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is the study of viruses that existed in the past but are now extinct. In general, viruses cannot leave behind physical fossils, therefore indirect evidence is used to reconstruct the past. For example, viruses can cause evolution of their hosts, and the signatures of that evolution can be found and
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Although there is no formal classification system for EVEs, they are categorised according to the taxonomy of their viral origin. Indeed, all known viral genome types and replication strategies, as defined by the
43:, or ERVs, and most viral fossils are ERVs. They may preserve genetic code from millions of years ago, hence the "fossil" terminology, although no one has detected a virus in mineral
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or NIRVs. Unlike other types of viral fossils, NIRV formation requires borrowing the integration machinery that is coded by the host genome or by a co-infecting retrovirus.
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Successful attempts to "resurrect" extinct viruses from the DNA fossils have been reported. In addition,
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interpreted in the present day. Also, some viral genetic fragments which were integrated into
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NIRV: Viral fossils originating from non-retroviral RNA viruses have been termed
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Yong, Ed (3 March 2014). "Giant virus resurrected from 69,000-year-old ice".
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507:"The evolution of novel fungal genes from non-retroviral RNA viruses"
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639:"Ancient "Fossil" Virus Shows Infection to Be Millions of Years Old"
419:"Endogenous viruses: Connecting recent and ancient viral evolution"
47:. The most surprising viral fossils originate from non-retroviral
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cells of an ancient organism have been passed down to our time as
609:"Heritable endogenization of an RNA virus in a mammalian species"
558:"Taming of the shrewd: novel eukaryotic genes from RNA viruses"
204:"Virus Silicification under Simulated Hot Spring Conditions"
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Katzourakis, Aris; Gifford, Robert J. (18 November 2010).
264:"Paleovirology – Modern Consequences of Ancient Viruses"
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Other viral fossils originate from DNA viruses such as
35:(EVEs). EVEs that originate from the integration of
713:"30,000-year-old giant virus 'comes back to life'"
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456:"Endogenous Viral Elements in Animal Genomes"
317:"Endogenous Viral Elements in Animal Genomes"
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454:Aris Katzourakis, Robert J. Gifford (2010).
417:Pakorn Aiewsakun, Aris Katzourakis (2015).
368:"The discovery of endogenous retroviruses"
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658:"How to Resurrect an Extinct Retrovirus"
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202:Laidler, J.R.; Stedman, K.M. (2010).
92:Non-retroviral Integrated RNA Viruses
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120:was revived from a 30,000-year-old
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505:Taylor, D. J.; J. Bruenn (2009).
262:Emerman, M.; Malik, H.S. (2010).
163:Invertebrate iridescent virus 31
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473:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001191
334:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001191
283:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000301
16:The study of ancient viruses
432:10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.011
86:Human Endogenous Retrovirus
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741:Subfields of paleontology
687:10.1038/nature.2014.14801
625:10.1101/2020.01.19.911933
366:Weiss, RA (Oct 3, 2006).
33:endogenous viral elements
74:Endogenous viral element
66:Baltimore classification
641:, by Katherine Harmon,
157:Insertional mutagenesis
102:(a group that includes
41:endogenous retroviruses
524:10.1186/1741-7007-7-88
385:10.1186/1742-4690-3-67
575:10.1186/1741-7007-8-2
228:10.1089/ast.2010.0463
147:Endogenous retrovirus
80:Endogenous retrovirus
607:Lida, Atsuo (2020).
184:Viral eukaryogenesis
152:Human Genome Project
117:Pithovirus sibericum
663:Scientific American
644:Scientific American
556:Koonin, E. (2010).
220:2010AsBio..10..569L
648:September 29, 2010
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142:Ancient DNA
104:hepatitis B
59:Terminology
53:RNA viruses
730:Categories
460:PLOS Genet
190:References
132:, Russia.
126:permafrost
736:Virology
717:BBC News
695:87146458
594:20067611
543:20021636
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441:25771486
423:J. Virol
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236:20735248
136:See also
122:ice core
25:germline
616:bioRxiv
585:2823675
534:2805616
483:2987831
395:1617120
344:2987831
293:2817711
244:7274625
216:Bibcode
130:Siberia
45:fossils
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679:Nature
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232:PMID
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