Knowledge (XXG)

Pant-hoot

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common, there is a fluidity in the production of loud vocalizations and pant-hooting within these individuals to reduce the potential for conflict. Chimps are observed to either reduce the production of these loud, long-distance pant-hoots when approaching the periphery in an attempt to avoid detection and attacks by hostile conspecifics, or they will display increased levels of pant-hooting in an attempt to display dominance and the strength of the territorial defence of their party, to induce the retreat of rival individuals. Subsequently, some chimpanzees inhabiting areas subject to high hunting pressures by humans will modify the production of pant-hoots in an attempt to remain undetected. In areas where humans are prevalent and the risks associated with hunting are high, chimps will reduce the production of loud, pant-hoots to make it difficult to be located by hunters. However, some individuals will still produce territorial hooting in the face of rival populations, regardless of the threats imposed by humans. Individuals also modify call production temporally, by increasing pant-hooting behaviours in the early morning and late night hours when human activity slows and the risk of being hunted is reduced. When located in areas where human impacts are reduced and hunting is less prevalent, chimpanzees will produce loud vocalizations and pant-hoots at a level which is considered to be normally expected.
103:, non-vocal displays and the support of a member during conflicts with conspecifics. The display of these behaviours between two male chimpanzees or an entire group suggest that these individuals are highly affiliated with strong social bonds. The production of pant-hoots between members is also reflective upon this observation, in which individuals are more likely to engage in chorusing behaviours with their long-term affiliative social partners, as opposed to other neutral males in which they are not affiliated. However, male chimpanzees have been found to occasionally chorus with neutral males in situations where their preferred social partner is unavailable, forming short-term social bonds, and essentially displaying the three behaviours indicative of social bonding; grooming, support and non-vocal displays during days when they pant-hoot chorus with these neutral males. This illustrates how joint pant-hoot chorusing can facilitate the formation of social bonding activities between male chimpanzees. The establishment of this bond can be indicated to each member of the party as the joint chorus and response to the initial caller illustrates the commitment and attention that the correspondent has devoted to the caller, and subsequently, the formation of the social bond between them. 191:
However, when engaging in chorusing behaviours with other males, each participant displays call convergence, in which the calls of each individual resemble the other, in the formation of a group-specific call. The learning of these group-specific calls provides a method for rapid identification of members within the same affiliative group, allowing for an increased benefit when engaging in intraspecies conflicts, allowing members to distinguish their allies from their opponents. The production of group-specific calls demonstrate the variability in the structure of chimpanzee pant-hoots as these behaviours and specific calls are a learned mechanism to distinguish neighbouring populations from one another, as each population maintains modifications to their pant-hoots in relation to the next, illustrating the structural diversity of the pant-hoot with respect to vocal learning.
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partners, as opposed to the very specific call they produce when pant-hooting individually. Males will also modify the structure of their calls to facilitate this chorusing behaviour and social bonding phenomenon. It has been observed that male chimps will prolong the production of the build-up phase to increase the likelihood of another individual joining in and ultimately forming a chorus. Additionally, once the chorus has been formed, the climax phase of the chorus is extended in length to increase the effectiveness of the display and the strength of the bond between the chorusing partners. The modifications to the duration of the build-up and climax phrases of the pant-hoot structure illustrate a mechanism for increasing the probability and efficient formation and maintenance of social parties and chorusing groups of chimpanzees.
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proximity to one another, this pant-hooting is reduced, as opposed to situations in which members are temporarily spatially separated and constantly travelling. In travelling situations, pant-hoots are used to assist in the maintenance of the group's connection, and awareness of the whereabouts of each of their affiliative partners. In addition, when individuals are in complete absence and isolation of their social partners, pant-hoot production is significantly reduced, and upon reuniting within certain spatial boundaries, pant-hooting and communication between the partners resume.
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travelling sound. These obstructions increase the possibility of refraction and scattering of the sound waves, therefore increasing the rate of attenuation and decreasing the effectiveness of the calls. To counteract these effects, individuals living within a forest habitat will produce slower, low frequency calls, which slow the rate of attenuation and reduce the risk of degradation of the pant-hoot, in comparison to individuals living in open areas and fields, where the need for this structural modification is reduced.
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duration, and structure of pant-hoot phrases amongst these geographically separated populations. In addition to genetic differentiation between geographically isolated populations, habitat conditions increasingly differ with increasing geographic separation. In turn, structural differences in the pant-hoot are observed based upon habitat differentiation within populations. Pant-hoots are used as a form of long-distance communication between members of chimp parties, therefore, sound
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of pant-hooting in chimps vary based upon their individual dominance rank within a party. There are also levels of variation observed within the structure and expression of pant-hoot calls within this range of circumstances, which serve to separate populations, social parties and individuals from one another, allowing coherence between the members in all situations, as well as the establishment of individual identities among each chimp.
111:, providing temporary support and protection while separated from their long-term partners. In the formation of long-term bonds, members of a chimpanzee party will display their pant-hoot chorusing behaviour as an indication of their socially affiliative strength to third-party males, suggesting their support of one another, combined dominance and the overall strength of their territorial defence. 20: 208:
between members, equivalently increasing the displayed coalition, strength and essentially dominance of each individual in the socially affiliated group. Increasing the display of strength and dominance increases the attraction of mates, and ultimately fitness, resulting in the selection of these dominant males with increased production of pant-hoots rather than lower-ranking males.
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with these modifications being easily identified by researchers, experts and other human listeners. These structural differences may be attributed to behavioural contexts, genetic differences between members of different populations due to geographic separation, and consequently, varying habitat conditions and learning based upon experience (vocal learning).
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for high levels of call production, as this indicates the high quality and dominance of the calling individual to conspecifics and prospective mates. The production of pant-hoots are related to the formation of social status as calling facilitates the formation of strong social bonds and affiliations
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differences of their call. Therefore, pant-hoots can be produced to indicate locational changes of specific members, with calls being produced before and after travelling, to announce their new relative spatial position to other members of their affiliative party. When members remain in close spatial
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Chimpanzees have been observed to modify the structure of their pant-hoot based upon the behavioural situations in which they are in. For example, during pant-hoot chorusing behaviour, males will modify the structure of their calls to essentially become more similar to the calls of their affiliative
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between members while travelling, often listening to the distant calls made by other chimpanzees and responding to them. Also, pant-hoots are used to identify and distinguish between members of a social group, as each individual upholds some variation in their specific calls. Additionally, the level
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Modifications of the structural composition of the pant-hoot between populations may also be explained by genetic differentiation and habitat composition of populations based upon geographical separation. The greater distance there is between populations, there is a reduced possibility of migration
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Finally, the variable structure of chimpanzee pant-hoots amongst populations may be attributable to experience, based on the theory of vocal learning. Chimpanzees possess specific individual characteristics of their pant-hoots as a mechanism for recognition by other members of their social groups.
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and converge, increasing similarity between the two groups. With increased geographic separation, and therefore increased distance and reduced gene flow, populations will become genetically divergent from one another and increasingly differentiated, supporting the observation of differences in the
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The general structure of chimpanzee pant-hoots (introduction, build-up, climax and let-down) can be variable between populations, including instances of additions/removals of certain phrases, changes in the duration of each phrase and the rearrangement of the general sequential pattern of phrases,
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benefits brought upon by the social affiliation with other chimpanzees. Social bonds can be identified by the reciprocal grooming and support during intraspecific conflicts, and these affiliative behaviours can be announced in the face of third-party males by the production of pant-hoot choruses
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These loud, long-distance vocalizations are produced for numerous purposes in a variety of different circumstances and situations. Pant-hoot chorusing can be used to aid in the formation of social groups or parties amongst male chimpanzees, and used to display the dominance and strength of their
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Chimps will also alter the production of calls based on the situational circumstances of their location. In areas where chimps are at a high risk of attack by rival individuals, such as crossing the territorial boundaries of conspecifics where acts of aggression and life-threatening battles are
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is an important consideration in the production of these calls. Individuals living in forest ecosystems must modify the structure of their pant-hoot to reduce the effects of degradation and attenuation on the transmission of their call due to the high number trees obstructing the pathway of the
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benefit in the establishment of higher dominance rankings, therefore increasing their reproductive success, and essentially overall fitness. This in turn illustrates the adaptive benefit of spatial communication and contact with allies that sustain the highest potential for contributing fitness
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The modifications and variability observed within the chimpanzee pant-hoots can be attributed to differences in the structure and the production of these vocalizations. Structural differences in the pant hoot have been observed with respect to behavioural context, such as in the production of
50:. The call is generally divided into four distinct, successive phases: introduction, build-up, climax and let-down. This introductory phase begins with soft, breathy, low-frequency 'hoo's' that transition into the build-up phase; a series of increasingly rapid, low-frequency in-and-out 70:
to indicate the location of abundant resources and when joining and greeting other members of their social group. Calls are produced to indicate the spatial location of the individuals in a party, facilitating the maintenance and unity of the social group by providing a means of
54:. Following the build-up phase, the call quickly builds into the climax, consisting of loud, high-frequency screams that eventually slow into the let-down phase, similar in structure to the build-up, but with decreasing amplitude and pace until the call is complete. 138:
which demonstrate their dominance and strength as a group. Dominance rank among male chimpanzees is tied hand-in-hand with mating and reproductive success, therefore, the maintenance of the social group and the affiliation with other individuals brings an
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The formation of social groups among male chimpanzees can be beneficial in both short-term and long-term scenarios. The formation of short-term social bonds between males in absence of their preferred social partner can serve as an alternate mechanism for
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Chimpanzees tend to alter the production and duration of pant-hoots based upon their dominance rank with respect to other individuals and the locational risk and human influences associated with the production of these loud, long-distance vocalizations.
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Following the formation of social bonds and parties within chimpanzee populations, these social affiliations are thought to be maintained by the production of pant-hoot calls upon the spatial separation of the group, serving as a means of
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adult males predominantly and more frequently emitting the pant-hoot. The pant-hoot is most often produced jointly with other males, in a complementary behaviour known as chorusing, as opposed to producing the calls individually.
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and contact between members. Each specific member in a party can be identified by their pant-hoot by other members of their social group and by other populations based on variation in the structure and
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Pant-hoot chorusing in chimpanzees is a facilitative method of social bonding between males in a population and can be indicative of the level of affiliation between members in a
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Wilson, Michael L.; Hauser, Marc D.; Wrangham, Richard W. (2007). "Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Modify Grouping and Vocal Behaviour in Response to Location-Specific Risk".
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Impact of humans on long-distance communication behaviour of eastern chimpanzees (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the northern Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Fedurek, Pawel; Machanda, Zarin P.; Schel, Anne M.; Slocombe, Katie E. (2013-07-01). "Pant hoot chorusing and social bonds in male chimpanzees".
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High-ranking, dominant males produce longer and more frequent pant-hoots than individuals of a lower social status. This may be attributed to
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chorusing, habitat composition and genetic differentiation with respect to geographic separation and differences based upon experience and
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Mitani, John C.; Nishida, Toshisada (1993-04-01). "Contexts and social correlates of long-distance calling by male chimpanzees".
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Grunting is made in situations like feeding and greeting. Submissive individuals make "pant-grunts" towards their superiors.
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Pant-hoot made by an adult male chimpanzee, effectively demonstrating the introduction, build-up, climax and let-down phases.
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Chimpanzee grooming, a reciprocal behaviour commonly associated with the formation of social bonds between individuals.
242:"Trade-offs in the production of animal vocal sequences: insights from the structure of wild chimpanzee pant hoots" 701: 542: 691: 674:
Phrase structure of wild chimpanzee pant hoots: Patterns of production and interpopulation variability
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A social affiliation between male chimpanzees can be recognized by observable behaviours such as
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Spatial contact between members of a chimpanzee party may be maintained to uphold the
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Social and ecological correlates of long-distance pant hoot calls in male chimpanzees
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between populations. Migration in turn causes the genetic makeup of populations to
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Both male and female chimpanzees produce these unique vocalizations, with
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Wild Chimpanzees Produce Group-Specific Calls: a Case for Vocal Learning?
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party to conspecifics. Pant-hoots are also produced upon the arrival of
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The acoustic structure of chimpanzee pant-hooting facilitates chorusing
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Geographic variation in the calls of wild chimpanzees: A reassessment
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Crockford, C., Herbinger, I., Vigilant, L. and Boesch, C. (2004),
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Fedurek, Pawel; Zuberbühler, Klaus; Semple, Stuart (2017-11-06).
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Hicks, T. C., Roessingh, P., & Menken, S. B. J. (2013).
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Fedurek, P., Donnellan, E., & Slocombe, K. E. (2014).
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Fedurek, P., Schel, A. M., & Slocombe, K. E. (2013).
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Fedurek, P., Zuberbühler, K., & Dahl, C. D. (2016).
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Mitani, J.C., Hunley, K.L. and Murdoch, M.E. (1999),
299:Sequential information in a great ape utterance 303:Scientific Reports (Nature Publisher Group), 6 8: 559:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGoodall1986 ( 497: 267: 257: 588:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 67 554: 443:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 68 232: 616: 668: 666: 664: 662: 644: 642: 640: 638: 636: 634: 632: 630: 614: 612: 610: 608: 606: 604: 602: 600: 598: 596: 537: 535: 533: 531: 529: 527: 525: 471: 377: 375: 373: 371: 7: 578: 576: 574: 572: 570: 469: 467: 465: 463: 461: 459: 457: 455: 453: 451: 433: 431: 429: 427: 425: 423: 421: 369: 367: 365: 363: 361: 359: 357: 355: 353: 351: 315: 313: 311: 293: 291: 289: 287: 14: 42:is a loud, structurally complex 143:benefits to the overall group. 16:Type of chimpanzee vocalization 1: 396:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.05.010 83:Social bonding (affiliation) 718: 334:10.1163/156853907782512137 259:10.1186/s12983-017-0235-8 654:Folia Primatologica, 84 672:Arcadi, A. C. (1996), 490:10.1006/anbe.1993.1088 147:Variation/modification 92: 35: 24: 115:Spatial communication 90: 33: 23:Chimpanzee vocalizing 22: 246:Frontiers in Zoology 101:reciprocal grooming 93: 36: 25: 328:(12): 1621–1653. 173:and consequently 31: 709: 702:Primate behavior 677: 670: 657: 646: 625: 618: 591: 590:(11), 1781-1789. 580: 565: 564: 552: 546: 539: 520: 519: 501: 478:Animal Behaviour 473: 446: 435: 416: 415: 384:Animal Behaviour 379: 346: 345: 317: 306: 295: 282: 281: 271: 261: 237: 222:Dominance signal 205:sexual selection 32: 717: 716: 712: 711: 710: 708: 707: 706: 682: 681: 680: 671: 660: 647: 628: 619: 594: 581: 568: 558: 553: 549: 540: 523: 475: 474: 449: 445:(8), 1345-1355. 436: 419: 381: 380: 349: 319: 318: 309: 296: 285: 239: 238: 234: 230: 218: 197: 162: 149: 117: 85: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 715: 713: 705: 704: 699: 694: 684: 683: 679: 678: 658: 656:(3-5), 135-56. 626: 592: 566: 557:, p. 129. 547: 521: 484:(4): 735–746. 447: 417: 390:(1): 189–196. 347: 307: 283: 231: 229: 226: 225: 224: 217: 214: 196: 193: 161: 158: 154:vocal learning 148: 145: 116: 113: 84: 81: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 714: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 692:Animal sounds 690: 689: 687: 675: 669: 667: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 645: 643: 641: 639: 637: 635: 633: 631: 627: 623: 617: 615: 613: 611: 609: 607: 605: 603: 601: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 579: 577: 575: 573: 571: 567: 562: 556: 551: 548: 544: 538: 536: 534: 532: 530: 528: 526: 522: 517: 513: 509: 505: 500: 499:2027.42/30892 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 472: 470: 468: 466: 464: 462: 460: 458: 456: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 434: 432: 430: 428: 426: 424: 422: 418: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 378: 376: 374: 372: 370: 368: 366: 364: 362: 360: 358: 356: 354: 352: 348: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 316: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 294: 292: 290: 288: 284: 279: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 251: 247: 243: 236: 233: 227: 223: 220: 219: 215: 213: 209: 206: 201: 194: 192: 188: 185: 180: 176: 170: 166: 159: 157: 155: 146: 144: 141: 136: 131: 128: 123: 122:communication 114: 112: 110: 104: 102: 98: 89: 82: 80: 77: 74: 73:communication 69: 63: 60: 55: 53: 49: 45: 41: 21: 653: 587: 555:Goodall 1986 550: 481: 477: 442: 387: 383: 325: 321: 302: 249: 245: 235: 210: 202: 198: 189: 171: 167: 163: 150: 132: 118: 105: 94: 78: 64: 59:high-ranking 56: 44:vocalization 39: 37: 697:Chimpanzees 184:attenuation 68:fruit trees 48:chimpanzees 686:Categories 228:References 195:Production 179:homogenize 508:0003-3472 404:0003-3472 322:Behaviour 175:gene flow 160:Structure 127:dialectal 109:coalition 40:pant-hoot 516:53165632 412:53149158 305:, 38226. 278:29142585 216:See also 140:adaptive 342:4536536 269:5674848 135:fitness 514:  506:  410:  402:  340:  276:  266:  252:: 50. 97:party. 512:S2CID 408:S2CID 338:JSTOR 52:pants 561:help 504:ISSN 400:ISSN 274:PMID 38:The 494:hdl 486:doi 392:doi 330:doi 326:144 264:PMC 254:doi 46:of 688:: 661:^ 652:. 629:^ 595:^ 586:. 569:^ 524:^ 510:. 502:. 492:. 482:45 480:. 450:^ 441:. 420:^ 406:. 398:. 388:86 386:. 350:^ 336:. 324:. 310:^ 301:. 286:^ 272:. 262:. 250:14 248:. 244:. 563:) 518:. 496:: 488:: 414:. 394:: 344:. 332:: 280:. 256::

Index


vocalization
chimpanzees
pants
high-ranking
fruit trees
communication

party.
reciprocal grooming
coalition
communication
dialectal
fitness
adaptive
vocal learning
gene flow
homogenize
attenuation
sexual selection
Dominance signal
"Trade-offs in the production of animal vocal sequences: insights from the structure of wild chimpanzee pant hoots"
doi
10.1186/s12983-017-0235-8
PMC
5674848
PMID
29142585

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