272:"Airborne transmission refers to infectious agents that are spread via droplet nuclei (residue from evaporated droplets) containing infective microorganisms. These organisms can survive outside the body and remain suspended in the air for long periods of time. They infect others via the upper and lower respiratory tracts." The size of the particles for airborne infections need to be < 5 ÎĽm. It includes both dry and wet aerosols and thus requires usually higher levels of isolation since it can stay suspended in the air for longer periods of time. i.e., separate ventilation systems or negative pressure environments are needed to avoid general contamination. e.g.,
573:
1019:
that death rates are highest. If a disease is rapidly fatal, the host may die before the microbe can be passed along to another host. However, this cost may be overwhelmed by the short-term benefit of higher infectiousness if transmission is linked to virulence, as it is for instance in the case of cholera (the explosive diarrhea aids the bacterium in finding new hosts) or many respiratory infections (sneezing and coughing create infectious
1111:, can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally. Mixed-mode transmission can allow symbionts to have the "best of both worlds" – they can vertically infect host offspring when host density is low, and horizontally infect diverse additional hosts when a number of additional hosts are available. Mixed-mode transmission make the outcome (degree of harm or benefit) of the relationship more difficult to predict, because the
304:
743:, which lands on cow dung, contaminating its appendages with bacteria from the feces, and then lands on food prior to consumption. The pathogen never enters the body of the fly. In contrast, biological vectors harbor pathogens within their bodies and deliver pathogens to new hosts in an active manner, usually a bite. Biological vectors are often responsible for serious
1617:
796:
523:
such as HIV and hepatitis B are thought to not normally be transmitted through mouth-to-mouth contact, although it is possible to transmit some STIs between the genitals and the mouth, during oral sex. In the case of HIV, this possibility has been established. It is also responsible for the increased
1057:
refers to acquisition of symbionts from parents (usually mothers). Vertical transmission can be intracellular (e.g. transovarial), or extracellular (for example through post-embryonic contact between parents and offspring). Both intracellular and extracellular vertical transmission can be considered
1018:
and transmission is complex and has important consequences for the long term evolution of a pathogen. Since it takes many generations for a microbe and a new host species to co-evolve, an emerging pathogen may hit its earliest victims especially hard. It is usually in the first wave of a new disease
151:
A 2024 World Health
Organization report standardized the terminology for the transmission modes of all respiratory pathogens in alignment with particle physics: airborne transmission; inhalation; direct deposition; and contact. But these newly standardized terms have yet to be translated to policy,
1006:
Pathogens must have a way to be transmitted from one host to another to ensure their species' survival. Infectious agents are generally specialized for a particular method of transmission. Taking an example from the respiratory route, from an evolutionary perspective viruses or bacteria that cause
817:
particles pass from one person to the mouth of another person. Although it is usually discussed as a route of transmission, it is actually a specification of the entry and exit portals of the pathogen, and can operate across several of the other routes of transmission. Fecal–oral transmission is
395:
Direct contact occurs through skin-to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual intercourse. Direct contact also refers to contact with soil or vegetation harboring infectious organisms. Additionally, while fecal–oral transmission is primarily considered an indirect contact route, direct contact can also
403:
are infectious, not all infectious diseases are contagious). These diseases can also be transmitted by sharing a towel (where the towel is rubbed vigorously on both bodies) or items of clothing in close contact with the body (socks, for example) if they are not washed thoroughly between uses. For
244:
because patterns of contact vary between different populations and different groups of populations depending on socio-economic, cultural and other features. For example, low personal and food hygiene due to the lack of a clean water supply may result in increased transmission of diseases by the
552:, or by indirect contact such as by sharing a drinking glass or a cigarette. Infections that are known to be transmissible by kissing or by other direct or indirect oral contact include all of the infections transmissible by droplet contact and (at least) all forms of
319:, or talking. Respiratory droplet transmission is the usual route for respiratory infections. Transmission can occur when respiratory droplets reach susceptible mucosal surfaces, such as in the eyes, nose or mouth. This can also happen indirectly via contact with
225:
means that the source of infection for the spread of an illness is unknown or a link in terms of contacts between patients and other people is missing. It refers to the difficulty in grasping the epidemiological link in the community beyond confirmed cases.
975:
activity. It was found that the frequency of influenza-related web searches as a whole rises as the number of people sick with influenza rises. Examining space-time relationships of web queries has been shown to approximate the spread of influenza and
204:
of a disease agent indicates the comparative ease with which the disease agent is transmitted to other hosts. Transmission of pathogens can occur by direct contact, through contaminated food, body fluids or objects, by airborne inhalation or through
1090:
rather than primary metabolism, for example for use in defense against pathogens, but some primary nutritional symbionts are also horizontally (environmentally) acquired. Additional examples of horizontally transmitted beneficial symbionts include
949:. To understand the spread of the vast majority of non-notifiable diseases, data either need to be collected in a particular study, or existing data collections can be mined, such as insurance company data or antimicrobial drug sales for example.
323:
when hands then touch the face. Before drying, respiratory droplets are large and cannot remain suspended in the air for long, and are usually dispersed over short distances. The size of the particles for droplet infections are > 5 ÎĽm.
253:
is more common in cities in underdeveloped countries, without a clean water supply, than in cities with a good plumbing system, we might advance the theory that polio is spread by the fecal-oral route. Two routes are considered to be
1007:
their host to develop coughing and sneezing symptoms have a great survival advantage, as they are much more likely to be ejected from one host and carried to another. This is also the reason that many microorganisms cause
1086:, from the environment or unrelated individuals. This requires that host and symbiont have some method of recognizing each other or each other's products or services. Often, horizontally acquired symbionts are relevant to
170:
disease agent transmission from one individual to another in the same generation (peers in the same age group) by either direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact through air – cough or sneeze
1030:, which are benefits to society that are not reflected in a price to a consumer. This is recognized implicitly when vaccines are offered for free or at a cost to the patient less than the purchase price.
690:
virus. Alternatively, the vehicle may provide an environment in which the agent grows, multiplies, or produces toxin, such as improperly canned foods provide an environment that supports production of
1437:
787:. Vectors are often required in the life cycle of a pathogen. A common strategy used to control vector-borne infectious diseases is to interrupt the life cycle of a pathogen by killing the vector.
818:
primarily considered as an indirect contact route through contaminated food or water. However, it can also operate through direct contact with feces or contaminated body parts, such as through
739:
Vectors may be mechanical or biological. A mechanical vector picks up an infectious agent on the outside of its body and transmits it in a passive manner. An example of a mechanical vector is a
1066:. It has been argued that most organisms experience some form of vertical transmission of symbionts. Canonical examples of vertically transmitted symbionts include the nutritional symbiont
1231:
998:
etc. Most recently, data from cell phones have been shown to be able to capture population movements well enough to predict the transmission of certain infectious diseases, like rubella.
2458:
477:). In this second case, anal sex is considerably more hazardous since the penis opens more tears in the rectum than the vagina, as the vagina is more elastic and more accommodating.
837:
practices - which can take various forms. Fecal oral transmission can be via foodstuffs or water that has become contaminated. This can happen when people do not adequately
67:– very small dry and wet particles that stay in the air for long periods of time allowing airborne contamination even after the departure of the host. Particle size < 5
56:
individual or group to a particular individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected. The term strictly refers to the transmission of
249:. Differences in incidence of such diseases between different groups can also throw light on the routes of transmission of the disease. For example, if it is noted that
528:
1 (which is usually responsible for oral infections) in genital infections and the increased incidence of the type 2 virus (more common genitally) in oral infections.
77:– small and usually wet particles that stay in the air for a short period of time. Contamination usually occurs in the presence of the host. Particle size > 5 μm.
3780:
404:
this reason, contagious diseases often break out in schools, where towels are shared and personal items of clothing accidentally swapped in the changing rooms.
3334:
2451:
1465:
924:
937:
agencies, on an international, national, or local level. Public health staff relies on health care workers and microbiology laboratories to report cases of
1426:
1554:
2444:
1149:
1239:
4115:
4102:
2716:
2472:
461:
or the fluid secreted by the excited female) which carry infectious agents that get into the partner's blood stream through tiny tears in the
3387:
1735:
1708:
1683:
1497:
1333:
686:
such as handkerchiefs, bedding, or surgical scalpels. A vehicle may passively carry a pathogen, as in the case of food or water may carrying
1469:
3904:
3362:
1385:
956:
specialists are employed, who will review medical records to analyze transmission as part of a hospital epidemiology program, for example.
1254:
952:
For diseases transmitted within an institution, such as a hospital, prison, nursing home, boarding school, orphanage, refugee camp, etc.,
1568:
1276:
4107:
2053:
967:
at certain sentinel sites of health care practitioners within a state, for example. Tools have been developed to help track influenza
1046:. Organisms can form symbioses with microbes transmitted from their parents, from the environment or unrelated individuals, or both.
232:
means that the source of the infection has been identified within the reporting location (such as within a country, region or city).
3537:
3532:
1177:
606:
that can be transmitted in this way include: HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis. Many mutualistic organisms are transmitted vertically.
3616:
3023:
2639:
1054:
399:
Diseases that can be transmitted by direct contact are called contagious (contagious is not the same as infectious; although all
678:
of inanimate objects. Vehicles that may indirectly transmit an infectious agent include food, water, biologic products such as
3210:
3951:
3549:
3268:
3246:
1638:
1298:
1059:
581:
537:
520:
432:
2617:
631:
4163:
3919:
180:
22:
4168:
3946:
3342:
3099:
2862:
2577:
1529:"Respiratory Protection Against Airborne Infectious Agents for Health Care Workers: Do surgical masks protect workers?"
598:) or during postnatal physical contact between parents and offspring. In mammals, including humans, it occurs also via
3988:
3859:
3795:
3763:
3711:
3008:
2990:
2390:
Nussbaumer AD, Fisher CR, Bright M (May 2006). "Horizontal endosymbiont transmission in hydrothermal vent tubeworms".
344:
3544:
2957:
2697:
1403:
1134:
572:
148:(i.e. between two individuals in the same place) or may involve travel of the microorganism or the affected hosts.
145:
2119:"Using web search query data to monitor dengue epidemics: a new model for neglected tropical disease surveillance"
1666:
Whittier CA (16 April 2017). "Fecal-Oral
Transmission". In Bezanson M, MacKinnon KC, Riley E, Campbell CJ (eds.).
4048:
4038:
3733:
3669:
3392:
3357:
2736:
2677:
453:(see below). Transmission is either directly between surfaces in contact during intercourse (the usual route for
3866:
3728:
3603:
3457:
2572:
2562:
1550:
1038:
The mode of transmission is also an important aspect of the biology of beneficial microbial symbionts, such as
561:
4053:
3971:
3837:
3367:
3165:
3041:
2872:
2810:
2644:
2612:
1083:
880:
764:
3640:
3425:
3175:
3048:
2654:
2511:
2501:
1889:
1863:
964:
548:
Infections that are transmitted primarily by oral means may be caught through direct oral contact such as
362:
184:
4076:
3961:
3593:
3462:
2970:
2877:
2796:
1528:
865:
716:
709:
696:
348:
206:
172:
152:
including infection control policy or the pandemic accords or updated
International Health Regulations.
141:
117:
64:
3220:
2217:
Wesolowski A, Metcalf CJ, Eagle N, Kombich J, Grenfell BT, Bjørnstad ON, et al. (September 2015).
933:. Surveillance of infectious diseases in the public realm traditionally has been the responsibility of
804:
674:
Indirect contact transmission, also known as vehicle-borne transmission, involves transmission through
94:
2219:"Quantifying seasonal population fluxes driving rubella transmission dynamics using mobile phone data"
536:
While rare in regards to this sexual practice, some infections that can spread via manual sex include
437:
This refers to any infection that can be caught during sexual activity with another person, including
4043:
3936:
3882:
3810:
3800:
3492:
3347:
3160:
3137:
2827:
2399:
2230:
2068:
1087:
1067:
930:
911:
849:
619:
525:
353:
4130:
4120:
4086:
3691:
3142:
3129:
3111:
2965:
2776:
1913:"Lifting the lid on toilet plume aerosol: a literature review with suggestions for future research"
1408:
1360:. Palo Alto, California: Department of Anthropological Sciences, Stanford University. pp. 1–9.
983:
744:
655:
595:
485:
450:
400:
332:
298:
74:
3854:
3849:
3758:
3738:
3372:
3215:
3180:
3034:
3000:
2550:
2423:
2092:
1985:
1816:"Massive Iatrogenic Outbreak of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Rural Cambodia, 2014-2015"
1508:
1139:
987:
960:
938:
752:
603:
438:
390:
49:
2277:
1598:
1074:(transmitted during passage of infants through the birth canal and also through breastfeeding).
1788:
1531:(OSH Answers Fact Sheets). Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. 28 February 2017
1262:
4140:
4081:
3941:
3894:
3696:
3198:
2867:
2857:
2847:
2649:
2632:
2415:
2335:
2258:
2199:
2150:
2084:
2034:
1977:
1942:
1845:
1731:
1725:
1704:
1679:
1350:
1329:
1284:
1213:
1173:
1112:
953:
408:
105:, an important transmission route in pediatrics, veterinary medicine and developing countries.
179:
that allow the transmission of the agent causing the disease without physical contact) or by
4135:
4071:
4058:
3887:
3876:
3768:
3748:
3583:
3497:
3472:
3203:
3089:
2980:
2923:
2729:
2627:
2555:
2407:
2370:
2362:
2325:
2315:
2248:
2238:
2189:
2181:
2140:
2130:
2076:
2024:
2016:
1969:
1932:
1924:
1835:
1827:
1770:
1761:
Ebert D (2013). "The
Epidemiology and Evolution of Symbionts with Mixed-Mode Transmission".
1671:
1205:
1043:
972:
651:
623:
267:
255:
2436:
2100:
4003:
3998:
3842:
3790:
3598:
3575:
3420:
3397:
2781:
2746:
2622:
2567:
2375:
1774:
1063:
873:
869:
691:
557:
328:
1371:
1070:
in aphids (transovarially transmitted intracellular symbiont) and some components of the
183:, passing the agent causing the disease from parent to offspring, such as in prenatal or
2403:
2234:
2072:
2052:
Ginsberg J, Mohebbi MH, Patel RS, Brammer L, Smolinski MS, Brilliant L (February 2009).
4033:
3966:
3909:
3681:
3570:
3562:
3440:
3435:
3382:
3106:
2887:
2882:
2842:
2791:
2756:
2594:
2530:
2330:
2303:
2253:
2218:
2194:
2169:
2145:
2118:
2029:
2004:
1937:
1912:
1840:
1815:
986:
of infectious disease spread have been used. Human aggregation can drive transmission,
942:
756:
733:
509:
420:
53:
4157:
3914:
3871:
3830:
3723:
3706:
3664:
3377:
2928:
2897:
2741:
2518:
1675:
1621:
1197:
1092:
934:
857:
675:
599:
553:
489:
378:
377:. Spread of respiratory droplets from the wearer can be reduced through wearing of a
374:
137:
125:
57:
33:
21:
This article is about transmission of disease-causing pathogens. For other uses, see
2427:
1989:
1470:"Clinical Educators Guide for the Prevention and Control of Infection in Healthcare"
963:
of transmission have been sought. One proxy in the case of influenza is tracking of
4125:
4063:
3825:
3805:
3753:
3701:
3652:
3452:
3402:
3013:
2786:
2584:
946:
838:
823:
760:
336:
273:
241:
80:
direct physical contact – touching an infected individual, including sexual contact
2096:
2003:
Polgreen PM, Chen Z, Segre AM, Harris ML, Pentella MA, Rushton G (November 2009).
1302:
219:
of an infection, given a contact between an infected host and a noninfected host.
83:
indirect physical contact – usually by touching a contaminated surface, including
2320:
2135:
1973:
994:
of infectious diseases, such as the annual start of school, bootcamp, the annual
959:
Because these traditional methods are slow, time-consuming, and labor-intensive,
97:– usually from unwashed hands, contaminated food or water sources due to lack of
4018:
3820:
3743:
3718:
3467:
3447:
3352:
3312:
3150:
2607:
2523:
2506:
1960:
Jones RM, Brosseau LM (May 2015). "Aerosol transmission of infectious disease".
1144:
1027:
888:
814:
687:
659:
497:
462:
358:
216:
192:
2223:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1928:
1814:
Rouet F, Nouhin J, Zheng DP, Roche B, Black A, Prak S, et al. (May 2018).
1209:
848:
The fecal-oral route of transmission can be a public health risk for people in
60:
directly from one individual to another by one or more of the following means:
3956:
3931:
3899:
3676:
3657:
3647:
3635:
3482:
3094:
3066:
2892:
2852:
2724:
1129:
1124:
901:
879:
Even in developed countries there are periodic system failures resulting in a
830:
627:
615:
591:
366:
340:
311:
A common form of transmission is by way of respiratory droplets, generated by
277:
98:
2353:
Kaltenpoth M, Engl T (2013). "Defensive microbial symbionts in
Hymenoptera".
1864:"HIV and Injection Drug Use | HIV Transmission | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC"
1217:
1115:
of the symbiont is sometimes but not always tied to the success of the host.
618:, such as touching a wound, the use of contaminated medical equipment, or an
327:
Organisms spread by droplet transmission include respiratory viruses such as
4028:
3507:
2832:
2540:
2535:
2468:
2366:
2243:
1108:
1071:
1015:
896:
822:. It can also operate through droplet or airborne transmission through the
810:
768:
725:
493:
454:
161:
2419:
2339:
2262:
2203:
2154:
2088:
2038:
1981:
1946:
1849:
1831:
1261:. The University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine. Archived from
883:. This is the typical mode of transmission for infectious agents such as
795:
4011:
3926:
3502:
3487:
3477:
3430:
2975:
2771:
2751:
2545:
2488:
2020:
1096:
1008:
991:
968:
906:
819:
772:
740:
729:
721:
501:
446:
442:
412:
316:
312:
307:
Respiratory droplets are released through talking, coughing, or sneezing.
197:
133:
121:
113:
45:
29:
2411:
2080:
945:
can show the spread of a disease and is at the core of the specialty of
829:
Main causes of fecal–oral disease transmission include lack of adequate
3815:
3686:
2939:
2496:
2185:
1026:
Anything that reduces the rate of transmission of an infection carries
1020:
884:
834:
748:
647:
370:
281:
246:
176:
102:
37:
872:
can become infected. Another problem in some developing countries, is
4023:
3588:
3241:
2837:
2304:"Mom knows best: the universality of maternal microbial transmission"
977:
861:
842:
683:
654:
such as heroin, steroids, and hormones. This can act as a vector for
505:
470:
466:
320:
88:
1198:"New WHO proposed terminology for respiratory pathogen transmission"
646:
This is the practice of intravenous drug-users by which a needle or
457:
infections and those infections causing sores) or from secretions (
3252:
2764:
1039:
892:
794:
784:
679:
586:
This is from mother to child (more rarely father to child), often
571:
474:
458:
303:
302:
250:
68:
1620:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3236:
2705:
2602:
995:
853:
780:
776:
549:
481:
416:
129:
84:
2440:
2005:"Optimizing influenza sentinel surveillance at the state level"
1172:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 391–399.
407:
Some diseases that are transmissible by direct contact include
2054:"Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data"
1897:
876:
which leads to disease transmission via the fecal-oral route.
663:
635:
626:
of infected material. Some diseases that can be transmitted
1670:. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 1.
1427:"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 47"
929:
Tracking the transmission of infectious diseases is called
767:. Biological vectors are usually, though not exclusively,
480:
Some infections transmissible by the sexual route include
128:
can be transmitted to humans who ingest improperly cooked
1569:"Pass the message: Five steps to kicking out coronavirus"
1170:
Parasitism: The
Diversity and Ecology of Animal Parasites
1301:. Washington State Department of Health. Archived from
560:
infections herpes simplex virus (especially HSV-1) and
2278:"Externalities, public goods, and infectious diseases"
2170:"Mathematical modeling of infectious disease dynamics"
2117:
Chan EH, Sahai V, Conrad C, Brownstein JS (May 2011).
1911:
Johnson DL, Mead KR, Lynch RA, Hirst DV (March 2013).
1255:"Routes of transmission of infectious diseases agents"
724:
that does not cause disease itself but that transmits
200:
to enter, survive and multiply in the host, while the
1701:
Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg's
Medical Microbiology
1259:
1093:
bioluminescent bacteria associated with bobtail squid
108:
via contaminated hypodermic needles or blood products
1763:
Annual Review of
Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
4095:
3987:
3779:
3628:
3615:
3520:
3411:
3333:
3305:
3291:
3277:
3261:
3229:
3191:
3120:
3082:
3075:
3057:
2989:
2956:
2949:
2913:
2906:
2818:
2809:
2696:
2593:
2487:
2480:
1962:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1703:(28th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
1699:Morse SA, Mietzner TA, Miller S, Riedel S (2019).
845:and before preparing food or tending to patients.
16:Passing of a pathogen from one organism to another
799:1940 US WPA poster encouraging modernized privies
1599:"Principles of Epidemiology: Chain of Infection"
1168:Bush AO, Fernández JC, Esch GW, Seed JR (2001).
650:is shared by multiple individuals to administer
1412:. 28 February 2020 – via pressreader.com.
112:Transmission can also be indirect, via another
1603:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Infection
258:: Airborne infections and droplet infections.
2452:
1668:The International Encyclopedia of Primatology
856:without access to adequate sanitation. Here,
8:
1551:"What is Diseases contagious from droplets?"
1498:"Prevention of hospital-acquired infections"
925:Mathematical modelling of infectious disease
868:or surface water). The people who drink the
576:Brocky, Karoly - Mother and Child (1846-50)
3625:
3079:
2953:
2910:
2815:
2484:
2459:
2445:
2437:
240:The route of transmission is important to
136:or, more typically, larger pathogens like
2374:
2329:
2319:
2252:
2242:
2193:
2144:
2134:
2028:
1936:
1839:
1643:Boston University School of Public Health
1523:
1521:
164:agent can be transmitted in two ways: as
1460:
1458:
1386:"Gainers and losers in the time of nCoV"
1372:"Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Resources"
1002:Relationship with virulence and survival
3533:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
2706:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
1756:
1754:
1160:
1150:Transmission coefficient (epidemiology)
1082:Some beneficial symbionts are acquired
132:). Indirect transmission could involve
4116:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
4008:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
2302:Funkhouser LJ, Bordenstein SR (2013).
396:result in transmission through feces.
124:or fly) or an intermediate host (e.g.
2276:Graves S, Samuelson DA (March 2022).
1917:American Journal of Infection Control
1775:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-032513-100555
1727:Great Relationships and Sex Education
1661:
1659:
1632:
1630:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1492:
1490:
7:
3363:Compartmental models in epidemiology
1191:
1189:
1107:Many microbial symbionts, including
864:can pollute drinking water sources (
1299:"Glossary of Notifiable Conditions"
1196:Leung NH, Milton DK (3 July 2024).
1557:from the original on 16 July 2015.
1097:nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plants
14:
1443:from the original on 8 March 2020
1232:"Horizontal Disease Transmission"
4112:Economics of Infectious Diseases
2168:Siettos CI, Russo L (May 2013).
2123:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2009:American Journal of Epidemiology
1676:10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0193
1615:
1140:Infectious disease: Transmission
473:(this is a more usual route for
1505:World Health Organization (WHO)
1042:-associated dinoflagellates or
971:by finding patterns in certain
704:Transmission by other organisms
521:Sexually transmitted infections
449:(see below) and rarely through
4121:Infectious disease informatics
3952:Transmission-based precautions
2376:11858/00-001M-0000-000E-B76B-E
1324:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
582:Vertically transmitted disease
433:Sexually transmitted infection
1:
3538:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
3313:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
2674:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
1637:LaMorte WW (6 January 2016).
1328:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill.
1236:online-medical-dictionary.org
602:(transmammary transmission).
181:vertical disease transmission
3100:Aerosol-generating procedure
2878:Silent/Subclinical infection
2578:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
2321:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001631
2136:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001206
1974:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000448
1820:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1724:Hoyle A, McGeeney E (2019).
1404:"Global economy looks woozy"
1326:Sherris Medical Microbiology
568:Mother-to-child transmission
196:describes the ability of an
156:Definition and related terms
3764:Vaccine-preventable disease
3712:Monoclonal antibody therapy
2285:Real-World Economics Review
1789:"Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease"
1475:. Commonwealth of Australia
1202:Nature Reviews Microbiology
826:from contaminated toilets.
540:, chlamydia, and syphilis.
345:respiratory syncytial virus
4185:
3905:Respiratory source control
1929:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.04.330
1210:10.1038/s41579-024-01067-5
1135:Cross-species transmission
922:
802:
707:
579:
430:
388:
296:
265:
245:fecal-oral route, such as
20:
4049:Global Health Initiatives
4039:Evolutionary epidemiology
3734:Post-exposure prophylaxis
3670:Antimicrobial stewardship
3393:Multiplicity of infection
3358:Basic reproduction number
3134:Percutaneous inoculation
2618:Host–pathogen interaction
1434:World Health Organization
1034:Beneficial microorganisms
1014:The relationship between
941:to them. The analysis of
809:In the fecal-oral route,
765:African sleeping sickness
632:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
616:due to medical procedures
3867:Protective sequestration
3729:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
3020:Generational difference
2573:Horizontal gene transfer
2563:Antimicrobial resistance
1253:Kurkjian KM, Little SE.
562:infectious mononucleosis
445:, less commonly through
4054:Microbial phylogenetics
3972:Wastewater surveillance
3493:Geographic distribution
3368:Critical community size
3166:Surgical site infection
3014:Iatrogenic/Medical care
2933:Microbial translocation
2929:Endogenous reactivation
2924:Normal flora overgrowth
2873:Opportunistic infection
2645:Opportunistic infection
2367:10.1111/1365-2435.12089
2244:10.1073/pnas.1423542112
1890:"Pathogens and vectors"
1639:"Common Vehicle Spread"
1415:(subscription required)
1277:"Vertical transmission"
1103:Mixed-mode transmission
1078:Horizontal transmission
881:sanitary sewer overflow
144:. Transmissions can be
95:fecal–oral transmission
4126:Microbial bioterrorism
3749:efficacy/effectiveness
3157:Surgical intervention
3049:Breakthrough infection
2671:Genetic predisposition
2655:Susceptible individual
2502:Germ theory of disease
1730:. Taylor and Francis.
1058:a form of non-genetic
1028:positive externalities
965:influenza-like illness
800:
577:
363:streptococcus pyogenes
308:
236:Routes of transmission
223:Community transmission
185:perinatal transmission
3962:Universal precautions
2920:Endogenous overgrowth
2772:Poultry and livestock
1349:Jones JH (May 2007).
1242:on 27 September 2007.
1055:Vertical transmission
1050:Vertical transmission
798:
710:Vector (epidemiology)
708:Further information:
697:Clostridium botulinum
594:(also referred to as
575:
389:Further information:
349:human metapneumovirus
321:contaminated surfaces
306:
65:airborne transmission
4164:Disease transmission
4064:Genomic reassortment
4044:Genetic epidemiology
3883:Health communication
3811:Flattening the curve
3801:Disease surveillance
3584:Systemic/Generalized
3348:Animal disease model
2828:Asymptomatic carrier
1113:evolutionary success
984:Computer simulations
931:disease surveillance
912:Ascaris lumbricoides
850:developing countries
745:blood-borne diseases
656:blood-borne diseases
526:herpes simplex virus
354:Bordetella pertussis
75:droplet transmission
50:communicable disease
44:is the passing of a
4169:Infectious diseases
4131:Pandemic prevention
4087:Viral phylodynamics
4068:Re-emerging disease
3957:Travel restrictions
3161:Postoperative wound
3130:Blood-borne disease
3112:Respiratory droplet
3024:Vertical/Congenital
3009:Nosocomial/Hospital
2966:Spillover infection
2412:10.1038/nature04793
2404:2006Natur.441..345N
2235:2015PNAS..11211114W
2229:(35): 11114–11119.
2106:on 24 October 2018.
2081:10.1038/nature07634
2073:2009Natur.457.1012G
2067:(7232): 1012–1014.
1900:on 24 January 2015.
1832:10.1093/cid/cix1071
1409:Dallas Morning News
1392:. 10 February 2020.
939:reportable diseases
604:Infectious diseases
596:perinatal infection
401:contagious diseases
333:parainfluenza virus
299:Respiratory droplet
4077:Selection pressure
3373:Force of infection
3001:Contagious disease
2936:Endogenous seeding
2833:Chain of infection
2757:Injection drug use
2668:Vaccination status
2551:Case fatality rate
2469:infectious disease
2355:Functional Ecology
2186:10.4161/viru.24041
2021:10.1093/aje/kwp270
1605:. 18 February 2019
988:seasonal variation
852:who live in urban
801:
753:viral encephalitis
578:
391:Contagious disease
309:
262:Airborne infection
230:Local transmission
162:infectious disease
140:with more complex
4151:
4150:
4141:Tropical medicine
4082:Synthetic biology
3983:
3982:
3942:Social distancing
3895:Outbreak response
3516:
3515:
3343:Agent-based model
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
2868:Natural reservoir
2858:Infectious period
2848:Incubation period
2805:
2804:
2761:Natural disaster
2730:Tropical diseases
2713:Biodiversity loss
2650:Risk of infection
2640:Microbiome health
2633:Immunosuppression
2398:(7091): 345–348.
2015:(10): 1300–1306.
1826:(11): 1733–1741.
1795:. 23 October 2017
1737:978-1-35118-825-8
1710:978-1-260-01202-6
1685:978-1-119-17931-3
1514:on 26 March 2020.
1335:978-0-8385-8529-0
1305:on 7 January 2010
1287:on 28 March 2007.
1265:on 15 March 2012.
954:infection control
652:intravenous drugs
638:, and many more.
52:from an infected
4176:
4136:Tropical disease
4072:Reverse zoonosis
4059:One Health Model
3888:Health education
3877:Community health
3796:Cordon sanitaire
3769:Ring vaccination
3739:Repurposed drugs
3626:
3545:Gastrointestinal
3388:Machine learning
3192:Gastrointestinal
3143:Intravenous line
3080:
2994:/Cross-infection
2981:Reverse zoonosis
2954:
2911:
2816:
2797:War and conflict
2665:Nutrition status
2628:Immunodeficiency
2485:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2323:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2246:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2138:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2099:. Archived from
2058:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1896:. Archived from
1894:MetaPathogen.com
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1634:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1595:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1507:. Archived from
1502:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1431:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1390:The Manila Times
1382:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1283:. Archived from
1273:
1267:
1266:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1238:. Archived from
1228:
1222:
1221:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1165:
1109:human microbiota
1072:human microbiota
1044:human microbiota
973:web search query
841:after using the
839:wash their hands
805:Fecal–oral route
670:Indirect contact
292:
291:
268:Airborne disease
213:Transmissibility
169:
168:
126:tapeworm in pigs
4184:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4091:
4004:Antigenic shift
3999:Antigenic drift
3990:
3979:
3843:Barrier nursing
3791:Contact tracing
3782:
3775:
3620:
3618:
3611:
3522:
3512:
3413:
3407:
3398:Serial interval
3317:
3301:
3292:Cervico-vaginal
3287:
3278:Trans-placental
3273:
3257:
3225:
3187:
3123:Vascular system
3122:
3116:
3071:
3059:
3053:
2993:
2985:
2945:
2902:
2820:
2801:
2692:
2623:Immune response
2589:
2568:Drug resistance
2512:Infectious dose
2476:
2465:
2435:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2314:(8): e1001631.
2301:
2300:
2296:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1870:. 30 March 2022
1862:
1861:
1857:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1616:
1608:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1121:
1105:
1080:
1064:parental effect
1052:
1036:
1004:
927:
921:
874:open defecation
807:
793:
712:
706:
692:botulinum toxin
672:
644:
624:transplantation
612:
584:
570:
558:Cytomegalovirus
546:
534:
518:
435:
429:
393:
387:
329:influenza virus
301:
295:
289:
288:
270:
264:
242:epidemiologists
238:
166:
165:
158:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4182:
4180:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4156:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4034:Emergent virus
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3969:
3967:Vector control
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3910:N95 respirator
3902:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3783:pharmaceutical
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3632:
3630:
3629:Pharmaceutical
3623:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3580:Cardiovascular
3578:
3573:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3559:Nervous system
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3383:Infection rate
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3138:Injection site
3132:
3126:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3107:Dental aerosol
3104:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3029:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2991:Human-to-human
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2888:Super-spreader
2885:
2883:Superinfection
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2792:Vector control
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2721:Climate zones
2719:
2717:Climate change
2714:
2711:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2533:
2531:Quorum sensing
2528:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2434:
2433:
2382:
2361:(2): 315–327.
2345:
2294:
2268:
2209:
2180:(4): 295–306.
2160:
2109:
2044:
1995:
1968:(5): 501–508.
1952:
1923:(3): 254–258.
1903:
1881:
1855:
1806:
1780:
1750:
1736:
1716:
1709:
1691:
1684:
1655:
1626:
1585:
1560:
1542:
1517:
1486:
1454:
1418:
1395:
1377:
1363:
1352:
1341:
1334:
1316:
1290:
1268:
1245:
1223:
1185:
1178:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1104:
1101:
1079:
1076:
1051:
1048:
1035:
1032:
1003:
1000:
943:aggregate data
920:
917:
870:polluted water
803:Main article:
792:
789:
757:Chagas disease
705:
702:
671:
668:
643:
642:Needle sharing
640:
628:iatrogenically
611:
608:
580:Main article:
569:
566:
554:herpes viruses
545:
542:
533:
530:
517:
514:
510:trichomoniasis
431:Main article:
428:
425:
421:conjunctivitis
409:athlete's foot
386:
385:Direct contact
383:
297:Main article:
294:
286:
266:Main article:
263:
260:
237:
234:
202:infectiousness
157:
154:
138:macroparasites
110:
109:
106:
92:
81:
78:
72:
58:microorganisms
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4181:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:Sterilization
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:Surgical mask
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3872:Public health
3870:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3724:Phage therapy
3722:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3707:Immunotherapy
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3665:Antimicrobial
3663:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3614:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3556:Genitourinary
3555:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:in population
3410:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:Herd immunity
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:Genitourinary
3260:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3204:Contamination
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:Vector-borne
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2958:Cross-species
2955:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2898:Window period
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:Latent period
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Deforestation
2740:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2687:Stress levels
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2519:Pathogenicity
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:public domain
1604:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1356:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:9780521664479
1175:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:public health
932:
926:
918:
916:
914:
913:
908:
904:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:or untreated
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
816:
812:
806:
797:
790:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
728:by conveying
727:
723:
719:
718:
711:
703:
701:
699:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:contamination
669:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
614:Transmission
609:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
583:
574:
567:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
543:
541:
539:
531:
529:
527:
524:incidence of
522:
515:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:genital warts
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
434:
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
402:
397:
392:
384:
382:
380:
379:surgical mask
376:
375:coronaviruses
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
322:
318:
314:
305:
300:
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
269:
261:
259:
257:
252:
248:
243:
235:
233:
231:
227:
224:
220:
218:
214:
210:
208:
203:
199:
195:
194:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
163:
155:
153:
149:
147:
146:autochthonous
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
107:
104:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
66:
63:
62:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:public health
31:
24:
19:
3855:Notification
3826:Hand washing
3821:Food hygiene
3806:Disinfection
3702:Immunization
3653:Anthelmintic
3641:prophylactic
3529:Respiratory
3453:Hyperendemic
3403:WAIFW matrix
3058:Environment-
2811:Transmission
2787:Urbanization
2585:Host tropism
2481:Determinants
2467:Concepts in
2395:
2391:
2385:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2311:
2308:PLOS Biology
2307:
2297:
2288:
2284:
2271:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2129:(5): e1206.
2126:
2122:
2112:
2101:the original
2064:
2060:
2047:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1898:the original
1893:
1884:
1874:12 September
1872:. Retrieved
1867:
1858:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1799:12 September
1797:. Retrieved
1792:
1783:
1766:
1762:
1741:. Retrieved
1726:
1719:
1700:
1694:
1667:
1646:. Retrieved
1642:
1607:. Retrieved
1602:
1576:. Retrieved
1572:
1563:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1509:the original
1504:
1477:. Retrieved
1445:. Retrieved
1433:
1421:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1366:
1344:
1325:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1303:the original
1293:
1285:the original
1281:medterms.com
1280:
1271:
1263:the original
1258:
1248:
1240:the original
1235:
1226:
1201:
1169:
1163:
1106:
1084:horizontally
1081:
1053:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1005:
982:
958:
951:
947:epidemiology
928:
910:
900:
878:
847:
828:
824:toilet plume
808:
761:Lyme disease
738:
736:to another.
715:
713:
695:
673:
645:
613:
587:
585:
547:
535:
519:
479:
436:
415:, syphilis,
406:
398:
394:
352:
337:adenoviruses
326:
310:
274:tuberculosis
271:
239:
229:
228:
222:
221:
212:
211:
201:
191:
189:
159:
150:
111:
42:transmission
41:
27:
23:Transmission
18:
4108:Eradication
4019:Biosecurity
3744:Vaccination
3719:Inoculation
3697:Drug safety
3692:Combination
3619:and Control
3567:Soft tissue
3521:Anatomical
3488:Seasonality
3468:Mesoendemic
3448:Holoendemic
3441:Farr's laws
3353:Attack rate
3151:Animal bite
3147:Insect bite
3083:Respiratory
2710:Air quality
2698:Environment
2608:Comorbidity
2524:Attack rate
2507:Infectivity
1868:www.cdc.gov
1769:: 623–643.
1573:www.who.int
1535:28 February
1479:10 November
1351:"Notes on R
1145:Rodentology
1060:inheritance
889:hepatitis A
866:groundwater
688:hepatitis A
660:Hepatitis C
600:breast milk
498:hepatitis B
359:pneumococci
217:probability
209:organisms.
193:infectivity
142:life cycles
116:, either a
4158:Categories
3991:infections
3932:Sanitation
3900:Quarantine
3759:resistance
3677:Antiseptic
3658:Ascaricide
3648:Antifungal
3636:Antibiotic
3617:Prevention
3550:Intestinal
3483:Prevalence
3463:Inequality
3412:Occurrence
3211:Breastmilk
3095:Bioaerosol
3067:Sapronosis
3042:Horizontal
2914:Endogenous
2893:Viral load
2853:Index case
1309:3 February
1156:References
1130:Bugchasing
1125:Bioaerosol
923:See also:
902:Salmonella
831:sanitation
791:Fecal–oral
773:mosquitoes
771:, such as
769:arthropods
747:, such as
662:(HCV) and
658:, such as
610:Iatrogenic
592:childbirth
532:Manual sex
451:manual sex
367:diphtheria
341:rhinovirus
278:chickenpox
167:horizontal
99:sanitation
4103:Discovery
4029:Disease X
3989:Emerging
3937:Screening
3838:Isolation
3682:Antiviral
3508:Twindemic
3458:Incidence
3335:Modelling
3298:Perinatal
3230:Cutaneous
3121:Linked to
3031:Perinatal
2950:Exogenous
2942:formation
2684:Pregnancy
2541:Endotoxin
2536:Virulence
2174:Virulence
1218:1740-1534
1088:secondary
1016:virulence
992:outbreaks
969:epidemics
907:parasites
897:Rotavirus
833:and poor
811:pathogens
732:from one
730:pathogens
726:infection
620:injection
590:, during
556:, namely
494:gonorrhea
486:chlamydia
455:bacterial
293:infection
190:The term
4012:EARS-Net
3927:Safe sex
3879:services
3850:Lockdown
3621:measures
3523:location
3503:Syndemic
3498:Sporadic
3478:Pandemic
3473:Outbreak
3431:Epidemic
3284:Prenatal
3176:Mosquito
3060:to-human
3035:Neonatal
3028:Prenatal
2976:Zoonosis
2821:concepts
2752:Humidity
2737:Commerce
2613:Diabetes
2546:Exotoxin
2428:18356960
2420:16710420
2340:23976878
2291:: 25–56.
2263:26283349
2204:23552814
2155:21647308
2089:19020500
2039:19822570
1990:11166016
1982:25816216
1947:23040490
1850:29211835
1578:24 March
1555:Archived
1468:(2010).
1438:Archived
1119:See also
1068:Buchnera
1021:aerosols
1009:diarrhea
919:Tracking
820:anal sex
741:housefly
722:organism
630:include
588:in utero
516:Oral sex
502:syphilis
482:HIV/AIDS
447:oral sex
443:anal sex
413:impetigo
317:sneezing
313:coughing
256:airborne
198:organism
134:zoonoses
122:mosquito
120:(e.g. a
114:organism
48:causing
46:pathogen
30:medicine
3816:Hygiene
3754:booster
3687:Asepsis
3426:Endemic
3421:Cluster
3005:Source
2940:Biofilm
2777:Poverty
2747:Ecology
2725:El Niño
2678:Smoking
2556:factors
2497:Biofilm
2473:Outline
2400:Bibcode
2331:3747981
2254:4568255
2231:Bibcode
2195:3710332
2146:3104029
2069:Bibcode
2030:2800268
1938:4692156
1841:5963970
1743:11 July
1648:21 July
1609:21 July
1447:8 March
1204:: 1–2.
961:proxies
885:cholera
858:excreta
835:hygiene
749:malaria
684:fomites
648:syringe
550:kissing
475:viruses
439:vaginal
371:rubella
290:Droplet
282:measles
247:cholera
215:is the
177:fomites
173:vectors
103:hygiene
38:biology
4024:CRISPR
3976:Zoning
3831:Gloves
3242:Fomite
3076:Routes
2971:Vector
2838:Fomite
2819:Basic
2782:Travel
2662:Gender
2426:
2418:
2392:Nature
2338:
2328:
2261:
2251:
2202:
2192:
2153:
2143:
2097:125775
2095:
2087:
2061:Nature
2037:
2027:
1988:
1980:
1945:
1935:
1848:
1838:
1793:nhs.uk
1734:
1707:
1682:
1332:
1216:
1176:
978:dengue
909:(e.g.
905:, and
862:sewage
843:toilet
720:is an
717:vector
682:, and
508:, and
506:herpes
471:rectum
467:vagina
427:Sexual
419:, and
373:, and
207:vector
118:vector
89:fomite
36:, and
4096:Other
3604:Fetus
3599:Mouth
3594:Tooth
3589:Blood
3576:Joint
3436:Curve
3306:Other
3253:wound
3251:Open
3221:Feces
3216:Water
2907:Modes
2765:Flood
2489:Agent
2424:S2CID
2281:(PDF)
2104:(PDF)
2093:S2CID
2057:(PDF)
1986:S2CID
1512:(PDF)
1501:(PDF)
1473:(PDF)
1466:NHMRC
1441:(PDF)
1430:(PDF)
1358:(PDF)
1040:coral
893:polio
854:slums
815:fecal
781:fleas
777:ticks
680:blood
463:penis
459:semen
417:warts
251:polio
3860:list
3781:Non-
3571:Bone
3563:Skin
3247:Soil
3237:Burn
3199:Food
3181:Tick
2843:Host
2603:Burn
2595:Host
2416:PMID
2336:PMID
2259:PMID
2200:PMID
2151:PMID
2085:PMID
2035:PMID
1978:PMID
1943:PMID
1876:2023
1846:PMID
1801:2023
1745:2023
1732:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1680:ISBN
1650:2020
1611:2020
1580:2020
1537:2017
1481:2020
1449:2020
1330:ISBN
1311:2010
1214:ISSN
1174:ISBN
1095:and
996:Hajj
990:and
785:lice
783:and
763:and
734:host
544:Oral
130:pork
101:and
85:soil
54:host
3920:PPE
3608:Eye
3269:Sex
3090:Air
2659:Age
2408:doi
2396:441
2371:hdl
2363:doi
2326:PMC
2316:doi
2249:PMC
2239:doi
2227:112
2190:PMC
2182:doi
2141:PMC
2131:doi
2077:doi
2065:457
2025:PMC
2017:doi
2013:170
1970:doi
1933:PMC
1925:doi
1836:PMC
1828:doi
1771:doi
1672:doi
1206:doi
1062:or
1023:).
915:).
813:in
694:by
664:HIV
636:HIV
622:or
564:.
538:HPV
469:or
441:or
175:or
160:An
28:In
4160::
2422:.
2414:.
2406:.
2394:.
2369:.
2359:28
2357:.
2334:.
2324:.
2312:11
2310:.
2306:.
2289:99
2287:.
2283:.
2257:.
2247:.
2237:.
2225:.
2221:.
2198:.
2188:.
2176:.
2172:.
2149:.
2139:.
2125:.
2121:.
2091:.
2083:.
2075:.
2063:.
2059:.
2033:.
2023:.
2011:.
2007:.
1984:.
1976:.
1966:57
1964:.
1941:.
1931:.
1921:41
1919:.
1915:.
1892:.
1866:.
1844:.
1834:.
1824:66
1822:.
1818:.
1791:.
1767:44
1765:.
1753:^
1678:.
1658:^
1641:.
1629:^
1601:.
1588:^
1571:.
1553:.
1520:^
1503:.
1489:^
1457:^
1436:.
1432:.
1406:.
1388:.
1279:.
1257:.
1234:.
1212:.
1200:.
1188:^
1099:.
1011:.
980:.
899:,
895:,
891:,
887:,
779:,
775:,
759:,
755:,
751:,
714:A
700:.
666:.
634:,
512:.
504:,
500:,
496:,
492:,
488:,
484:,
465:,
423:.
411:,
381:.
369:,
365:,
361:,
357:,
351:,
347:,
343:,
339:,
335:,
331:,
315:,
284:.
280:,
276:,
187:.
69:ÎĽm
40:,
32:,
2475:)
2471:(
2460:e
2453:t
2446:v
2430:.
2410::
2402::
2379:.
2373::
2365::
2342:.
2318::
2265:.
2241::
2233::
2206:.
2184::
2178:4
2157:.
2133::
2127:5
2079::
2071::
2041:.
2019::
1992:.
1972::
1949:.
1927::
1878:.
1852:.
1830::
1803:.
1777:.
1773::
1747:.
1713:.
1688:.
1674::
1652:.
1624:.
1613:.
1582:.
1539:.
1483:.
1451:.
1374:.
1355:"
1353:0
1338:.
1313:.
1220:.
1208::
1182:.
171:(
91:)
87:(
71:.
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.