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was to be conducted in a very different style from that of other days; and, sure enough, the large floating batteries of the French fleet loomed into sight. According to popular report, no time was lost with any kind of preliminary formalities. The
Chinese commenced to fire on the advancing ships, which continued steadily and with ominous silence to press forward in the direction of Makung. When within about rifle-shot range, there burst from them such a tremendous discharge against the large fort outside of the town that many a heart must have been filled with terror and amazement. Indeed, some say that on witnessing the fearful havoc caused by this opening volley from the French guns, both officers and men began to scamper off from the entrenchments; a statement which, however, cannot be altogether correct, since the number of soldiers suffering from frontal wounds, who afterwards found their way to the mission hospital at showed conclusively that not a few of those poor matter-of-fact Chinamen must have made a noble stand against the invaders of their country.
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716:, and was flanked by a number of subsidiary positions in which the Chinese had deployed a dozen rifled French Voruz cannon of various calibres. The Southern Fort, or Dutch Fort (it had been built by the Dutch in the seventeenth century), was armed with two 22-centimetre (8.7 in) and two 14-centimetre (5.5 in) smoothbore cannon. A third battery, sited on Observatory Island just inside Makung Bay, also covered the entrance to the bay, which had also been blocked by a
866:, in the eyes of his officers it was his most flawless military achievement. Significantly, Courbet directed operations in person, and chose to fight this brief colonial campaign in the traditional style, with ships of the French navy supporting the land operations of marine infantry and artillery. The decision reflected inter-service rivalries. Courbet was cocking a snook at the army ministry, which had long ago wrested the direction of the
727:), and on the east by a battery on Plate Island. The Hsiaochi battery was replaced in the late 1880s by the Hsi Tai battery, whose ruins can still be seen today. The Plate Island battery was quite close to the Southern Fort, and could also cover the approach to Makung Bay. Unfortunately for the Chinese, both these batteries were armed only with a mixture of antiquated smoothbore pieces that offered little threat to the French squadron.
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nothing is certain in warfare. Even if we are successful, Vietnam does not belong to us. But Taiwan is a part of China. If money and reinforcements fail to get through to Taiwan, we will lose it and never get it back. It will then be difficult both to fight on and to make peace, so why should we consider it? Why should we not end the war now, after having won a victory?
830:. Chinese casualties may have amounted to 300 dead and around 400 wounded, and included several senior officers. The French were told by islanders that the American artillery officer Nelson was beheaded during the bombardment of 29 March on the orders of an enraged Chinese commander, because his guns were unable to make any effective reply to the French warships.
1017:('the fishermen's islands', a French version of the Portuguese name 'Pescadores') in anticipation of their future destiny as a French colony. This was never a realistic prospect. France had fought the war to oust the Chinese from Tonkin, not to make colonial conquests in China itself, and the French punctiliously evacuated the Pescadores on 22 July 1885.
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the marine infantry of Lange's battalion, but the French suspected that it originated in Makung, whose
Chinese population lived in cramped and insanitary conditions. Courbet therefore isolated the French cantonments from contact with any possible contagion from Makung. All Chinese houses within a certain distance were demolished to create a
720:. The Observatory Island battery was armed with two Armstrong cannon and a Chinese 20-centimetre (7.9 in) cannon. The Chinese had also built a battery armed with smoothbore cannon to sweep the plain to the east of Makung and a large entrenched camp to the north of the town to house the regular troops of the island's garrison.
987:, who were directing the war effort against the French in southern China, urged the Qing court to continue the struggle against France. The court replied firmly on 10 April 1885 that it was necessary to make peace immediately because the loss of the Pescadores placed the whole of Taiwan in jeopardy:
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Courbet's victory also came too late to affect the conclusion of preliminaries of peace between France and China on 4 April 1885, but it may have helped to prevent the peace agreement from being sabotaged by hardline elements in China and by the
Chinese army commanders fighting the French in northern
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Several dozen French soldiers and sailors succumbed to cholera during the French occupation of the
Pescadores. Cholera broke out within one or two days of the landing, and by 23 April 15 men had died and a further 20 had been hospitalised. The disease had probably been brought over from Keelung by
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During their occupation the French surveyed the coastal waters around the islands and considerably improved the rudimentary facilities of Makung harbour. Meanwhile, during the summer of 1885, nearly thirty French warships of the Far East
Squadron rode peacefully at anchor off Makung, in the largest
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Makung became the main base for
Courbet's Far East Squadron for the remainder of the war and during a brief period of occupation in the summer of 1885. The Sino-French War ended in April 1885, and under the terms of the peace settlement the French continued to occupy the Pescadores until July, as a
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engaged in demolishing the fortifications over against Fisher Island and Makung. Those fortifications were mounted with good-sized guns of foreign make, and occupied by several thousands of soldiers who had been hastily called from various centres on the mainland. It all availed nothing. Fighting
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and Zheng
Yingjie (鄭膺杰), and numbered around 2,400 men. A number of foreign officers served with the Chinese garrison, including an American officer named Nelson, responsible for the defence of one of the Makung forts, whose diary of events was later recovered by the French. Initially optimistic,
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The Army has recovered Lạng Sơn, but the French now occupy P'eng-hu. If
Generals Feng and Wang do not cease military operations now, after saving China's military honour, the overall situation in China will once again worsen. It is very dangerous to send an army deep into a strange country, and
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Courbet issued strict instructions that his troops should pay for everything they needed, and the islanders seized the opportunity to make as much money as possible out of the occupying forces during their brief sojourn in the
Pescadores. Food markets sprang up around the French cantonments. The
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Two commemorative obelisks erected in the summer of 1885 in these cemeteries can still be seen. One is in Makung itself, the other on the tip of the southern cape that encloses Makung harbour, formerly known as Dutch Point (from the ruins of an old Dutch fort there). Both bear almost identical
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in Dome Bay. The column was guided towards its objective by an elderly local fisherman, who had volunteered his services for pay. During the afternoon Lange's men cleared a force of
Chinese infantry from the village of Kisambo and closed up to the village of Siu-kuei-kang (modern Suogang, 鎖港),
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The fortifications of the Pescadores were designed primarily to protect Makung and deny entrance to Makung Bay, and also if possible to cover the southern entrance to P'eng-hu Bay, which would have to be traversed first by an attacking squadron. The most formidable obstacles were the two Makung
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On the morning of 31 March Lange attacked the main Chinese defensive line around Siu-kuei-kang. Although the marine infantry and sailors were heavily outnumbered, French naval gunfire tipped the balance in their favour. The Chinese were driven back from their positions and attempted to make a
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around the French barracks, several nearby mosquito-ridden streams were filled in, and each barrack hut was disinfected with iron sulphate and phenic acid. These precautions gradually brought the disease under control, and most of the French troops hospitalised in April recovered in May.
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in Makung harbour on the night of 11 June 1885. Courbet's body was taken back to France for a state funeral, but the other French dead were buried in two cemeteries at Makung, one for the marine infantry of Lange's battalion and the other for the sailors of the Far East Squadron.
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surety for the withdrawal of the Chinese armies from Tonkin. Makung Bay was a superb natural harbour, and many of the squadron's officers hoped that France would retain its recent conquest as a counterweight to the British colony of Hong Kong. They even renamed the islands the
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or to Taiwanfu on junks and fishing boats under cover of darkness, though a number of soldiers were caught and handed over to the victorious French by the inhabitants of the Pescadores, who saw no reason to distinguish between two equally unwelcome sets of intruders.
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French were also interested in buying exotic reminders of their stay in the Far East, and local entrepreneurs, including the abbots of Buddhist monasteries, hastened to satisfy their demand for bronze Buddhas, carved screens and other characteristic souvenirs.
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With the barrage breached, Courbet's flotilla entered Makung Bay during the morning of 30 March and bombarded the defences of Makung. At the same time, Lange's battalion left its bivouac on Dome Hill and began to advance towards Makung, its flanks covered by
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747:) on 28 March, and approached the Pescadores from the west before dawn on 29 March. During the morning of 29 March the French warships bombarded and silenced the Hsiaochi battery and other Chinese shore batteries guarding the approaches to
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On 27 July 1885, in the wake of an enquiry into their conduct, the defeated Chinese generals Zhou Shanchu and Zheng Yingjie were demoted and punished for the loss of the Pescadores by being posted to the remote northern Chinese province of
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In the late afternoon Lange's battalion was put ashore on the southern cape of P'eng-hu Island, at Dome Hill, where it set up a defensive position for the night. There were no Chinese in sight, and the landing was made without resistance.
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Marie-Joseph-Louis Dert and Lieutenant Louis Jehenne, were originally buried in front of Courbet's monument (Courbet had attended their funerals only days before his own death). In 1954, under an agreement reached between the French and
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which was strongly held by the Chinese. Lange's men bivouacked for the night to the west of the village, ready to attack the Chinese the following morning. During the evening the French column was reinforced by the landing companies of
625:, and their capture would prevent further reinforcements from reaching Taiwan. Courbet had wanted to mount an expedition to capture the Pescadores for several months, but the feasibility of the operation depended on the progress of the
633:'s defeat of Liu Mingchuan's forces and capture of the key Chinese position of La Table on 7 March 1885 finally disengaged Keelung, allowing the French to detach troops from its garrison for a descent on the Pescadores.
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One quiet afternoon during the spring of 1885 the people of Formosa were startled on hearing what seemed to them the sound of distant thunder. It was not thunder, but the ponderous ironclads of
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thrown across the entrance to Makung harbour. The scouting party discovered that no mines had yet been attached to the chains, and at dawn on 30 March a party of sailors from
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882:, Courbet presented the navy ministry with an elegant, almost bloodless victory in the Pescadores. The Sino-French War ended on a high note for the French navy and the
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The news of the French capture of the Pescadores initially caused little stir in Paris, as the headlines in early April 1885 were monopolised by the so-called
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The outer Chinese defences were much weaker. The southern entrance to P'eng-hu Bay was covered on the west by the Hsiaochi battery on Fisher Island (modern
673:. His landing force consisted of an understrength battalion of marine infantry (400 men as opposed to the usual complement of 600 men) under the command of
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Islands, also known from their Chinese name as P'eng-hu (澎湖), were an important transit stop for reinforcements to the Chinese army under the command of
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Lange's battalion consisted of the 25th, 26th, 27th and 30th Companies, 2nd Marine Infantry Regiment (Captains Logos, Harlay, Cramoisy and Vaillance).
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governments, their remains were exhumed with full military honours and transferred to the French Cemetery at Keelung aboard the national frigate
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However, the precautions came too late for Admiral Courbet himself, who contracted cholera at the beginning of June and died aboard his flagship
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second stand before Makung, near the village of Amo. Lange attacked them again, with equal success, and occupied Makung late in the afternoon.
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The Pescadores were occupied by the French until July 1885 and Admiral Courbet, by then a national hero in France, died aboard his flagship
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went forward in launches to cut a gap in the barrage. Chinese riflemen tried to disrupt this operation, and one French sailor was killed.
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The French bombardment of the Chinese positions on the Pescadores was heard in Taiwanfu on the Formosan mainland. The British missionary
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forts, placed on either side of the entrance to Makung Bay. The Northern Fort, just to the southwest of Makung, deployed three
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by March 1885 Nelson had despaired of training up the Chinese gunners to the standard necessary to meet the French in battle.
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away from the navy ministry. His timing was perfect. While the army ministry was struggling to explain away General
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on Penghu Island and landed a battalion of marine infantry which routed the Chinese defenders and occupied Makung.
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The Pescadores campaign was Courbet's last military victory. Although it was a minor operation compared with the
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This communication silenced the protests from the hardliners, and ensured that the peace with France held.
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Lange and a marine artillery section of two 80-millimetre (3.1 in) mountain guns (Lieutenant Lubert).
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as a monument to Courbet's memory, was removed in 1954, but its marble inscription has been preserved:
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Throne and mandarins: China's search for a policy during the Sino-French controversy, 1880-1885
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French sailors cut a gap in the Chinese barrage protecting the harbour of Makung, 30 March 1885
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A la memoire de l'amiral Courbet et des braves morts pour la France aux Pescadores en 1885
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The Pescadores campaign, March 1885 (map by Captain Garnot of the 3rd African Battalion)
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Dert and Lieutenant Jehenne, photographed in 1895 during a visit by the French cruiser
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French soldiers and local townsfolk pose for the camera in front of a temple in Makung
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Admiral Courbet acknowledges the acclamation of his troops after the capture of Makung
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The bodies of two marine infantry officers who died of cholera in early June 1885,
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1476:. La Guerre illustrée. Chine, Tonkin, Annam (in French). Paris: L. Boulanger.
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which took place in late March, 1885, was one of the last campaigns of the
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concentration of French naval power in the Far East in the history of the
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French warships bombard Chinese positions around Makung, 29 March 1885
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The Pescadores Islands were occupied by the French in March 1885
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described the impact of the battle on the town's inhabitants:
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During the night of 29 March the French sent boats to scout a
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Lieutenant Louis Jehenne. Jehenne died at Makung in June 1885
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Trente cinq mois de campagne en Chine, au Tonkin (1882-1885)
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Duboc, 295–303; Garnot, 179–95; Huard, 723–31; Loir, 291–317
1504:] (Chu ban ed.). Taipei: Taiwan Commercial Press.
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574:(August 1884–April 1885). It was fought to capture the
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Most of the defeated Chinese soldiers escaped to Amoy (
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The French flotilla concentrated off Taiwanfu (modern
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A la memoire des soldats français décedés à Makung
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1679:Tonkin Expedition commemorative medal
1558:(in French). Taipei, Taiwan: Moishe.
1053:Courbet's monument and the graves of
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1487:(in French). Paris: Berger-Levrault.
1532:Au Tonkin et dans les mers de Chine
1405:. Paris: Charavay, Mantoux, Martin.
1529:Rollet de l'Isle, Maurice (1886).
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1484:L'escadre de l'amiral Courbet
1386:. London: Marshall Brothers.
277:2,400 men and shore batteries
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1196:Garnot, 185–6; Loir, 298–302
933:Significance of the campaign
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1968:Military history of Taiwan
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1587:(in French). Paris: Payot.
1584:La conquête de l'Indochine
1554:Rouil, Christophe (2001).
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1280:Lung Chang, 329
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939:'Tonkin affair'
935:
928:
923:
914:
909:
900:
868:Tonkin campaign
733:
684:
653:, the cruisers
639:
611:
572:Sino-French War
564:
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515:incident (1867)
507:incident (1842)
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337:
333:Sino-French War
332:
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48:primary sources
36:
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22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2011:
2009:
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1995:
1993:1885 in Taiwan
1990:
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1983:1885 in France
1980:
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1970:
1965:
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1798:Amédée Courbet
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1900:Beiyang Fleet
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344:Naval battles
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291:
286:
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260:Zheng Yingjie
257:
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71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
50:
49:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
1905:Fujian Fleet
1874:Zhang Peilun
1864:Li Hongzhang
1707:Kép campaign
1690:developments
1583:
1555:
1531:
1501:
1496:
1483:
1472:
1438:
1411:
1401:
1382:
1352:Loir, 338–41
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1294:
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1264:
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1246:
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1039:
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1011:
995:
990:
947:
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911:
892:Heilongjiang
888:
857:
850:
848:
832:
827:
823:
821:
809:
805:
792:
788:
784:
779:
775:
771:
768:
763:
757:
753:
742:
731:The campaign
722:
710:
682:Zhou Shanchu
679:
674:
670:
666:
661:
655:
649:
643:
640:
612:
602:
600:
567:
565:
512:
504:
447:
431:
430:
426:2nd Lạng Sơn
401:1st Lạng Sơn
369:
368:
343:
270:six warships
251:Zhou Shanchu
221:Qing dynasty
192:Belligerents
137:Part of the
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
41:
1823:Jules Ferry
1316:Loir, 330–1
1035:French Navy
981: [
970: [
951:Wang Debang
926:Triomphante
828:Triomphante
789:Triomphante
685: [
662:Duchaffault
650:Triomphante
629:. Colonel
580:archipelago
416:Phu Lam Tao
391:Tuyên Quang
294:500 wounded
1957:Categories
1859:Feng Zicai
1844:Liu Yongfu
1642:Background
1371:References
1259:Duboc, 300
978:Peng Yulin
967:Cen Yuying
955:Feng Zicai
826:Poirot of
615:Pescadores
609:Background
576:Pescadores
448:Pescadores
292:300 killed
289:12 wounded
163:March 1885
77:newspapers
44:references
1869:Zeng Jize
1541:cite book
1334:Loir, 327
1325:Loir, 328
1307:Loir, 329
1298:Loir, 337
1241:Loir, 315
1128:Footnotes
1063:to Makung
793:d'Estaing
772:d'Estaing
656:d'Estaing
406:Đồng Đăng
1574:56561787
1520:36838172
1463:5225244M
1392:7051071M
1380:(1915).
963:Bao Chao
780:Annamite
671:Annamite
505:Nerbudda
376:Hưng Hóa
287:5 killed
265:Strength
168:Location
1455:3986575
1060:Forfait
862:or the
623:Keelung
584:Formosa
492:Formosa
438:Keelung
421:Bang Bo
411:Hòa Mộc
396:Núi Bop
370:Vietnam
364:Zhenhai
91:scholar
1572:
1562:
1518:
1508:
1461:
1453:
1430:290930
1428:
1418:
1390:
1069:Bayard
912:Bayard
851:France
812:Xiamen
785:Bayard
776:Vipère
764:Bayard
749:Makung
745:Tainan
667:Vipère
644:Bayard
603:Bayard
596:Makung
442:Tamsui
432:Taiwan
354:Tamsui
349:Fuzhou
218:
207:France
204:
180:Result
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
1500:[
1108:Notes
985:]
974:]
814:) in
689:]
513:Rover
386:Yu Oc
359:Shipu
98:JSTOR
84:books
1570:OCLC
1560:ISBN
1547:link
1516:OCLC
1506:ISBN
1451:OCLC
1426:OCLC
1416:ISBN
976:and
953:and
791:and
774:and
725:Xiyu
659:and
647:and
613:The
566:The
160:Date
70:news
1443:hdl
1098:ROC
945:).
381:Kep
46:to
1959::
1568:.
1543:}}
1539:{{
1514:.
1459:OL
1457:.
1449:.
1424:.
1388:OL
1357:^
1273:^
1162:^
1037:.
983:zh
972:zh
965:,
894:.
886:.
787:,
751:.
687:zh
57:.
1627:e
1620:t
1613:v
1576:.
1549:)
1522:.
1465:.
1445::
1432:.
1394:.
482:e
475:t
468:v
444:)
440:(
323:e
316:t
309:v
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
51:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
