249:
86:
381:
651:
884:
physics or a related field and an additional minimum of five years' experience in a physics-related activity; or master or equivalent degree in physics or a related field and an additional minimum of three years' experience in a physics-related activity; a
Doctorate or equivalent degree in Physics or a related field; or training or experience which, in the opinion of the Council, is equivalent to any of the above.
262:
48:
866:
To get the certification, at minimum proof of honours bachelor or higher degree in physics or a closely related discipline must be provided. Also, the physicist must have completed, or be about to complete, three years of recent physics-related work experience after graduation. And, unless exempted,
834:
Achieving chartered status in any profession denotes to the wider community a high level of specialised subject knowledge and professional competence. According to the
Institute of Physics, holders of the award of the Chartered Physicist (CPhys) demonstrate the "highest standards of professionalism,
870:
Work experience will be considered physics-related if it uses physics directly or significantly uses the modes of thought (such as the approach to problem-solving) developed in your education or experience as a physicist, in all cases regardless of whether the experience is in academia, industry,
883:
also delivers a certification of
Professional Physicist (Pr.Phys). At a minimum, the owner must possess a three-year bachelors or equivalent degree in physics or a related field and an additional minimum of six years' experience in a physics-related activity; or an Honor or equivalent degree in
838:
Chartered
Physicist is considered to be equal in status to Chartered Engineer, which the IoP also awards as a member of the Engineering Council UK, and other chartered statuses in the UK. It is also considered a "regulated profession" under the European professional qualification directives.
835:
up-to-date expertise, quality and safety" along with "the capacity to undertake independent practice and exercise leadership" as well as "commitment to keep pace with advancing knowledge and with the increasing expectations and requirements for which any profession must take responsibility".
867:
a professional practice examination must also be passed. An exemption can be granted to a candidate that has practiced physics for at least seven years and provide a detailed description of their professional accomplishments which clearly demonstrate that the exam is not necessary.
496:, was divided into several fields in the 19th century, when the concept of "science" received its modern shape. Specific categories emerged, such as "biology" and "biologist", "physics" and "physicist", "chemistry" and "chemist", among other technical fields and titles. The term
392:
The study and practice of physics is based on an intellectual ladder of discoveries and insights from ancient times to the present. Many mathematical and physical ideas used today found their earliest expression in the work of ancient civilizations, such as the
675:, some 20% of new physics Ph.D.s holds jobs in engineering development programs, while 14% turn to computer software and about 11% are in business/education. A majority of physicists employed apply their skills and training to interdisciplinary sectors (e.g.
662:
The three major employers of career physicists are academic institutions, laboratories, and private industries, with the largest employer being the last. Physicists in academia or government labs tend to have titles such as
Assistants,
780:
Typical duties of physicists with master's and doctoral degrees working in their domain involve research, observation and analysis, data preparation, instrumentation, design and development of industrial or medical equipment,
1591:
777:
The majority of
Physics terminal bachelor's degree holders are employed in the private sector. Other fields are academia, government and military service, nonprofit entities, labs and teaching.
318:, which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe. Physicists generally are interested in the root or ultimate causes of
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119:
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Any physics-oriented career position requires at least an undergraduate degree in physics or applied physics, while career options widen with a
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804:
1604:
863:(P. Eng.). This designation was unveiled at the CAP congress in 1999 and already more than 200 people carry this distinction.
481:
of electromagnetism were developmental high points during the 19th century. Many physicists contributed to the development of
437:(Alhazen) in the 11th century. The modern scientific worldview and the bulk of physics education can be said to flow from the
380:
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Physicists can apply their knowledge towards solving practical problems or to developing new technologies (also known as
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government, or elsewhere. Management of physics-related work qualifies, and so does appropriate graduate student work.
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in the early-to-mid 20th century. New knowledge in the early 21st century includes a large increase in understanding
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who specialize in mathematical modeling of physical systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena.
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Kirby, Kate; Czujko, Roman; Mulvey, Patrick (2001). "The
Physics Job Market: From Bear to Bull in a Decade".
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1901:
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who specialize in the observation of natural phenomena and the development and analysis of experiments, and
807:. National physical societies have many prizes and awards for professional recognition. In the case of the
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and award prizes for contributions to the field of physics. Some examples of physical societies are the
860:
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703:
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In an 18th-century experiment in "natural philosophy" (later to be called "physics") English scientist
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specializing in a particular field. Fields of specialization include experimental and theoretical
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322:, and usually frame their understanding in mathematical terms. They work across a wide range of
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421:. Roots also emerged in ancient Asian cultures such as India and China, and particularly the
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1075:
Donald S. L. Cardwell, James Joule: A Biography, Manchester
University Press - 1989, page 18
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1999:
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1583:; US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Physicists and Astronomers
1053:
From
Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science
984:
896:
of a country or region. Physical societies commonly publish scientific journals, organize
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1959:
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1524:
1339:"Initial Employment Sectors of Physics Bachelor's, Classes of 2011 & 2012 Combined"
979:
751:
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2084:
1991:
1858:
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1404:
707:
639:
571:
144:
536:, and laboratory experience. Physics students also need training in mathematics (
3023:
2939:
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2807:
2767:
2546:
2542:
2462:
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2347:
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2115:
1917:
1675:
811:, as of 2023, there are 25 separate prizes and 33 separate awards in the field.
3387:
3377:
2999:
2915:
2895:
2738:
2686:
2299:
2235:
2191:
2028:
1944:
1834:
1802:
827:(CPhys) is a chartered status and a professional qualification awarded by the
731:
691:
595:
319:
169:
154:
1386:
3238:
3107:
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2359:
2195:
1294:
782:
747:
727:
664:
591:
454:
311:
174:
139:
41:
17:
2135:
537:
343:
1226:
American
Institute for Physics (AIP) Statistical Research Center Report
1448:
Whitten, Barbara L.; Foster, Suzanne R.; Duncombe, Margaret L. (2003).
1035:"Industrial Physicists: Primarily specializing outside of STEM sectors"
676:
599:
474:
323:
315:
77:
1506:
1476:
1449:
3342:
1363:. National Occupational Classification - Canada. 2016. Archived from
1338:
654:
Experimental physicists at work at the accelerator laboratory of the
623:
529:
406:
189:
1526:
The Stars Are Not Enough: Scientists--Their Passions and Professions
771:
649:
379:
346:
as a whole. The field generally includes two types of physicists:
46:
473:
by the end of the 17th century. The experimental discoveries of
1180:"Industrially Employed Physicists: Primarily in Non-STEM Fields"
327:
3111:
1600:
504:(also the originator of the term "scientist") in his 1840 book
401:, the Greek philosophers of science and mathematicians such as
1018:"Industrial Physicists: Primarily specializing in Engineering"
1167:. National Careers Service, United Kingdom. 7 October 2016.
1547:
Lives in Science: How Institutions Affect Academic Careers
1001:"Industrial Physicists: Primarily specializing in Physics"
516:
A standard undergraduate physics curriculum consists of
990:"a scientist who studies or is a specialist in physics"
566:
For research-oriented careers, students work toward a
3421:
3358:
3286:
3202:
3174:
3146:
2748:
2405:
2094:
1872:
1638:
1112:
Basic Theoretical Physics : A concise overview
1523:
1211:
441:in Europe, starting with the work of astronomer
1341:. American Institute of Physics. 26 August 2013
1040:. American Institute for Physics. October 2016.
1023:. American Institute for Physics. October 2016.
1006:. American Institute for Physics. October 2016.
799:The highest honor awarded to physicists is the
461:of physical systems, was further developed by
27:Scientist specializing in the field of physics
3123:
1612:
1297:. National Academy of Engineering (NAE). 2016
908:, with the oldest physical society being the
831:. It is denoted by the postnominals "CPhys".
287:
8:
1135:Kompaneyets, Alexander Solomonovich (2012).
388:works with an early electrostatic generator.
1295:"Physics Education, Applied to Engineering"
851:can appoint an official designation called
682:Job titles for graduate physicists include
3130:
3116:
3108:
1619:
1605:
1597:
1572:How to become a GOOD Theoretical Physicist
1246:. Augusta University. 2016. Archived from
1139:(2nd ed.). Mineola, New York: Dover.
294:
280:
68:
1475:
1241:"What can I do with a degree in Physics?"
1275:. Illinois Institute of Technology. 2016
1085:Wachter, Armin; Hoeber, Henning (2006).
1055:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
534:statistical mechanics and thermodynamics
506:The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences
373:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1319:. Simon Fraser University, Canada. 2016
959:
957:
953:
492:The broad and general study of nature,
76:
3328:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
1204:"Physicists and the Financial Markets"
774:Developer, Technical Consultant, etc.
58:in the 20th century who developed the
1228:Physics Doctorates Initial Employment
471:Newton's law of universal gravitation
7:
1419:"Register as professional physicist"
1405:"Professional Certification (PPhys)"
1165:nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk
1592:Careers through Engineering Physics
968:. Infobase Publishing. p. 247.
326:, spanning all length scales: from
1450:"What works for women in physics?"
1114:(1st ed.). Berlin: Springer.
881:South African Institute of Physics
849:Canadian Association of Physicists
795:List of Nobel laureates in Physics
25:
1361:"2111 Physicists and astronomers"
1210:. 18 October 2013. Archived from
1178:AIP Statistical Research Center.
1110:Krey, Uwe; Owen, Anthony (2007).
1087:Compendium of Theoretical Physics
859:), similar to the designation of
805:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
563:like MSc, MPhil, MPhys or MSci.
1273:"Physicist Career Opportunities"
892:Physicists may be a member of a
453:in the early 1600s. The work on
314:who specializes in the field of
261:
260:
247:
84:
3449:Timeline of physics discoveries
1549:. University of Chicago Press.
1545:Hermanowicz, Joseph C. (2009).
1530:. University of Chicago Press.
1522:Hermanowicz, Joseph C. (1998).
1317:"Engineering Physicist careers"
785:and software development, etc.
425:, which saw the development of
342:length scales encompassing the
985:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1:
673:American Institute of Physics
1387:"The Nobel Prize in Physics"
942:Strategic Defense Initiative
803:, awarded since 1901 by the
3413:Quantum information science
636:quantum information science
3491:
3244:Classical electromagnetism
1581:Physicists and Astronomers
1089:. New York, NY: Springer.
1051:Cahan, David, ed. (2003).
815:Professional certification
792:
445:leading to the physics of
372:
39:
29:
902:American Physical Society
809:American Physical Society
768:Microelectronics Engineer
522:electricity and magnetism
233:List of unsolved problems
3350:Condensed matter physics
667:, Sr./Jr. Scientist, or
588:condensed matter physics
40:Not to be confused with
966:Encyclopedia of Physics
910:German Physical Society
656:University of Jyväskylä
467:Newton's laws of motion
423:Islamic medieval period
348:experimental physicists
3434:Nobel Prize in Physics
3296:Relativistic mechanics
1632:Nobel Prize in Physics
932:Nobel Prize in physics
888:Professional societies
853:Professional Physicist
801:Nobel Prize in Physics
688:Air Traffic Controller
684:Agricultural Scientist
659:
542:differential equations
459:mathematical treatment
433:, such as the work of
427:scientific methodology
415:Archimedes of Syracuse
395:Babylonian astronomers
389:
352:theoretical physicists
223:List of physics awards
66:
3439:Philosophy of physics
1230:published March 2016.
861:Professional Engineer
793:Further information:
744:Engineering Physicist
704:Environmental Analyst
653:
600:gravitational physics
439:scientific revolution
383:
56:theoretical physicist
50:
3398:Mathematical physics
1367:on November 11, 2016
906:Institute of Physics
829:Institute of Physics
419:Aristarchus of Samos
64:early quantum theory
60:theory of relativity
3475:Science occupations
3373:Atmospheric physics
3212:Classical mechanics
3140:branches of physics
1499:2001PhT....54d..36K
1468:2003PhT....56i..46W
1253:on November 2, 2016
1137:Theoretical physics
964:Rosen, Joe (2009).
927:Chartered Physicist
898:physics conferences
825:Chartered Physicist
700:Electrical Engineer
696:Computer Programmer
524:, non-relativistic
518:classical mechanics
479:Maxwell's equations
443:Nicolaus Copernicus
363:engineering physics
72:Part of a series on
30:For the album, see
3429:History of physics
1576:Utrecht University
988:. Merriam-Webster.
922:List of physicists
750:Missions Analyst,
736:Research Scientist
660:
580:biological physics
494:natural philosophy
487:physical cosmology
477:and the theory of
465:and culminated in
463:Christiaan Huygens
399:Egyptian engineers
390:
375:History of physics
336:biological physics
254:Physics portal
67:
3457:
3456:
3444:Physics education
3393:Materials science
3360:Interdisciplinary
3318:Quantum mechanics
3105:
3104:
1587:Physicist Careers
1556:978-0-226-32761-7
1537:978-0-226-32767-9
1507:10.1063/1.1372112
1477:10.1063/1.1620834
1146:978-0-486-60972-0
1121:978-3-540-36804-5
937:Manhattan Project
789:Honors and awards
760:Software Engineer
740:Reactor Physicist
712:Medical Physicist
616:molecular physics
526:quantum mechanics
483:quantum mechanics
403:Thales of Miletus
304:
303:
160:Classical physics
16:(Redirected from
3482:
3383:Chemical physics
3323:Particle physics
3249:Classical optics
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961:
894:physical society
764:Systems Engineer
628:particle physics
612:microelectronics
604:material science
584:chemical physics
554:computer science
552:, etc.), and in
550:complex analysis
386:Francis Hauksbee
332:particle physics
296:
289:
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269:
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251:
228:List of journals
165:Electromagnetism
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3403:Medical physics
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3313:Nuclear physics
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3276:Non-equilibrium
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3368:Astrophysics
3182:Experimental
2535:von Klitzing
2527:Van der Meer
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1426:. Retrieved
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1371:November 11,
1369:. Retrieved
1365:the original
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1333:
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1321:. Retrieved
1311:
1301:November 10,
1299:. Retrieved
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2208:Chamberlain
1941:Schrödinger
1851:M. Siegbahn
1780:W. H. Bragg
1776:W. L. Bragg
1423:saip.org.za
1161:"Physicist"
980:"physicist"
3470:Physicists
3464:Categories
3388:Geophysics
3378:Biophysics
3222:Analytical
3175:Approaches
3096:L'Huillier
3060:Hasselmann
3016:Strickland
2984:Kosterlitz
2908:Perlmutter
2647:Brockhouse
2352:Schrieffer
2224:Hofstadter
2176:C. N. Yang
1933:Heisenberg
1910:De Broglie
1188:August 21,
948:References
732:Researcher
665:Professors
596:geophysics
334:, through
328:sub-atomic
170:Geophysics
155:Biophysics
18:Physicists
3338:Molecular
3239:Acoustics
3232:Continuum
3227:Celestial
3217:Newtonian
3204:Classical
3147:Divisions
3080:Zeilinger
2900:Novoselov
2868:Kobayashi
2792:Abrikosov
2639:J. Taylor
2619:de Gennes
2611:R. Taylor
2503:K. Wilson
2451:R. Wilson
2435:Van Vleck
2406:1976–2000
2396:Rainwater
2392:Mottelson
2368:Josephson
2316:Gell-Mann
2280:Schwinger
2268:Prokhorov
2228:Mössbauer
2188:Cherenkov
2180:T. D. Lee
2104:Cockcroft
2095:1951–1975
1894:C. Wilson
1873:1926–1950
1819:Guillaume
1708:Michelson
1668:Becquerel
1639:1901–1925
1628:Laureates
1515:178631076
1493:(4): 36.
1462:(9): 46.
783:computing
748:Satellite
728:Professor
658:(Finland)
592:cosmology
512:Education
498:physicist
455:mechanics
320:phenomena
312:scientist
308:physicist
213:Physicist
175:Mechanics
140:Acoustics
42:Physician
33:Physicist
3088:Agostini
2976:Thouless
2968:McDonald
2956:Nakamura
2924:Wineland
2856:GrĂĽnberg
2812:Politzer
2796:Ginzburg
2784:Giacconi
2764:Ketterle
2719:'t Hooft
2703:Laughlin
2695:Phillips
2675:Osheroff
2603:Friedman
2575:Schwartz
2571:Lederman
2491:Schawlow
2467:Weinberg
2276:Tomonaga
2168:Brattain
2160:Shockley
2069:Blackett
2061:Appleton
2053:Bridgman
2000:Lawrence
1980:Davisson
1960:Chadwick
1843:Millikan
1827:Einstein
1716:Lippmann
1684:Rayleigh
1676:M. Curie
1672:P. Curie
1428:20 April
916:See also
857:P. Phys.
669:postdocs
538:calculus
344:universe
267:Category
207:Research
133:Branches
120:timeline
107:Glossary
54:, a key
3422:Related
3306:General
3301:Special
3159:Applied
3076:Clauser
3040:Penrose
3024:Peebles
2980:Haldane
2948:Akasaki
2936:Englert
2928:Haroche
2912:Schmidt
2872:Maskawa
2824:Glauber
2816:Wilczek
2800:Leggett
2780:Koshiba
2760:Cornell
2751:present
2735:Kroemer
2731:Alferov
2723:Veltman
2707:Störmer
2627:Charpak
2607:Kendall
2591:Dehmelt
2559:Bednorz
2459:Glashow
2447:Penzias
2443:Kapitsa
2415:Richter
2388:A. Bohr
2364:Giaever
2344:Bardeen
2308:Alvarez
2292:Kastler
2284:Feynman
2164:Bardeen
2128:Zernike
2120:Purcell
1890:Compton
1835:N. Bohr
1724:Marconi
1656:Lorentz
1648:Röntgen
1630:of the
1495:Bibcode
1464:Bibcode
677:finance
646:Careers
475:Faraday
369:History
316:physics
116:History
102:Outline
78:Physics
35:(album)
3333:Atomic
3288:Modern
3138:Major
3092:Krausz
3086:2023:
3072:Aspect
3070:2022:
3064:Manabe
3056:Parisi
3054:2021:
3044:Genzel
3038:2020:
3032:Queloz
3022:2019:
3012:Mourou
3008:Ashkin
3006:2018:
3000:Thorne
2996:Barish
2990:2017:
2974:2016:
2964:Kajita
2962:2015:
2946:2014:
2934:2013:
2922:2012:
2906:2011:
2894:2010:
2878:2009:
2862:2008:
2850:2007:
2840:Mather
2838:2006:
2832:Hänsch
2822:2005:
2806:2004:
2790:2003:
2774:2002:
2768:Wieman
2758:2001:
2729:2000:
2717:1999:
2701:1998:
2685:1997:
2671:D. Lee
2669:1996:
2663:Reines
2657:1995:
2645:1994:
2633:1993:
2625:1992:
2617:1991:
2601:1990:
2587:Ramsey
2585:1989:
2569:1988:
2563:MĂĽller
2557:1987:
2551:Rohrer
2547:Binnig
2541:1986:
2533:1985:
2523:Rubbia
2521:1984:
2515:Fowler
2509:1983:
2501:1982:
2485:1981:
2475:Cronin
2473:1980:
2457:1979:
2441:1978:
2425:1977:
2413:1976:
2386:1975:
2380:Hewish
2374:1974:
2358:1973:
2348:Cooper
2342:1972:
2334:1971:
2324:Alfvén
2322:1970:
2314:1969:
2306:1968:
2298:1967:
2290:1966:
2274:1965:
2260:Townes
2258:1964:
2252:Jensen
2244:Wigner
2242:1963:
2236:Landau
2234:1962:
2222:1961:
2216:Glaser
2214:1960:
2202:1959:
2186:1958:
2174:1957:
2158:1956:
2146:1955:
2134:1954:
2126:1953:
2114:1952:
2108:Walton
2102:1951:
2085:Powell
2083:1950:
2077:Yukawa
2075:1949:
2067:1948:
2059:1947:
2051:1946:
2043:1945:
2035:1944:
2027:1943:
1998:1939:
1990:1938:
1978:1937:
1966:1936:
1958:1935:
1939:1933:
1931:1932:
1916:1930:
1908:1929:
1900:1928:
1888:1927:
1882:Perrin
1880:1926:
1859:Franck
1857:1925:
1849:1924:
1841:1923:
1833:1922:
1825:1921:
1817:1920:
1809:1919:
1803:Planck
1801:1918:
1795:Barkla
1793:1917:
1774:1915:
1766:1914:
1758:1913:
1750:1912:
1742:1911:
1734:1910:
1722:1909:
1714:1908:
1706:1907:
1698:1906:
1692:Lenard
1690:1905:
1682:1904:
1666:1903:
1660:Zeeman
1654:1902:
1646:1901:
1553:
1534:
1513:
1143:
1118:
1093:
1059:
904:, the
843:Canada
638:, and
624:optics
530:optics
407:Euclid
265:
190:Optics
3028:Mayor
2992:Weiss
2952:Amano
2940:Higgs
2916:Riess
2888:Smith
2884:Boyle
2864:Nambu
2844:Smoot
2808:Gross
2776:Davis
2749:2001–
2739:Kilby
2651:Shull
2635:Hulse
2543:Ruska
2479:Fitch
2463:Salam
2360:Esaki
2336:Gabor
2300:Bethe
2264:Basov
2204:Segrè
2192:Frank
2152:Kusch
2140:Bothe
2116:Bloch
2045:Pauli
2029:Stern
1992:Fermi
1945:Dirac
1918:Raman
1863:Hertz
1811:Stark
1752:Dalén
1728:Braun
1511:S2CID
1251:(PDF)
1244:(PDF)
1183:(PDF)
1038:(PDF)
1021:(PDF)
1004:(PDF)
772:Radar
338:, to
310:is a
97:Index
3259:Wave
3154:Pure
3048:Ghez
2896:Geim
2852:Fert
2828:Hall
2711:Tsui
2659:Perl
2595:Paul
2431:Mott
2419:Ting
2376:Ryle
2328:NĂ©el
2196:Tamm
2148:Lamb
2136:Born
2037:Rabi
2021:1942
2014:1941
2007:1940
1968:Hess
1952:1934
1925:1931
1787:1916
1768:Laue
1744:Wien
1551:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1430:2023
1373:2016
1347:2016
1325:2017
1303:2016
1281:2016
1259:2016
1190:2006
1141:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1057:ISBN
879:The
847:The
679:).
469:and
449:and
417:and
397:and
330:and
217:list
3254:Ray
2880:Kao
2687:Chu
1503:doi
1472:doi
586:,
578:,
409:in
365:).
361:or
3466::
3094:/
3090:/
3078:/
3074:/
3062:/
3058:/
3046:/
3042:/
3030:/
3026:/
3014:/
3010:/
2998:/
2994:/
2982:/
2978:/
2966:/
2954:/
2950:/
2938:/
2926:/
2914:/
2910:/
2898:/
2886:/
2882:/
2870:/
2866:/
2854:/
2842:/
2830:/
2826:/
2814:/
2810:/
2798:/
2794:/
2782:/
2778:/
2766:/
2762:/
2737:/
2733:/
2721:/
2709:/
2705:/
2693:/
2689:/
2677:/
2673:/
2661:/
2649:/
2637:/
2609:/
2605:/
2593:/
2589:/
2577:/
2573:/
2561:/
2549:/
2545:/
2525:/
2513:/
2493:/
2489:/
2477:/
2465:/
2461:/
2449:/
2445:/
2433:/
2429:/
2417:/
2394:/
2390:/
2378:/
2366:/
2362:/
2350:/
2346:/
2326:/
2282:/
2278:/
2266:/
2262:/
2250:/
2246:/
2226:/
2206:/
2194:/
2190:/
2178:/
2166:/
2162:/
2150:/
2138:/
2118:/
2106:/
1982:/
1970:/
1943:/
1892:/
1861:/
1778:/
1726:/
1674:/
1670:/
1658:/
1574:,
1509:.
1501:.
1491:54
1489:.
1470:.
1460:56
1458:.
1452:.
1421:.
1389:.
1206:.
1163:.
982:.
956:^
912:.
770:,
766:,
762:,
758:,
754:,
746:,
742:,
738:,
734:,
722:,
718:,
714:,
710:,
706:,
702:,
698:,
694:,
690:,
686:,
642:.
634:,
630:,
626:,
622:,
618:,
614:,
610:,
606:,
602:,
598:,
594:,
590:,
582:,
574:,
556:.
548:,
544:,
540:,
532:,
528:,
520:,
508:.
489:.
413:,
405:,
306:A
3131:e
3124:t
3117:v
1620:e
1613:t
1606:v
1559:.
1540:.
1517:.
1505::
1497::
1480:.
1474::
1466::
1432:.
1407:.
1393:.
1375:.
1349:.
1327:.
1305:.
1283:.
1261:.
1192:.
1149:.
1124:.
1099:.
1065:.
855:(
730:/
726:/
377:.
295:e
288:t
281:v
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215:(
122:)
118:(
44:.
37:.
20:)
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