442:
217:-driven air displacement. A vacuum is generated by the vertical travel of a metal or ceramic piston within an airtight sleeve. As the piston moves upward, driven by the depression of the plunger, a vacuum is created in the space left vacant by the piston. The liquid around the tip moves into this vacuum (along with the air in the tip) and can then be transported and released as necessary. These pipettes are capable of being very precise and accurate. However, since they rely on air displacement, they are subject to inaccuracies caused by the changing environment, particularly temperature and user technique. For these reasons, this equipment must be carefully maintained and calibrated, and users must be trained to exercise correct and consistent technique.
292:
818:
304:
345:
490:
333:
850:
478:
454:
199:
435:, to indicate different calibrated volumes. They also require a source of vacuum; in the early days of chemistry and biology, the mouth was used. The safety regulations included the statement: "Never pipette by mouth KCN, NH3, strong acids, bases and mercury salts". Some pipettes were manufactured with two bubbles between the mouth piece and the solution level line, to protect the chemist from accidental swallowing of the solution.
708:
547:
466:
941:
175:
688:
582:
361:
34:
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191:
183:
383:
441:
865:
Technique: elevated, “winged elbow”. The average human arm weighs approximately 6% of the total body weight. Holding a pipette with the elbow extended (winged elbow) in a static position places the weight of the arm onto the neck and shoulder muscles and reduces blood flow, thereby causing stress and
857:
Proper pipetting posture is the most important element in establishing good ergonomic work practices. During repetitive tasks such as pipetting, maintaining body positions that provide a maximum of strength with the least amount of muscular stress is important to minimize the risk of injury. A number
261:
Irrespective of brand or expense of pipette, every micropipette manufacturer recommends checking the calibration at least every six months, if used regularly. Companies in the drug or food industries are required to calibrate their pipettes quarterly (every three months). Schools which are conducting
840:
traceable reference standards. Pipette calibration is essential to ensure that the instrument is working according to expectations and as per the defined regimes or work protocols. Pipette calibration is considered to be a complex affair because it includes many elements of calibration procedure and
808:
A variety of devices have been developed for safer, easier, and more efficient pipetting. For example, a motorized pipette controller can aid liquid aspiration or dispensing using volumetric pipettes or graduated pipettes; a tablet can interact in real-time with the pipette and guide a user through
646:
seal which slides within the pipette in a positive displacement operation. Such a device can be used on a wide variety of fluids (aqueous, viscous, and volatile fluids; hydrocarbons; essential oils; and mixtures) in volumes between 0.5 mL and 25 mL. This arrangement provides improvements
878:
Technique: Over-rotated forearm and wrist. Rotation of the forearm in a supinated position (palm up) and/or wrist flexion increases the fluid pressure in the carpal tunnel. This increased pressure can result in compression of soft tissues like nerves, tendons and blood vessels, causing numbness in
933:
Unlike traditional axial pipettes, ergonomic pipetting can affect posture and prevent common pipetting injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis and other musculoskeletal disorders. To be "ergonomically correct" significant changes to traditional pipetting postures are essential, like:
711:
Carlsberg pipettes, glass micropipettes, named for the place for their invention and first use, The
Carlsberg Laboratory, Physiology Department, Copenhagen, Denmark. Used with a mouthpiece for precision biochemical and physiological labwork. From the top: double constriction pipettes for 1 and 10
869:
Corrective action: Position elbows as close to the body as possible, with arms and wrists extended in straight, neutral positions (handshake posture). Keep work items within easy reach to limit extension and elevation of arm. Arm/hand elevation should not exceed 12” from the
232:, Dr. Heinrich Netheler, inherited the rights and initiated the global and general use of micropipettes in labs. In 1972, the adjustable micropipette was invented at the University of Wisconsin-Madison by several people, primarily Warren Gilson and Henry Lardy.
902:
Technique: Concentrated area of force (contact stress between a hard object and sensitive tissues). Some devices have plungers and buttons with limited surface areas, requiring a great deal of force to be expended by the thumb or other finger in a concentrated
401:
allow the user to measure a volume of solution extremely precisely (precision of four significant figures). These pipettes have a large bulb with a long narrow portion above with a single graduation mark as it is calibrated for a single volume (like a
858:
of common pipetting techniques have been identified as potentially hazardous due to biomechanical stress factors. Recommendations for corrective pipetting actions, made by various US governmental agencies and ergonomics experts, are presented below.
890:
Technique: Tight grip (clenched fist). Hand fatigue results from continuous contact between a hard object and sensitive tissues. This occurs when a firm grip is needed to hold a pipette, such as when jamming on a tip, and results in diminished hand
906:
Corrective action: Use pipettes with large contoured or rounded plungers and buttons. This will disperse the pressure used to operate the pipette across the entire surface of the thumb or finger, reducing contact pressure to acceptable
717:
953:
Typically the pipettes are vertically stored on holder called pipette stands. In case of electronic pipettes, such stands can recharge their batteries. The most advanced pipette stands can directly control electronic pipettes.
769:
into a freely positionable pipette platform. At the tip of the device a localized flow zone is created, allowing for constant control of the nanolitre environment, directly in front of the pipette. The pipettes are made from
518:
are plastic or glass pipettes used to transfer small amounts of liquids, but are not graduated or calibrated for any particular volume. The bulb is separate from the pipette body. Pasteur pipettes are also called
774:(PDMS) which is formed using reactive injection molding. Interfacing of these pipettes using pneumatics enables multiple solutions to be loaded and switched on demand, with solution exchange times of 100ms.
894:
Corrective action: Use pipettes with hooks or other attributes that allow a relaxed grip and/or alleviate need to constantly grip the pipette. This will reduce tension in the arm, wrist and hand.
136:
The adjustable micropipette is a
Wisconsin invention developed through interactions among several people, primarily inventor Warren Gilson and Henry Lardy, a professor of biochemistry at the
322:
These are similar to air displacement pipettes, but are less commonly used and are used to avoid contamination and for volatile or viscous substances at small volumes, such as
326:. The major difference is that the disposable tip is a microsyringe (plastic), composed of a capillary and a piston (movable inner part) which directly displaces the liquid.
836:
Pipette recalibration is an important consideration in laboratories using these devices. It is the act of determining the accuracy of a measuring device by comparison with
489:
106:
above the liquid-holding chamber and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw up and dispense liquid. Measurement accuracy varies greatly depending on the instrument.
477:
206:
Air displacement micropipettes are a type of adjustable micropipette that deliver a measured volume of liquid; depending on size, it could be between about 0.1
1506:
639:
918:
Corrective action: Keep work items within easy reach to limit extension and elevation of arm. Arm/hand elevation should also not exceed 12” from the worksurface.
406:). Typical volumes are 20, 50, and 100 mL. Volumetric pipettes are commonly used to make laboratory solutions from a base stock as well as prepare solutions for
266:
classes can have this process annually. Those studying forensics and research where a great deal of testing is commonplace will perform monthly calibrations.
882:
Corrective action: Forearm rotation angle near 45° pronation (palm down) should be maintained to minimize carpal tunnel pressure during repetitive activity.
148:
Although specific names exist for each type of pipette, in practice, any type can be referred to as a "pipette". Pipettes that dispense less than 1000
2735:
2714:
465:
453:
38:
Clockwise from top left: various sizes of micropipettes; a graduated serological pipette attached to an electronic manual pipetter; two
Pasteur pipettes.
750:
with many types and sizes of glass tubing being available. Each of these compositions has unique properties which will determine suitable applications.
344:
2824:
1252:
Ainla, Alar; Jansson, Erik T.; Stepanyants, Natalia; Orwar, Owe; Jesorka, Aldo (June 2010). "A Microfluidic
Pipette for Single-Cell Pharmacology".
647:
in precision, handling safety, reliability, economy, and versatility. No disposable tips or pipetting aids are needed with the pipetting syringe.
699:
and refined by Louis Munroe Dennis, is an apparatus for the controlled reaction of liquids under a mild electric current and a supply of oxygen.
2350:
291:
929:
Corrective action: Keep forearm and hand elevation within 12” of the worksurface, which will allow the elbow to remain near a 90° position.
118:. Large pipettes continue to be made in glass; others are made in squeezable plastic for situations where an exact volume is not required.
137:
186:
A 5,000 ÎĽL (5 mL) pipette, with the volume to be transferred indicated. 500 means that the amount transferred is 5,000 ÎĽL.
1499:
1179:
563:, are similar to Pasteur pipettes but are made from a single piece of plastic and their bulb can serve as the liquid-holding chamber.
332:
2411:
1163:
777:
621:
2388:
1379:
2858:
2853:
796:. The pipette is made of a carbon shell, within which is an alloy of gold-germanium. The pipette was used to learn about how
793:
603:
102:, from single piece glass pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic pipettes. Many pipette types work by creating a
634:
Pipetting syringes are hand-held devices that combine the functions of volumetric (bulb) pipettes, graduated pipettes, and
2848:
2843:
2679:
2568:
1909:
1492:
1078:
817:
317:
2383:
1405:
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minimizing forearm and wrist rotations, keeping a low arm and elbow height and relaxing the shoulders and upper arms.
2459:
2428:
2340:
592:
2583:
1914:
963:
672:
281:
1985:
926:
Technique: Elbow flexion or abduction. Arm strength diminishes as elbow posture is deviated from a 90° position.
599:
169:
1588:
1343:"Pipette Confidently with PipetteRite – Control the Immersion Depth, Steady Your Hand, and Improve Ergonomics"
809:
a protocol; and a pipette station can help to control the pipette tip immersion depth and improve ergonomics.
155:
The terms "pipette" and "pipet" are used interchangeably despite minor historical differences in their usage.
133:, Dr. Heinrich Netheler, inherited the rights and started the commercial production of micropipettes in 1961.
2418:
2335:
1799:
656:
2021:
1769:
1738:
210:
to 1,000 ÎĽL (1 mL). These pipettes require disposable tips that come in contact with the fluid.
99:
2011:
1889:
1601:
825:
642:
volumetric A grade standards. A glass or plastic pipette tube is used with a thumb-operated piston and
2307:
1967:
1809:
1217:
962:
An alternative technology, especially for transferring small volumes (micro and nano litre range) is
771:
360:
1995:
1804:
1719:
1656:
1187:
391:
377:
351:
296:
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275:
229:
130:
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2505:
2444:
2345:
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2205:
2200:
2118:
1939:
660:
428:
221:
122:
915:
Technique: elevated arm. Muscle strength is substantially reduced when arm flexion is increased.
849:
679:, is a type of volumetric pipette used to measure viscous fluids such as whole blood or serum.
178:
Single-Channel
Pipettes designed to handle 1–5 ml and 100–1000 μL with locking system
2790:
2780:
2588:
2578:
2355:
2159:
2149:
2144:
1990:
1904:
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730:
These are used to physically interact with microscopic samples, such as in the procedures of
2128:
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1944:
1851:
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1646:
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1025:
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754:
555:
403:
303:
427:
are a type of macropipette consisting of a long tube with a series of graduations, as on a
2805:
2532:
2398:
2180:
2154:
1929:
1824:
1478:
841:
several calibration protocol options as well as makes and models of pipettes to consider.
797:
743:
696:
514:
198:
115:
95:
1324:
1103:
983:
1288:
753:
Glass micropipettes are fabricated in a micropipette puller and are typically used in a
707:
546:
2800:
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2449:
2108:
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1005:
912:
Incorrect posture can have a strong impact on available strength arm strength pipetting
731:
1452:
1383:
1211:
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2624:
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2060:
1724:
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fatigue. Muscle strength is also substantially reduced as arm flexion is increased.
739:
720:
397:
174:
20:
687:
1153:
1152:
Rani, Seema; Khan, Tasneem K. H.; Mote, Sanjay P.; Gehlot, Praveen Singh (2023).
194:
A 1,000 ÎĽL (1 mL) pipette, with the volume to be transferred indicated.
98:. Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with differing levels of
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2527:
2487:
2423:
2406:
2279:
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2228:
2190:
2065:
2029:
1879:
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1431:
776:
Invented by Alar Ainla, currently situated in the
Biophysical Technology Lab at
765:
A recent introduction into the micropipette field integrates the versatility of
735:
581:
483:
An automatic propipetter adjusted by pressing the button and toggling the switch
1306:
2704:
2694:
2645:
2563:
2375:
2220:
2195:
2055:
1934:
1894:
1864:
1819:
1814:
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1764:
1661:
1563:
1515:
1307:"Motorized Pipette Controllers | Motorized Controller | Pipette.com"
789:
712:
microlitre; single constriction pipettes for 200; 2,000; and 10,000 microlitre
676:
207:
149:
33:
1021:
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An example of mechanical pipettes manipulated by an anthropomorphic robot
1138:
2760:
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2185:
2175:
2103:
1924:
1884:
1484:
635:
606: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
495:
An automatic propipetter adjusted by pulling and releasing the triggers
432:
225:
126:
91:
1265:
2113:
747:
214:
103:
471:
A manual propipetter adjusted by squeezing the valves marked E and S
228:, Germany. Afterwards, the co-founder of the biotechnology company
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A manual propipetter adjusted by turning the wheel with the thumb
2284:
1583:
1356:
1125:
Shohl, Alfred T. (February 1928). "A Pipet for Micro-Analyses".
837:
643:
521:
307:
VIAFLO electronic multichannel pipettes from INTEGRA Biosciences
2666:
2485:
2305:
1965:
1526:
1488:
575:
447:
A person pipetting by mouth, now considered an unsafe practice
323:
1406:"Ovation Ergonomic Pipettes generate ideal pipetting posture"
1231:
1079:"Pipets, Pipettes, Syringes, and Needles | Fisher Scientific"
828:
are capable of manipulating the pipettes as humans would do.
19:
This article is about the laboratory tool. For the band, see
1054:"Pipet vs Pipette vs Micropipette: Is there any difference?"
944:
A smart pipette stand that can control electronic pipettes
220:
The micropipette was invented and patented in 1960 by Dr.
1342:
1216:. Translated by Dennis, Louis Munroe. Internet Archive.
695:
The
Winkler–Dennis gas combustion pipette, developed by
1289:"A New Low: Lilliputian pipette releases tiniest drops"
114:
The first simple pipettes were made in glass, such as
94:
to transport a measured volume of liquid, often as a
726:
pulled with a
Flaming/Brown micropipette puller P-97
2773:
2723:
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2437:
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2020:
2004:
1978:
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1615:
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59:
51:
43:
1454:electronic pipette made smart through connectivity
121:The first micropipette was patented in 1957 by Dr
663:with serologic pipettes for volumetric analysis.
86:) is a type of laboratory tool commonly used in
1158:. Academic Guru Publishing House. p. 158.
1006:"When a common problem meets an ingenious mind"
1479:Helpful Hints on the Use of a Volumetric Pipet
152:are sometimes distinguished as micropipettes.
1500:
8:
509:Pasteur pipettes with rubber bulbs attached.
235:Types of air displacement pipettes include:
26:
2460:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument
2687:
2674:
2663:
2495:
2482:
2315:
2302:
1975:
1962:
1534:
1523:
1507:
1493:
1485:
659:, is a graduated pipette commonly used in
1380:"Micro Pipette Calibration – Accumaximum"
1029:
622:Learn how and when to remove this message
288:commonly replace the mechanical version.
245:Single-channel, multi-channel or repeater
2825:Instruments used in medical laboratories
1127:Journal of the American Chemical Society
671:The Ostwald–Folin pipette, developed by
280:To minimize the possible development of
2341:Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) device
1155:An Introduction To Analytical Chemistry
975:
437:
328:
129:, Germany). The founder of the company
2389:Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
354:which will be used to move the plunger
25:
683:Winkler–Dennis gas combustion pipette
7:
604:adding citations to reliable sources
386:Several sizes of volumetric pipette.
1232:"Biophysical Technology Laboratory"
655:The Van Slyke pipette, invented by
55:Volume measurement, liquid transfer
16:Liquid-transferring laboratory tool
2384:Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
1295:. Vol. 171. pp. 244–245.
14:
778:Chalmers University of Technology
738:. Most micropipettes are made of
2429:Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)
2239:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
580:
488:
476:
464:
452:
440:
359:
343:
331:
248:conical tips or cylindrical tips
32:
1287:Aimee Cunningham (2007-04-18).
591:needs additional citations for
138:University of Wisconsin–Madison
794:Brookhaven National Laboratory
792:pipette has been developed at
164:Air displacement micropipettes
1:
784:Extremely low volume pipettes
338:Positive displacement pipette
318:Positive displacement pipette
312:Positive displacement pipette
284:due to repetitive pipetting,
1432:"Common pipetting injuries"
299:designed to handle 0.5–10ml
2875:
1358:hands-free use of pipettes
875:Over rotated arm pipetting
417:
375:
315:
273:
213:These pipettes operate by
167:
18:
2822:
2690:
2673:
2662:
2584:Time-domain reflectometer
2494:
2481:
2351:Liquid chromatograph (LC)
2314:
2301:
1974:
1961:
1533:
1522:
1102:Zinnen, Tom (June 2004),
964:acoustic droplet ejection
638:. They are calibrated to
282:musculoskeletal disorders
202:A variety of pipette tips
31:
1210:Hempel, Walther (1902).
1022:10.1038/sj.embor.7400520
984:"Biotechnology Outreach"
923:Elbow strength pipetting
170:Air displacement pipette
2419:Melting-point apparatus
1800:Cryogenic storage dewar
1213:Methods of Gas Analysis
1004:Klingenberg, M (2005).
899:Thumb plunger pipetting
887:Clenched fist pipetting
657:Donald Dexter Van Slyke
66:Plastic disposable tips
2859:Volumetric instruments
2854:Microbiology equipment
2356:Mass spectrometer (MS)
2346:Gas chromatograph (GC)
1105:The Micropipette Story
945:
879:the thumb and fingers.
862:Winged elbow pipetting
854:
853:A biochemist pipetting
822:
727:
713:
692:
551:
510:
387:
308:
300:
203:
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100:accuracy and precision
82:(sometimes spelled as
2731:Acid-resistant gloves
2412:differential scanning
943:
852:
820:
719:
710:
690:
667:Ostwald–Folin pipette
549:
508:
385:
306:
294:
201:
193:
185:
177:
2849:Laboratory equipment
2844:Laboratory glassware
2308:Analytical chemistry
1810:Laminar flow cabinet
1516:Laboratory equipment
1325:"TRACKMAN Connected"
1254:Analytical Chemistry
1180:"Serological pipets"
845:Posture and injuries
772:polydimethylsiloxane
761:Microfluidic pipette
600:improve this article
567:Specialized pipettes
254:manual or electronic
2680:Personal protective
1589:Meker–Fisher burner
1220:. pp. 138–140.
1139:10.1021/ja01389a502
392:Volumetric pipettes
378:Volumetric pipettes
372:Volumetric pipettes
297:Electronic Pipettes
286:electronic pipettes
276:Electronic pipettes
251:standard or locking
239:adjustable or fixed
28:
2523:Function generator
2506:Bench power supply
2445:Analytical balance
2206:Ostwald viscometer
2201:Graduated cylinder
1940:Inoculation needle
946:
855:
823:
728:
724:glass micropipette
714:
703:Glass micropipette
693:
691:Combustion pipette
661:medical technology
552:
550:A transfer pipette
511:
429:graduated cylinder
425:Graduated pipettes
414:Graduated pipettes
388:
309:
301:
270:Electronic pipette
222:Heinrich Schnitger
204:
196:
188:
180:
123:Heinrich Schnitger
2831:
2830:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2791:Fire extinguisher
2781:Biosafety cabinet
2769:
2768:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2589:Transistor tester
2579:Spectrum analyzer
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2169:Measuring devices
1991:Soxhlet extractor
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1905:Spectrophotometer
1900:Pipeclay triangle
1652:Mortar and pestle
1266:10.1021/ac100480f
1260:(11): 4529–4536.
1083:www.fishersci.com
651:Van Slyke pipette
632:
631:
624:
572:Pipetting syringe
556:Transfer pipettes
542:Transfer pipettes
536:chemical droppers
420:Graduated pipette
76:
75:
2866:
2688:
2675:
2664:
2569:Network analyzer
2496:
2483:
2316:
2303:
1976:
1963:
1945:Inoculation loop
1815:Microtiter plate
1755:Test tube holder
1647:Magnetic stirrer
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1524:
1509:
1502:
1495:
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1408:. Archived from
1402:
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1395:
1393:
1391:
1382:. Archived from
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1001:
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755:micromanipulator
627:
620:
616:
613:
607:
584:
576:
559:, also known as
515:Pasteur pipettes
492:
480:
468:
456:
444:
404:volumetric flask
366:An early pipette
363:
347:
335:
116:Pasteur pipettes
36:
29:
2874:
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2869:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2810:
2806:Solvent cabinet
2765:
2736:Eyewash station
2719:
2684:
2682:equipment (PPE)
2681:
2669:
2650:
2629:
2598:
2542:
2533:Pulse generator
2499:Control devices
2490:
2469:
2433:
2399:Thermochemistry
2393:
2370:
2310:
2289:
2258:
2215:
2181:Conical measure
2164:
2133:
2070:
2039:
2016:
2000:
1970:
1949:
1930:Test tube brush
1840:
1825:Picotiter plate
1788:
1774:
1770:Lab drying rack
1729:Extension clamp
1705:
1686:
1625:
1611:
1547:
1529:
1518:
1513:
1481:by Oliver Seely
1475:
1470:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1412:on 3 March 2016
1404:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1386:on 30 June 2013
1378:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1362:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1311:www.pipette.com
1305:
1304:
1300:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1003:
1002:
998:
988:
986:
982:
981:
977:
972:
960:
951:
847:
834:
815:
806:
798:crystallization
786:
775:
763:
744:aluminosilicate
705:
697:Clemens Winkler
685:
675:and refined by
673:Wilhelm Ostwald
669:
653:
628:
617:
611:
608:
597:
585:
574:
569:
544:
503:
501:Pasteur pipette
496:
493:
484:
481:
472:
469:
460:
457:
448:
445:
422:
416:
380:
374:
367:
364:
355:
348:
339:
336:
320:
314:
295:Single-Channel
278:
272:
172:
166:
161:
159:Common pipettes
146:
112:
96:media dispenser
72:
47:Media dispenser
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2872:
2870:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2801:Safety cabinet
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2761:Safety goggles
2758:
2756:Safety glasses
2753:
2751:Nitrile gloves
2748:
2746:Medical gloves
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2641:Alligator clip
2637:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2615:Soldering iron
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2559:Logic analyzer
2556:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2516:Voltage source
2513:
2511:Current source
2502:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2450:Colony counter
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2089:Vacuum (Dewar)
2086:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1760:Test tube rack
1757:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1735:Funnel support
1733:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1642:Liquid whistle
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1607:Vacuum dry box
1604:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1569:Heating mantle
1566:
1561:
1556:
1554:Alcohol burner
1550:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1473:External links
1471:
1468:
1467:
1444:
1423:
1397:
1371:
1348:
1334:
1329:www.gilson.com
1316:
1298:
1279:
1244:
1223:
1202:
1171:
1164:
1144:
1117:
1094:
1070:
1045:
1016:(9): 797–800.
996:
974:
973:
971:
968:
959:
956:
950:
947:
931:
930:
927:
924:
920:
919:
916:
913:
909:
908:
904:
900:
896:
895:
892:
888:
884:
883:
880:
876:
872:
871:
867:
863:
846:
843:
833:
830:
826:Pipette robots
814:
811:
805:
802:
785:
782:
762:
759:
736:patch clamping
732:microinjection
704:
701:
684:
681:
668:
665:
652:
649:
630:
629:
588:
586:
579:
573:
570:
568:
565:
561:Beral pipettes
543:
540:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
487:
485:
482:
475:
473:
470:
463:
461:
458:
451:
449:
446:
439:
418:Main article:
415:
412:
376:Main article:
373:
370:
369:
368:
365:
358:
356:
349:
342:
340:
337:
330:
316:Main article:
313:
310:
274:Main article:
271:
268:
259:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:volume handled
240:
168:Main article:
165:
162:
160:
157:
145:
142:
111:
108:
104:partial vacuum
74:
73:
71:
70:
67:
63:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
45:
44:Classification
41:
40:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2871:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2826:
2821:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2715:Safety shower
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2661:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2625:Wire stripper
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Spiral plater
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:Compositional
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:Balance brush
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1837:Weighing dish
1836:
1834:Weighing boat
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1725:Burette clamp
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:Bunsen burner
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1361:, August 2012
1360:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1203:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1165:9788119338009
1161:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1095:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
997:
985:
979:
976:
969:
967:
965:
957:
955:
949:Pipette stand
948:
942:
938:
935:
928:
925:
922:
921:
917:
914:
911:
910:
905:
901:
898:
897:
893:
889:
886:
885:
881:
877:
874:
873:
868:
864:
861:
860:
859:
851:
844:
842:
839:
831:
829:
827:
819:
812:
810:
803:
801:
800:takes place.
799:
795:
791:
783:
781:
779:
773:
768:
767:microfluidics
760:
758:
756:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
725:
722:
718:
709:
702:
700:
698:
689:
682:
680:
678:
674:
666:
664:
662:
658:
650:
648:
645:
641:
637:
626:
623:
615:
605:
601:
595:
594:
589:This section
587:
583:
578:
577:
571:
566:
564:
562:
558:
557:
548:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
523:
517:
516:
507:
500:
491:
486:
479:
474:
467:
462:
455:
450:
443:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
421:
413:
411:
409:
405:
400:
399:
394:
393:
384:
379:
371:
362:
357:
353:
346:
341:
334:
329:
327:
325:
319:
311:
305:
298:
293:
289:
287:
283:
277:
269:
267:
265:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
237:
236:
233:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
211:
209:
200:
192:
184:
176:
171:
163:
158:
156:
153:
151:
143:
141:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
109:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
68:
65:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
22:
2786:Fire blanket
2724:Eye and hand
2710:Rubber apron
2574:Oscilloscope
2538:Potentiostat
2465:Plate reader
2361:pH indicator
2331:CHN analyzer
2326:AutoAnalyzer
2210:
2119:Round-bottom
2012:Boston round
1875:Filter paper
1830:Refrigerator
1747:Retort stand
1715:Clamp holder
1711:Beaker clamp
1677:Vortex mixer
1672:Stirring rod
1667:Static mixer
1597:Teclu burner
1459:, retrieved
1457:, April 2019
1453:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1410:the original
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1384:the original
1374:
1363:, retrieved
1357:
1351:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1293:Science News
1292:
1282:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1226:
1212:
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1186:
1174:
1154:
1147:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1111:November 12,
1109:, retrieved
1104:
1097:
1086:. Retrieved
1082:
1073:
1062:. Retrieved
1060:. 2022-04-21
1057:
1048:
1013:
1009:
999:
987:. Retrieved
978:
961:
958:Alternatives
952:
936:
932:
870:worksurface.
856:
835:
824:
807:
804:Pipette aids
787:
764:
752:
740:borosilicate
729:
723:
721:Borosilicate
694:
670:
654:
633:
618:
609:
598:Please help
593:verification
590:
560:
554:
553:
535:
532:eye droppers
531:
527:
520:
513:
512:
423:
398:bulb pipette
396:
390:
389:
321:
279:
260:
257:manufacturer
234:
219:
212:
205:
154:
147:
144:Nomenclature
135:
120:
113:
83:
79:
77:
21:The Pipettes
2774:Other items
2700:Face shield
2547:Measurement
2528:Galvanostat
2488:Electronics
2438:Other items
2424:Thermometer
2407:Calorimeter
2336:Colorimeter
2280:Gas syringe
2263:Other items
2191:Eye dropper
2066:Watch glass
2051:Evaporating
2030:Cold finger
1845:Other items
1751:Screw clamp
1743:Pinch clamp
1732:Flask clamp
1682:Wash bottle
1637:Homogenizer
1195:29 November
832:Calibration
780:in Sweden.
2838:Categories
2705:Respirator
2646:Test probe
2564:Multimeter
2376:Microscopy
2196:Eudiometer
2160:Separatory
2129:Volumetric
2094:Erlenmeyer
2022:Condensers
1986:Dean–Stark
1935:Wire brush
1895:Microscope
1890:Centrifuge
1865:Cork borer
1820:Petri dish
1795:Agar plate
1782:Containers
1765:Wire gauze
1602:Water bath
1564:Desiccator
1365:August 29,
1133:(2): 417.
1088:2023-05-23
1064:2023-05-23
970:References
790:zeptolitre
677:Otto Folin
2796:Fume hood
2741:Glove box
2594:Voltmeter
1979:Apparatus
1968:Glassware
1857:Autoclave
1852:Aspirator
1805:Incubator
1739:Iron ring
1662:Sonicator
1632:Chemostat
1574:Hot plate
1461:April 11,
1218:Macmillan
1188:Eppendorf
891:strength.
612:July 2012
408:titration
264:chemistry
230:Eppendorf
131:Eppendorf
88:chemistry
69:Dispenser
60:Used with
2695:Lab coat
2620:Tweezers
2610:Heat gun
2366:pH meter
2275:Bell jar
2155:Dropping
2109:Florence
2099:Fernbach
2061:Syracuse
1920:Scoopula
1870:Crucible
1579:Lab oven
1274:20443547
1058:Microlit
1040:16138087
1010:EMBO Rep
636:burettes
528:droppers
524:pipettes
2634:General
2554:Ammeter
2254:Thistle
2211:Pipette
2186:Cuvette
2176:Burette
2145:BĂĽchner
2138:Funnels
2124:Schlenk
2104:Fleaker
2084:BĂĽchner
2005:Bottles
1925:Spatula
1915:Stopper
1885:Forceps
1785:Storage
1702:Holders
1622:Shakers
1593:Striker
1541:Heaters
1528:General
1437:3 March
1416:3 March
1390:3 March
1237:3 March
1031:1369176
989:3 March
907:levels.
433:burette
226:Marburg
127:Marburg
110:History
92:biology
80:pipette
27:Pipette
2668:Safety
2270:Beaker
2249:Thiele
2234:Cragie
2229:Drying
2150:Hirsch
2114:Retort
2076:Flasks
2044:Dishes
2035:Liebig
1996:Kipp's
1910:Splint
1720:Tripod
1698:Clamps
1694:Stands
1657:Shaker
1619:Mixers
1544:Dryers
1272:
1191:. 2017
1162:
1038:
1028:
813:Robots
748:quartz
215:piston
2603:Tools
2221:Tubes
2056:Petri
1183:(PDF)
903:area.
352:chuck
84:pipet
2285:Vial
2244:Test
1880:File
1584:Kiln
1463:2019
1439:2016
1418:2016
1392:2016
1367:2012
1270:PMID
1239:2016
1197:2023
1160:ISBN
1113:2011
1036:PMID
991:2016
838:NIST
734:and
644:PTFE
534:and
522:teat
350:The
90:and
52:Uses
1262:doi
1135:doi
1026:PMC
1018:doi
746:or
640:ISO
602:by
431:or
395:or
324:DNA
224:in
2840::
1327:.
1309:.
1291:.
1268:.
1258:82
1256:.
1185:.
1131:50
1129:.
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1034:.
1024:.
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1008:.
966:.
788:A
757:.
742:,
538:.
530:,
526:,
410:.
208:ÎĽL
150:ÎĽL
140:.
78:A
1508:e
1501:t
1494:v
1441:.
1420:.
1394:.
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1331:.
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1199:.
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993:.
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125:(
23:.
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