502:). Each of the former concessionaires was simply substituted by a new 'national' oil company, which maintained the structures and functions of its multi-national corporation (MNC) predecessor. With the 1976 nationalization, each previous multinational operator was converted into an affiliate of PDVSA; these affiliates were grouped into an administrative structure underneath both PDVSA and the Venezuelan Ministry of Energy. With this absorption, PDVSA became the employer of engineers with comprehensive technical training from the old multinational corporations and promptly took advantage of their newfound expertise. Within 25 years of nationalization, PDVSA would become the largest company in Latin America and the tenth most profitable in the world. In that 25-year span they went from 18 billion barrels to over 80 billion barrels worth of
957:
ownership to one of PDVSA's creditors. Losing Citgo would be disastrous for PDVSA, as they would lose the key terminal of their export chain to the US and the chemical additives necessary for oil refinery that Citgo produces. The loss would wreak additional havoc on
Venezuela's economy, drying up the revenue stream that provides 90% of the government's hard-currency earnings. In April 2019 the next payment was due and at the time, PDVSA was completely insolvent, with the rest of their $ 60 billion debt. Canadian mining firm
339:, PDVSA was mainly used as a vital source of income for the Venezuelan government. Profits were also used to assist the presidency, with funds directed towards allies of the Venezuelan government. With PDVSA focusing on political projects instead of oil production, mechanical and technical statuses deteriorated while employee expertise was removed following thousands of politically motivated firings. Incompetence within the company has led to serious inefficiencies and accidents and to endemic corruption; at least
279:
850:, minister of planning until in 2014, estimates that $ 300 billion was simply stolen. Despite having some of the largest proven oil reserves in the world, in June 2018 PDVSA's actions grew more desperate as they began to import and refine foreign crude oil for the first time in the country's history so they could meet export demands. Oil production had also slowed to levels not seen since the 1950s due to economic and management difficulties.
601:(ILO) called on the Venezuelan government to launch "an independent investigation into allegations of detention and torture," surrounding this strike. The company has since formed its own militia, which all employees join on a voluntary basis, to ward off a potential "coup" by the government. It considers itself virtually indistinguishable from the state, its social programs more or less running the country's "socialist revolution".
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459:, the energy minister, gave PDVSA workers a choice: Support President Hugo Chávez, or lose their jobs. The minister also said: "PDVSA is red , red from top to bottom". Chávez defended Ramírez, saying that public workers should back the "revolution". He added that "PDVSA's workers are with this revolution, and those who aren't should go somewhere else. Go to
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agreed and retained minority shares in their
Venezuelan projects. Reaching a settlement with ExxonMobil proved difficult; Venezuela offered book value for ExxonMobil's assets, while ExxonMobil asked for as much as $ 12 billion. As of January 2012, this and the claims of ConocoPhillips remained before
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and in 1990 the remaining half. With full ownership of Citgo, PDVSA at its peak controlled 10% of the US domestic oil market, creating a lucrative export chain from
Venezuelan soil to American consumers, as the two largest buyers of Venezuelan petroleum are the United States and China, respectively.
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PDVSA many of its managers become active in
Venezuelan politics and served as national representatives in economic summits. Chávez continued this trend, further incorporating PDVSA into the government's structure, but made social welfare the priority. During his campaign, Chávez repeatedly said that
596:
trade union federation, join to pressure
Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez to call early elections, and virtually stop oil production for two months. Nearly 19,000 employees, most of them seasoned professionals, were summarily dismissed, and production resumed with employees loyal to the government.
561:
liberalization policies with the country's ruling groups, energizing his working class supporters against the companies former special arrangements. In 1998, PDVSA produced 3.4 million barrels of oil a day and had 40,000 employees. By law, it deposited its revenues in the sovereign fund accounts in
525:
decision which removed older laws prohibiting cooperation with multi-national corporations on
Venezuelan land. From 1993 through 1998, PDVSA split extraction rights with multiple multi-national companies in special arrangements called "strategic associations", in effect trading Venezuelan crude oil
544:, PDVSA ran autonomously, making oil decisions based on internal guidance to increase profits. Chávez, once he came to power, started directing PDVSA and effectively turned it into a direct government arm whose profits would be injected into social spending. The result of this was the creation of "
435:
In 2002, many PDVSA employees went on strike against the policies of Chávez, who in response fired over 19,000 workers from the company. As of 2014, Intevep, the research and development arm of PDVSA, reportedly lost 80% of its workers, severely damaging PDVSA's ability to innovate and compete in
861:
scheme between PDVSA and its contractors. The scheme involved members within the company who would insure favorable treatment of vendors in exchange for kickbacks. For example, in 2015, Roberto
Enrique Rincon was arrested and in 2016 pleaded guilty to bribery and tax evasion in a scheme to secure
838:
operating continuously. By the end of 2013, Venezuela produced 1.2 million barrels of oil per day from the
Orinoco, falling short of its target of 1.5 million barrels. The repeated poor performances of PDVSA were heavily linked to Venezuela's current hyperinflation crisis. In order to correct for
919:
In 2020, Maduro created a committee to restructure PDVSA. In
September 2021, a U.S. trial began about PDVSA owing $ 150 million to Siemens Energy, which PDVSA said it could not pay because of U.S. sanctions. By 2023, PDVSA had not paid bills for $ 21.2 billion; Maduro suspended the committee and
1014:
The Board of
Directors of PDVSA "is the administrative body of the Corporation, with the broadest powers of management and disposal, without other limitations than those established by law and the social bylaws of PDVSA". It is responsible for preparing and presenting operational and financial
956:
In October 2018, PDVSA paid $ 949 million on its Citgo backed bond to investors, a payment many analysts thought was impossible for the company given its recent liquidity struggles. The payment meant that PDVSA would continue to own Citgo, but failure to pay would result in Citgo transferring
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on the island, though it intends to end its lease at the end of 2019. The refinery has been operating at below capacity for at least two years, due to maintenance problems and difficulty supplying crude oil as third parties attempt to legally seize oil shipments in lieu of payment by
2554:
The new sanctions are an attempt to close a number of loopholes Venezuela has used to sell off assets and raise money. They restrict the ability of Venezuela and state-owned oil company PDVSA to issue new debt or stock in U.S. dollars, or engage in other financial dealings with U.S.
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the global petroleum market. PDVSA saw stagnant growth in the following era which was defined by a boom in oil prices. Between 2002 and 2012, incapacitating injuries to employees rose from 1.8 per million man hours to 6.2, extremely high compared to 0.6 per million man hours for
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PDVSA has a production capacity, including the strategic associations and operating agreements, of 4 million barrels (640,000 m) per day (600,000 m). Officials say production is around 3.3 million barrels per day (520,000 m/d) although most secondary sources such as
526:
for the efficiency that came from outside expertise and technology. These "strategic associations" were controversial: Venezuela was able to maximize profits at the cost of lenient taxation on the multinational companies and the loss of control over domestic resources. With
822:, paychecks have become all but valueless, leading to mass resignation from workers. By 2017, PDVSA could not even afford to export oil through international waters, which requires safety inspections and cleaning under maritime law, with a fleet of tankers stranded in the
1345:, Bahamas – PDVSA was the sole owner of this oil storage terminal in the Caribbean until April 2008. The new owners were Royal Vopak (20%) and First Reserve Corporation (80%). It is doing business as Vopak Terminal Bahamas. They in turn sold the facility to
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was another creditor of PDVSA's Citgo holdings and could potentially end up in control should PDVSA default in 2020. Crystallex, through a US court case, had already received an undisclosed amount of Citgo shares in compensation for Venezuela's 2008
801:
in order to initiate a gas production project at the Cardon VI gas block in Venezuela. Production from this joint venture is estimated to reach between 80 and 100 million cubic meters of gas. In February 2014, PDVSA and the Anglo-French oil firm
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as an extraction partner, anticipating to extract 2.1 million barrels of petroleum per day. With the onset of the Crisis in Venezuela, the country borrowed 1.5 billion dollars from Russia, offering 49.9% of PDVSA's share in Citgo as collateral.
533:, Venezuela's attention became increasingly focused on complying with OPEC. As oil prices collapsed in the late 1990s, however, keeping the special arrangements while conforming to OPEC regulations became impossible, leading to an end of the
674:
Investor Service said it was removing its standalone ratings on PDVSA because the oil company did not provide adequate operational and financial information. As of 2019, PDVSA had still not filed its 2004 financial results with the US
806:
entered into talks for a $ 600 million financing deal to boost production at their Petrowarao joint venture. In October 2014, Venezuela imported its first ever ship of oil from Algeria so that they could dilute their oil.
977:
filed a lawsuit in the US to invalidate the PDVSA 2020 bonds. In January 2022, the US Treasury extended a rule to shield Citgo from being seized by creditors, and in April 2023 it extended it for another 3 months.
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oilwell 1 (Mene Grande). This was the birth of Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA). All foreign oil companies that once did business in Venezuela were replaced by Venezuelan companies, such as Lagoven (
1546:
667:. Under the program, Citgo offered a total of around 50 million US gallons (190,000 m) of heating oil at below market prices, equivalent to a discount of between 60 and 80 cents a gallon.
5459:
753:
In February 2012, PDVSA paid $ 255 million to ExxonMobil in compensation for nationalization of ExxonMobil's Venezuelan assets in 2007 and $ 420 million to be paid beginning in 2012 to US firms
5479:
2020:
444:, where the oil consistency was similar to that of the Orinoco. As a result, the number of Venezuelans in Alberta has risen from 465 in 2001 to 3,860 in 2011. Other PDVSA workers migrated to
747:
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347:, minister of planning until in 2014, estimates that $ 300 billion was simply stolen. In 2018 thousands of workers left PDVSA, especially after the company was put under military control.
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During the same time, oil executives and politicians siphoned off at least $ 11 billion. More than 24 Venezuelans linked to four corruption schemes amassed at least $ 273 million in 25
321:
company. It has activities in exploration, production, refining and exporting oil as well as exploration and production of natural gas. Since its founding on January 1, 1976, with the
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to low income families in Boston at a discount of 40% below market price. Similar agreements were later set up with other states and cities in the US Northeast, including New York's
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and making up approximately half the total. This puts Venezuela as fifth in the world in proven reserves of conventional oil. By also including an estimated 235 billion barrels (3.74
3680:
486:, whose economic plan, "La Gran Venezuela", called for the nationalization of the oil industry, Venezuela officially nationalized its oil industry on 1 January 1976 at the site of
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The current board of directors was appointed by Presidential Decree No. 4.846 published in Extraordinary Official Gazette No. 6760 of August 28, 2023 and is composed of:
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and produced an additional $ 406 billion worth of oil. Production dropped further, to half of its 1998 benchmark. Accountability for the funds was no longer required and
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energy contracts. In 2016, he was described as having built "36 maletín-based companies with intractable nested ownership structures". These actions violated the US's
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834:, placating the military by giving them control of PDVSA. The developments resulted in a fragmented corporate structure and not enough workers to keep certain
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these shortcomings, Maduro installed more Venezuelan military members in several key PDVSA positions, in an effort to reduce the corruption and inefficiency.
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1087:(August 2017 – November 2017) BS in chemistry, MS in Physical Chemistry University of Poitiers, France. Ph.D. in Chemistry University of Reading, UK.
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are the largest in the world and the state-owned PDVSA provides the government of Venezuela with substantial funding resources. Following the
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463:". In 2012, PDVSA focused in hiring only supporters of the president and PDVSA revenue was used to fund Venezuela's socialist "revolution".
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10 m) of natural gas reserves. The crude oil PDVSA extracts from the Orinoco is refined into a fuel eponymously named 'Orimulsion'.
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1994:
Wiseman, Colin and Daniel Béland. “The Politics of Institutional Change in Venezuela: Oil Policy During the Presidency of Hugo Chávez.”
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Scigliuzzo, Davide. “PDVSA Bewilders Bond Analysts by Making $ 949 Million Payments.” Bloomberg, 30 Oct. 2018. Accessed 3 Nov. 2018.
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598:
403:
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612:, to 58. In April and May 2005, PDVSA, per an agreement signed between the governments of Venezuela and Argentina, sent 50 million
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Brigido R. Natera (February 1984 – October 1986) B.S. Geology, Universidad Central de Venezuela, M.B.A. Stanford University, 1968.
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PDVSA was previously too autonomous and powerful, and that its managers acted subversively to Venezuela. Chávez turned the post-
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in August 2012 which caused an explosion, killing 48 people and damaging 1600 homes. A lightning strike caused a fire at the
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fell steeply, a drop of 700,000 barrels per day. Soaring oil prices began in 2002 and peaked in 2008 at $ 147 per barrel.
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were expropriated in 2007 after they declined to restructure their holdings in Venezuela to give PDVSA majority control;
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reports, as well as formulating and implementing the company's operational, economic, financial, and social strategies.
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of their mines. A separate Canadian mining firm, Rusoro, was also pursuing $ 1.28 billion in repayment for the prior
717:
as part of a renationalization program. Subsequently, the ownership share rose to 93.62% by December 2008. Assets of
1205:
Gustavo Roosen (March 1992 – March 1994) Minister of Education (1989), M.A. Comparative Law (NYU), B.A. Law –
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In the 1990s, Venezuela opened the company to global cooperation. The opening up of the Venezuelan oil industry, or
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Cunningham, Nick. “Corruption at Venezuela’s State-Run Oil Company Is Pushing the Country Deeper into a Crisis.”
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of the Venezuelan oil industry, PDVSA has dominated the oil industry of Venezuela, the world's fifth largest oil
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2979:, 27 October 2000, "Chavez Taps Into Military to Fill Top Civilian Posts; Venezuelan Leans on Familiar Source"
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1547:"Fitch Downgrades Ca la Electricidad de Caracas Edc Idrs to B; Outlook Stable :: Unternehmensnachrichten"
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2473:"Businessman Pleads Guilty to Foreign Bribery and Tax Charges in Connection with Venezuela Bribery Scheme"
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saw an assessable increase in the nation, with tangible financial benefits like an increase in value of
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2945:"La experiencia brilla por su ausencia en la nueva Junta Directiva de Pdvsa (Gaceta Extraordinaria)"
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in 2012, highlighting the company's struggle to optimize. Several former PDVSA employees moved to
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1156:(1980–1984), Dean of the School of Social Sciences – LUZ (1972–1975). Lic. Economics – LUZ.
897:
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375:
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Kline, Harvey F. (April 24, 2018). Kline, Harvey F; Wade, Christine J; Wiarda, Howard J (eds.).
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with Pedro Rafael Tellechea. According to Attorney General Tarek Saab, 51 people were detained.
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PDVSA into a political rallying point for his mostly lower-class supporters by associating its
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Whelan, Jeanne and Anthony Faiola. “Venezuela’s Foreign Creditors Try to Lay Claim to Citgo.”
2689:
1926:"Nationalization of Oil in Venezuela: Re-defined Dependence and Legitimization of Imperialism"
1900:
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1335:, United States Virgin Islands – closed in 2015. Hovensa was jointly owned by PDVSA and
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Valencia, Robert. “Don't Worry About War with North Korea - Venezuela Is the Real Problem.”
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Gaceta Oficial Extraordinario N.º 6.760 del 28 de agosto, mediante el decreto número 4.486.
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In 2008, PDVSA had been Latin America's largest company, but in 2009 it was overtaken by
548:", oil funded social programs targeting poverty, illiteracy, hunger, and more. With the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Lander, Luis; LóPez-Maya, Margarita (May 2003). "Venezuela's Oil Reform And Chavismo".
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There have been worsening safety problems since 2003, culminating in a gas leak at the
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786:$ 68 million to repurchase all remaining shares of West Indies Oil Company (WIOC) from
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452:, and were credited with helping the company attain huge profits throughout the 2010s.
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1355:, Germany – PDVSA was a 50% owner of Ruhr Oel GmbH, the other half belonging to
1138:(April 2002 – October 2004) Minister of Energy (1999), Secretary General OPEC (2001),
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for PDVSA, the country's major oil and gas company, which went up 5% in January 2019.
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2230:"Black Gold in Swiss Vaults: Venezuelan Elites Hid Stolen Oil Money in Credit Suisse"
1864:"El futuro de la revolución, en manos del zar del petróleo y tercer hombre de Chávez"
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accounts, which at their maximum held a total of at least 20.1 million Swiss francs.
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1110:(November 2004 – September 2014) Minister of Energy and Oil (2005),
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1968:
Giusti, Luis E. (1999). ""La Apertura": The Opening of Venezuela's Oil Industry".
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PDVSA acquired a minority stake in the Jamaican state-owned oil refinery in 2006.
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of its assets, through the US justice system until PDVSA begins making payments.
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In 2012, PDVSA announced that it would enter into a joint venture agreement with
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put Venezuela's output at least 500,000 barrels per day (79,000 m/d) lower.
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Ronny Rafael Romero Rodríguez - Vice President of International Affairs of PDVSA
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investigation into PDVSA corruption resulted in 12 guilty pleas pertaining to a
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2270:"Venezuela's PDVSA Delays Joint Gas Production With Eni, Repsol Until 1Q 2013"
2013:"UN labour agency discusses repression in Myanmar, China, Colombia, Venezuela"
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Génesis Sabrina Ron Solano - Vice President of International Trade and Supply
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reserves in the world. Venezuela also has 150 trillion cubic feet (4.2
75:
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Leyli Beatriz Ferrer Avendaño - Vice President of Planning and Engineering
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Luis Enrique Molina Duque - Vice President of Exploration and Production
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1457:"Venezuela appoints alleged drug trafficker El Aissami as oil minister"
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In 2013, despite dwindling performance, PDVSA was able to add Russia's
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against PDVSA that restricted the industry's access to credit markets.
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2902:"EJECUTIVO NACIONAL ANUNCIÓ NUEVA DIRECTIVA DE PDVSA Y TRES MINISTROS"
2624:"PDVSA begins U.S. trial over claim sanctions prevented debt payments"
2546:"With executive order, Trump imposes new round of Venezuela sanctions"
2521:"Goldman Sachs Bought Venezuela's State Oil Company's Bonds Last Week"
2289:
Venezuela's PDVSA, Perenco discuss $ 600 million financing for venture
1576:
1043:
Juan Carlos Díaz Socorro - Vice President of National Trade and Supply
580:
4573:
4454:
4341:
4326:
4316:
4276:
4190:
3045:
1488:"Venezuela's PDVSA oil revenue tumbles amid lower prices, production"
1300:
1266:
1046:
Heyfred Jhoselin Segovia Marrero - Vice President of Finance of PDVSA
798:
326:
2754:“Update-1-Investors Receiving Payment on PDVSA 2020 Bond-Sources.”
2417:"Exclusive: Venezuela eyes first-ever refining of foreign oil -..."
5106:
4236:
4210:
4180:
4142:
4082:
4072:
2658:
1316:
1308:
1252:
1242:
1111:
937:
842:
Between 1999 and 2017, PDVSA earned an estimated $ 635 billion in
814:, with the nation's economy deteriorating greatly. Because of the
694:
648:
644:
632:
613:
579:
499:
460:
437:
354:
257:
197:
2795:"U.S. extends Citgo's protection from creditors for three months"
2568:"Venezuela's Guaido Says Opposition Seeks Financing, Debt Relief"
631:
In November 2005, PDVSA and its subsidiary in the United States,
4464:
4404:
4157:
3635:
2769:"Allies of Venezuela's Guaido file lawsuit over PDVSA 2020 bond"
2401:“Venezuela Shakes Up PDVSA Management As Oil Production Tanks.”
1312:
697:, according to a ranking of the region's top 500 companies from
399:
148:
4577:
3049:
2928:"Hay nueva junta directiva en Pdvsa y cambian a tres ministros"
2446:"Venezuela pleads guilty in U.S. to role in PDVSA bribe scheme"
1749:"Under military rule, Venezuela oil workers quit in a stampede"
340:
171:
4296:
4162:
3935:
794:
314:
29:
2598:"Arrests in Venezuela probe of oil company PDVSA climb to 34"
1720:"Workers Flee and Thieves Loot Venezuela's Reeling Oil Giant"
478:
History of the Venezuelan oil industry § Nationalization
2990:"Isla has not been operating at full capacity for two years"
1891:"El gigante PDVSA y su ex jefe, bajo investigación en EE.UU"
1853:, BBC News,4 November 2006. Accessed online 7 November 2006.
1224:(March 1983 – February 1984) Minister of Energy (1979–1982).
830:
fired the head of PDVSA and replaced him with Major General
3925:
2821:"Chaos, demands for answers after Venezuela refinery blast"
1356:
738:
584:
Filling station in Venezuela of PDV (a subsidiary of PDVSA)
2851:"Venezuela: Fire at PDVSA El Palito refinery extinguished"
2150:"Exxon Mobil's Venezuelan gambit might lead to settlement"
748:
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
592:
saw many of PDVSA's managers and employees, including the
1996:
Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies,
1276:
BOPEC, Bonaire petroleum corporation 100% owned by PDVSA.
903:
With the prospects of Maduro leaving power in early 2019
682:
During the 2000s, PDVSA carried out showcase projects in
3038:
2201:"Venezuela to Pay Nationalized U.S. Firms $ 420 Million"
1231:
of the Venezuelan Army, civil engineering degree at the
1034:
Gustavo Adolfo Boadas Díaz - Deputy Minister of Refining
1516:"PETRÓLEOS DE VENEZUELA, S.A. AND SUBSIDIARIES (PDVSA)"
269:
1025:
Héctor Andrés Obregón Pérez - Executive Vice President
2308:"Pdvsa confirms "punctual" import of light crude oil"
885:
purchased $ 2.8 billion of PDVSA 2022 bonds from the
366:
As of 2003, Venezuela had 77.5 billion barrels (1.232
5460:
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1976
4526:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
2175:"Venezuela Vows to Reject Arbitration in Exxon Case"
608:, and announced plans to nearly triple its fleet of
382:
10 m) of tar-like extra heavy crude oil in the
5302:
5220:
5132:
5085:
5045:
5000:
4991:
4849:
4771:
4615:
4503:
4369:
4219:
4171:
3959:
3916:
3901:
3892:
3777:
3694:
3576:
3462:
3356:
3284:
3227:
3186:
3179:
3101:
1889:de Córdoba, José; Forero, Juan (October 22, 2015).
1717:Neuman, William; Krauss, Clifford (June 14, 2018).
1227:Rafael Alfonzo Ravard (January 1976 – March 1983).
264:
232:
222:
212:
195:
178:
162:
144:
131:
120:
102:
92:
82:
5480:Multinational companies headquartered in Venezuela
2906:Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo
2041:German Zambrano, head of communications, cited in
1932:, 16, no. 1 (1979): 67, accessed December 3, 2014.
1718:
1040:Luis Miguel González Núñez - Vice President of Gas
506:, with a similar increase in production capacity.
2330:"Post-Chavez, Venezuela Enters a Downward Spiral"
1247:The Citgo sign as seen from Lansdowne St., Boston
2596:Armas, Mayela; Buitrago, Deisy (April 5, 2023).
2519:Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Vyas, Kejal (May 28, 2017).
2376:"Venezuela Is So Broke It Can't Even Export Oil"
2335:Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
2244:"Govt to Acquire WIOC | CARIBARENA ANTIGUA"
1541:
1539:
1279:Isla refinery, Curaçao – PDVSA leases the
1022:Pedro Rafael Tellechea Ruiz - President of PDVSA
1833:"Brain Haemorrhage; Venezuela's Oil Diaspora."
1598:
1596:
1594:
1215:Juan Chacín Guzmán (October 1986 – March 1990).
1187:Luis Giusti (March 1994 – February 1999) M.Sc.
1181:Héctor Ciavaldini (August 1999 - October 2000).
932:In 1986, PDVSA bought 50% of the United States
374:according to PDVSA figures, the largest in the
1269:– PDVSA owns a 50% stake with Finland's
1184:Roberto Mandini (February 1999 – August 1999).
4589:
3061:
2064:"PDVSA'S FLEET THREW $ 3.7 BILLION OVERBOARD"
1482:
1480:
1212:Andres Sosa Pietri (March 1990 – March 1992).
761:for natural gas assets nationalized in 2009.
620:to the latter to alleviate the effects of an
386:region, Venezuela claims to hold the largest
343:11 billion was stolen between 2004 and 2015.
8:
2499:"The fallen kingpin: Roberto Rincon's story"
1148:(February 2002 – April 2002) Academic Vice-
866:and were classified as conspiracy to commit
68:
27:Venezuelan state-owned oil and power company
5226:
5138:
4997:
4988:
4855:
4777:
4621:
4596:
4582:
4574:
3913:
3898:
3183:
3068:
3054:
3046:
1638:El ocaso del chavismo: Venezuela 2005-2015
604:In 2005, PDVSA opened its first office in
277:
67:
5465:Venezuelan companies established in 1976
2953:(in European Spanish). September 8, 2018
2712:, 14 October 2018. Accessed 3 Nov. 2018.
2591:
2589:
2224:
2222:
782:In 2010, PDVSA loaned the government of
768:accounts opened between 2004 and 2015.
670:On July 28, 2006, credit ratings agency
5445:Government-owned companies of Venezuela
3988:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
2970:
2968:
2677:Latin American Politics and Development
1706:from the original on February 22, 2018.
1604:"Venezuela's oil industry: Up in smoke"
1448:
3862:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
3621:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
2758:30 October 2018. Accessed 3 Nov. 2018.
2750:
2748:
2742:17 October 2018. Accessed 3 Nov. 2018.
2734:
2732:
2405:18 October 2018. Accessed 3 Nov. 2018.
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1427:History of the Venezuelan oil industry
772:2010s: crisis in Venezuela, corruption
590:Venezuelan general strike of 2002-2003
576:Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003
431:Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003
2722:
2720:
2718:
2669:
2667:
2440:
2438:
2356:
2354:
2352:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1259:– Citgo is 100% owned by PDVSA.
1233:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1162:(October 2000 – February 2002)
709:In 2007, PDVSA bought 82% percent of
298:
7:
5435:Energy companies established in 1976
3993:China National Petroleum Corporation
2364:19 April 2018. Accessed 3 Nov. 2018.
2131:"Largest companies in Latin América"
1998:Vol 35, No. 70 (2010), pp. 141-164.
1640:. Editorial Alfa. pp. 349–351.
1631:
1629:
1627:
1343:Bahamas Oil Refining Company (BORCO)
810:Policies enacted by Chávez caused a
4983:Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area)
2827:. September 2, 2012. Archived from
2374:Gramer, Robbie (January 26, 2017).
2089:"Venezuela gives US cheap oil deal"
2023:from the original on April 30, 2019
5440:Oil and gas companies of Venezuela
4053:National Iranian South Oil Company
3769:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
1747:Buitrago, Deisy (April 17, 2018).
1363:. PDVSA sold its part to Russia's
1104:, Universidad Central de Venezuela
677:Securities and Exchange Commission
25:
4521:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
4410:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
4063:Oil & Gas Development Company
2622:Cohen, Luc (September 21, 2021).
874:data leak found seven people had
599:International Labour Organization
307:: Petroleum of Venezuela) is the
5112:Ecological Movement of Venezuela
4558:
4557:
3024:
2497:Francisco Toro (June 28, 2016).
2310:. El Universal. October 20, 2014
2148:Matt Daily (February 11, 2008).
1970:Journal of International Affairs
1694:Enrique Krauze (March 8, 2018).
1406:
1392:
1378:
204:
203:
187:
186:
167:
166:
74:
34:
4068:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
2930:(in Spanish). August 28, 2023.
2661:, accessed on 10 December 2007.
2471:press release (June 16, 2016).
1851:Storm over Venezuela oil speech
1100:(September 2014 – August 2017)
826:due to the issue. In addition,
5475:Holding companies of Venezuela
5455:National oil and gas companies
4674:Restorative Liberal Revolution
4536:Society of Petroleum Engineers
4307:Port Harcourt Refining Company
3973:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
1796:10.1080/10714839.2003.11722513
1636:López Maya, Margarita (2016).
635:, announced an agreement with
1:
3482:Production sharing agreements
2205:Latin American Herald Tribune
1668:. Toronto. September 17, 2012
1662:"Venezuela Inc., up in smoke"
1074:(November 2017 – April 2020)
864:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
253:Electricidad de Caracas, C.A.
5470:Companies based in Maracaibo
4516:Canadian petroleum companies
4511:American Petroleum Institute
4048:National Iranian Oil Company
4033:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
2272:. BrightWire. Archived from
2135:rankings.americaeconomia.com
2068:alianza.shorthandstories.com
1870:(in Spanish). March 29, 2014
1784:NACLA Report on the Americas
1337:Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp
1001:refinery in September 2012.
679:that were due in June 2005.
537:arrangements for Venezuela.
288:Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A.
5048:Democratic Unity Roundtable
5037:People's Electoral Movement
4971:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
4531:International Energy Agency
3516:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
2232:. OCCRP. February 20, 2022.
1422:Corporación Trebol Gas C.A.
1253:Citgo Petroleum Corporation
1166:of the Venezuelan Army and
1068:(April 2020 – January 2023)
1060:Pedro Rafael Tellechea Ruíz
790:'s National Petroleum Ltd.
370:10 m) of conventional
108:; 48 years ago
69:Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.
5496:
4744:2017 constitutional crisis
4118:PTT Public Company Limited
3719:East Midlands Oil Province
3704:List of natural gas fields
3304:Integrated asset modelling
2181:. Reuters. January 8, 2012
1160:Guaicaipuro Lameda Montero
988:Paraguaná Refinery Complex
896:'s administration imposed
892:In August 2017, President
775:
573:
570:2000–2010: Social spending
475:
428:
5381:
5229:
5141:
5017:Movement We Are Venezuela
4873:Human rights in Venezuela
4858:
4780:
4719:1992 coup d'état attempts
4654:Revolution of the Reforms
4624:
4553:
4490:Weatherford International
4023:Iraq National Oil Company
3083:
1958:. Accessed Oct 25, 2018."
1952:The National of Venezuela
1930:Journal of Peace Research
1839:World History in Context.
1837:19 July 2014, p. 31(US).
1172:University of the Pacific
1080:Bolivarian National Guard
887:Central Bank of Venezuela
564:Central Bank of Venezuela
521:, was initialized with a
409:During the presidency of
333:Oil reserves in Venezuela
73:
43:This article needs to be
4890:Administrative divisions
4749:2019 presidential crisis
4729:2002 coup d'état attempt
4664:Revindicating Revolution
2994:www.curacaochronicle.com
2477:US Department of Justice
1700:New York Review of Books
1062:(January 2023 – present)
699:Latin Business Chronicle
523:Venezuelan Supreme Court
482:Under the presidency of
4863:Corruption in Venezuela
4541:World Petroleum Council
4415:China Oilfield Services
3472:Petroleum fiscal regime
3171:Western Canadian Select
3166:West Texas Intermediate
2525:The Wall Street Journal
2002:. Accessed 3 Nov. 2018.
1222:Humberto Calderón Berti
711:Electricidad de Caracas
540:Before the election of
217:Government of Venezuela
5188:Science and technology
5102:Movement for Socialism
5012:United Socialist Party
4734:2002–03 general strike
4018:Indian Oil Corporation
3504:Submersible pump (ESP)
3449:Underbalanced drilling
3270:of gasoline and diesel
2880:Petróleos de Venezuela
2876:"Gobierno Corporativo"
1841:Accessed 11 Oct. 2018.
1273:holding the other 50%.
1248:
1168:Electrical Engineering
1126:Mechanical Engineering
1102:Exploration geophysics
920:replaced oil minister
759:Exterran Holdings, Inc
588:In December 2002, the
585:
472:1970s: Nationalization
363:
296:Spanish pronunciation:
208:$ 189.7 billion (2016)
87:State-owned enterprise
18:Petroleos de Venezuela
4395:Cameron International
3837:Petrodollar recycling
3820:fossil fuel phase-out
3383:Differential sticking
3336:Reflection seismology
3309:Petroleum engineering
3151:OPEC Reference Basket
2686:10.4324/9780429495045
2653:May 11, 2008, at the
1291:PDVSA has offices in
1246:
1197:Petroleum Engineering
1189:Petroleum Engineering
942:Southland Corporation
855:US Justice Department
624:due to a shortage of
583:
358:
351:Reserves and capacity
337:Bolivarian Revolution
5088:Agreement for Change
5027:For Social Democracy
5003:Great Patriotic Pole
4868:Torture in Venezuela
4837:World Heritage Sites
4812:Environmental issues
4292:Occidental Petroleum
3606:1990 oil price shock
3432:Shale oil extraction
3405:Drilling engineering
3388:Directional drilling
3314:Reservoir simulation
3033:at Wikimedia Commons
2740:The Washington Post,
2276:on January 19, 2013.
1333:Hovensa LLC refinery
1146:Gastón Parra Luzardo
1136:Alí Rodríguez Araque
191:$ 828 million (2016)
5274:List of Venezuelans
5097:Progressive Advance
4885:Crisis in Venezuela
4639:War of Independence
4440:Naftiran Intertrade
4385:Amec Foster Wheeler
4312:Reliance Industries
4201:Naftiran Intertrade
4013:Hindustan Petroleum
3611:2000s energy crisis
2552:. August 25, 2017.
2415:Parraga, Marianna.
2296:, February 24, 2014
2250:on January 19, 2013
2091:. November 23, 2005
1896:Wall Street Journal
1054:Presidents of PDVSA
812:crisis in Venezuela
778:Crisis in Venezuela
705:2007 expropriations
686:and waste removal.
546:Bolivarian Missions
484:Carlos Andrés Pérez
413:the organization's
300:[peðeˈβesa]
224:Number of employees
174:48.0 billion (2016)
70:
5264:Indigenous peoples
5198:Telecommunications
4795:metropolitan areas
4287:Marathon Petroleum
3709:List of oil fields
3319:Reservoir modeling
3077:Petroleum industry
2775:. October 29, 2019
2574:. January 22, 2019
2179:The New York Times
2154:The New York Times
2019:. March 29, 2004.
1726:The New York Times
1696:"Hell of a Fiesta"
1579:on August 22, 2018
1573:"CITGO - About us"
1249:
1010:Board of directors
928:Ownership of Citgo
898:economic sanctions
586:
376:Western Hemisphere
364:
5450:Venezuelan brands
5417:
5416:
5377:
5376:
5216:
5215:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5072:Democratic Action
4937:National Assembly
4917:Foreign relations
4845:
4844:
4767:
4766:
4634:Captaincy General
4571:
4570:
4549:
4548:
4435:Nabors Industries
4365:
4364:
3563:Well intervention
3538:Petroleum product
3437:Ljungström method
3341:Seismic inversion
3326:Petroleum geology
3280:
3279:
3029:Media related to
2908:. August 28, 2023
2362:Business Insider,
2292:, International:
1612:. August 27, 2012
1553:on April 18, 2009
1496:. August 12, 2017
1437:Nervis Villalobos
1176:economic planning
1164:Brigadier General
973:In October 2019,
922:Tareck El Aissami
755:Williams Cos Inc.
498:), and Llavonen (
361:Isla de Margarita
285:
284:
106:January 1976
64:
63:
16:(Redirected from
5487:
5397:
5390:
5227:
5139:
5090:
5050:
5005:
4998:
4989:
4856:
4778:
4694:1958 coup d'état
4689:El Trienio Adeco
4622:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4575:
4561:
4560:
4262:Hess Corporation
3983:Bharat Petroleum
3914:
3899:
3586:1967 Oil Embargo
3422:Lost circulation
3260:Posted oil price
3184:
3141:Isthmus-34 Light
3070:
3063:
3056:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3039:Official website
3028:
3012:
3011:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2986:
2980:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2831:on March 5, 2016
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2801:. April 19, 2023
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2765:
2759:
2752:
2743:
2736:
2727:
2724:
2713:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2671:
2662:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2412:
2406:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2246:. Archived from
2240:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2207:. March 26, 2012
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2009:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1965:
1959:
1948:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1831:
1816:
1815:
1779:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1722:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1691:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1633:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1600:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1575:. Archived from
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1549:. Archived from
1543:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1465:. April 27, 2020
1453:
1416:
1414:Companies portal
1411:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1386:Venezuela portal
1383:
1382:
1381:
1367:in October 2010.
1347:Buckeye Partners
1142:Economics – UCV.
1099:
1091:Eulogio Del Pino
1000:
868:money laundering
531:election in 1998
393:
381:
369:
302:
297:
281:
276:
273:
271:
207:
206:
200:
190:
189:
170:
169:
116:
114:
109:
78:
71:
59:
56:
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5373:
5298:
5279:Public holidays
5212:
5116:
5086:
5081:
5046:
5041:
5022:Communist Party
5001:
4987:
4922:Law enforcement
4841:
4832:Natural Regions
4763:
4611:
4602:
4572:
4567:
4545:
4499:
4495:John Wood Group
4485:Valaris Limited
4378:
4375:
4372:
4361:
4227:APA Corporation
4215:
4167:
3966:
3963:
3955:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3894:
3888:
3789:Classification
3773:
3696:
3690:
3626:Nationalization
3596:1979 oil crisis
3591:1973 oil crisis
3572:
3558:Water injection
3526:Steam injection
3521:Gas reinjection
3489:Artificial lift
3458:
3400:Drill stem test
3352:
3276:
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1954:, 3 Feb. 2017.
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1359:'s German unit
1329:
1263:Nynäs Petroleum
1241:
1239:Overseas assets
1093:
1085:Nelson Martínez
1066:Asdrúbal Chávez
1056:
1012:
1007:
994:
984:
968:nationalization
964:nationalization
930:
917:
788:Bruce Rappaport
780:
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715:AES Corporation
707:
578:
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4252:Eneos Holdings
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4242:ConocoPhillips
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3616:2010s oil glut
3613:
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3146:Japan Cocktail
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3128:
3123:
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3093:Primary energy
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3019:External links
3017:
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2381:Foreign Policy
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2004:
1987:
1976:(1): 117–128.
1960:
1934:
1917:
1899:(in Spanish).
1881:
1855:
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1835:The Economist,
1817:
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1666:Globe and Mail
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1108:Rafael Ramírez
1105:
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1072:Manuel Quevedo
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872:Suisse secrets
853:Since 2015, a
848:Jorge Giordani
832:Manuel Quevedo
828:Nicolás Maduro
816:hyperinflation
776:Main article:
773:
770:
723:ConocoPhillips
706:
703:
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514:
508:
473:
470:
468:
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457:Rafael Ramírez
426:
425:Politicization
423:
419:oil production
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345:Jorge Giordani
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157:petrochemicals
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138:Héctor Obregón
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5057:Justice First
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4704:El Carupanazo
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4648:reunification
4645:
4644:Gran Colombia
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4357:Valero Energy
4355:
4353:
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4348:
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4322:Suncor Energy
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4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3958:
3952:
3951:TotalEnergies
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3900:
3897:
3895:organisations
3893:Companies and
3891:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3832:Petrocurrency
3830:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:Oil shale gas
3803:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3785:Abbreviations
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3744:Permian Basin
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:United States
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:Seven Sisters
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:Core sampling
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:Indian Basket
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2912:September 23,
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2886:September 23,
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2860:September 24,
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2835:September 24,
2830:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2695:9780429495045
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2573:
2572:Bloomberg.com
2569:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1672:September 24,
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1647:9788417014254
1643:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1616:September 24,
1611:
1610:
1609:The Economist
1605:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1404:
1401:
1400:Energy portal
1395:
1390:
1387:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1281:Isla Refinery
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:Neste Oil Oyj
1268:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1257:United States
1254:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:Energy policy
1113:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1076:Major general
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
993:
989:
981:
979:
976:
971:
969:
965:
960:
954:
951:
946:
943:
939:
935:
927:
925:
923:
914:
912:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
883:Goldman Sachs
881:In May 2017,
879:
877:
876:Credit Suisse
873:
869:
865:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
840:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:Caribbean Sea
821:
820:food shortage
817:
813:
808:
805:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
779:
771:
769:
767:
766:Credit Suisse
762:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
713:company from
712:
704:
702:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
680:
678:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:Massachusetts
634:
629:
627:
623:
622:energy crisis
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
595:
591:
582:
577:
569:
567:
565:
560:
556:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
529:
524:
520:
513:
510:1980s–1990s:
509:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
479:
471:
466:
464:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
432:
424:
422:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
395:
389:
385:
377:
373:
362:
357:
350:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:
310:
306:
301:
293:
289:
280:
275:
267:
263:
259:
254:
237:
235:
231:
227:
221:
218:
215:
211:
202:
199:
194:
185:
182:
177:
173:
165:
161:
158:
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
136:
130:
126:
123:
119:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
77:
72:
66:
58:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5362:coat of arms
5239:Demographics
5183:Oil industry
5173:Cooperatives
5160:
5062:Popular Will
4907:Constitution
4759:Coups d'état
4709:El Porteñazo
4684:World War II
4460:Schlumberger
4390:Baker Hughes
4282:Marathon Oil
4272:Imperial Oil
4267:Husky Energy
4257:Galp Energia
4247:Devon Energy
4133:Saudi Aramco
4113:Petrovietnam
4077:
4058:NNPC Limited
3962:National oil
3842:Petrofiction
3810:Orphan wells
3778:Other topics
3749:Persian Gulf
3676:Saudi Arabia
3646:Standard Oil
3454:Well logging
3331:Petrophysics
3002:
2993:
2984:
2974:
2957:September 8,
2955:. Retrieved
2948:
2939:
2931:
2922:
2910:. Retrieved
2905:
2896:
2884:. Retrieved
2882:(in Spanish)
2879:
2870:
2858:. Retrieved
2854:
2845:
2833:. Retrieved
2829:the original
2824:
2815:
2803:. Retrieved
2798:
2789:
2777:. Retrieved
2772:
2763:
2755:
2739:
2709:
2704:
2676:
2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2627:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2601:
2576:. Retrieved
2571:
2562:
2553:
2549:
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2524:
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2476:
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2449:
2425:. Retrieved
2419:
2410:
2402:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2379:
2369:
2361:
2341:February 21,
2339:. Retrieved
2333:
2324:
2312:. Retrieved
2302:
2288:
2282:
2274:the original
2264:
2254:September 1,
2252:. Retrieved
2248:the original
2238:
2209:. Retrieved
2204:
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2178:
2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2153:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2116:Cutting Edge
2115:
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2067:
2058:
2049:Cutting Edge
2048:
2037:
2025:. Retrieved
2016:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1929:
1924:Vegard Bye,
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1894:
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1867:
1858:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1790:(1): 21–23.
1787:
1783:
1758:. Retrieved
1752:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1724:
1712:
1699:
1670:. Retrieved
1665:
1656:
1637:
1614:. Retrieved
1607:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:the original
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:the original
1526:. Retrieved
1522:
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1491:
1467:. Retrieved
1460:
1451:
1290:
1017:
1013:
1005:Organization
985:
972:
955:
947:
931:
918:
902:
894:Donald Trump
891:
880:
852:
841:
809:
792:
781:
763:
752:
708:
688:
684:shanty towns
681:
669:
657:Pennsylvania
653:Rhode Island
630:
603:
587:
558:
554:
549:
539:
534:
518:
516:
511:
504:oil reserves
494:), Maraven (
492:Standard Oil
481:
454:
434:
408:
396:
384:Orinoco Belt
372:oil reserves
365:
331:
291:
287:
286:
248:PDV Deltaven
234:Subsidiaries
198:Total assets
121:Headquarters
83:Company type
65:
52:
44:
5259:Immigration
5146:Agriculture
4807:Earthquakes
4669:1895 crisis
4659:Federal War
4629:New Granada
4430:Halliburton
4302:Phillips 66
4123:QatarEnergy
4093:Petrobangla
4028:KazMunayGas
3918:Supermajors
3867:heavy crude
3754:Prudhoe Bay
3734:Niger Delta
3714:Caspian Sea
3477:Concessions
3427:Measurement
3393:Geosteering
3376:Squeeze job
3286:Exploration
3235:Consumption
3194:Consumption
3187:Natural gas
3116:Bonny Light
2710:Yahoo! News
2578:January 23,
2387:January 31,
2314:October 22,
1583:January 31,
1557:February 1,
1432:Petrocaribe
1321:Netherlands
1094: [
995: [
975:Juan Guaidó
870:. The 2022
641:heating oil
639:to provide
626:natural gas
610:oil tankers
542:Hugo Chávez
411:Hugo Chávez
388:hydrocarbon
359:PDVSA Gas,
319:natural gas
312:state-owned
153:natural gas
140:, President
127:, Venezuela
97:Oil and gas
5424:Categories
5322:Literature
5254:Healthcare
4754:Civil wars
4480:Transocean
4347:Tullow Oil
4337:TechnipFMC
4103:PetroChina
3941:ExxonMobil
3847:Shale band
3724:East Texas
3697:and fields
3511:Downstream
3464:Production
3371:Completion
3299:Geophysics
3240:Production
3199:Production
3136:Indonesian
3111:Argus Sour
3103:Benchmarks
2950:La Patilla
1284:Venezuela.
959:Crystallex
905:confidence
744:World Bank
719:ExxonMobil
574:See also:
476:See also:
429:See also:
309:Venezuelan
238:PDV Marina
181:Net income
155:and other
133:Key people
55:April 2024
5289:Squatting
5269:Languages
5249:Education
5208:Transport
5156:Companies
5067:A New Era
4949:President
4942:President
4912:Elections
4773:Geography
4605:Venezuela
4475:TC Energy
4376:companies
4206:Trafigura
4153:Sonatrach
4098:Petrobras
4088:Pertamina
3998:Ecopetrol
3964:companies
3908:companies
3906:petroleum
3882:tight oil
3877:oil shale
3872:oil sands
3852:Shale gas
3793:sweet oil
3764:Venezuela
3739:North Sea
3695:Provinces
3686:Venezuela
3533:Midstream
3228:Petroleum
3088:Petroleum
2555:citizens.
2550:USA Today
2211:March 26,
2185:March 26,
2159:March 26,
2111:"Red Oil"
2095:April 30,
2073:March 20,
2044:"Red Oil"
2027:April 30,
1950:“PDVSA."
1905:0099-9660
1812:157630783
1804:1071-4839
1500:March 13,
1469:April 28,
1293:Argentina
1174:), M.Sc.
992:El Palito
691:Petrobras
550:Apertura,
455:In 2006,
450:Ecopetrol
448:, joined
290:(acronym
246:PDVSA Gas
125:Maracaibo
5404:Category
5342:Religion
5284:Refugees
5244:Diaspora
5151:Currency
5032:Tupamaro
4976:In exile
4932:Missions
4927:Military
4851:Politics
4714:Caracazo
4609:articles
4563:Category
4470:Subsea 7
4450:Petrofac
4445:NOV Inc.
4425:GE Power
4420:Enbridge
4374:services
4196:Mercuria
4186:Glencore
4148:Sonangol
4108:Petronas
4043:Naftogaz
3815:Peak oil
3798:sour oil
3553:Upstream
3548:Refining
3543:Pipeline
3499:Pumpjack
3494:Gas lift
3415:invasion
3358:Drilling
3245:Reserves
3204:Reserves
2756:Reuters,
2651:Archived
2456:July 16,
2427:June 15,
2403:E&P,
2021:Archived
1982:24357788
1910:July 17,
1874:July 17,
1732:June 15,
1704:Archived
1372:See also
1353:Ruhr Oel
1349:in 2011.
1305:Colombia
1195:, B.Sc.
1191:–
1152:–
1128:–
1117:–
934:gasoline
665:Delaware
618:fuel oil
559:Apertura
555:Apertura
535:Apertura
528:Chávez's
519:Apertura
512:Apertura
446:Colombia
402:and the
327:exporter
255:(93.62%)
250:Palmaven
242:Pequiven
145:Products
93:Industry
5388:Outline
5352:Symbols
5317:Cuisine
5304:Culture
5222:Society
5203:Tourism
5134:Economy
4993:Parties
4964:Cabinet
4895:Regions
4802:Climate
4785:Borders
4617:History
4138:Sinopec
4128:Rosneft
4008:Gazprom
4003:Equinor
3931:Chevron
3578:History
3444:Tracers
3366:Blowout
3255:Exports
3250:Imports
3214:Exports
3209:Imports
3008:"PDVSA"
2825:Reuters
2799:Reuters
2773:Reuters
2628:Reuters
2602:Reuters
2530:May 31,
2450:Reuters
2421:Reuters
2294:Reuters
2119:. 2009.
2052:. 2009.
2017:UN News
1760:July 2,
1754:Reuters
1528:July 2,
1493:Reuters
1462:Reuters
1365:Rosneft
1361:Aral AG
1297:Bolivia
1229:General
1078:of the
950:Rosneft
859:bribery
844:revenue
804:Perenco
795:Eni SpA
784:Antigua
735:Statoil
731:Chevron
672:Moody's
661:Vermont
488:Zumaque
467:History
442:Alberta
415:payroll
305:English
265:Website
163:Revenue
113:1976-01
111: (
103:Founded
45:updated
5409:Portal
5357:anthem
5312:Cinema
5178:Energy
4900:States
4790:Cities
4739:Crisis
4607:
4504:Others
4455:Saipem
4352:Tüpraş
4342:TNK-BP
4327:Sunoco
4317:Repsol
4277:Lukoil
4220:Others
4191:Gunvor
3825:timing
3759:Russia
3671:Norway
3656:France
3651:Canada
2805:May 7,
2779:May 7,
2692:
2633:May 7,
2607:May 7,
2504:May 7,
2482:May 7,
1980:
1903:
1810:
1802:
1644:
1327:Former
1301:Brazil
1267:Sweden
1150:Rector
982:Safety
936:brand
799:Repsol
614:tonnes
272:.pdvsa
260:(100%)
228:70,000
5430:PDVSA
5395:Index
5347:Sport
5337:Music
5327:Media
5294:Women
5234:Crime
5161:PDVSA
5107:COPEI
4822:Flora
4817:Fauna
4371:Major
4237:Cepsa
4211:Vitol
4181:Enron
4143:SOCAR
4083:Pemex
4078:PDVSA
4073:Orlen
4038:Lotos
3978:ANCAP
3946:Shell
3903:Major
3661:India
3265:Price
3219:Price
3161:Urals
3156:Tapis
3126:Dubai
3121:Brent
3031:PDVSA
2659:Citgo
2657:, by
2000:JSTOR
1978:JSTOR
1808:S2CID
1523:PDVSA
1519:(PDF)
1443:Notes
1317:Spain
1309:China
1123:B.Sc.
1112:M.Sc.
1098:]
999:]
940:from
938:Citgo
915:2020s
909:bonds
727:Total
695:Pemex
649:Maine
645:Bronx
633:Citgo
606:China
500:Mobil
496:Shell
461:Miami
438:Pemex
292:PDVSA
258:Citgo
213:Owner
5367:flag
4954:List
4878:LGBT
4465:Snam
4405:CH2M
4158:TPAO
3666:Iraq
3636:OPEC
3631:GECF
3180:Data
2959:2018
2914:2023
2888:2023
2862:2012
2837:2012
2807:2023
2781:2023
2690:ISBN
2635:2023
2609:2023
2580:2019
2532:2017
2506:2023
2484:2023
2458:2018
2429:2018
2389:2017
2343:2015
2316:2014
2256:2012
2213:2012
2187:2012
2161:2012
2097:2019
2075:2023
2029:2019
1912:2021
1901:ISSN
1876:2021
1800:ISSN
1762:2018
1734:2018
1674:2012
1642:ISBN
1618:2012
1585:2009
1559:2009
1530:2018
1502:2018
1471:2018
1319:and
1313:Cuba
1207:UCAB
1140:Lic.
836:rigs
818:and
797:and
757:and
742:the
737:and
721:and
693:and
663:and
597:The
562:the
400:OPEC
341:US$
317:and
274:.com
244:CIED
172:US$
149:Fuel
5166:CVG
4400:CGG
4297:OMV
4163:YPF
3936:Eni
2682:doi
1792:doi
1201:LUZ
1170:, (
1154:LUZ
1130:ULA
1119:UCV
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616:of
594:CTV
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315:oil
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