own image, to be servants of their human interests." George Santayana, 'On My Friendly Critics', in 1415:(1818–1883): philosopher, political economist, sociologist, political theorist and revolutionary. Often called the father of communism, Marx was both a scholar and a political activist. In 1843, Karl Marx published 5596:

phase that will wither and become obsolete as scientific ways of knowing become the accepted paradigm. To this extent, one can say that Schlick's attitude and that of most of his fellow Positivists was atheistic.

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During her dissertation defense, Cooper responded to Bouglé, an atheist, that God's presence in all human beings, or "the singing something," was the origin of the principles of equality, justice, and democratic

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The orthodox tend to think that people who, like the postmodernists and me, believe neither in God nor in some suitable substitute, should think that everything is permitted, that everybody can do what they

3628:"This book... presents the strongest case yet for atheism... Drange carefully analyzes and assesses two major arguments for the nonexistence of God: the argument from Evil and the Argument from Nonbelief." 4710:

Moleschott's atheism is much more prominent, for example, and he declares absurd Liebig's opinion that insights into the laws of nature inevitably lead us to the notion of a Being knowable only through

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Consider the difference in Strauss's treatment of Alexandre Kojève, who was openly an atheist, a Stalinist, and one whose thought, in Strauss's words, produces "an amazingly lax morality" (WPP, 111).

4736:"Since my mid-undergraduate days, I have been an atheist. By now I suppose there are some who would call me a professional atheist troikaing me with Antony Flew and Michael Scriven." Kai Nielsen, 976:(1926–1984): French philosopher and political activist known for his analysis of power and discourse. He is best known for his revolutionary philosophical analyses of social institutions such as 2999:

Making allowance for Adams's cautious phrasing, this is a concise statement of Bentham's secular positivism, but it is also important to note the conviction with which Bentham held his atheism.

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of science, Distinguished Professor in the Humanities, Cooper Senior Scholar in Arts and Sciences, Professor of Philosophy, and Professor of Law at the University of Miami. She has written on

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As such, one could speak of existential atheists (Sartre), Marxist atheists (Marx), psychological atheists (Freud), capitalistic atheists (Ayn Rand), and behavioristic atheists (BF Skinner).

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distinction between the dynamical and mathematical sublime, his theory of the sublime, making reference to the struggles and sufferings of struggles and sufferings of Will, is unlike Kant's.

4512:"Are there really no atheists? No good reason has yet been given for NA and, until one is, we professed atheists have every reason to suppose that we really are atheists." Michael Martin, 3932: 3989:

Hoffer's attitude toward religion was hard to pin down. He generally described himself as an atheist, yet during our interview he described religion as a significant source of leadership.

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A History of Freethought, Ancient and Modern, to the Period of the French Revolution, J.M. Robertson, Fourth Edition, Revised and Expanded, In Two Volumes, Vol. I, Watts, 1936. p173 - 174

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Religious beliefs, argues John Rawls—a Harvard philosopher and self- identifying atheist—can be so divisive in a pluralistic culture that they subvert the stability of a society.

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with articles in Knowledge. Living persons in this list are people relevant to their notable activities or public life, and who have publicly identified themselves as atheists.

5174: 722: 2798:"Feuerbach's book received criticism from two quarters: expectedly from Christian theologians but surprisingly, from the atheists Max Stirner and Bruno Bauer." Van A. Harvey, 5733:

Although Schopenhauer was an atheist, he re- alized that his philosophy of denial had been part of several great religions; for example, Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism.

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Dennett recommends: "If the topic comes up, acknowledge you're an atheist. No big deal. Now let's talk about something interesting." "In Reason We Trust" advertisement,

3351:, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Winter, 1991), pp. 493-506 (p. 505), published by University of Pennsylvania Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic 424: 4604:

to Caterham...McTaggart denied that the truth of optimism required the truth of theism. As noted earlier, McTaggart was throughout his adult life an unwavering atheist.

3317:"Despite his atheism, Comte was concerned with moral regeneration and the establishment of a spiritual power." Mary Pickering, 'Auguste Comte and the Saint-Simonians', 5825: 1121:(1902–1983): American moral and social philosopher. He was the author of ten books and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in February 1983. His first book, 794:(6th or 7th century): One of the main contributors to logic in classical India, he developed a refutation of God's existence like many of his fellow Buddhist thinkers. 678:(1925–1995): French philosopher of the late 20th century. From the early 1960s until his death, Deleuze wrote many works on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art. 3153: 151: 189:(973–1057): Arab philosopher, poet, and writer who was known for attacking religious dogmas, advocating social justice and living an ascetic, vegan lifestyle 6225: 5641:

A more accurate statement might be that for a German – rather than a French or British writer of that time – Schopenhauer was an honest and open atheist.

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The Age of Voltaire: a History of Civilization in Western Europe from 1715 to 1756, with Special Emphasis on the Conflict between Religion and Philosophy

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R. Carnap: Intellectual Autobiography. in: P. A. Schilpp (editor): The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap. Cambridge University Press, La Salle (Illinois) 1963.

4181: 1417: 1397:(1802–1876): English writer and philosopher, renowned in her day as a controversial journalist, political economist, abolitionist and lifelong feminist. 3270: 5800: 354:(1908–1986): French author and existentialist philosopher. Beauvoir wrote novels and monographs on philosophy, politics, social issues and feminism. 5254:"Despite asserting that he had always loathed the family, both the one he was born into and the ones he had created, in the same year he published 3014: 3396: 6214:[Is God Necessary to Explain the World?–a debate between Jan Woleński and Jacek Wojtysiak]. 23 October 2014 – via www.youtube.com. 3661: 179:

philosopher, who argued dogma as antithetical to reason, miracles are fake, prophets are just magicians, and that the Paradise described by the

3794: 785: 6199: 5744:"Within Schopenhauer's vision of the world as Will, there is no God to be comprehended, and the world is conceived of as being meaningless." 5379: 5207: 4969: 4803: 4703: 4084: 3196: 2484: 1432: 5509:"He was so thoroughly an atheist that he rarely mentioned it, considering the topic of God to be beneath discussion. In his autobiography, 2424:. He is recognized in Poland as an atheist and has promoted the replacement of religion classes with philosophy classes in Polish schools. 2039: 88: 5978:, New Series, Vol. 47, No. 1 (1997), pp. 136-152 (p. 142), published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association 60: 2024: 230: 2417: 1661: 399:(1748–1832): English author, jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He is best known for his advocacy of utilitarianism. 6271: 6076: 6048: 5939: 5897: 5870: 5726: 5697: 5668: 5634: 5588: 5446: 5366: 5281: 5236: 5128: 5034: 5011:

student aged 21—met him for the first time, in Manchester, Prior announced: 'Mr Cresswell, isn't it a pity that God does not exist'.

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the central focus of his interests gradually shifted - helped by an occasional bout of atheism - from theology to ethics and logic.

4287:(1935) that this life was all there was, and that humankind should therefore make the best of it here on earth - a theory honed in 2573:(Aug 1996). ""Creating Phantoms": Zaki al-Arsuzi, the Alexandretta Crisis, and the Formation of Modern Arab Nationalism in Syria". 480:(1824–1899): German philosopher, physiologist and physician who became one of the exponents of 19th-century scientific materialism. 4841: 4525:"She became increasingly skeptical of religious beliefs, including her own liberal Unitarianism, and her avowal of atheism in the 2199:(1820–1903): English philosopher, biologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era. 4421: 3853: 3481: 2812: 2768: 2619: 4889: 1639: 2314:(4th to 5th century CE): Buddhist monk and philosopher who composed a series of arguments debunking the idea of a Creator God. 772:

whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. Dewey was an important early developer of the philosophy of

74: 6326: 4305: 2399: 2275: 2261: 2247:(lived around 300 BC): Philosopher of the Cyrenaic school who taught that the goal of life was to obtain joy and avoid grief. 45: 38: 2825: 385: 5909: 2064:

philosopher widely noted for contributions to the philosophy of language, the philosophy of mind, and to social philosophy.

4902: 2717: 1266: 669: 56: 4283:"As a philosopher he became a firm atheist and loud sceptic on issues of supernature and the afterlife. He concluded in 4030: 3224: 2713: 1808: 1447: 1376: 1129: 1249:(1902–1995): American socialist and humanist philosopher, and advocate of various left-wing and civil liberties causes. 6055:

Another example of the virtuous atheist given by La Mettrie is Lucilio Vanini, burned for atheism in Toulouse in 1619.

3728: 2721: 1913:(1740–1814): French aristocrat, revolutionary politician, philosopher, and writer, famous for his libertine sexuality. 1734: 1481: 1236: 1198: 209: 147: 4723: 1336: 1329: 4450:[The Kazimierz Łyszczyński Internet List of Atheists and Agnostics, of the Polish Society of Rationalists]. 4352: 1002:(1756–1836): English journalist, political philosopher and novelist. He is considered one of the first exponents of 6321: 6279: 4420:"(...) the writings of such atheistic post-modernists as (...) Jean-François Lyotard." Michael D. Waggoner (2011). 4126: 4105: 4039: 4025: 2736: 1969: 1344: 1104: 988: 895: 735: 471: 155: 5513:, Sartre recalled deciding at about age twelve that God does not exist, and hardly thinking about it thereafter." 3852:"(...) the writings of such atheistic post-modernists as (...) Michel Foucault (...)" Michael D. Waggoner (2011). 3781: 3480:"(...) the writings of such atheistic post-modernists as (...) Jacques Derrida (...)" Michael D. Waggoner (2011). 2824:"As an atheist, Baudrillard took no interest in Kierkegaard's theological work (...)" Jon Bartley Stewart (2011). 4113: 2767:"(...) the writings of such atheistic post-modernists as (...) Roland Barthes (...)" Michael D. Waggoner (2011). 2520:... Ibn ar-Rawandi wavered between a number of Islamic sects and then abandoned all of them in favour of atheism. 2364: 2278:, where he is Assistant Director of the recently established Centre for Philosophy and Phenomenology of Religion. 2009: 1544: 851: 611: 559:

who was active in central Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a leading member of the

487: 377: 5323: 3507: 2117: 1796: 1675: 957: 841: 428: 5423: 3959: 1840: 1306: 4178: 3818:"An exponent of the Idealist school developed by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Forberg is best known for his essay 2811:"(...) the writings of such atheistic post-modernists as Jean Baudrillard (...)" Michael D. Waggoner (2011). 1931:(1863–1952): Philosopher in the naturalist and pragmatist traditions who called himself a "Catholic atheist". 4768: 3343:"An atheist, he rejected the burden of original sin, and preached the fundamental 'moral goodness of man.'" 2234: 2071: 2001: 1746: 1667: 1300: 1179:

philosopher, psychologist, and critic who contributed to a variety of fields, including physics and theatre.

1040: 837: 582: 578: 34: 5660: 5654: 5147:(1997), Rachels argued for the nonexistence of God based on the impossibility of a being worthy of worship. 4568: 4434: 656:(1743–1794): French philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist who devised the concept of a 192: 5080: 4513: 3409: 2570: 2340: 2257: 1836: 1758: 1726: 1688: 1593: 1428: 1202: 1166: 1090: 967: 951: 882: 859: 717: 246: 81: 5808: 5302: 4741: 4682:

Yet Friedrich, after he had ascertained that La Mettrie had not renounced his atheism on his deathbed,...

1229:(1842–1921): Russian anarchist philosopher, revolutionary socialist and scientist who was an advocate of 4813: 3705: 2352: 2244: 1617: 1552: 1282: 1047: 1020: 781: 777: 617: 445: 348:(1929–2007): French sociologist, philosopher, cultural theorist, political commentator and photographer. 339: 3011: 2078: 463: 6212:"Czy Bóg jest potrzebny do wyjaśnienia świata? – debata między Janem Woleńskim i Jackiem Wojtysiakiem" 5144: 5959:

Kate Millett and Jean-Jacques Lebel: Sexual outlaws in the intermedia borderlands of art and politics

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Rabid atheist by age six. (His father, Boris, was too, but intensely studied great religious works.)

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Race for Citizenship: Black Orientalism and Asian Uplift from Pre-Emancipation to Neoliberal America

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Secular Utilitarianism: Social Science and the Critique of Religion in the Thought of Jeremy Bentham

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An atheist in a deeply Catholic country, he rejected Surrealism, Marxism and Existentialism in turn.

2046: 1972:", implies that humans must abandon traditional notions of having been designed by a divine creator. 1881: 1211:(6th century BC): Ancient Indian philosopher who is the first known proponent of Indian materialism. 5988: 3467: 3395:"Deleuze's atheist philosophy of immanence is an artistic (or creative) power at work on theology" 3037: 2662: 2421: 2348: 2238: 2035: 2028: 1852: 1570: 1563: 1325: 1272: 1214: 1051: 570: 5608: 5383: 5380:"Bertrand Russell Society Archives: Was Bertrand Russell An Atheist or Was He Really an Agnostic?" 5063:"Hilary Putnam, prolific Jewish-American thinker who revolutionized contemporary philosophy, dies" 3879: 6106: 6021: 5970:"Theodorus, the atheistic philosopher of Cyrene, appears in Athens during the Phalerean regime." 5479:, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Jul., 1974), pp. 199-217 (p. 205), published by The University of Chicago Press 5328: 5307: 4587: 4258: 4230: 3913: 3764: 3583: 2933: 2749: 2590: 2533: 2450: 2329: 2322: 2178: 1991: 1702: 1621: 1511: 1453: 1194: 1034: 595: 564: 512: 420: 351: 258:. Though he viewed the concept of God existing as meaningless, he described himself as an atheist 255: 234: 226: 6242: 3798: 2439: 2432: 1299:

99 BC – c. 55 BC): influential Roman philosopher and early proponent of atheism in 50 BC, wrote

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Herbert Spencer was an atheist who believed science was the only way to uncover true knowledge.

5931: 5120: 4877: 4291:(1949), which remains a classic in its genre." Jonathan Freedland, 'Obituary: Corliss Lamont', 3840: 3687: 3494: 6267: 6072: 6044: 5935: 5893: 5866: 5722: 5693: 5664: 5630: 5584: 5362: 5277: 5232: 5227:

Ronald J. Sider; Paul Charles Kemeny; Derek H. Davis; Clarke E. Cochran; Corwin Smidt (2009).

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The Popular Encyclopedia of Apologetics: Surveying the Evidence for the Truth of Christianity

4994: 4787: 4755: 3933:"John Gray interview: how an English academic become the world's pre-eminent prophet of doom" 2712:

I trust that my remaining an atheist will allay the anxieties of my fellow supporters of the

1275:(1941–2001): American philosopher. One of the writers of the second half of the 20th century. 6293: 5923: 5112: 4932: 4791: 4214: 4072: 4017: 3756: 3575: 2925: 2624: 2582: 2386: 2380: 2356: 1946: 1939: 1928: 1921: 1892: 1885: 1826: 1812: 1762: 1694: 1530: 1507: 1362: 1351:(On the Non-existence of God), who was condemned to death and brutally executed for atheism. 1340: 1055: 943: 936: 917: 910: 657: 620:(1828–1889): Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher, critic, and socialist. 544: 457: 412: 345: 328: 323: 316: 200: 132: 6067:

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz; Austin M. Farrer; E. M. Huggard (2010). Austin M. Farrer (ed.).

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Christopher J. Voparil; Richard J. Bernstein, eds. (2010). "Trotsky and the Wild Orchids".

4035: 3946: 1839:(1924–2006): French politician, journalist, author, prolific philosopher and member of the 6118: 5181: 4826: 4270: 4185: 4148: 3421: 3228: 3018: 2755: 2389: 2196: 2189: 2153: 1910: 1903: 1899: 1800: 1768: 1603: 1526:, cultural commentator, and essayist, who has written extensively on the juncture between 1467: 1318: 1261: 1226: 1030: 973: 932: 873: 830: 729: 681: 663: 402: 291: 242: 5656:

In Search of Schopenhauer's Cat: Arthur Schopenhauer's Quantum-Mystical Theory of Justice

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The Correspondence of Christian Gottfried Krause: A Music Lover in the Age of Sensibility

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Davison, Scott A. (2007). "Reviewed Work: The Non-Existence of God by Nicholas Everitt".

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Bentham was an atheist and in no sense of the word could he be described as a theologian.

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who was found, on his death, to have written a book-length philosophical essay, entitled

823: 5532: 2318: 1895:(1872–1970): British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, and social critic. 1107:(1715–71): French philosopher whose ethical and social views helped shape the school of 150:

and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by

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Ludwig Wittgenstein - a Cultural Point of View: Philosophy in the Darkness of This Time

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Marxist-Leninist 'Scientific Atheism' and the Study of Religion and Atheism in the USSR

2344: 2293: 2286: 2250: 2226: 2222: 2096: 2050: 1987: 1980: 1953: 1870: 1588: 1256: 1246: 1151: 1112: 1108: 1079: 1065: 1061: 1044: 1003: 999: 992: 801: 710: 703: 685: 675: 588: 438: 434: 396: 389: 338:(1809–1882): German philosopher, theologian and historian, the first propounder of the 305: 265: 261: 172: 3839:"If I were not a total atheist, I would be a monk...a good monk." David Macey (2004). 3508:

Jacques Derrida On ‘Atheism’ and ‘Belief’ (excerpt from an interview in Toronto, 2002)

3378: 2799: 1935: 6315: 5924: 5164:, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, October 2005 (accessed May 2, 2008). 5113: 3768: 2608: 2594: 2413: 2267: 2254: 2170: 2139: 2121: 2103: 1995: 1846: 1772: 1752: 1740: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1520: 1220: 1144: 818: 769: 635: 628: 560: 552: 483: 416: 357: 308:(1915–1980): French literary theorist, philosopher, linguist, critic and semiotician. 283: 219: 186: 5774: 5029:. Donald M. Borchert (2nd ed.). Detroit: Thomson Gale/Macmillan Reference USA. 2865:"Antinatalism – should we let humanity go extinct? David Benatar vs Bruce Blackshaw" 6305: 4496: 3425: 2395: 2129: 2089: 2082: 1866: 1708: 1610: 1516: 1463: 1354: 1286: 1278: 1182: 1094: 947: 765: 739: 530: 372: 361: 332:, and his writings explored areas relating to philosophy, mysticism, and eroticism. 279: 238: 6150: 4313: 3726:

Rice, Hugh (2005). "Reviewed Work: The Non-Existence of God by Nicholas Everitt".

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James E. Crimmins (1986). "Bentham on Religion: Atheism and the Secular Society".

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