1488:
1496:
599:, to transform Golkar and turn it into an electoral machine. Under Murtopo, and with Suharto's supervision, Golkar was turned from a federation of NGOs into a political party. Under Suharto, Golkar continued to portray itself as a non-ideological entity, without favoritism or political agendas. It promised to focus on "economic development" and "stability" rather than a specific ideological goal. Golkar also began identifying itself with the government, encouraging civil servants to vote for it as a sign of loyalty to the government.
680:(PPP). These two parties were nominally permitted to contest the reign of Golkar. In practice, however, Golkar permitted only a semblance of competition. Elections were "exercises in controlled aggression", and were ritualized performances of "choice", in which local authorities were to obey directives about Golkar's electoral results in their area. A system of rewards, punishments, and violence meted out by thugs helped to guarantee cooperation across the archipelago, and the perpetual reelection of Golkar.
1194:
1169:
1144:
1119:
1094:
568:), namely Soksi, Kosgoro (Union of Mutual Cooperation Multifunction Organizations), MKGR (Mutual Assistance Families Association), Gerakan Karya Rakyat (People's Working Movement), Ormas Hankam (Defense and Security Mass Organizations), Professi (professional organizations), and Gerakan Pembangunan (Development Movement). The Joint Secretariat was one of those organisations moblized against the PKI in the aftermath of the failure of the
3608:
1210:
strategies in the vision comprise developing
Indonesia from the villages, strengthening the role of the state, quality economic growth, equalizing incomes, ensuring even development in all areas, quality education and healthcare, strengthening communities, sustained economic development, upholding the law and human rights, industrial development based on technology, and revitalization of agriculture and trade.
4916:
2307:
642:
4905:
64:
2075:
2036:
1991:
1952:
1915:
1876:
1837:
1798:
1759:
1722:
1683:
1646:
588:(MPR) as Indonesia's second president. Because of his military background, Suharto was not affiliated with any political parties. Suharto had never expressed much interest in party politics. However, if he were to be elected for a second term as president, he needed to align himself with a political party. Originally, Suharto had shown interest in aligning with the
742:. Golkar won 20% of the votes and was the runner-up in the legislative elections. Despite losing these elections Golkar was still able to secure the Tanjung's election as Head of the DPR. October 1999 would see the MPR assemble for its General Session during which a president and a vice president would be elected. It was widely expected that Golkar would support
4895:
564:), and used this as the core of an Armed Forces-led Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups, or Sekber Golkar, which was officially established on 20 October 1964. By 1968 there were almost 250 organisations under the Sekber umbrella. On 22 November 1969 they were organized into seven main organizations, or Kino (
950:, regarding the dualism of party management. The decision was taken at a deliberation meeting of the Jakarta PTTUN panel of judges. With the reading of the PTUN decision, the management of the Golongan Karya Party which was later recognized by the court was the result of the Bali National Conference led by
1474:
These three factions worked closely together to gain consensus and in the case of nominating a presidential candidate it was the heads of these three factions who went to inform the candidate (which until 1998 was
Suharto) that he had just been nominated as Golkar's presidential candidate. The three
945:
which legalized the management of the
Golongan Karya Party in the Agung Laksono camp. On July 10 2015, the four judges who heard the case, namely Arif Nurdu'a, Didik Andy Prastowo, Nurnaeni Manurung and Diah Yulidar decided to reject the lawsuit filed by the General Chair of the Golongan Karya Party
714:
emerged as the new chairman of Golkar after beating Army
General Edi Sudrajat. It was the first time that a Golkar chairman was elected democratically rather than appointed by the chairman of the executive board. Under Akbar, the executive board was abolished and replaced by an advisory board which
879:
On 19 December 2004, Kalla became the new Golkar chairman with over 50% of the votes. Akbar, who had expected to win a second term as Golkar chairman, was defeated with 30% of the votes. Agung and Surya, who
Yudhoyono and Kalla had backed earlier, became the party vice chairman and the chairman of
746:
in his bid for a second term as president. Before
Habibie could be nominated, however, he was required to deliver an accountability speech: a report delivered by the President to the MPR at the end of his term. The MPR would not ratify the accountability speech and it was revealed that some Golkar
602:
Murtopo claimed that workers were a functional group, which by rights ought to be subsumed under Golkar: "thus all unions were united into a single body answerable to the state. The population was no longer there to be mobilised by political parties, rather, the people were the 'floating mass', or
875:
This was a widely controversial move. Up to that point, Yudhoyono had not let members of his administration hold a concurrent position in political parties to prevent the possible abuse of power. There were also complaints by
Wiranto who claimed that some months earlier, Yudhoyono had promised to
710:, Golkar quickly sought to adapt and reform itself. In July 1998, a Special National Congress was held to elect the next chairman of Golkar. The congress was dogged by protests by both pro-Suharto and anti-Suharto groups. Suharto himself did not come to the congress. In the contest that followed,
617:
The 1971 legislative election was a success for Golkar and
Suharto. Strengthened by his re-election, Suharto quickly began tightening his grip on Golkar. Control was increased in October 1973 with the implementation of a less democratic and more centralized system headed by a chairman. In October
871:
to become Golkar chairman. When Agung was perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono and Kalla threw their weight behind Surya Paloh. Finally, when Paloh was perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono gave the green light for Kalla to run for the Golkar
Chairmanship.
1209:
Under chairman
Aburizal Bakrie, the party has produced a blueprint known as "Vision Indonesia 2045: A Prosperous Nation" with the aim of making Indonesia a developed nation by the centenary of the country's independence in 2045. The plan comprises three stages each lasting a decade. The key
850:
led a group of Golkar members in defecting and threw their support behind Yudhoyono and Kalla. At the Presidential Run-Off in September 2004, Yudhoyono emerged victorious over Megawati to become Indonesia's 6th president. Yusuf Kalla, who had gone his own way back in April 2004, became vice
1213:
The first decade would lay the foundations for a developed nation, the second would accelerate development and the final decade would see Indonesia become a developed nation. Each stage would have targets for indicators such as economic growth, GDP, and levels of unemployment and poverty.
791:
By 2004, the reformist sentiments that had led PDI-P to victory in the 1999 legislative elections had died down. Many Indonesians were disappointed with what Reformasi had achieved thus far and were also disillusioned with Megawati's presidency, enabling Golkar to emerge victorious in the
1470:) faction: Consisted of Golkar members who were neither armed forces service personnel nor the bureaucracy. This faction was headed by the Golkar Chairman and was commonly known as the G faction. Its composition was made up of members of the other organizations that are part of the party.
769:, a Golkar member who held position as Minister of Industries and Trade was sacked from his position. When Golkar inquired as to why this was done, Wahid alleged it was because of corruption. In July 2001, Golkar, along with its Central Axis allies, held an MPR Special Session to
683:
After the 1977 and 1997 legislative elections, there were claims of electoral fraud launched by the party, who together with Golkar were the only legal political parties after 1973. There were also claims of Golkar members intimidating the electorate to vote for Golkar.
799:
Unlike the other political parties who had one person as their presidential candidate from the start, Golkar had five. In April 2004, Golkar held a national convention to decide who would become Golkar's candidate for president. These five were Akbar Tanjung, General
2865:, p. 46: "Moreover, Indonesia has now three pivotal center parties — parties that are deeply rooted in the political center and against whose combined strength it would be difficult to govern. These are PDIP, Golkar, and Partai Demokrat (Democratic Party, PD)."
863:
had only won 7% in the legislative elections and even combined with other parties who had aligned themselves with the new government, they still had to contend with the legislative muscle of Golkar and PDI-P who now intended to play the role of opposition.
669:). Golkar's dominance was so absolute that for most of the Suharto era, Indonesia was effectively a one-party state. Suharto was able to pass bills without any meaningful opposition, and was able to form a Cabinet which consisted only of Golkar appointees.
560:. As some of the members of these functional groups were linked to political parties, this gave political influence to the National Armed Forces. The TNI then established an anti-PKI trade union, the Central Organization of Indonesian Workers, or Soksi (
1462:
all civil servants; non-civil servant public officers; employees of state-, provincial- and municipal-owned enterprises; and ABRI members employed by the government. This faction was headed by the Home Affairs Minister and was commonly known as the B
965:
granted the appeal filed by Golkar as a result of the Bali National Conference led by Aburizal Bakrie. This leadership dualism began to end when an agreement was reached for reconciliation led by the former General Chair of Golkar and Vice President
2877:, p. 86: "...and the Golkar and Democrat parties, which self-classify as “nationalist-religious,” implying they are friendly to the interests of Muslims. These three parties can be conceptualized as centre-right catch-all parties..."
1446:
faction: Consisted of members of the Indonesian armed forces (ABRI) who under Suharto played a dominant role in political affairs. This faction was headed by the ABRI Commander and was commonly known as the A faction. The
603:
the 'ignorant mass', who needed firm guidance so they would not be lured into politics. In order to "Golkar-ize" the nation, Murtopo sometimes used the military and gangs of young thugs to eliminate political competition.
4021:
1018:" party. Outsider views on the party's political orientation vary. Academics and domestic observers classified it as a nationalist party, while their international counterparts described it as a
2829:: "So-called nationalist parties such as the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), Prabowo Subianto's political machine the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra), Golkar Party..."
622:), a position whose authority supersedes even the party chairman. From this position, Suharto had the supreme power in Golkar while leaving the day-to-day running of Golkar to the chairman.
1002:
The 2008 Law on Political Parties states that political parties are allowed to include specific characteristics that reflect their political aspirations, as long as they do not contradict
3297:
Hwang, Julie Chernov (2013). "Islamic identity, yes, Islamist parties, no: The mainstreaming of political Islam and its challenge for Islamist parties". In Williams, Michelle Hale (ed.).
2681:
2789:" Translation: In Law No. 2 of 2008 on Political Parties, it is emphasized that the principles and characteristics of political parties derive from Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.
835:
in the September 2004 run-off. Wiranto/Wahid came second and there were allegations of disunity within the party with Akbar not fully supporting Wiranto after losing the nomination.
3596:
941:. In April 2015, the Jakarta State Administrative Court (PTUN) issued an interim decision to postpone the implementation of a decree issued by the Minister of Law and Human Rights
3425:
883:
Kalla's new appointment as chairman of Golkar significantly strengthened Yudhoyono's government in Parliament and left the PDI-P as the only major opposition party in the DPR.
2887:
2787:
Akan tetapi, dalam Undang-Undang No.2 Tahun 2008 Tentang Partai Politik kembali dipertegas bahwa asas dan ciri partai politik merupakan penjabaran dari Pancasila dan UUD 1945.
3466:
890:, Wiranto was "traumatized" by his defeat and decided not to run for the presidency without his own political vehicle. He resigned from Golkar Party in 2006 and established
894:, targeting voters who had supported him in 2004. Meanwhile, Prabowo Subianto who came last in the April 2004 convention also resigned from Golkar on 12 July 2008, forming
175:
970:
in early 2016. The two camps also agreed to hold an extraordinary national meeting (Munaslub) in mid-2016. This leadership dualism officially ended on May 17 2016 when
3299:
625:
Aside from being dominated by Suharto, Golkar was also an organization dominated by the Armed Forces. Out of the six people that served as Golkar chairmen during the
4458:
4143:
4971:
3202:
649:
Golkar continued to dominate Indonesian politics well beyond the 1971 legislative elections. In subsequent New Order legislative elections, Golkar won 62% (
4420:
4302:
4956:
4787:
3589:
3574:
3197:
3745:
2950:
715:
had considerably less authority. Edi Sudrajat, feeling that Golkar was insufficiently cooperative with reform movements, left the party and formed the
614:(DPR). The members of the DPR also doubled as members of the MPR, and thus, Suharto was easily re-elected to a second term as president in March 1973.
4981:
4961:
4941:
1451:
was, as a general rule, supportive of the Armed Forces faction. It provided much of the military representation in the People's Consultative Assembly.
4331:
3016:
2984:
2954:
2915:
4512:
4976:
4290:
3831:
3629:
3398:[The obligation of political parties to embrace the ideology of Pancasila: examined from the principles of the rule of law in Indonesia].
2911:
785:
4189:
2704:
750:
Although PDI-P had won the legislative elections, Golkar joined forces with the Central Axis, a political coalition put together by MPR Chairman
2689:
2660:
618:
1978, after his re-election to a 3rd term, Suharto further consolidated his control of Golkar by being elected chairman of the executive board (
4165:
3891:
3837:
3612:
887:
383:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
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4766:
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3582:
3333:
3310:
2263:
2205:
2172:
2138:
982:
824:
501:
4296:
4274:
4183:
3861:
3855:
3082:
2408:"DINAMIKA PARTAI POLITIK DAN POSITIONING IDEOLOGI: STUDI TENTANG PERGESERAN POSITIONING IDEOLOGI PARTAI-PARTAI POLITIK PESERTA PEMILU 2014"
1968:
1929:
1892:
1853:
1814:
1775:
1736:
1699:
1660:
1623:
1487:
793:
666:
662:
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650:
607:
489:
477:
454:
450:
442:
318:
97:
2757:
4451:
4214:
4059:
3885:
4951:
4320:
3867:
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3521:
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716:
611:
557:
3486:
3243:
3232:
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1081:
3456:
2803:
Ketua Umum DPP Partai Golkar Airlangga Hartarto menyampaikan Partai Golkar bukan merupakan partai agama, melainkan partai tengah...
2445:
585:
3547:
645:
Map of the largest vote share per province in Indonesia's elections from 1971 to 2019 showing the dominance of Golkar (in yellow).
4724:
3843:
3135:
2731:
2234:
2052:
2013:
1443:
1181:
934:
770:
592:(PNI), the party of his predecessor, Sukarno. But in seeking to distance himself from the old regime, Suharto settled on Golkar.
545:
520:
458:
308:
3559:
4946:
4482:
3990:
3849:
3694:
3108:
2495:: "...but rather was another catch-all political party similar to Golkar: ideologically conservative and religiously centrist."
1342:
During the New Order Golkar was formally divided into seven (eight since 1971) organizations, called Main Organization Groups (
4966:
4444:
4397:
4379:
4131:
4089:
3974:
3810:
3714:
913:
into second place. Surya Paloh then went on to establish the National Democratic organization, which in turn established the
422:
1495:
4594:
3903:
1156:
1106:
974:
was elected as the new General Chair of the Golongan Karya Party during the Golkar National Conference in Nusa Dua, Bali.
541:
3169:
4522:
4391:
4285:
4177:
4119:
4065:
3954:
3724:
3659:
3548:"Golkar Kembali Berkuasa Pasca-Orde Baru (article on the politicking leading up to Kalla's election as Golkar Chairman)"
2631:
2459:
891:
860:
549:
269:
202:
35:
4880:
4604:
4584:
4574:
4502:
4268:
4237:
4077:
3996:
3873:
3709:
2817:: "Golkar party chair Airlangga Hartarto said on Sunday that the party stood at the center of ideological spectrum..."
707:
673:
610:. Suharto's alignment with Golkar paid dividends when Golkar won 62% of the votes and an overwhelming majority in the
497:
4865:
4855:
4343:
4262:
4113:
4083:
4054:
3944:
3344:
3192:
3140:
2805:" Translation: Golkar chairman Airlangga Hartarto clarified that Golkar is a centrist party, not a religious one...
2427:
962:
553:
265:
846:(PDS), a national coalition to back Megawati. Further infighting would hamper Golkar in its bid to back Megawati.
4875:
4870:
4860:
4850:
4326:
4280:
4195:
4137:
4107:
4101:
4011:
3979:
3897:
3719:
3037:
2505:
1007:
724:
589:
4898:
3985:
3969:
3879:
3677:
3665:
3653:
828:
677:
505:
4908:
816:. Akbar won the first round of elections but Wiranto emerged as the winner in the second round. Wiranto chose
4735:
2958:
1320:
867:
With a National Congress to be held in December 2004, Yudhoyono and Kalla had originally backed Head of DPR
781:
4759:
4548:
4485:
4355:
4314:
4308:
3800:
3671:
2276:
1023:
843:
762:
544:, in which so-called functional groups would play a role in government in place of political parties. The
476:
from 1971 to 1999, when it was required to become a political party in order to contest elections. In the
388:
230:
761:
Golkar was rewarded for its support of Wahid by having its members appointed to ministerial positions in
4507:
4467:
4425:
4229:
4125:
3419:
2407:
2339:
2331:
1043:
1039:
735:
626:
569:
485:
469:
465:
441:), it is the oldest extant political party in Indonesia. It first participated in national elections in
416:
378:
240:
3395:
4904:
2919:
765:. Much like those who had supported Wahid, Golkar would grow disillusioned with Wahid. In April 2000,
4624:
4367:
3909:
3396:"Kewajiban Partai Politik Berideologi Pancasila Ditinjau dari Prinsip-Prinsip Negara Hukum Indonesia"
3174:
1131:
1003:
728:
210:
2366:
523:
and gained 102 seats, the party's best performance following a trend of declining seats since 2009.
4780:
3768:
2343:
2335:
629:, five had a military background as officers. It was only in the last years of Suharto's rule that
404:
225:
2980:
1193:
1168:
1143:
1118:
1093:
548:
supported its creation because it believed these groups would balance the growing strength of the
4773:
4579:
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4001:
3285:
2347:
2045:
1574:
1035:
1031:
1011:
986:
250:
4337:
3434:
1475:
factions did not always work together however. In 1988, the ABRI faction was unable to nominate
859:
Although he had overwhelmingly won the presidency, Yudhoyono was still weak in the DPR. His own
4612:
4558:
4361:
4349:
4071:
3795:
3517:
3380:
3350:
3329:
3306:
3228:
839:
758:
as president. Golkar, however, was unable to stop the election of Megawati as vice president.
755:
512:(Jokowi) was elected president in 2014, Golkar initially joined the opposing coalition led by
481:
17:
4920:
4669:
4254:
3805:
3753:
3461:
3407:
3277:
2311:
2271:
2213:
2153:
1580:
817:
697:
513:
220:
82:
3266:"Inside the Democrat Party: power, politics and conflict in Indonesia's Presidential Party"
552:(PKI). In 1960, Sukarno awarded sectoral groups such as teachers, the Armed Forces and the
4589:
4415:
4159:
3482:
2841:: "Golkar, a large secular-nationalist party, is the oldest operating party in Indonesia."
2006:
1557:
1549:
947:
926:
906:
809:
720:
703:
4385:
3567:
1058:
The Golkar parliamentary group in the DPR have expressed their opinions on a few issues:
480:, its share of votes declined. Golkar then joined the governing coalitions of Presidents
159:
4695:
3964:
3826:
3641:
3551:
3507:
3364:
2247:
1885:
1537:
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895:
711:
31:
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3949:
3729:
3439:
3248:
1568:
1561:
971:
951:
942:
938:
930:
868:
832:
776:
On 2002, members who were dissatisfied with Golkar's abandonment of former president
743:
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3699:
3647:
3218:
2218:
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as vice president. The factions disappeared along with the fall of the New Order.
3511:
3411:
3368:
3222:
4674:
4553:
4154:
4049:
3734:
2661:"Aburizal Bakrie Elected New Golkar Party Chairman; Tommy Suharto Gets No Votes"
2523:
2242:
2181:
1961:
1543:
978:
967:
910:
847:
813:
766:
596:
509:
493:
140:
3301:
The Multicultural Dilemma: Migration, Ethnic politics, and State Intermediation
3064:"New Golkar Chairman Confirms Support for Jokowi in 2019 Presidential Election"
4630:
4618:
4517:
3763:
3758:
1768:
1518:
1476:
1304:
1019:
977:
Setya Novanto then announced that Golkar was now supporting the government of
751:
235:
149:
3322:
Money, Power, and Ideology: Political Parties in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia
488:. It regained its position as the largest party in the DPR after winning the
4664:
4543:
3607:
3325:
3009:
902:
426:
3281:
925:
At the end of 2014, there was dualism in management within Golkar, led by
4016:
4006:
1047:
1015:
419:
255:
3289:
3265:
63:
4715:
4478:
4243:
4031:
3959:
3491:
2853:: "Forging an alliance with the far-right political movement Golkar..."
2187:
2147:
1846:
1531:
921:
2014–2024: Leadership dualism and support for the Jokowi administration
805:
801:
777:
630:
581:
537:
473:
129:
4705:
4095:
1807:
1525:
1421:
516:, but in 2016, switched its allegiance to the Jokowi administration.
180:
3244:"How Different Are Political Parties in Indonesia From One Another?"
3083:"KPU Tetapkan Hasil Pileg 2019: PDIP Juara, Disusul Gerindra-Golkar"
4527:
3324:. Asian Studies Association of Australia (ASAA) - Southeast Asia.
739:
734:
In 1999, Golkar lost its first democratic legislative election to
640:
1420:
and, since its establishment by Presidential decree in 1971, the
3550:(in Indonesian). Suara Merdeka. 20 December 2004. Archived from
2682:"Surya Paloh told to choose between Golkar, National Democratic"
909:
was elected chairman, winning 269 out of 583 votes, and beating
780:
including former minister Hartono and Suharto's eldest daughter
672:
After 1973, Suharto banned all political parties except for the
363:
4440:
3926:
3781:
3578:
2758:"Profil Ketua Umum Partai Golkar dari Masa ke Masa Halaman all"
933:
from the Jakarta National Conference. In early March 2015, the
3041:
985:. However, due to his corruption cases, Golkar then appointed
606:
Golkar was declared on 4 February 1970, to participate in the
2539:
2537:
935:
Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia
4436:
3168:
Ameliya, Tri Meilani (19 March 2023). Setiawan, Agus (ed.).
500:. In 2009, Golkar nominated Kalla for president, but he was
3538:
3487:"Indonesia Still Hasn't Escaped Suharto's Genocidal Legacy"
2554:
2552:
2732:"Vonis PTUN Jakarta Dianulir, Agung Laksono Ketum Golkar"
1082:
Revision of Law on the Corruption Eradication Commission
1364:
Mutual Cooperation Multifunction Organizations' Union (
3136:"6 Parpol Dukung Pasangan Prabowo-Hatta dalam Pilpres"
754:, to nominate and successfully secure the election of
3109:"Koalisi Parpol Pendukung Mega-Hasyim Dideklarasikan"
2342:. But during the New Order, Golkar was described as
558:
Mutual Cooperation – People's Representative Council
4843:
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4652:
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4040:
4030:
3935:
3819:
3788:
3743:
3687:
3619:
3242:Lee, Christian; Paath, Carlos K. Y. (31 May 2019).
2705:"PTUN Sahkan Golkar Agung, Ical akan Ajukan Kasasi"
876:support him if he ran for the Golkar chairmanship.
356:
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3688:Parties represented only in regional legislatures
3424:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1458:) faction: Consisted of KORPRI members—which are
1396:Organisasi Kemasyarakatan Pertahanan dan Keamanan
981:despite backed his rival Prabowo Subianto in the
886:After being eliminated in the first round of the
3394:Saifulloh, Putra Perdana Ahmad (December 2016).
3349:. Modern Indonesia Project, Cornell University.
2814:
1425:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1343:
747:members had voted against ratifying the speech.
295:
279:
51:
4144:League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence
3172:[Airlangga: Golkar is a center party].
3170:"Airlangga: Partai Golkar adalah partai tengah"
2446:"Golkar Ajak Loyalis Soeharto Pulang ke Partai"
2397:: "...owing to Golkar's conservative stance..."
855:2004: Golkar under the Yudhoyono administration
838:In August 2004 Golkar formed, with PDI-P, PPP,
827:was held on 5 July. The first round was won by
633:, a civilian, was elected as Golkar chairman.
453:, it has been the second-largest party in the
4452:
3590:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2893:(in Indonesian). Golkar Party. Archived from
2394:
1422:Employees' Corps of the Republic of Indonesia
1393:the Defense and Security Mass Organizations (
1358:Sentral Organisasi Karyawan Swadiri Indonesia
946:resulting from the Bali National Conference,
562:Sentral Organisasi Karyawan Swadiri Indonesia
8:
3457:"Golkar is a 'center' party, Airlangga says"
2294:Note: Bold text indicates the party's member
723:that previously supported Golkar formed the
595:Suharto then ordered his closest associate,
4303:Indonesian National Populist Fortress Party
3346:Golkar and the Indonesian elections of 1971
2488:
2486:
2484:
1367:Kesatuan Organisasi Serbaguna Gotong Royong
4788:40 Years of Silence: An Indonesian Tragedy
4459:
4445:
4437:
4037:
3923:
3778:
3597:
3583:
3575:
3198:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
3038:"KPU sahkan hasil pemilu, PDIP nomor satu"
3004:
3002:
2432:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
1355:Central Indonesian Workers' Organization (
989:as their new chairman, replacing Novanto.
62:
42:
2782:
2543:
1434:However, Golkar during this era was also
937:issued a decree legalizing Golkar led by
3379:(revised ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
3017:Komisi Pemilihan Umum Republik Indonesia
2985:Komisi Pemilihan Umum Republik Indonesia
2955:Komisi Pemilihan Umum Republik Indonesia
2916:Komisi Pemilihan Umum Republik Indonesia
2862:
2826:
2619:Who's who in Indonesia's political arena
2558:
2094:
1596:
1494:
1486:
1373:Mutual Assistance Families Association (
1216:
1157:Revision of the Indonesian Criminal Code
1060:
4291:Indonesian Democratic Party of Devotion
3832:Concern for the Nation Functional Party
3630:Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
2798:
2632:"Partai Golongan Karya (Partai Golkar)"
2606:
2594:
2410:(in Indonesian). Journal of Governance.
2358:
2334:secular party, but the party still has
2323:
1507:Maj. Gen. Suprapto Sukowati (1969–1973)
1042:, Golkar is now considered a centrist,
831:and Jusuf Kalla who faced Megawati and
786:Concern for the Nation Functional Party
519:In 2024, Golkar finished second in the
3838:Indonesian Workers and Employers Party
3417:
2838:
2421:
2419:
2417:
1384:Indonesian People's Working Movement (
929:from the Bali National Conference and
431:Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups
4972:Political parties established in 1964
4172:Party of the People of Free Indonesia
2874:
2676:
2674:
2655:
2653:
2582:
2570:
2492:
2460:"Golkar Cari Suara Loyalis Soeharto?"
2200:
1376:Musyawarah Kekeluargaan Gotong Royong
888:2004 Indonesian presidential election
7:
4894:
4297:Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party
3862:Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party
3856:Indonesian National Party Marhaenism
3370:A History of Modern Indonesia Since
2850:
2506:"Golkar declares support for Jokowi"
719:. In the same time, elements of the
637:Electoral dominance in the New Order
4513:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
4215:Indonesian Irian Independence Party
4060:Chinese Indonesian Democratic Party
3886:Justice and Prosperous People Party
3205:from the original on 14 August 2021
1010:. In March 2023, the then chairman
556:, workers and artists seats in the
457:(DPR), having won 102 seats in the
411:), often known by its abbreviation
3469:from the original on 20 March 2023
3455:The Jakarta Post (19 March 2023).
2957:. 21 February 2008. Archived from
2918:. 21 February 2008. Archived from
880:the advisory board, respectively.
717:Indonesian Justice and Unity Party
435:Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya
25:
4957:Conservative parties in Indonesia
4096:Indonesian Marhaen People's Union
3191:Bulkin, Nadia (24 October 2013).
2477:. Allied Publishers. p. 116.
1504:Brig. Gen. Djuhartono (1964–1969)
1030:party. During the New Order, its
164:KPPG (Golkar Party Women's Corps)
4982:Right-wing politics in Indonesia
4962:Nationalist parties in Indonesia
4942:1964 establishments in Indonesia
4914:
4903:
4893:
4725:Early life and career of Suharto
4114:Islamic Education Movement Party
3892:Indonesian People's Da'wah Party
3606:
3134:Wardah, Fathiyah (19 May 2014).
2888:"Visi Negara Kesejahteraan 2045"
2638:(in Indonesian). 25 October 2021
2305:
2074:
2073:
2035:
2034:
1990:
1989:
1951:
1950:
1914:
1913:
1875:
1874:
1836:
1835:
1797:
1796:
1758:
1757:
1721:
1720:
1682:
1681:
1645:
1644:
1427:Korps Pegawai Republik Indonesia
1192:
1167:
1142:
1117:
1092:
546:Indonesian National Armed Forces
286:(Golkar's Voice, People's Voice)
4321:National People's Concern Party
3991:Indonesian Political Federation
3850:New Indonesia Party of Struggle
3566:(in Indonesian). Archived from
3560:"Asam di Gunung, Garam di Laut"
3433:The Economist (24 March 2009).
3193:"Indonesia's Political Parties"
3115:(in Indonesian). 19 August 2004
2428:"Indonesia's Political Parties"
612:People's Representative Council
154:AMPG (Golkar Party Young Force)
4977:Political parties in Indonesia
4767:The Year of Living Dangerously
4398:Ulema National Awakening Party
4090:Indonesian Islamic Union Party
3975:Indonesian Islamic Union Party
3874:Alliance of Independent People
3811:Prosperous and Safe Aceh Party
3613:Political parties in Indonesia
3516:. Cambridge University Press.
3227:. Cambridge University Press.
3224:Suharto: A Political Biography
2764:(in Indonesian). 20 April 2022
2688:. 29 July 2011. Archived from
2475:Political Systems Of The World
1387:Gerakan Karya Rakyat Indonesia
961:However, in October 2015, the
901:At the 2009 Congress, held in
586:People's Consultative Assembly
584:was officially elected by the
18:Party of the Functional Groups
1:
3513:A History of Modern Indonesia
3414:(inactive 17 September 2024).
3400:Pandecta Research Law Journal
3371:
2473:Derbyshire, J. Denis (1990).
2367:"Info Pemilu - Partai GOLKAR"
2091:Presidential election results
1438:divided into three factions:
1352:the Trikarya, consisting of:
1107:Law on Sexual Violence Crimes
4613:Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX
4585:Indonesian riots of May 1998
4523:Acting presidency of Suharto
4392:Peace and Safe Islamic Party
4286:Functional Party of Struggle
4184:Socialist Party of Indonesia
4178:Socialist Party of Indonesia
4120:Islamic Tharikah Unity Party
4066:Communist Party of Indonesia
3955:Communist Party of Indonesia
3744:Parties represented only in
3412:10.15294/pandecta.v11i2.9276
3264:Honna, Jun (December 2012).
3081:Zunita Putri (21 May 2019).
3010:"Bab V – Hasil Pemilu – KPU"
2283:
2254:
2225:
2194:
2160:
1593:Legislative election results
1402:professional organizations (
1330:
1327:
1324:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1242:
1239:
1236:
550:Communist Party of Indonesia
478:ensuing legislative election
270:Advanced Indonesia Coalition
36:Functional Party of Struggle
27:Political party in Indonesia
4575:1997 Asian financial crisis
4503:Transition to the New Order
4269:Democratic Nationhood Party
4238:Indonesian Democratic Party
4078:Great Indonesia Unity Party
3710:Indonesian Solidarity Party
3343:Nishihara, Masashi (1972).
2730:Nugroho, Bagus Prihantoro.
1182:Omnibus Law on Job Creation
784:left Golkar and formed the
674:Indonesian Democratic Party
4998:
4344:Prosperous Indonesia Party
4263:Archipelago Republic Party
4084:Indonesian Christian Party
3904:People's Sovereignty Party
3141:Voice of America Indonesia
1411:the Development Movement (
1073:Party stances/Other views
983:2014 presidential election
825:2004 Presidential Election
794:2004 legislative elections
695:
608:1971 legislative elections
554:Indonesian National Police
540:introduced his concept of
401:Party of Functional Groups
281:Suara Golkar, Suara Rakyat
266:Onward Indonesia Coalition
48:Party of Functional Groups
29:
4952:Conservatism in Indonesia
4889:
4474:
4421:List of political parties
4411:
4332:People's Democratic Party
4244:Muslim Party of Indonesia
4138:Labour Party of Indonesia
4108:Indonesian Peasants Party
4102:Indonesian National Party
4012:Partai Tionghoa Indonesia
3980:Indonesian National Party
3922:
3898:Indonesian Students Party
3777:
3720:Nusantara Awakening Party
3320:Mietzner, Marcus (2013).
2166:
1345:Kelompok Induk Organisasi
1338:Organisation and factions
915:National Democratic Party
590:Indonesian National Party
566:Kelompok Induk Organisasi
490:2004 legislative election
429:. Founded in 1964 as the
374:
361:
61:
4537:Key aspects & events
4275:Democratic Renewal Party
4190:Socialist People's Party
3986:Indonesian Fascist Party
3970:Indonesian Islamic Party
3880:Green Party of Indonesia
3678:United Development Party
3666:Prosperous Justice Party
3654:National Awakening Party
3270:South East Asia Research
2951:"Pemilu 1977–1997 – KPU"
2371:Komisi Pemilihan Umum RI
1348:), or KINO. These were:
954:as general chairman and
829:Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
678:United Development Party
506:Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
455:House of Representatives
30:Not to be confused with
4736:Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana
4166:National People's Party
3868:Justice and Unity Party
3783:Non-legislature parties
3620:Parties represented in
2524:"Sejarah Partai Golkar"
1321:Human Development Index
1014:described Golkar as a "
958:as secretary general.
796:with 21% of the votes.
771:replace President Wahid
580:In March 1968, General
251:Political position
4947:Anti-communist parties
4760:Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI
4549:Asas tunggal Pancasila
4486:President of Indonesia
4356:Prosperous Peace Party
4315:Indonesian Youth Party
4309:Indonesian Unity Party
4196:Village People's Union
3672:National Mandate Party
3435:"Indonesia's election"
3282:10.5367/sear.2012.0125
2330:Golkar is generally a
2277:Gibran Rakabuming Raka
1500:
1492:
1426:
1413:
1404:
1399:, Ormas Hankam/DSMOs);
1395:
1386:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1344:
844:Prosperous Peace Party
646:
466:ruling political group
434:
408:
296:
280:
231:Indonesian nationalism
113:; 59 years ago
52:
4967:New Order (Indonesia)
4909:Suharto on Wikisource
4798:Legislative elections
4508:30 September Movement
4426:Politics of Indonesia
4126:Islamic Victory Force
3485:(29 September 2021).
2815:The Jakarta Post 2023
2338:faction described as
1498:
1490:
820:as his running mate.
804:, Lieutenant-General
736:Megawati Sukarnoputri
644:
570:30 September Movement
486:Megawati Sukarnoputri
409:Partai Golongan Karya
379:Politics of Indonesia
53:Partai Golongan Karya
4921:Indonesia portal
4625:Umar Wirahadikusumah
4368:Regional Unity Party
3910:Masyumi Reborn Party
3844:National Front Party
3622:national legislature
2827:Lee & Paath 2019
2703:Stefanie, Christie.
2528:Golkar official site
2340:New Order revivalist
2312:Indonesia portal
1615:Outcome of election
1132:Law on State Capital
729:Yapto Soerjosoemarno
521:legislative election
302:(Golkar Party March)
262:National affiliation
4781:The Look of Silence
3801:Aceh People's Party
3769:Nanggroe Aceh Party
3695:Crescent Star Party
2981:"Pemilu 1999 – KPU"
2912:"Pemilu 1971 – KPU"
2084:Airlangga Hartarto
2080:Governing coalition
2041:Governing coalition
2001:Governing coalition
1957:Governing coalition
1920:Governing coalition
1881:Governing coalition
1414:Gerakan Pembangunan
1054:Political positions
993:Political identites
620:Ketua Dewan Pembina
536:In 1959, President
226:Economic liberalism
4899:Suharto on Commons
4774:The Act of Killing
4580:Trisakti shootings
4374:National Sun Party
4002:Paguyuban Pasundan
2987:. 21 February 2008
2395:The Economist 2009
2046:Airlangga Hartarto
1655:Suprapto Sukowati
1575:Airlangga Hartarto
1501:
1493:
1257:US$ 41,000–43,000
1012:Airlangga Hartarto
987:Airlangga Hartanto
647:
576:Suharto and Golkar
297:Mars Partai Golkar
4929:
4928:
4559:Petition of Fifty
4434:
4433:
4407:
4406:
4362:Reform Star Party
4350:Sovereignty Party
4224:
4223:
4072:Dayak Unity Party
3936:Pre-independence
3918:
3917:
3796:Atjeh Green Party
3402:(in Indonesian).
3335:978-997-1697-99-0
3312:978-0-203-08277-5
3040:(in Indonesian).
3015:(in Indonesian).
2983:(in Indonesian).
2953:(in Indonesian).
2914:(in Indonesian).
2900:on 21 April 2015.
2785:, pp. 178: "
2291:
2290:
2088:
2087:
1556:Disputed between
1454:The Bureaucrats (
1335:
1334:
1254:US$ 21,000–23,000
1251:US$ 10,000–12,000
1248:Per capita income
1202:
1201:
1034:was described as
1032:political leaning
1008:1945 Constitution
840:Reform Star Party
756:Abdurrahman Wahid
504:by the incumbent
492:, and its member
482:Abdurrahman Wahid
447:Functional Groups
397:
396:
384:Political parties
89:Secretary-General
16:(Redirected from
4989:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4907:
4897:
4896:
4670:Prabowo Subianto
4595:Post-Suharto era
4461:
4454:
4447:
4438:
4038:
3930:
3924:
3806:Aceh Unity Party
3779:
3754:Aceh Abode Party
3746:Aceh legislature
3660:Democratic Party
3611:
3610:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3576:
3571:
3570:on 5 March 2016.
3555:
3554:on 2 April 2017.
3543:
3527:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3483:Vann, Michael G.
3478:
3476:
3474:
3462:The Jakarta Post
3451:
3449:
3447:
3429:
3423:
3415:
3390:
3376:
3373:
3360:
3339:
3316:
3304:
3293:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3238:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3014:
3006:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2961:on 27 April 2020
2947:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2922:on 27 April 2020
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2796:
2790:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2692:on 4 March 2016.
2678:
2669:
2668:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2547:
2546:, p. 17-19.
2541:
2532:
2531:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2510:The Jakarta Post
2502:
2496:
2490:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2412:
2411:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2373:. 6 January 2023
2363:
2351:
2328:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2272:Prabowo Subianto
2214:Prabowo Subianto
2154:Salahuddin Wahid
2127:
2114:
2104:Pres. candidate
2095:
2077:
2076:
2063:
2038:
2037:
2024:
1993:
1992:
1979:
1954:
1953:
1940:
1917:
1916:
1903:
1878:
1877:
1864:
1839:
1838:
1825:
1800:
1799:
1786:
1761:
1760:
1747:
1724:
1723:
1710:
1685:
1684:
1671:
1648:
1647:
1634:
1606:Total seats won
1597:
1588:Election results
1581:Bahlil Lahadalia
1429:
1416:
1407:
1405:Golongan Profesi
1398:
1389:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1347:
1217:
1196:
1189:
1171:
1164:
1146:
1139:
1121:
1114:
1096:
1089:
1061:
1040:post-Suharto era
898:in the process.
861:Democratic Party
818:Solahuddin Wahid
698:Post-Suharto era
542:Guided Democracy
514:Prabowo Subianto
370:
367:
365:
351:
339:
327:
303:
299:
287:
283:
221:Developmentalism
194:
121:
119:
114:
92:Muhammad Sarmuji
83:Bahlil Lahadalia
79:General Chairman
66:
55:
43:
21:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4915:
4913:
4885:
4839:
4793:
4747:
4710:
4684:
4648:
4605:Vice presidents
4599:
4590:Fall of Suharto
4563:
4532:
4491:
4470:
4465:
4435:
4430:
4416:Portal:Politics
4403:
4338:Pioneers' Party
4249:
4220:
4208:West New Guinea
4207:
4206:Pre-integration
4201:
4160:Nahdlatul Ulama
4042:
4026:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3914:
3815:
3784:
3773:
3739:
3683:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3558:
3546:
3542:(in Indonesian)
3541:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3508:Vickers, Adrian
3506:
3497:
3495:
3481:
3472:
3470:
3454:
3445:
3443:
3432:
3416:
3393:
3387:
3374:
3365:Ricklefs, M. C.
3363:
3357:
3342:
3336:
3319:
3313:
3296:
3263:
3254:
3252:
3241:
3235:
3217:
3208:
3206:
3190:
3181:
3179:
3178:(in Indonesian)
3167:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3144:(in Indonesian)
3133:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3089:(in Indonesian)
3080:
3079:
3075:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2949:
2948:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2797:
2793:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2738:(in Indonesian)
2729:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2711:(in Indonesian)
2702:
2701:
2697:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2621:(1999). p. 277.
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2535:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2512:. 28 July 2016.
2504:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2482:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2426:Bulkin, Nadia.
2425:
2424:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2130:Share of votes
2125:
2124:
2117:Share of votes
2112:
2111:
2093:
2064:
2061:
2025:
2022:
2007:Aburizal Bakrie
1999:
1980:
1977:
1941:
1938:
1924:Akbar Tandjung
1904:
1901:
1865:
1862:
1842:Governing group
1826:
1823:
1803:Governing group
1787:
1784:
1764:Governing group
1748:
1745:
1727:Governing group
1711:
1708:
1688:Governing group
1672:
1669:
1651:Governing group
1635:
1632:
1612:Share of votes
1595:
1590:
1558:Aburizal Bakrie
1550:Aburizal Bakrie
1485:
1468:Utusan Golongan
1390:, GAKARI/IPWM);
1340:
1290:Life expectancy
1234:Economic growth
1207:
1205:Party platforms
1187:RUU Cipta Kerja
1185:
1184:
1160:
1159:
1135:
1134:
1110:
1109:
1085:
1084:
1056:
1000:
995:
948:Aburizal Bakrie
927:Aburizal Bakrie
923:
907:Aburizal Bakrie
857:
810:Aburizal Bakrie
773:with Megawati.
763:Wahid's Cabinet
721:Pancasila Youth
704:Fall of Suharto
700:
694:
688:After Suharto:
639:
578:
534:
529:
496:was elected as
464:Golkar was the
459:latest election
423:political party
393:
362:
352:
349:
340:
337:
328:
325:
301:
300:
285:
284:
268:
245:
192:
186:
118:20 October 1964
117:
115:
112:
111:20 October 1964
57:
56:
49:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4995:
4993:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4934:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4911:
4901:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4719:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4696:Berkeley Mafia
4692:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4441:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4241:
4234:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4055:Catholic Party
4052:
4046:
4044:
4035:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3965:Indische Party
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3945:Catholic Party
3941:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3827:Berkarya Party
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3748:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3642:Gerindra Party
3639:
3633:
3626:
3624:
3617:
3616:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3556:
3544:
3534:
3533:External links
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:978-1139447614
3522:
3504:
3479:
3452:
3430:
3391:
3386:978-1137052018
3385:
3361:
3356:978-0877630043
3355:
3340:
3334:
3317:
3311:
3294:
3276:(4): 473–489.
3261:
3239:
3233:
3215:
3188:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3126:
3100:
3073:
3055:
3029:
2998:
2972:
2933:
2903:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2807:
2791:
2783:Saifulloh 2016
2775:
2749:
2722:
2695:
2670:
2649:
2623:
2611:
2609:, p. 175.
2599:
2597:, p. 162.
2587:
2585:, p. 187.
2575:
2573:, p. 186.
2563:
2561:, p. 243.
2548:
2544:Nishihara 1972
2533:
2515:
2497:
2480:
2465:
2451:
2437:
2413:
2399:
2384:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2300:
2297:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2101:Ballot number
2099:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:Akbar Tandjung
1883:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1603:Ballot number
1601:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:(2024–present)
1578:
1572:
1566:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1538:Akbar Tandjung
1535:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1484:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1452:
1432:
1431:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1361:, SOKSI/CIWO);
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1190:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1165:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1140:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1115:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1090:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1055:
1052:
999:
996:
994:
991:
956:Zainudin Amali
922:
919:
856:
853:
782:Tutut Soeharto
712:Akbar Tandjung
696:Main article:
693:
686:
676:(PDI) and the
638:
635:
577:
574:
533:
530:
528:
525:
498:vice president
472:government of
395:
394:
392:
391:
386:
381:
375:
372:
371:
359:
358:
354:
353:
350:2,412 / 17,340
348:
346:
342:
341:
336:
334:
330:
329:
324:
322:
315:
314:
311:
305:
304:
293:
289:
288:
277:
273:
272:
263:
259:
258:
253:
247:
246:
244:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
207:
205:
199:
198:
195:
188:
187:
185:
184:
178:
172:
170:
166:
165:
162:
156:
155:
152:
146:
145:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
109:
105:
104:
101:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
59:
58:
50:
47:
46:
32:Berkarya Party
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4994:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4922:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4900:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4742:Tommy Suharto
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:Organisations
4687:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4643:B. J. Habibie
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:Rise to power
4494:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4457:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:Patriot Party
4325:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4281:Freedom Party
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4150:Masyumi Party
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:Chung Hwa Hui
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3934:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:Perindo Party
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3539:Official site
3537:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3442:
3441:
3440:The Economist
3436:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:. Routledge.
3303:
3302:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3251:
3250:
3249:Jakarta Globe
3245:
3240:
3236:
3234:0-521-77326-1
3230:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3219:Elson, Robert
3216:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3130:
3127:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3068:Jakarta Globe
3065:
3059:
3056:
3044:. 10 May 2014
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3018:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2896:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2863:Mietzner 2013
2859:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2665:Jakarta Globe
2662:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2559:Ricklefs 2008
2555:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2126:(Total votes)
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:(Total votes)
2109:
2107:Running mate
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:Amir Murtono
1730:
1728:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:Party leader
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1569:Setya Novanto
1567:
1565:
1563:
1562:Agung Laksono
1559:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1337:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1289:
1288:
1276:Poverty ratio
1275:
1274:
1261:
1260:
1247:
1246:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
997:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
972:Setya Novanto
969:
964:
963:Supreme Court
959:
957:
953:
952:Agung Laksono
949:
944:
943:Yasonna Laoly
940:
939:Agung Laksono
936:
932:
931:Agung Laksono
928:
920:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
884:
881:
877:
873:
870:
869:Agung Laksono
865:
862:
854:
852:
849:
845:
841:
836:
834:
833:Hasyim Muzadi
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
797:
795:
789:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
748:
745:
744:Jusuf Habibie
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
725:Patriot Party
722:
718:
713:
709:
705:
699:
691:
687:
685:
681:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
643:
636:
634:
632:
628:
623:
621:
615:
613:
609:
604:
600:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
575:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
531:
526:
524:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:Sekber Golkar
436:
433:(Indonesian:
432:
428:
424:
421:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
373:
369:
366:.partaigolkar
360:
355:
347:
345:DPRD II seats
343:
335:
331:
323:
320:
316:
312:
310:
309:Ballot number
306:
298:
294:
290:
282:
278:
274:
271:
267:
264:
260:
257:
254:
252:
248:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
206:
204:
200:
196:
189:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
171:
167:
163:
161:
157:
153:
151:
147:
143:
142:
138:
134:
131:
128:
124:
110:
106:
103:Kahar Muzakir
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
54:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4730:Tien Suharto
4718:& family
4700:
4680:Sudono Salim
4660:Amir Machmud
4637:Try Sutrisno
4386:United Party
4380:Labour Party
4265:(RepublikaN)
4132:Labour Party
3715:Labour Party
3705:Gelora Party
3700:Garuda Party
3648:NasDem Party
3636:Golkar Party
3635:
3568:the original
3563:
3552:the original
3512:
3496:. Retrieved
3490:
3471:. Retrieved
3460:
3444:. Retrieved
3438:
3420:cite journal
3403:
3399:
3369:
3345:
3321:
3300:
3273:
3269:
3253:. Retrieved
3247:
3223:
3207:. Retrieved
3196:
3180:. Retrieved
3173:
3146:. Retrieved
3139:
3129:
3117:. Retrieved
3113:Liputan6.com
3112:
3103:
3091:. Retrieved
3086:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3046:. Retrieved
3032:
3020:. Retrieved
2989:. Retrieved
2975:
2963:. Retrieved
2959:the original
2924:. Retrieved
2920:the original
2906:
2895:the original
2882:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2834:
2822:
2810:
2802:
2799:Ameliya 2023
2794:
2786:
2778:
2766:. Retrieved
2761:
2752:
2740:. Retrieved
2735:
2725:
2713:. Retrieved
2708:
2698:
2690:the original
2686:Jakarta Post
2685:
2664:
2640:. Retrieved
2635:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2607:Vickers 2005
2602:
2595:Vickers 2005
2590:
2578:
2566:
2527:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2474:
2468:
2454:
2440:
2431:
2402:
2375:. Retrieved
2370:
2361:
2332:centre-right
2326:
2293:
2292:
2219:Hatta Rajasa
2180:
2146:
2079:
2040:
2003:(2016-2019)
2000:
1995:
1956:
1919:
1880:
1841:
1802:
1763:
1726:
1693:Amir Murtono
1687:
1650:
1609:Total votes
1555:
1512:Amir Murtono
1483:Chairpersons
1473:
1467:
1466:The Groups (
1459:
1455:
1449:Ormas Hankam
1448:
1435:
1433:
1341:
1262:Unemployment
1212:
1208:
1186:
1161:
1136:
1111:
1086:
1057:
1044:centre-right
1028:conservative
1001:
976:
960:
924:
900:
885:
882:
878:
874:
866:
858:
837:
822:
798:
790:
775:
760:
749:
733:
701:
689:
682:
671:
665:), and 74% (
648:
624:
619:
616:
605:
601:
594:
579:
565:
561:
535:
518:
508:(SBY). When
463:
446:
438:
430:
417:centre-right
412:
400:
398:
333:DPRD I seats
216:Conservatism
160:Women's wing
139:
126:Headquarters
100:group leader
71:Abbreviation
40:
4675:Ali Sadikin
4653:Key figures
4639:(1993–1998)
4633:(1988–1993)
4627:(1983–1988)
4621:(1978–1983)
4615:(1973–1978)
4554:Angkatan 66
4488:(1968–1998)
4155:Murba Party
4050:Acoma Party
4041:Independent
3735:Ummah Party
3375: 1200
3255:16 December
2839:Bulkin 2013
2636:Kompaspedia
2377:15 February
2281:96,214,691
2252:85,607,362
2248:Ma'ruf Amin
2243:Joko Widodo
2223:62,576,444
2192:15,081,814
2182:Jusuf Kalla
2164:Eliminated
2158:26,286,788
2067:23,208,654
2028:17,229,789
1998:(2014-2016)
1983:18,432,312
1962:Jusuf Kalla
1944:15,037,757
1907:24,480,757
1879:205 seats,
1868:23,741,749
1829:84,187,907
1790:66,599,331
1751:62,783,680
1714:48,334,724
1675:39,750,096
1649:236 seats,
1638:34,348,673
1577:(2017–2024)
1571:(2016–2017)
1564:(2014–2016)
1552:(2009–2014)
1546:(2004–2009)
1544:Jusuf Kalla
1540:(1998–2004)
1534:(1993–1998)
1528:(1988–1993)
1521:(1983–1988)
1514:(1973–1983)
1370:, KOSGORO);
1024:nationalist
979:Joko Widodo
968:Jusuf Kalla
911:Surya Paloh
851:president.
848:Fahmi Idris
814:Surya Paloh
767:Jusuf Kalla
597:Ali Murtopo
510:Joko Widodo
494:Jusuf Kalla
468:during the
338:309 / 2,232
191:Membership
183:(1971–1999)
169:Labour wing
144:(1971–2016)
141:Suara Karya
4936:Categories
4738:(daughter)
4631:Sudharmono
4619:Adam Malik
4518:Supersemar
4255:Reform era
4116:(PI Perti)
4086:(Parkindo)
3764:Aceh Party
3759:SIRA Party
3473:18 January
3182:18 January
2875:Hwang 2013
2768:7 February
2762:KOMPAS.com
2742:7 February
2715:7 February
2583:Elson 2001
2571:Elson 2001
2493:Honna 2012
2344:right-wing
2336:right-wing
2078:17 seats,
1996:Opposition
1994:15 seats,
1955:22 seats,
1840:43 seats,
1801:17 seats,
1769:Sudharmono
1762:57 seats,
1725:10 seats,
1519:Sudharmono
1510:Maj. Gen.
1477:Sudharmono
1430:, KORPRI).
1305:Gini ratio
1229:2035–2045
842:(PBR) and
752:Amien Rais
692:and beyond
405:Indonesian
241:Suhartoism
236:Secularism
150:Youth wing
4665:Bob Hasan
4544:Dwifungsi
4468:New Order
4340:(Pelopor)
4246:(Parmusi)
4230:New Order
4043:Indonesia
3997:Insulinde
3326:NUS Press
3087:Detik.com
2851:Vann 2021
2736:detiknews
2348:far-right
2123:2nd round
2110:1st round
2098:Election
2062:102 / 580
2039:6 seats,
1939:106 / 560
1918:8 seats,
1902:128 / 550
1863:120 / 500
1824:325 / 400
1785:282 / 400
1746:299 / 400
1709:242 / 360
1686:4 seats,
1670:232 / 360
1633:236 / 360
1600:Election
1524:Lt. Gen.
1517:Lt. Gen.
1226:2025–2035
1223:2015–2025
1220:Indicator
1048:catch-all
1038:. In the
1036:far-right
1004:Pancasila
903:Pekanbaru
702:With the
690:Reformasi
627:New Order
572:in 1965.
470:New Order
427:Indonesia
389:Elections
211:Pancasila
136:Newspaper
4844:Cabinets
4394:(Idaman)
4305:(PNBK-I)
4192:(Parsas)
4098:(Permai)
4017:Partindo
4007:Parindra
3846:(Barnas)
3820:National
3789:Regional
3510:(2005).
3467:Archived
3446:23 March
3367:(2008).
3290:23752520
3221:(2001).
3209:1 August
3203:Archived
3148:1 August
3119:4 August
3048:1 August
3022:1 August
2991:1 August
2965:1 August
2926:1 August
2709:nasional
2642:11 March
2299:See also
2287:Elected
2258:Elected
2133:Outcome
2120:Outcome
2023:85 / 575
1978:91 / 560
1463:faction.
1456:Birokrat
1436:de facto
1379:, MKGR);
1162:RUU KUHP
1112:RUU TPKS
1016:centrist
1006:and the
998:Ideology
896:Gerindra
708:May 1998
661:), 68% (
657:), 73% (
653:), 64% (
502:defeated
449:. Since
420:big tent
326:85 / 575
256:Big tent
203:Ideology
4881:Seventh
4716:Suharto
4568:Decline
4479:Suharto
4186:(Parsi)
4032:Sukarno
3960:Gerindo
3938:parties
3929:Defunct
3888:(PRIMA)
3864:(PPNUI)
3858:(PNI-M)
3498:2 March
3492:Jacobin
3161:Sources
2462:. 2021.
2448:. 2021.
2284:58.59%
2255:55.50%
2226:46.85%
2195:12.41%
2188:Wiranto
2167:Runoff
2161:22.15%
2148:Wiranto
2070:15.29%
2031:12,31%
1986:14.75%
1947:14.45%
1910:21.58%
1871:22.46%
1847:Harmoko
1832:74.51%
1793:68.10%
1754:73.11%
1717:64.34%
1678:62.11%
1641:62.80%
1532:Harmoko
1499:Harmoko
1460:de jure
1137:RUU IKN
1087:RUU KPK
1050:party.
1020:secular
806:Prabowo
802:Wiranto
778:Suharto
727:led by
631:Harmoko
582:Suharto
538:Sukarno
532:Origins
527:History
474:Suharto
415:, is a
357:Website
197:839,187
130:Jakarta
116: (
108:Founded
4866:Fourth
4856:Second
4732:(wife)
4706:KORPRI
4701:Golkar
4645:(1998)
4400:(PKNU)
4323:(PPRN)
4299:(PPDI)
4293:(PKDI)
4217:(PKII)
4174:(PRIM)
4146:(IPKI)
4128:(AKUI)
4122:(PPTI)
4092:(PSII)
4062:(PDTI)
3993:(GAPI)
3894:(PDRI)
3852:(PPIB)
3840:(PPPI)
3834:(PKPB)
3725:Hanura
3520:
3383:
3353:
3332:
3309:
3288:
3231:
3175:Antara
3093:31 May
1808:Wahono
1526:Wahono
1491:Wahono
1240:10–11%
1070:Votes
1067:Bills
892:Hanura
812:, and
413:Golkar
292:Anthem
276:Slogan
193:(2023)
181:KORPRI
74:Golkar
4876:Sixth
4871:Fifth
4861:Third
4851:First
4752:Films
4744:(son)
4528:Aspri
4376:(PMB)
4370:(PPD)
4364:(PBR)
4358:(PDS)
4346:(PIS)
4334:(PRD)
4317:(PPI)
4311:(PSI)
4277:(PDP)
4271:(PDK)
4240:(PDI)
4198:(PRD)
4180:(PSI)
4168:(PRN)
4140:(PBI)
4110:(PTI)
4104:(PNI)
4080:(PIR)
4074:(PPD)
4068:(PKI)
4022:PPPKI
3982:(PNI)
3906:(PKR)
3900:(PMI)
3882:(PHI)
3876:(SRI)
3870:(PKP)
3632:(128)
3564:Tempo
3406:(2).
3286:JSTOR
3013:(PDF)
2898:(PDF)
2891:(PDF)
2318:Notes
2229:Lost
2198:Lost
1331:0.91
1315:0.28
1285:1–2%
1243:6–7%
1178:2023
1153:2022
1128:2022
1103:2022
1078:2019
1064:Year
1046:, or
740:PDI-P
321:seats
176:KSPSI
4835:1999
4830:1997
4825:1992
4820:1987
4815:1982
4810:1977
4805:1971
4388:(PP)
4382:(PB)
4352:(PK)
4162:(NU)
4134:(PB)
3680:(19)
3674:(44)
3668:(50)
3662:(54)
3656:(58)
3650:(59)
3644:(78)
3638:(85)
3518:ISBN
3500:2024
3475:2024
3448:2024
3426:link
3381:ISBN
3351:ISBN
3330:ISBN
3307:ISBN
3257:2023
3229:ISBN
3211:2019
3184:2024
3150:2018
3121:2018
3095:2019
3050:2018
3024:2018
2993:2018
2967:2018
2928:2018
2770:2024
2744:2024
2717:2024
2644:2024
2379:2023
2264:2024
2235:2019
2206:2014
2173:2009
2139:2004
2053:2024
2014:2019
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