172:"Research in molecular genetics has focused on detecting multiple genes of small effect" This indicates the importance of discovering individual traits or "phenes" that are governed by single genes. Schizophrenia or bipolar disorder may be described as a phenotype but how many individual traits or "phenes" contribute to these phenotypes? Very large genome wide association studies have not found many significant gene linkages. On the contrary the results of these studies implicate a large number of gene alleles that have a very small effect (phene).
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explanations confusing and thus use of the term Phene becomes necessary. Indeed, it is extremely difficult to determine precisely what the fundamental building blocks of a phenome are. Since the term "phenotype" has been used to describe traits and syndromes and population characteristics it is not helpful in the collective search for specific traits that could be a consequence of a single gene or gene–environmental interaction. Phene has emerged as a candidate building block for the phenome.
312:) database. One of the objectives of the OMIA is to match genotypes to phenotypes. Lenffer et al. (2006) describe the OMIA as a "comparative biology resource" "(The) OMIA is a comprehensive resource of phenotypic information on heritable animal traits and genes in a strongly comparative context, relating traits to genes where possible. OMIA is modelled on and is complementary to Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)." The term "phene" is equated with "trait".
29:
165:. More specifically, a Phene is an abstract concept describing a particular characteristic which can be possessed by an organism. Whereas Phenotype refers to a collection of Phenes possessed by a particular organism, and Phenome refers to the entire set of Phenes that exist within an organism or species.
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The term has been widely adopted by the academic community and appears in scientific literature. A quick keyword search of titles and abstracts containing "phene" at PubMed returns many articles. It is a valuable concept in the genomic era where "phenes" or "traits" (symptoms) are used to distinguish
171:
use "phenes" or "traits" (symptoms) to distinguish groups in the human population. These groups are then employed to identify associations with genetic alleles that are more common in the symptomatic group than in the asymptomatic control group. Allen et al. report that with respect to
Schizophrenia
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was originally used to refer to both the trait/character itself (e.g. the blue eyes phenotype) and the set of traits/characteristics possessed by the organism (clair's eye-colour phenotype is blue). While this definition is still used in many places, the lack of distinction can make in-depth
199:. In general it takes a combination of particular genes, environmental influences and random variation to give rise to any one phene in an organism. Both phenes and genes are subject to evolution. However, if one defines "genes" as "DNA sequences encoding
801:"OMIA (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals): an enhanced platform and integration into the Entrez search interface at NCBIOMIA (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals): an enhanced platform and integration into the Entrez search interface at NCBI"
707:"The genetics of dopa decarboxylase in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Isolation and characterization of dopa-decarboxylase-deficient mutants and their relationship to the alpha-methyl-dopa-hypersensitive mutants"
284:. Here, the mutated and unmutated DNA sequences would be phenes themselves; it is the changed primary sequence itself which by failing would cause death, not the corresponding polypeptide.
573:
Balanovskaia, EV; Nurbaev, SD; Rychkov, IuG (1994). "Computer technology of the genogeographic study of the gene pool. I. Statistical information from the genogeographic map".
447:
American
Psychological Association (APA): phenotype. (n.d.). The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Retrieved April 15, 2009, from Dictionary.com website:
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Gerlai, R; Csányi, V (1990). "Genotype-environment interaction and the correlation structure of behavioral elements in paradise fish (Macropodus opercularis)".
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269:. This mutation, obviously, will not spread, as it is quickly fatal. It is not the mutated nucleotide that is selected against, but the fact that
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Compare a (fictional) kind of mutation that breaks the DNA strand in a crucial position and defies all attempts to repair it, leading to
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Sklar, P; Smoller, JW; Fan, J; Ferreira, MA; Perlis, RH; Chambert, K; Nimgaonkar, VL; McQueen, MB; et al. (4 March 2008).
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Lenffer, Johann; Nicholas, Frank W.; Castle, K; Rao, A; Gregory, S; Poidinger, M; Mailman, MD; Ranganathan, S (Jan 1, 2006).
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532:"Normal synaptonemal complex and abnormal recombination nodules in two alleles of the Drosophila meiotic mutant mei-W68"
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Procunier, JD; Dunn, RJ (1978). "Genetic and molecular organization of the 5S locus and mutants in D. Melanogaster".
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microorganism, "silent" mutations may have an effect on DNA stability and thus survival. While being subject to
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750:"Genetic and developmental analysis of a temperature-sensitive minute mutation of Drosophila melanogaster"
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may also be a phene. For example, A-T and C-G base pairs are differently resistant to heat (see also
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The term 'phene' was evidently coined as an obvious parallel construct to 'gene'. Phene is to
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Obukhova, NIu (2007). "Polymorphism and phene geography of the blue rock pigeon in Europe".
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affects the primary sequence directly in this case, with or without it being expressed.
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give rise to phenes. Genes are the biochemical instructions encoding what an organism
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Riedl, R (1977). "A systems-analytical approach to macro-evolutionary phenomena".
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Komosinski, M; Ulatowski, S (2004). "Genetic mappings in artificial genomes".
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308:"Phene" is used as to refer to relevant phenotypic traits in the OMIA (
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211:, have used a wider definition of "gene" than the one used in
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Due to the distinct chemical and physical properties of the
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is an individual genetically determined characteristic or
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Theory in
Biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften
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Allan, Charlotte L.; Cardno, AG; McGuffin, P (2008).
401:"Whole-genome association study of bipolar disorder"
53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
207:; the associated phenes are. Note that some, e.g.
748:Sinclair, DA; Suzuki, DT; Grigliatti, TA (1981).
449:http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/phenotype
354:"Schizophrenia: From Genes to Phenes to Disease"
883:Can two Brown eyed parents have blue eyed child
261:Consider, for example, a mutation that makes a
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705:Wright, TR; Bewley, GC; Sherald, AF (1976).
273:this mutation, the phene (a key enzyme or
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113:Learn how and when to remove this message
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310:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals
203:", they are not directly accessible to
195:be, while phenes are what the organism
141:Phene - phenotype - phenome distinction
175:It is important to note that the word
277:for example) does not get expressed.
7:
51:adding citations to reliable sources
332:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
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215:on occasion, extending it to any
411:(6) (online ed.): 558–569.
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670:The Quarterly Review of Biology
300:groups with genetic disorders.
169:Genome wide association studies
38:needs additional citations for
881:Science Of Biogenetics :
1:
811:(Database issue): D599–D601.
287:See also Dawkin's concept of
265:abort development as a young
133:which can be possessed by an
866:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12702133
645:10.1016/0092-8674(78)90292-1
608:10.1016/0031-9384(90)90153-U
334:(a database of human phenes)
217:DNA sequence with a function
157:, and Similarly Phene is to
847:Porter, Ian H (June 1973).
766:10.1093/genetics/97.3-4.581
548:10.1093/genetics/163.4.1337
486:10.1016/j.thbio.2004.04.002
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358:Current Psychiatry Reports
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723:10.1093/genetics/84.2.287
596:Physiology & Behavior
370:10.1007/s11920-008-0054-x
234:" (that is, not altering
184:Phene - gene distinction
530:Carpenter, AT (2003).
18:Phene (disambiguation)
417:10.1038/sj.mp.4002151
244:DNA-DNA hybridization
849:"From gene to phene"
405:Molecular Psychiatry
275:developmental factor
226:in the DNA and some
47:improve this article
16:For other uses, see
817:10.1093/nar/gkj152
289:extended phenotype
853:J Invest Dermatol
805:Nucleic Acids Res
256:natural selection
205:natural selection
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103:November 2006
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45:Please help
40:verification
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238:), the DNA
224:nucleotides
892:Categories
339:References
282:cell death
73:newspapers
472:CiteSeerX
322:Phenotype
252:evolution
228:mutations
177:phenotype
147:Phenotype
898:Genetics
835:16381939
754:Genetics
711:Genetics
698:25465466
661:22095089
624:24061372
575:Genetika
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536:Genetics
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511:Genetika
502:11307855
494:18236096
435:18317468
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378:18627673
316:See also
246:). In a
213:genetics
155:Genotype
135:organism
908:Species
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784:6795082
775:1214413
732:1213577
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230:being "
159:Phenome
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163:Genome
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189:Genes
131:trait
127:phene
94:JSTOR
80:books
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633:Cell
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151:Gene
66:news
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