2916:
at ICPC 2009 (Binkley et al.) that used a timed response test method to acquire data. The use of eye-tracking equipment gives additional insight and overcomes some limitations of traditional data gathering techniques. Similarities and differences between the two studies are discussed. One main difference is that subjects were trained mainly in the underscore style and were all programmers. While results indicate no difference in accuracy between the two styles, subjects recognize identifiers in the underscore style more quickly.
3975:
33:
1018:("-") to be used between words of compound identifiers, as in "END-OF-FILE": Lisp because it worked well with prefix notation (a Lisp parser would not treat a hyphen in the middle of a symbol as a subtraction operator) and COBOL because its operators were individual English words. This convention remains in use in these languages, and is also common in program names entered on a
1472:"parseDBMXML") or when the standard mandates lower camel case but the name begins with an abbreviation (e.g. "SQL server" would become "sQLServer"). For this reason, some programmers prefer to treat abbreviations as if they were words and write "oldHtmlFile", "parseDbmXml" or "sqlServer". However, this can make it harder to recognize that a given word is intended as an acronym.
864:
1617:(underscored identifiers) to camel case found that camel case identifiers were recognized with higher accuracy among all subjects. Subjects recognized snake case identifiers more quickly than camel case identifiers. Training in camel case sped up camel case recognition and slowed snake case recognition, although this effect involved coefficients with high
1621:. The study also conducted a subjective survey and found that non-programmers either preferred underscores or had no preference, and 38% of programmers trained in camel case stated a preference for underscores. However, these preferences had no statistical correlation to accuracy or speed when controlling for other variables.
2856:
The experiment builds on past work of others who study how readers of natural language perform such tasks. Results indicate that camel casing leads to higher accuracy among all subjects regardless of training, and those trained in camel casing are able to recognize identifiers in the camel case style
1471:
that are already in uppercase, such as "old HTML file". By analogy with the title case rules, the natural camel case rendering would have the abbreviation all in uppercase, namely "oldHTMLFile". However, this approach is problematic when two acronyms occur together (e.g., "parse DBM XML" would become
2915:
An empirical study to determine if identifier-naming conventions (i.e., camelCase and under_score) affect code comprehension is presented. An eye tracker is used to capture quantitative data from human subjects during an experiment. The intent of this study is to replicate a previous study published
1624:
A 2010 follow-up study used a similar study design with 15 subjects consisting of expert programmers trained primarily in snake case. It used a static rather than animated stimulus and found perfect accuracy in both styles except for one incorrect camel case response. Subjects recognized identifiers
2741:
In terms of camel-cased identifiers, this has a greater impact on identifiers that include short words and especially acronyms. For example, consider the acronym ID found in the identifier kIOuterIIDPath. Because of the run of uppercase letters, the task of reading kIOuterIIDPath, in particular the
278:
by Avi
Rappoport. The earliest use of the name "Camel Case" occurs in 1995, in a post by Newton Love. Love has since said, "With the advent of programming languages having these sorts of constructs, the humpiness of the style made me call it HumpyCase at first, before I settled on CamelCase. I had
1033:(1958), which used the hyphen as an infix subtraction operator. FORTRAN ignored blanks altogether, so programmers could use embedded spaces in variable names. However, this feature was not very useful since the early versions of the language restricted identifiers to no more than six characters.
153:
only for lower camel case, designating Pascal case for the upper camel case. Some programming styles prefer camel case with the first letter capitalized, others not. For clarity, this article leaves the definition of camel case ambiguous with respect to capitalization, and uses the more specific
1094:
computer. This machine lacked an underscore key (whose place was taken by a left arrow "â"), and the hyphen and space characters were not permitted in identifiers, leaving camel case as the only viable scheme for readable multiword names. The PARC Mesa
Language Manual (1979) included a coding
1563:
languages cannot easily handle file names that contain embedded spaces (usually requiring the name to be put in quotes). Therefore, users of those systems often resort to camel case (or underscores, hyphens and other "safe" characters) for compound file names like
1578:
that limit the number of characters in a message are potential outlets for medial capitals. Using camel case between words reduces the number of spaces, and thus the number of characters, in a given message, allowing more content to fit into the limited space.
1475:
Difficulties arise when identifiers have different meaning depending only on the case, as can occur with mathematical functions or trademarks. In this situation changing the case of an identifier might not be an option and an alternative name need be chosen.
720:
in 1813. To replace the multitude of naming and symbol conventions used by chemists until that time, he proposed to indicate each chemical element by a symbol of one or two letters, the first one being capitalized. The capitalization allowed formulas like
1463:
for programming, for example, specifies that a lowercase abbreviation for the "usage type" (not data type) should prefix all variable names, with the remainder of the name in upper camel case; as such it is a form of lower camel case.
1114:
language, which was developed originally on the Alto, also uses camel case instead of underscores. This language became quite popular in the early 1980s, and thus may also have been instrumental in spreading the style outside PARC.
646:, a contraction of National Novel Writing Month and the designation for both the annual event and the nonprofit organization that runs it. In German, the names of statutes are abbreviated using embedded capitals, e.g. StGB for
1629:
for camel-case was significantly higher than that of snake case for 3-part identifiers. The survey recorded a mixture of preferred identifier styles but again there was no correlation of preferred style to accuracy or speed.
474:, camel case is sometimes used for place names so that readers can more easily pick out the different parts of the name. For example, places like Beijing (ćäșŹ), Qinhuangdao (秊çćČ), and Daxing'anling (性ć
ŽćźćČ) can be written as
1086:, one version of which uses the lowercase letter(s) at the start of a (capitalized) variable name to denote its type. One account claims that the camel case style first became popular at Xerox PARC around 1978, with the
292:
The use of medial capitals as a convention in the regular spelling of everyday texts is rare, but is used in some languages as a solution to particular problems which arise when two words or segments are combined.
2032:
Iverson, Cheryl; Christiansen, Stacy; Flanagin, Annette; Fontanarosa, Phil B.; Glass, Richard M.; Gregoline, Brenda; Lurie, Stephen J.; Meyer, Harriet S.; Winker, Margaret A.; Young, Rozanne K., eds. (2007).
1126:
for predefined identifiers. User defined identifiers should start with a lower case letter. This avoids the conflict between predefined and user defined identifiers both today and in all future versions.
1625:
in snake case more quickly than camel case. The study used eye-tracking equipment and found that the difference in speed for its subjects was primarily due to the fact that average duration of
1138:
Whatever its origins in the computing field, the convention was used in the names of computer companies and their commercial brands, since the late 1970s â a trend that continues to this day:
2493:
638:
Medial capitals are traditionally used in abbreviations to reflect the capitalization that the words would have when written out in full, for example in the academic titles PhD or
3560:
1583:, especially long ones, often use camel case to maintain readability (e.g. #CollegeStudentProblems is easier to read than #collegestudentproblems); this practice improves
1888:
695:
Camel case is often used to transliterate initialisms into alphabets where two letters may be required to represent a single character of the original alphabet, e.g.,
2781:
2616:
1953:
3934:
1304:
In 1998, Dave Yost suggested that chemists use medial capitals to aid readability of long chemical names, e.g. write AmidoPhosphoRibosylTransferase instead of
2977:
2063:
932:. The precise origin of the convention in computer programming has not yet been settled. A 1954 conference proceedings occasionally informally referred to
2015:
1420:
Style guidelines often distinguish between upper and lower camel case, typically specifying which variety should be used for specific kinds of entities:
716:
The first systematic and widespread use of medial capitals for technical purposes was the notation for chemical formulas invented by the
Swedish chemist
296:
In
Italian, pronouns can be suffixed to verbs, and because the honorific form of second-person pronouns is capitalized, this can produce a sentence like
1223:
In the 1980s and 1990s, after the advent of the personal computer exposed hacker culture to the world, camel case then became fashionable for corporate
570:
In the scholarly transliteration of languages written in other scripts, medial capitals are used in similar situations. For example, in transliterated
1040:
character sets of the time were uppercase only and lacked other special characters. It was only in the late 1960s that the widespread adoption of the
2500:
673:
2795:
4019:
2085:
732:" for unconfirmed or unknown elements and abbreviations for some common substituents (especially in the field of organic chemistry, for instance "
1417:) this practice is recommended by the language developers or by authoritative manuals and has therefore become part of the language's "culture".
2385:
Essay on the Cause of
Chemical Proportions and on Some Circumstances Relating to Them: Together with a Short and Easy Method of Expressing Them
2896:
2046:
1780:
1753:
1726:
1984:"[#APF-1088] If class name has embedded capitals, AppGen code fails UI tests and generated hyperlinks are incorrect. â AppFuse JIRA"
1095:
standard with specific rules for upper and lower camel case that was strictly followed by the Mesa libraries and the Alto operating system.
3004:
1529:
2423:
1743:
1545:
1232:
134:
refer to a joined phrase where the first letter of each word is capitalized, including the initial letter of the first word. Similarly,
2321:
191:
interspersed with lowercase letters (sometimes with the first letter capitalized). A combination of snake and camel case (identifiers
2631:
494:. Writing word compounds only by the initial letter of each character is also acceptable in some cases, so Beijing can be written as
2592:
2431:
925:
907:
1532:
camel case for linking. Some wikis that do not use camel case linking may still use the camel case as a naming convention, such as
2494:""Resume of Session 8". Digital Computers: Advanced Coding Techniques. Summer Session 1954, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"
2822:
1770:
1665:
1610:
Camel case has been criticized as negatively impacting readability due to the removal of spaces and uppercasing of every word.
1384:
945:
921:
104:
1885:
1305:
874:
796:
3929:
2195:
1398:
1100:
1065:
253:
219:
1068:). However, some languages and programmers chose to avoid underscoresâamong other reasons to prevent confusing them with
3814:
3776:
1433:
1082:
in the 1970s and later oversaw the creation of
Microsoft's Office suite of applications, invented and taught the use of
667:
1983:
4004:
3960:
3029:
1437:
1421:
1406:
1394:
1087:
1007:
393:
279:
been calling it CamelCase for years. ... The citation above was just the first time I had used the name on USENET."
3540:
2869:
Bonita Sharif; Jonathan I. Maletic (2010). "An Eye
Tracking Study on camelCase and under_score Identifier Styles".
2071:
957:
2252:
3186:
2910:
1864:
1575:
1429:
505:
In
English, medial capitals are usually only found in Scottish or Irish "Mac-" or "Mc-" names, where for example
244:
71:
words. The format indicates the first word starting with either case, then the following words having an initial
430:
3944:
3761:
3432:
3369:
3074:
2997:
2012:
1468:
1425:
1260:
1053:
889:
1520:
to disable it. Knowledge formerly used camel case linking as well, but switched to explicit link markup using
1311:
Camel case is sometimes used for abbreviated names of certain neighborhoods, e.g. New York City neighborhoods
3999:
2380:
2355:
2275:
1445:
885:
717:
679:
607:
2447:
1716:
3389:
3112:
2874:
2845:
2730:
2570:
2316:. Duden (in German). Vol. 9 (7th ed.). Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut. 2011. p. 418.
1556:
1270:
434:
513:
are common spelling variants of the same name, and in Anglo-Norman "Fitz-" names, where for example both
3864:
3364:
3359:
3272:
3259:
3092:
2799:
2341:
1060:
are still prevalent in C programs and libraries (as well as in later languages influenced by C, such as
535:
2093:
526:
2345:
329:("female students") are intended simultaneously. However, mid-word capitalization does not conform to
274:
The earliest known occurrence of the term "InterCaps" on Usenet is in an April 1990 post to the group
4014:
3656:
3297:
3151:
2700:
2525:
2389:
1449:
1069:
941:
929:
36:
Camel case is named after the "hump" of its protruding capital letter, similar to the hump of common
2879:
2850:
2840:
Dave
Binkley; Marcia Davis; Dawn Lawrie; Christopher Morrell (2009). "To CamelCase or Under_score".
2735:
2725:
Dave
Binkley; Marcia Davis; Dawn Lawrie; Christopher Morrell (2009). "To CamelCase or Under_score".
2681:
4009:
3978:
3939:
3852:
3746:
3601:
3579:
3569:
3437:
3044:
3034:
2990:
2956:
2575:
2337:
1965:
1517:
639:
531:
426:
418:
1969:
3902:
3829:
3809:
3799:
3771:
3741:
3701:
3328:
3191:
3176:
3117:
3107:
2902:
2610:
2598:
2402:
2260:
1961:
1799:
1460:
1264:
1083:
834:
810:
785:
591:
491:
330:
169:, which uses capitals to emphasize the differences between similar-looking product names such as
165:
2945:
2167:
2657:
3847:
3766:
3721:
3651:
3122:
2892:
2588:
2427:
2317:
2067:
2042:
1896:
1776:
1749:
1722:
1626:
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make use of it in the default settings, but usually also provide a configuration mechanism or
422:
349:
3733:
3686:
3525:
3472:
3333:
3143:
2884:
2580:
2541:
2256:
2115:
1957:
1645:
1595:
1119:
980:
603:
583:
468:
2755:
The Knowledge Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia
1821:
971:
cannot be used in most programming languages because the spaces between the words would be
682:). In this context, there can even be three or more camel case capitals, e.g. in TzBfG for
352:, camel case is used when an inflectional prefix is attached to a proper noun, for example
3869:
3756:
3751:
3671:
3639:
3530:
3267:
3069:
2019:
1892:
1521:
1493:
1191:
1075:
722:
649:
571:
406:
3824:
688:(Act on Part-Time and Limited Term Occupations). In French, camel case acronyms such as
240:
3874:
3819:
3696:
3499:
3323:
3277:
3211:
3181:
3049:
2035:
1650:
1599:
1278:
1171:
761:
441:
68:
1025:
However, this solution was not adequate for mathematically oriented languages such as
562:). However, they described the system as "too hopelessly contrary to use at present".
3993:
3666:
3634:
3624:
3504:
2687:
2468:
1670:
1588:
1584:
1571:
1497:
1351:
rket). Such usages erode quickly, so the neighborhoods are now typically rendered as
1096:
822:
728:
Berzelius' system continues to be used, augmented with three-letter symbols such as "
539:
414:
2940:
2906:
3924:
3804:
3691:
3676:
3646:
3606:
3589:
3343:
3313:
3287:
3196:
3039:
3021:
2602:
2567:
Proceedings of the third ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages
1560:
1393:
guidelines of many organizations or software projects. For some languages (such as
1390:
1211:
1037:
1019:
846:
446:
177:
112:
948:(1965), shows a program that includes some medial capital identifiers, including "
920:
In the 1970s and 1980s, medial capitals were adopted as a standard or alternative
2972:
3919:
3914:
3907:
3897:
3711:
3661:
3616:
3556:
3520:
3491:
3479:
3459:
3282:
3234:
3102:
2562:
1501:
1453:
1286:
1282:
1197:
1165:
1123:
937:
816:
775:
771:
753:
733:
338:
120:
48:
2203:
1227:
in non-computer fields as well. Mainstream usage was well established by 1990:
145:) requires an initial lowercase letter. Some people and organizations, notably
107:
in computer programming. It is also sometimes used in online usernames such as
3892:
3706:
3596:
3449:
3442:
3419:
3374:
3338:
3292:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3013:
2978:
Demystifying Common Casings in Programming: What They Are and When to Use Them
1936:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1660:
1614:
1505:
1441:
1290:
1245:
1224:
1205:
1185:
1161:
1143:
1091:
1079:
1045:
840:
779:
752:
Since the early 20th century, medial capitals have occasionally been used for
737:
729:
615:
188:
183:
171:
159:
2546:
2529:
1130:
C# variable names are recommended to follow the lower camel case convention.
590:, the "r" stands for a prefix glyph in the original script that functions as
3384:
3379:
3156:
3084:
2584:
2086:"What is the name for a word containing two capital letters (like WordPad)?"
1991:
1675:
1655:
1552:
data elements use upper camel case and XML attributes use lower camel case.
1525:
1410:
1253:
1238:
1201:
1111:
976:
804:
643:
259:
146:
140:
72:
67:) is the practice of writing phrases without spaces or punctuation and with
2967:
2962:
2842:
IEEE 17th International Conference on Program Comprehension, 2009. ICPC '09
2727:
IEEE 17th International Conference on Program Comprehension, 2009. ICPC '09
1718:
The Grammar Devotional: Daily Tips for Successful Writing from Grammar Girl
1103:, came to appreciate camel case during a sabbatical at PARC and used it in
1056:, promptly adopted underscores as word separators, and identifiers such as
32:
17:
2313:
Richtiges und gutes Deutsch: Das Wörterbuch der sprachlichen ZweifelsfÀlle
1366:
Internal capitalization has also been used for other technical codes like
3857:
3716:
3535:
3408:
3394:
3219:
3171:
2888:
1909:
1640:
1485:
1181:
1177:
1155:
1149:
1030:
828:
700:
623:
611:
313:
3681:
3467:
3318:
3229:
3161:
3097:
2950:
2359:
1695:
1618:
1580:
1533:
1298:
1026:
741:
627:
460:
1504:, and can be activated in most other wikis. Some wiki engines such as
1389:
The use of medial caps for compound identifiers is recommended by the
725:" to be written without spaces and still be parsed without ambiguity.
3584:
3201:
2959:, by Kevin Larson, Advanced Reading Technology, Microsoft Corporation
1513:
1402:
1104:
1015:
972:
689:
543:
471:
359:
196:
2141:
2064:"The Brief New Century Handbook â Rules for internal capitalization"
892:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2936:
1843:
963:
Multiple-word descriptive identifiers with embedded spaces such as
163:, which capitalizes all words but retains the spaces between them;
3427:
3166:
3134:
2225:
2172:
1041:
1011:
37:
31:
991:
is difficult to understand and possibly misleading; for example,
3783:
3629:
3574:
2871:
2010 IEEE 18th International Conference on Program Comprehension
1509:
1489:
1414:
1367:
1294:
1061:
736:" for "ethyl-"). This has been further extended to describe the
696:
266:
2986:
2349:
2041:(10th ed.). Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press.
1772:
Dreyer's English: An Utterly Correct Guide to Clarity and Style
692:(1960) were favored for a time as alternatives to initialisms.
2973:
Convert text to CamelCase, Title Case, Uppercase and lowercase
2968:
OASIS Cover Pages: CamelCase for Naming XML-Related Components
2276:"I'm happy again! â comp.os.os2.advocacy | Google Groups"
1745:
Understanding and Teaching English Spelling: A Strategic Guide
1549:
933:
857:
2982:
1602:. By omitting spaces, camel case does not have this problem.
2116:"Brad Abrams: History around Pascal Casing and Camel Casing"
2299:
490:
with the number of capital letters equaling the number of
2930:
1940:
960:
language, of which Strachey was one of the designers of)
308:
1289:", etc.) became quite common, giving rise to names like
337:; the previous example could be correctly written using
2168:"NET Framework General Reference Capitalization Styles"
1488:
for terms that should be automatically linked to other
881:
594:
marker rather than a normal letter. Another example is
538:
suggested that medial capitals could be used in triple
2946:.NET Framework General Reference Capitalization Styles
2393:
2, 443-454, 3, 51-52; (1814) 93-106, 244-255, 353-364.
983:. The alternative of running the words together as in
123:, an ancestor of Knowledge, is written in camel case.
760:
DryIce Corporation (1925) marketed the solid form of
218:
CapitalizedWords or CapWords for upper camel case in
1281:
of the late 1990s, the lowercase prefixes "e" (for "
3953:
3885:
3838:
3792:
3732:
3615:
3555:
3513:
3490:
3458:
3418:
3407:
3352:
3306:
3258:
3210:
3142:
3133:
3083:
3020:
2782:"Accessible Use of CamelCase and Structuring Posts"
1591:recognize CamelCase in parsing composite hashtags.
2034:
157:Camel case is distinct from several other styles:
2742:identification of the word ID, is more difficult.
2448:"Mister Rogers Neighborhood Season 1 (Episode 4)"
995:is an English word (able to be charted), whereas
606:term for the capping stone of the characteristic
546:would cause ambiguityâthe examples they give are
458:are capitalized, for example in the country name
2857:faster than identifiers in the underscore style.
768:) as "Dry Ice", thus leading to its common name.
405:This convention is also used by several written
1118:Upper camel case (or "Pascal case") is used in
1052:universally available. Some languages, notably
300:("I have not found time to answer you" â where
212:camelBack (or camel-back) notation or CamelCaps
1775:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 228.
1524:and many other wiki sites have done the same.
1492:pages. This convention was originally used in
1467:Programming identifiers often need to contain
1448:, etc. These rules are sometimes supported by
3935:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
2998:
1721:. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 14.
1598:as "%20", making the address longer and less
1014:(1959), addressed this problem by allowing a
956:" (This was most likely the influence of the
345:, analogous to "congress(wo)men" in English.
27:Writing words with internal uppercase letters
8:
3477:
1800:"Capitalization Styles - .NET Framework 1.1"
1285:") and "i" (for "Internet", "information", "
1214:(the first web browser), later renamed Nexus
683:
671:
661:
655:
647:
788:(1962), retail stores, later renamed Shopko
578:means "the Hebrew person" or "the Jew" and
397:
387:
381:
375:
369:
363:
353:
252:PascalCase for upper camel case (after the
233:InterCaps or intercapping (abbreviation of
207:The practice has various names, including:
3415:
3139:
3005:
2991:
2983:
2615:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2569:. Hopl III. San Diego. pp. 3-1â3-10.
1044:character set made both lowercase and the
1006:Some early programming languages, notably
630:distinct from the one transcribed as "i".
265:WikiWord or WikiCase (especially in older
3961:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
2878:
2849:
2734:
2574:
2545:
1932:
1930:
908:Learn how and when to remove this message
831:(1972), formerly Grammophon-Philips Group
2933:, further reading on usage with examples
2405:& Herbert S. Klickstein, eds. 1952,
1794:
1792:
1273:, merger of Price Waterhouse and Coopers
249:mixedCase for lower camel case in Python
2796:"Social Media Accessibility Guidelines"
1707:
1613:A 2009 study of 135 subjects comparing
115:more legible, for example in promoting
2757:(New York: Hyperion, 2009), pp. 57â58.
2608:
2062:Hult, Christine A.; Huckin, Thomas N.
756:names and product trademarks, such as
626:) is not actually capital, denoting a
298:non ho trovato il tempo di risponderLe
2407:A Source Book in Chemistry, 1400-1900
1308:. This usage was not widely adopted.
674:Gesellschaft mit beschrÀnkter Haftung
307:In German, the medial capital letter
7:
2499:. 1954. pp. 8â6. Archived from
227:Embedded caps (or embedded capitals)
2658:"Grads Want to Study on EMacs, Too"
2424:United States Trademark Association
2346:"Chapter IV. Punctuation â Hyphens"
1715:Fogarty, Mignon (27 October 2009).
813:(1971), formerly Consolidated Mills
321:("students") to indicate that both
317:, is sometimes used in a word like
283:Traditional use in natural language
2530:"A General Purpose Macrogenerator"
2092:. Internet Archive. Archived from
2022:, by Nannette Thacker (05/01/1999)
1886:C# Coding Standards and Guidelines
1769:Dreyer, Benjamin (4 August 2020).
819:(1968), a sports boat manufacturer
25:
2937:Examples and history of CamelCase
2780:Blackwood, Jessica; Brown, Kate.
2274:Newton Love (12 September 1995).
1742:Brown, Adam (21 September 2018).
1107:, his next programming language.
1072:âand adopted camel case instead.
1036:Exacerbating the problem, common
3974:
3973:
2931:Camel Case Guide & Converter
2821:Caleb Crain (23 November 2009).
1865:"Ada 95 Quality and Style Guide"
1339:nal Street) and San Francisco's
862:
803:ChemGrass (1965), later renamed
670:), or the very common GmbH, for
444:, when capitalizing the digraph
230:HumpBack (or hump-back) notation
103:. Camel case is often used as a
75:letter. Common examples include
2957:The Science of Word Recognition
2656:Farhad Manjoo (30 April 2002).
2251:Rappoport, Avi (3 April 1990).
1748:. Routledge. pp. 173â174.
1666:Naming convention (programming)
1385:Naming convention (programming)
1134:Computer companies and products
707:History of modern technical use
685:Teilzeit- und Befristungsgesetz
602:, a Latin transcription of the
4020:Metaphors referring to animals
2632:"Declare variables - Training"
1952:Feldman, Ian (29 March 1990).
1306:amidophosphoribosyltransferase
843:(1979), formerly Master Charge
396:, a hyphen has been inserted:
374:("the Scottish person"), from
1:
3930:History of Western typography
1867:. October 1995. Section 3.1.3
1122:in computer algebraic system
524:In their English style guide
333:apart from proper names like
3777:traditional point-size names
2953:, by Bill Walsh, at The Slot
1594:In website URLs, spaces are
794:, the TV series also called
668:Federal Constitutional Court
3030:Canons of page construction
1937:Style Guide for Python Code
1910:"CamelCase@Everything2.com"
1484:Camel case is used in some
888:the claims made and adding
797:Mister Rogers' Neighborhood
744:and other similar domains.
642:. A more recent example is
530:, first published in 1906,
502:and Daxing'anling as DXAL.
394:Scottish Gaelic orthography
254:Pascal programming language
4036:
2941:WordsSmashedTogetherLikeSo
2873:. IEEE. pp. 196â205.
1576:social networking services
1382:
1374:Current usage in computing
1219:Spread to mainstream usage
654:(Criminal Code), PatG for
417:") and several indigenous
3969:
3187:Subscript and superscript
2963:Convert text to CamelCase
2701:"Google Java Style Guide"
1088:Mesa programming language
660:(Patent Act), BVerfG for
608:Medieval defensive towers
582:means "in Jerusalem". In
380:("Scottish person"); and
245:Oxford English Dictionary
111:, and to make multi-word
3945:Vox-ATypI classification
3075:Intentionally blank page
2768:The Knowledge Revolution
2409:(Cambridge, MA: Harvard)
1469:acronyms and initialisms
792:MisteRogers Neighborhood
663:Bundesverfassungsgericht
195:) is recommended in the
126:The more specific terms
2585:10.1145/1238844.1238847
2420:The Trade-mark Reporter
1970:3230@draken.nada.kth.se
1557:command-line interfaces
1548:registry requires that
748:Early use in trademarks
680:private limited company
392:("Ireland"). In recent
235:Internal Capitalization
215:camel case or CamelCase
203:Variations and synonyms
3478:
2683:Feedback, 20 June 1998
2561:Niklaus Wirth (2007).
2547:10.1093/comjnl/8.3.225
2261:alt.folklore.computers
2013:ASP Naming Conventions
1962:alt.folklore.computers
1379:Programming and coding
1271:PricewaterhouseCoopers
684:
672:
662:
656:
648:
435:Oto-Manguean languages
398:
388:
382:
376:
370:
364:
354:
325:("male students") and
276:alt.folklore.computers
154:terms when necessary.
41:
2951:What's in a nAME(cq)?
2563:"Modula-2 and Oberon"
2526:Strachey, Christopher
2473:unitedhealthgroup.com
1899:College of Technology
1891:11 April 2008 at the
1486:wiki markup languages
940:system as "SpeedCo".
930:programming languages
386:("to Ireland"), from
243:, recommended by the
117:EasyWidgetCompany.com
35:
3815:Typographic features
2889:10.1109/ICPC.2010.41
2823:"Against Camel Case"
2390:Annals of Philosophy
2381:Jöns Jacob Berzelius
2018:8 April 2009 at the
1822:"Naming Conventions"
942:Christopher Strachey
854:Computer programming
782:movie formats (1953)
560:Anglo-South American
507:MacDonald, McDonald,
288:In word combinations
63:or more formally as
47:(sometimes stylized
3940:Technical lettering
3839:Typography in other
3580:Hanging punctuation
2636:learn.microsoft.com
2506:on 29 February 2012
2362:on 31 December 2009
2148:. 27 September 2012
2037:AMA Manual of Style
1606:Readability studies
1301:software platform.
566:In transliterations
556:Anglo-SouthAmerican
419:languages of Mexico
4005:Naming conventions
3903:Handwriting script
3830:Desktop publishing
3800:Character encoding
3793:Digital typography
3307:Horizontal aspects
3260:Visual distinction
3118:Widows and orphans
2802:on 12 October 2022
2403:Henry M. Leicester
2351:The King's English
2342:Fowler, Francis G.
2176:. 17 November 2006
2096:on 25 October 2008
1988:Issues.appfuse.org
1802:. 17 November 2006
1461:Hungarian notation
1323:uston Street) and
1099:, the inventor of
1090:developed for the
1084:Hungarian Notation
873:possibly contains
586:proper names like
527:The King's English
498:, Qinghuangdao as
492:Chinese characters
450:, both the letter
331:German orthography
166:Tall Man lettering
42:
3987:
3986:
3734:Typographic units
3652:For position only
3551:
3550:
3403:
3402:
2898:978-1-4244-7604-6
2844:. IEEE: 158â167.
2729:. IEEE: 158â167.
2280:Groups.google.com
2232:. 8 February 2010
2122:. 3 February 2004
2068:Pearson Education
2048:978-0-19-517633-9
1897:Purdue University
1782:978-0-8129-8571-9
1755:978-1-351-62186-1
1728:978-1-4299-6440-1
1452:tools that check
999:means a table of
922:naming convention
918:
917:
910:
875:original research
835:United HealthCare
712:Chemical formulas
304:means "to you").
193:Written_Like_This
105:naming convention
16:(Redirected from
4027:
3977:
3976:
3954:Related template
3886:Related articles
3687:Phototypesetting
3541:reverse-contrast
3526:Display typeface
3483:
3460:Blackletter type
3416:
3353:Vertical aspects
3334:Sentence spacing
3144:Typeface anatomy
3140:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2984:
2919:
2918:
2882:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2853:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2798:. Archived from
2792:
2786:
2785:
2777:
2771:
2770:, pp. 62â63, 67.
2764:
2758:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2705:google.github.io
2697:
2691:
2686:Vol 158 No 2139
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2606:
2578:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2534:Computer Journal
2528:(October 1965).
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2484:
2483:
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2416:
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2400:
2394:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2358:. Archived from
2354:(2nd ed.).
2338:Fowler, Henry W.
2334:
2328:
2327:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
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2265:
2264:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2202:. Archived from
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
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2138:
2132:
2131:
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2112:
2106:
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2101:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2074:on 7 April 2012.
2070:. Archived from
2059:
2053:
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2040:
2029:
2023:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1990:. Archived from
1980:
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1646:Alternating caps
1567:
1530:does not support
1480:Wiki link markup
1120:Wolfram Language
1078:, who worked at
1059:
1051:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
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951:
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906:
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890:inline citations
866:
865:
858:
687:
677:
665:
659:
653:
634:In abbreviations
621:
599:
401:
391:
385:
379:
373:
367:
357:
136:lower camel case
132:upper camel case
59:, also known as
21:
4035:
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4030:
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4028:
4026:
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3990:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3965:
3949:
3881:
3841:writing systems
3840:
3834:
3788:
3728:
3672:Microtypography
3611:
3547:
3509:
3486:
3454:
3411:classifications
3410:
3399:
3348:
3302:
3268:Blackboard bold
3254:
3206:
3129:
3079:
3070:Recto and verso
3016:
3011:
2927:
2922:
2899:
2880:10.1.1.421.6137
2868:
2867:
2863:
2851:10.1.1.158.9499
2839:
2838:
2834:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2778:
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2752:
2748:
2736:10.1.1.158.9499
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2268:
2253:"compoundNames"
2250:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2206:on 19 June 2010
2194:
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2099:
2097:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2020:Wayback Machine
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1994:on 25 June 2017
1982:
1981:
1977:
1954:"compoundNames"
1951:
1950:
1946:
1935:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1914:Everything2.com
1908:
1907:
1903:
1893:Wayback Machine
1884:
1880:
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1714:
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1709:
1705:
1700:
1636:
1608:
1596:percent-encoded
1566:MyJobResume.pdf
1565:
1542:
1528:, for example,
1522:square brackets
1494:Ward Cunningham
1482:
1456:for adherence.
1450:static analysis
1387:
1381:
1376:
1221:
1136:
1076:Charles Simonyi
1057:
1049:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
968:
964:
953:
949:
924:for multi-word
914:
903:
897:
894:
879:
867:
863:
856:
767:
750:
718:Jacob Berzelius
714:
709:
650:Strafgesetzbuch
636:
619:
597:
568:
454:and the letter
407:Bantu languages
290:
285:
277:
272:
241:medial capitals
205:
149:, use the term
138:(also known as
65:medial capitals
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4033:
4031:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
4000:Capitalization
3992:
3991:
3985:
3984:
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3889:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3875:National Fonts
3867:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3835:
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3827:
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3820:Web typography
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3697:Reversing type
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2827:New York Times
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2576:10.1.1.91.1447
2553:
2540:(3): 225â241.
2517:
2485:
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2329:
2323:978-3411040971
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2187:
2159:
2133:
2120:Blogs.msdn.com
2107:
2077:
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2024:
2005:
1975:
1944:
1941:www.python.org
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1651:Capitalization
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1637:
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1632:
1607:
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1600:human readable
1589:screen readers
1541:
1538:
1481:
1478:
1383:Main article:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1279:dot-com bubble
1275:
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1249:
1241:
1235:
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618:; the letter "
580:b'Yerushalayim
567:
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552:King Mark-like
540:compound words
399:an t-Albannach
343:Student(inn)en
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869:
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464:("Iceland").
463:
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415:Zulu language
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224:compoundNames
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199:style guide.
198:
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50:
49:autologically
46:
39:
34:
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3925:Type foundry
3762:Metric units
3692:Punchcutting
3677:Movable type
3647:Font catalog
3607:Vertical bar
3344:Word spacing
3314:Figure space
3224:
3197:Text figures
3040:Even working
2914:
2911:download PDF
2870:
2864:
2855:
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2816:
2804:. Retrieved
2800:the original
2790:
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2767:
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2754:
2753:Andrew Lih,
2749:
2740:
2726:
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2704:
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2690:20 June 1998
2682:
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2665:. Retrieved
2661:
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2639:. Retrieved
2635:
2630:wwlpublish.
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2488:
2476:. Retrieved
2472:
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2451:. Retrieved
2442:
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2364:. Retrieved
2360:the original
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2279:
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2229:
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2208:. Retrieved
2204:the original
2199:
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2178:. Retrieved
2171:
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2150:. Retrieved
2145:
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2119:
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2094:the original
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1992:the original
1987:
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1947:
1917:. Retrieved
1913:
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1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1844:"Camel Case"
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1816:
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1391:coding style
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1038:punched card
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1020:command line
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944:'s paper on
919:
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847:SportsCenter
795:
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657:Patentgesetz
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579:
575:
569:
559:
558:(as against
555:
551:
550:(as against
547:
536:F. G. Fowler
525:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
504:
499:
495:
487:
486:respectively
484:DaXingAnLing
483:
480:QinHuangDao,
479:
475:
466:
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455:
451:
445:
439:
410:
404:
371:an tAlbanach
368:("Galway");
347:
342:
334:
327:Studentinnen
326:
322:
319:StudentInnen
318:
312:
306:
301:
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295:
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234:
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192:
182:
178:predniSOLONE
176:
170:
164:
158:
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139:
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131:
127:
125:
116:
113:domain names
108:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
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76:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
43:
29:
4015:Source code
3920:Type design
3915:Style guide
3908:Calligraphy
3898:Handwriting
3712:Type design
3662:Lorem ipsum
3657:Letterpress
3617:Typesetting
3557:Punctuation
3521:Record type
3492:Gaelic type
3480:Schwabacher
3370:Body height
3235:Letter case
3103:Line length
2366:19 December
2300:Newton Love
2226:"Wiki Case"
1502:WikiWikiWeb
1454:source code
1442:subroutines
1287:intelligent
1277:During the
1225:trade names
1198:ClarisWorks
1166:WordPerfect
1124:Mathematica
1058:end_of_file
1029:(1955) and
1010:(1958) and
965:end of file
954:WriteSymbol
938:Speedcoding
928:in several
926:identifiers
817:MasterCraft
776:VistaVision
772:CinemaScope
521:are found.
433:, and some
355:i nGaillimh
339:parentheses
189:underscores
128:Pascal case
121:WikiWikiWeb
119:. In fact,
69:capitalized
18:Pascal Case
4010:Typography
3994:Categories
3893:Penmanship
3865:East Asian
3707:Type color
3640:monospaced
3597:Interpunct
3590:minus sign
3514:Specialist
3450:Sans-serif
3443:slab serif
3420:Roman type
3375:Cap height
3339:Thin space
3298:Whitespace
3250:Title case
3245:Snake case
3240:Small caps
3225:Camel case
3157:Diacritics
3065:Pull quote
3060:Pagination
3055:Paper size
3014:Typography
2806:12 October
2710:2 November
2196:"WikiWord"
1871:25 January
1828:5 December
1806:5 December
1703:References
1691:Title case
1686:Snake case
1681:Small caps
1661:Kebab case
1615:snake case
1540:Other uses
1506:TiddlyWiki
1434:procedures
1283:electronic
1246:EastEnders
1206:PowerPoint
1186:PostScript
1162:MicroProse
1144:CompuServe
1092:Xerox Alto
1080:Xerox PARC
1070:whitespace
1048:character
1046:underscore
977:delimiters
969:char table
882:improve it
841:MasterCard
780:widescreen
738:amino acid
616:Ingushetia
519:Fitzgerald
515:FitzGerald
431:MixeâZoque
383:go hĂirinn
184:snake case
172:predniSONE
160:title case
151:camel case
81:PowerPoint
61:camel caps
45:Camel case
3390:Overshoot
3385:Mean line
3380:Descender
3293:Underline
3135:Character
3113:Runaround
3093:Alignment
3085:Paragraph
2875:CiteSeerX
2846:CiteSeerX
2731:CiteSeerX
2662:Wired.com
2641:29 August
2611:cite book
2571:CiteSeerX
2510:4 January
2257:Newsgroup
2200:Twiki.org
2180:4 January
2152:4 January
2126:4 January
2090:AskOxford
1958:Newsgroup
1676:Shift key
1656:Caps lock
1627:fixations
1561:scripting
1526:MediaWiki
1438:functions
1422:variables
1411:Microsoft
1254:SpaceCamp
1239:BellSouth
1202:HyperCard
1192:PageMaker
1112:Smalltalk
997:charTable
993:chartable
989:chartable
985:endoffile
886:verifying
805:AstroTurf
754:corporate
644:NaNoWriMo
511:Macdonald
427:Totonacan
362:"), from
323:Studenten
311:, called
260:Smalltalk
147:Microsoft
141:dromedary
109:JohnSmith
101:LaGuardia
73:uppercase
57:CamelCase
53:camelCase
3979:Category
3858:PT Fonts
3853:Cyrillic
3717:Typeface
3635:computer
3536:fat face
3409:Typeface
3395:x-height
3365:Baseline
3360:Ascender
3220:All caps
3182:Rotation
3177:Ligature
3172:Ink trap
2907:14170019
2426:. 1930.
2383:(1813).
2344:(1908).
2016:Archived
1889:Archived
1849:10 March
1641:All caps
1634:See also
1619:p-values
1581:Hashtags
1370:(1983).
1297:and the
1233:EchoStar
1182:MacWorks
1178:LaserJet
1156:VisiCalc
1150:WordStar
979:between
898:May 2011
829:PolyGram
778:, rival
742:proteins
701:Cyrillic
624:palochka
612:Chechnya
588:rLobsang
377:Albanach
365:Gaillimh
335:McDonald
314:Binnen-I
3805:Hinting
3682:Pangram
3500:Insular
3473:Rotunda
3468:Fraktur
3433:Antiqua
3319:Kerning
3288:Oblique
3283:Italics
3230:Initial
3162:Dingbat
3152:Counter
3098:Leading
2939:, also
2603:1918928
2453:21 June
2259::
2100:12 June
1966:Usenet:
1960::
1824:. Scala
1696:Unicase
1534:AboutUs
1430:methods
1357:Tribeca
1347:uth of
1325:TriBeCa
1319:uth of
1269:(1998)
1259:(1990)
1251:(1986)
1243:(1985)
1237:(1984)
1231:(1980)
1210:(1990)
1196:(1987)
1190:(1985)
1176:(1984)
1172:NetWare
1170:(1983)
1160:(1982)
1154:(1979)
1148:(1978)
1142:(1977)
1027:FORTRAN
952:" and "
880:Please
811:ConAgra
628:phoneme
604:Chechen
584:Tibetan
544:hyphens
476:BeiJing
469:Chinese
461:IJsland
423:Nahuatl
411:isiZulu
77:YouTube
3848:Arabic
3747:Cicero
3585:Hyphen
3570:Bullet
3531:script
3505:Uncial
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