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31:
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can be found describing the event as occurring near Los
Angeles or in Southern California. These varying descriptions of the location may be based on varying oral traditions, varying understandings of the relationship of the location of the martyrdom and Fort Ross, and also on varying interpretations of references to "San Pedro" in the original historical documents.
286:, indigenous to California, to cut off each finger of Peter's hands, one joint at a time, finally removing both his hands. They eventually disemboweled him, making him a martyr to the Eastern Orthodox faith. The Spanish captors were about to torture the next Aleut when orders were received to release the other Russian and Native Alaskan prisoners.
310:, was chief manager of the Russian colonies from 1818 to 1820. In the letter he was reporting on an incident that he had heard from a supposed eyewitness, and that had taken place fifty years earlier in 1815. The letter contains the description of Peter being tortured by "Jesuits" but this would have been virtually impossible, as the
314:
had been expelled from all
Spanish territories in 1767, suppressed generally in 1773, and had only been reconstituted in 1814 (one year before Peter's alleged death). In 1815 there were no Jesuits within several thousand miles of California, as the reconstitution of the Jesuits in New Spain (that is,
332:
Peter the Aleut has been referred to as a "martyr of San
Francisco". Additionally, many modern descriptions of the martyrdom of Peter the Aleut often describe the event as occurring "in San Francisco", and others describe the Native Alaskan traders as being brought "to San Francisco". Other sources
232:
expedition was taken into custody after declining to leave San Pedro; one
Russian source accused "the Spaniards of cruelty to the captives, stating that according to Kuskof’s report one Aleut who refused to become a Catholic died from ill-treatment received from the padre at San Francisco."
275:). According to the original account, the soldiers took them to "the mission in Saint-Pedro" for interrogation. One Russian source states that after being taken prisoner near modern Los Angeles, the captives were taken to Mission Dolores—that is, modern
324:." And indeed, this earlier communication, his official dispatch to the company's main office—dated Feb. 15, 1820, five years after the event—also relates the story of St. Peter's martyrdom, albeit with different details.
920:
Farris, Glenn, "The
Strange Tale of Saint Peter, the Aleut: A Russian Orthodox Martyr on the California Frontier". A paper presented at "The Spanish Missions and California Indians Symposium," D-Q University, 3 March
319:
in
California at the time, and it would be highly unlikely that anyone could confuse members of the two well-known and very dissimilar orders. Yanovsky adds, "At the time I reported all this to the Head Office in
367:. Such an interpretation of "San Pedro" fits well with other references to geographical locations in the historical documents, including an island named Santa Rosa (interpreted to refer to
1017:
1077:
383:. This interpretation of a Southern Californian location for the martyrdom is further supported by a letter contemporaneous to the alleged martyrdom event from Franciscan Fr.
1007:
932:
The
Russian Orthodox Religious Mission in America, 1794–1837, with Materials Concerning the Life and Works of the Monk German, and Ethnographic Notes by the Hieromonk Gedeon.
336:
The earliest historical sources about the death of Peter the Aleut describe the event as taking place in or near "the mission of San Pedro". Some have taken this to refer to
1067:
594:
Namee, Matthew (et al, for comments following main article). "Primary
Sources on St. Peter the Aleut" OrthodoxHistory.org (see both main article and following comments)
282:
When the Aleuts refused, the priest had a toe severed from each of Peter's feet. Peter still refused to renounce his faith and the
Spanish priest ordered a group of
702:
Pollen, John
Hungerford. "The Jesuits After the Restoration (1814-1912)." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 25 Aug. 2014
617:
1002:
691:
Pollen, John Hungerford. "The Suppression of the Jesuits (1750-1773)." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 25 Aug. 2014
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596:
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279:. With threats of torture, the Roman Catholic priests attempted to force the Aleuts to deny their Orthodox faith and to convert to Roman Catholicism.
1047:
1032:
652:
Text of Yanofsky's account of the martyrdom of Peter the Aleut, contained in his letter to Abbot Damascene (at Orthodox Church in America website)
379:). These documents also describe the captured Native Alaskan traders as transferred to Fort Ross, by way of sequential stops in Santa Barbara and
1087:
997:
579:
Bancroft, p. 308, see footnote referencing "Barânof, Shizneopissanie, 135-6; Khébnikof, Zapiski, 11; Tikhmenef, Istor. Obosranie, i. 213, 216."
427:
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395:), which describes the capture and transfer of "Russian Indians" to the Santa Barbara Presidio from Mission San Buenaventura (in modern-day
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on Kodiak Island was moved to cry out, "Holy new-martyr Peter, pray to God for us!" Peter the Aleut was glorified as a saint by the
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896:, History of the Pacific States of North America, vol. 14, San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft & Company, pp. 307–309,
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An account of the martyrdom of Peter the Aleut is contained in a lengthy letter written on November 22, 1865, by
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Podmoshensky, (Abbot) Herman. "America’s New Saints - Protomartyrs Juvenal and Peter the Aleut" Orthodox America
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Originally published in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1894. Translated from the Russian by Colin Bearne; ed. by
823:
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Bucko, Raymond A., S.J. St. Peter the Aleut:Sacred Icon and the Iconography of Violence Creighton University
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344:(also known as Mission Dolores). San Pedro y San Pablo Asistencia was located on the site of the modern-day
189:
169:
158:
125:
67:
928:. (University of California Publications in History, 26). (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1941).
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soldiers, while hunting illicitly for seals near San Pedro, (which has variably been interpreted as either
952:. Translated and edited by Richard Pierce and Alton Donnelly. (Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1978).
887:
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or December 12. A number of churches have been dedicated to him in North America, including churches at
241:
According to the most fully developed version of the story, in 1815 a group of Russian employees of the
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Valadez, John. "Saint Peter: The First American Born Martyr". Death to the World. February 8, 2013
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Namee, Matthew. "Is the St. Peter the Aleut story true?", OrthodoxHistory.org, January 31, 2011
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Full text of Yanofsky's account of the martyrdom of Peter (Orthodox Church in America website)
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Namee, Matthew. "Peter the Aleut: the original martyrdom account", OrthodoxHistory.org
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priests either there or at a nearby location. At the time identified for his death,
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363:), which was used at the time as a trading post by Spanish missionary friars from
306:. Yanovsky (1789–1876), who is also one of the chief sources of information about
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According to Yanovsky's 1865 letter, upon receiving the report of Peter's death,
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Others have interpreted the historical description to refer to the dock in
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737:"Holy New Martyr Peter the Aleut" Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
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St. Peter the Aleut Orthodox Christian Church, Lake Havasu City, Ariz.
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soldiers near San Pedro and tortured and killed at the instigation of
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375:) and an island named Ekaterina, (interpreted by some to refer to
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Moses, Bernard. "Charles III: Expulsion of the Jesuits (1767)",
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dated June 19, 1816 (but which runs counter to allegations of
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McNichols Icon: St. Peter the Aleut and St. Andrew Bobola, SJ
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The Russian Orthodox Religious Mission in America, 1794-1837
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The Russian Orthodox Religious Mission in America, 1794-1837
228:, only notes that, in connection with an incident wherein a
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Saint Peter the Aleut Orthodox Mission, Southeast Louisiana
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Ivan Kuskof was a sailor and official associated with the
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Mexico) would not take place until 1816. There were only
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portrayed as an Aleut youth, wearing a traditional gut
371:) an island named "Climant" (interpreted to refer to
163:
135:; date of birth unknown - d. 1815) is venerated as a
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Spain's Declining Power in South America, 1730-1806
212:was Spanish territory, and Spain was worried about
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41:Martyr of San Francisco and Protomartyr of America
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943:Statement of My Captivity Among the Californians
938:(Kingston, Ont., Canada: Limestone Press, 1978).
850:Holy Martyr Peter the Aleut Church, Calgary, AB
438:as the "Martyr of San Francisco" in 1980. His
1018:American saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
1078:Russian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
391:and violence against the Native hunters from
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200:operating in the north. He was captured by
767:"Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia"
1008:19th-century executions of American people
418:in an Orthodox parish in the United States
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1068:People from Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska
950:A History of the Russian-American Company
926:The California Sea Otter Trade 1784-1848
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945:(Los Angeles: Glen Dawson Press, 1953).
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527:, an Orthodox Church in Virginia, USA
428:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
1003:19th-century Eastern Orthodox martyrs
839:St. Peter the Aleut Church, Minot, ND
680:(Berkeley, Calif., 1919), pp. 104-106
662:For a translation of the letter, see
328:Location of martyrdom and "San Pedro"
7:
259:, including Peter, was captured by
1028:American people of Russian descent
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1083:Religious leaders from California
803:"History" The Port of Los Angeles
1058:People executed by dismemberment
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941:Tarakanoff, Vassili Petrovitch,
338:San Pedro y San Pablo Asistencia
269:San Pedro y San Pablo Asistencia
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1048:Eastern Orthodoxy in California
1033:American Orthodox child saints
893:California, Vol. II, 1801-1824
188:when he was baptized into the
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1088:Religious leaders from Alaska
998:19th-century Christian saints
430:and locally glorified by the
385:José Francisco de Paula Señan
342:Mission San Francisco de Asís
1063:People executed by New Spain
365:Mission San Gabriel Arcángel
1073:People from Russian America
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1043:Eastern Orthodoxy in Alaska
525:All Saints of North America
359:(now located in modern-day
298:to Damascene, abbot of the
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35:Icon of St. Peter the Aleut
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808:November 26, 2010, at the
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620:December 15, 2011, at the
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569:Russian-American Company
243:Russian American Company
790:August 8, 2007, at the
170:Eastern Orthodox Church
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1038:Christians from Alaska
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826:July 11, 2012, at the
716:, cited below, p. 177.
642:, Creighton University
557:University of Michigan
531:June 27, 2013, at the
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357:San Pedro, Los Angeles
265:San Pedro, Los Angeles
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192:faith by the monks of
172:. He was a native of
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553:Saint Peter the Aleut
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23:Saint Peter the Aleut
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514:Creighton University
414:of Saint Peter with
350:Pacifica, California
308:St. Herman of Alaska
273:Pacifica, California
222:Hubert Howe Bancroft
180:), and received the
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397:Ventura, California
373:San Clemente Island
230:Russian fur-hunting
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638:2009-12-31 at the
508:2016-03-03 at the
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346:Sánchez Adobe Park
178:Alutiiq or Sugpiaq
948:Tikhmenev, P. A,
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403:Veneration
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182:Christian
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184:name of
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464:Calgary
452:Arizona
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