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determined that peace, order and quiet shall be restored to the community, and to this end now call upon all good citizens to come forward at once to the New City hall and unite with the police and military now organized. I call upon all those who quietly continue at their usual places of business to refrain participating in excited assemblages. All women and children are commanded to retire within their homes and remain there. All places where intoxicating liquors are sold will be closed forthwith, and remain secure and closed until permission is given to reopen the same. And by virtue of the authority vested in me I hereby declare that all riotous demonstrations must and shall be put down, and that peace and order and quiet shall reign throughout the city."
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1425:"Some of the scenes ... were ludicrous in the highest degree ... Here a brawny woman could be seen hurrying away with pairs of white kid slippers under her arms; another, carrying an infant, would be rolling a barrel of flour along the sidewalk, using her feet as the propelling power; then a man pushing a wheelbarrow loaded with white lead; boys hurried through the crowds with large-sized family Bibles as their share of the plunder; while scores of females utilize aprons and dresses to carry flour, eggs, dry goods, etc. Bundles of umbrellas, fancy parasols, hams, bacon, leaf lard, calico, blankets, laces and flour were mixed together in the arms of robust men or carried on hastily-constructed hand-barrows."
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stores. One study by Bruce suggested that strikers from the railroad composed a minority in the mobs, with most being made up by other industries as well as women and children, or as Bruce phrased it, "boys and halfgrown men". An analysis by Cayne of those arrested, indicated representation from "all ranks of working class men." Couvares echoed this sentiment, calling it an "almost perfect cross-section of
Pittsburgh's ethnic and occupational structure."
702:, vice president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, had arrived in the city that morning and was given the demands of the strikers: no more double headers, pay reinstated to the rate prior to June, the rehiring of all those who had been laid off, and the abolishment of pay grades for the workers. The reply to his subordinate, Superintendent Pitcairn, was simply: "Have no further talk with them. They've asked for things we can't grant them at all."
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were excited to frenzy, and by eight o'clock the streets of the central portion of the city were alive with them. A large crowd broke into the manufactory of the Great
Western Gun-Works, and captured 200 rifles and a quantity of small-arms, and various other crowds sacked all the other places in the city where arms were exposed for sale, getting about 300 more. Among them were 1,000 mill hands from Birmingham, on the south side.
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578:, in clearing the tracks, dispersing the crowd, and resuming operation of the railroad. Due to financial problems, the city's force had been cut in half, and no troops were available as the day force had been entirely disbanded by the city council. The mayor however, allowed the dispatch of some of the previously discharged men so long as they were paid for at the railroad's expense. Between 10 and 17 men were provided.
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600:, Watt and another from the railroad traveled to the residence of Allegheny County Sheriff R. C. Fife. Fife arrived on the scene at 28th Street and ordered the crowd to disperse. They refused, and, having limited means of his own with which to assemble any force to address the situation, Fife dispatched the following to Lieutenant Governor
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state legislature established an investigative committee. According to its 1878 report, the railroad claimed $ 2 million in losses exclusive of freight, and the committee estimated a total of $ 5 million in loss and damage to the city. One other source estimated the damage as being between four and ten million dollars.
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and other employés of the railroad company in the discharge of their duties. As the sheriff of the county, I have endeavored to suppress the riot, but have not the adequate means at my command to do so, and I therefore request you to exercise your authority in calling out the military to suppress the same.
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troops; several men were injured, at least one seriously. The troops returned fire and used their bayonets, beginning with a single unordered shot, and continuing in a volley for nearly ten minutes. When the firing ceased, an estimated 20 men, women and children had been killed, with another 29 wounded.
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On 23 July, after the troops and the miners dispersed, Mayor McCarthy put out a declaration. "To the
Citizens of Pittsburgh: The lawlessness and violence which has boldly defied all authority and all restraint shows that it can only be suppressed through the prompt execution of stern measures. I have
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Widespread looting continued. Hundreds were engaged in breaking into train cars and distributing their contents, with occasional assistance from police. With the military having retreated, and the large portions of the militia having sided with the rioters, there was little that could be done: "Mayor
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pm, several thousand strikers surrounded the building. For a time, the mob avoided the position for fear of the garrison opening fire. The soldiers saw that a captured artillery piece was positioned within a hundred yards of the roundhouse; they concentrated fire around it to prevent the rioters from
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A tumult, riot, and mob exist on the
Pennsylvania Railroad at East Liberty and in the Twelfth Ward of Pittsburgh. Large assemblages of people are upon the railroad and the movement of freight trains either east or west is prevented by intimidation and violence, molesting and obstructing the engineers
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As Gilje points out, this parallel was used in
Pittsburgh and elsewhere by the strike leaders themselves, employing "anticapitalist rhetoric". However, he goes on to point out that this was equally employed by the opponents of organized action, sometimes to deleterious effect as "labeling a movement
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For its part, the final report of the
Legislative committee placed blame on both labor and capital, but drew a distinction in stages of events as they unfolded. They maintained that the strike, as such, was not an insurrection, and blamed the ensuing riots on "tramps and idle vagrants instead of the
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on July 28, 1877, placed blame squarely on the shoulders of the railroads, writing "there is a point beyond which endurance ceases to be a virtue, a point beyond which it is unsafe to press the workingmen of
America." As Lloyd points out, the railroad may not have taken the possibility of strikes or
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Railroad ties were damaged and twisted by fire, and could not be repaired for a week. During that time, no trains moved through the city. In total, authorities were forced to mobilize 3,000 federal troops, and thousands more in state national guard and local militia to
Pittsburgh in order to restore
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The soldiers' shooting initially dissuaded the attackers, but they soon regrouped, and returned fire with pistols and muskets. They eventually resolved to burn the roundhouse, as they had much of the surrounding yard. As one member of the mob phrased it: "We'll have them out if we have to roast them
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arrived at three o'clock, but were soon joined by a trainload of nearly 1,000 additional strikers. Recognizing that the current force would be insufficient to control the gathering should violence erupt, Pearson sent word to state authorities. The same day, adjutant general and acting governor James
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The men of the 18th and 14th
Regiments, Sixth Division were ordered to the scene, where Sheriff Fife again addressed the gathering. He was mocked with jeers of "Bring us a loaf of bread," and "You're creating a riot yourself." Seeing this, General Pearson of the Sixth Division, Pennsylvania National
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from
Philadelphia, to assemble to support the sheriff. According to the later testimony of a railroad official, Pearson commented that he believed he could have retaken the station with these available forces, but that it would have resulted in a great loss of life, and he was therefore reluctant to
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The same day double heading was to go into effect, the superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad at Pittsburgh issued an order that, according to strikers, effectively doubled the mileage of what was considered a day's work, increasing it from 46 miles (74 km) to 116 (187), without increasing
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in 1871 and wrote, "The Commune has risen in its dangerous might, and threatened a deluge of blood," and many contemporaries, especially among conservatives, followed suit, wishing to, as Archdeacon phrased it, blame "real domestic dissent, on imaginary foreign machinations." Rhodes also criticized
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As noted in the state legislative report of 1878, from the beginning of the strike in Pittsburgh, railroad workers were supported by much of the population, who believed the railroads had discriminated against the city in freight rates, making its manufacturing less competitive, and had treated the
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The disturbance spread north across the river, in the town of Allegheny, where employees of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago Railroad voted to strike. They asserted that the assembled militias had no authority (the governor being out of state), raided the local armory, and set up patrols and
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On the morning of Friday the 20th, a large crowd remained at the station near 28th Street, and grew as trains arrived and their crews joined them. The railroad made preparations to move their trains as soon as they might be allowed, and secured sufficient crews to man them, but the locomotives were
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The state legislature investigating committee noted an unusual aspect of this strike: the notable participation of women. They supplied strikers with tea and coffee during the first two nights of the strike. They also participated in carrying away goods as the strikers and mob looted rail cars and
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The news of the slaughter of the mob spread through the city like wild-fire, and produced the most intense excitement. The streets were rapidly crowded, and the wildest rumors prevailed. When the news reached the large number of rolling-mill hands and workmen in the various shops of the city, they
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and the troops set forth attempting to disperse the crowd. Some strikers attempted to wrest the rifles from the soldiers, and one was injured in the advance of bayonets. A cry arose of "Stick to it; give it to them; don't fall back!" and some protesters began to throw rocks and fire pistols at the
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By the morning of Saturday the 21st, it had become clear that many of the Pittsburgh police and local militia had sided with the strikers and they refused to take action against them. Many of the troops ordered to muster at the rail yards never arrived. Some had relatives among the crowd, and many
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Watt and his men made their way to the 28th Street crossing to restart traffic. He ordered one man to take control of a switch so that the train could be set on the correct track, and when he refused out of fear for his safety, Watt attempted to do so himself and was struck by one of the strikers,
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In total, the riots and fires destroyed 39 buildings, 104 locomotives, 46 - 66 passenger cars, and 1,200 - 1,383 freight cars, and overall almost 2 square miles (5.2 km) of the city was burned. The Pennsylvania Railroad claimed losses of more than $ 4 million in Pittsburgh. The next year the
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attracted the masses of working discontent and unemployed of the depression, along with others who took opportunistic advantage of the chaos. In total, an estimated 100,000 workers participated nationwide. State and federal troops followed the unrest as it spread along the rail lines from city to
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The fire department of the city remained on duty throughout the conflagration, and concentrated their efforts on private property along Liberty Street, as they were continuously prevented by the mob from accessing the burning railroad facilities. By the time the Allegheny fire department (then a
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Commentators would later place blame for the incident on a range of actors, from the railroad, to reluctant or even sympathetic members of the police and militia, to tramps and vagrants who travelled to the city to take part of the growing public unrest. In the immediate aftermath, the events in
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As French points out, the strike and ensuing riots of 1877 greatly strengthened the cause of organized labor, which had struggled for years, and especially through the depression of the 1870s, to form coherent and effective political and social institutions. He quoted a leader of the Pittsburgh
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One of their leaders made a speech to the effect that they had come on word that the workers of the city were being abused by soldiers. Mayor McCarthy entreated them to return to their homes, and General Negley gave assurances that he was returning his troops to their homes, and that the miners
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and more than 1,200 rail cars were destroyed. Due to track damage, trains did not run for a week following the cessation of violence. Estimates of losses ranged from $ 2 million to $ 5 million, according to the railroad company and an 1878 report by a state legislative investigative committee.
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Fife was accompanied by the 1ST REGT, 1ST BDE, 3D BN, B & C CO; the Washington Grays; the Weccacoe Legion; Vice-President Cassatt; Superintendent Pitcairn of the Pennsylvania Railroad; and 45 deputies. When they arrive on the scene, the 14th and 18th regiments were also present along with
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Few shops opened on the morning of July 23, and there was great anxiety as to whether violence would continue. Many prominent members of the town had set to work organizing a militia, and by this time several thousand had been gathered and were put under the command of General
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On June 1, 1877, the Pennsylvania Railroad announced a wage reduction of 10% for all employees and officers making more than a dollar a day, and including a number of other railroads controlled by the company. This caused a small unsuccessful strike north of Pittsburgh in
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Dray puts the size of the crowd at 6,000; however, it is not clear what geographical differences in estimating the size of the crowd there may be between McCabe and Dray, given that McCabe distinguished those nearby, an "a immense multitude, at least ten thousand
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workers badly. Businessmen and tradesmen were also affected when workers' wages were cut, so many had a stake in the actions of the railroads. Police and local militia were reluctant to act against strikers and many sympathized with, or outright joined them.
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The Pennsylvania Railroad, with its immense resources, its dominance of markets, its arrogant treatment of distant customers, its political influence, and its militarized command structure, which turned employees into mere foot soldiers and sometimes into
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Word was received that 1,000 miners were en route to the city from the Allegheny, intent on causing further disturbance. They arrived unarmed and were met by two companies of the 19th Regiment, Pennsylvania National Guard, and a squad of local veterans.
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pm, the militia troops were ordered to retreat. Within two hours the mob was moving about the city, sacking shops and breaking into armories and a local gun factory to procure arms. Hearing what had occurred, a group of 600 workingmen from nearby
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In July, unrest hit US rail lines. Pennsylvania Railroad workers struck to resist wage and job cuts. Here, on July 21, militia fatally shot some twenty six people. A battle followed; rail property was burned. The strike was finally broken by US
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According to the legislative report in 1878, the National Guard forces "were fired at from second floor windows, from the corners of the streets...they were also fired at from a police station, where eight or ten policemen were in uniform."
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On September 23, 1997, a historical marker was placed at the corner of 28th Street and Liberty in Pittsburgh, commemorating the location of the July 21, 1877 shootings in connection with the strike and ensuing riots. The inscription reads:
396:, had far-reaching implications for US industry, closing more than a hundred railroads in the first year and cutting construction of new rail lines from 7,500 miles (12,100 km) of track in 1872, to 1,600 miles (2,600 km) in 1875.
513:(joining two trains' worth of cars into one train with two locomotives) for all trains moving through Pittsburgh. This would reduce the number of jobs that were available, require more work, and increase the likelihood of accidents.
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Pittsburgh was the site of the most violence and physical damage of any city in the country during the Great Strike. Fresh troops arrived in the city on July 28, and within two days peace had been restored and the trains resumed.
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An estimated 53 rioters were killed, and 109 injured, although many hid their injuries to conceal their involvement in the mob. Eight soldiers were killed in clashes, and another 15 were wounded. A total of 139 were arrested.
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pm, a burning rail car was run into the Union Depot and the building set alight. Looters turned their attention to the Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, and when the goods there were carried away, it too was set on fire.
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On July 28, Governor Hartranft arrived in Pittsburgh with fresh militiamen from Philadelphia, in addition to 14 artillery and 2 infantry companies of federal troops. Two days later the railroads began to resume operation.
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Guard, made his own address. He assured the crowd, through their laughter and cheers, that he had been ordered by the governor to protect the trains from any molestation by the crowd, and ensure that they ran normally:
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It was better to run the risk of being shot down than burned to death, and so we filed out in a compact body ... It was lively times, I tell you, reaching the US Arsenal ... I thought we should all be cut to
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with them. It was hoped that these troops from the competing industrial city of Philadelphia, would be less sympathetic to the cause of the strikers. Twenty rounds of ammunition were distributed to each man.
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We frankly own that the scenes at Pittsburgh and Chicago were worthy only of the savages who in earlier years roasted and otherwise tortured the Roman priests in Canada. Riot and anarchy are mere barbarism.
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am, with the roundhouse alight, the crowd broke and the troops made an orderly escape through Liberty Street, and then on to 33rd, Penn Avenue, and Butler Street, pursued by as many as 1,000 men, and under
698:, en route to California at the time, was notified of the situation and turned back toward Pennsylvania. With freight movement stopped, the economy of the entire region was brought nearly to a standstill.
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225:. It was one of many incidents of strikes, labor unrest and violence in cities across the United States, including several in Pennsylvania. Other cities dealing with similar unrest included Philadelphia,
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violence seriously, and chose to announce the change to double headers with full knowledge of outbreaks already happening elsewhere around the country. The official who issued the double header order,
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am and sent liaisons to meet with rioters, and attempt some type of negotiation, but this failed. Yet more were sent to the treat with authorities from the railroad companies, but none could be found.
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In 1877, there was a prevailing feeling in Pittsburgh that the city was suffering from the unfair pricing of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The railroad was blamed for costing the city its preeminence in
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would later testify that riots were, in some instances, aided by agents of the railroad company, attempting to destroy aging and soon-to-be replaced cars that they could then charge to the County.
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In addition, large numbers of men who had become unemployed during the depression were camped near the outskirts of the city, making for what Lloyd dubbed "a volatile mix of poverty and anger".
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separate jurisdiction) was dispatched to cross the river and ensure the flames passed no further than Seventh Street, a full three-mile (4.8 km) stretch of the city, between the river and
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Roark, James L.; Johnson, Michael P.; Furstenburg, Francois; Cline Cohen, Patricia; Hartmann, Susan M.; Stage, Sarah; Igo, Sarah E. (2020). "Chapter 19 The City and Its Workers: 1870–1900".
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The strikers exerted such total control over the area that on July 24, when the governor passed through the area, it was Robert Ammon of the Trainmen's Union that assured his safe travel.
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248:, some 40 people (including women and children) were killed in the ensuing riots; strikers burned the Union Depot and 38 other buildings at the yards. In addition, more than 120
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The History of the Great Riots: The Strikes and Riots on the Various Railroads of the United States and in the Mining Regions Together with a Full History of the Molly Maguires
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the area "was actually dotted with the dead and dying." Within five minutes the mob had reformed, infuriated by the killings, although they did not again engage the soldiers.
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saw the essential moral of the strikes and riots as that the maintenance of a strong militia was necessary to maintain order. Their editor, writing that September, asserted:
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Annals of the Great Strikes in the United States: A Reliable History and Graphic Description of the Causes and Thrilling Events of the Labor Strikes and Riots of 1877
237:. The incidents followed repeated reductions in wages and sometimes increases in workload by railroad companies, during a period of economic recession following the
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Similarly, writing in 1984, Couvares characterized the events as being not directed mainly at the railroad as an employer, but against the railroad as a symbol of
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At 28th Street, what troops did arrive found a crowd of 2,000, with another 10,000 nearby, along with the two additional regiments of city troops and one battery.
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as anarchist, socialist, or even communist often enabled officials to take preemptive action that, while legal or quasi-legal, often set off popular disorder."
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A number of historical markers have since been erected at points throughout the city of Pittsburgh to commemorate events that took place during the strikes.
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as saying that the result of the riots was to "solidify and organize the working men," and French continues to clarify, "especially for political action".
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On Thursday July 19, one crew, led by Conductor Ryan, sent word that they would not take out their train. The company called for replacements, and when 25
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The rioters fell upon the rail yards, set fire to train cars and locomotives, and prevented any effort at extinguishing them, in some cases at gunpoint.
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Adjutant General J. W. Latta ordered General Brinton along with his First Division, Pennsylvania National Guard, to report to Pittsburgh. At 3:00
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later testified that, at the time, double heading was already done for between one half and two-thirds of trains prior to the announced changes.
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refused to act, they were immediately fired. Yet a third group attempted to take the train but were attacked by the strikers, who moved to the
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Pittsburgh and elsewhere help to solidify support for various labor groups, which had struggled during the years of the economic downturn.
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armed guards in rifle pits and trenches. All freight traffic in the city was brought to a halt, and the strikers took over control of the
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By midnight, up to 1,400 strikers had gathered in the Pennsylvania Railroad rail yards, which were located on the flats southeast of the
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Allegheny was a separate jurisdiction on the north side of the Allegheny and Ohio rivers until it was annexed by Pittsburgh in 1907.
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McCarthy endeavored early in the day to stop the pillage, but the handful of men at his command were unable to control the crowd."
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Situation in Pittsburgh is becoming dangerous. Troops are in sympathy, in some instances, with the strikers. Can you rely on yours?
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pm the order was given for the sheriff and his deputies, accompanied by National Guard troops, to move on the outer depot of the
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dropped as much as 45 percent, and a million or more lost their jobs. In 1876, 76 railroad companies went bankrupt or entered
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2066:(Kindle). Vol. Combined Volume (Value Edition, 8th ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. Kindle Location 14477.
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Three troops were killed during the march, as were some protesters. The pursuit broke off after the party crossed the
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A group of Philadelphia Guard soldiers, finding themselves enveloped by the mob, retreated and took refuge in the
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held sympathy for the workers. In the words of the militiamen: "We may be militiamen, but we are workmen first."
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You that know me know that I will obey orders...I have troops who will obey my orders and I tell you, gentlemen,
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of event locations and historical markers related to the strike and riots, compiled by the Howling Mob Society.
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422:, or simply the Great Strikes. Work stoppage was followed by civil unrest across the nation. Violence began in
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History of Labour in the United States: Nationalisation (1860–1877) Upheaval and reorganisation (since 1876)
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blocked and could not be moved without injuring members of the crowd, who also maintained control of the
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The lieutenant governor, through General Albert Pearson, ordered the 6th Division 18th Regiment of the
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the size of the crews. In total, the company would be able to discharge fully half of their workforce.
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am, they captured the main track, took control of the switches, and brought rail traffic to a halt.
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The Trainmen's Union was actively organizing on the news. Around the same time, the workers of the
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Kleppner, Paul (1973). "The Greenback and Prohibition Parties". In Schlesinger, Arthur M. (ed.).
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883:; the troops continued to march until well into the following evening, when they bivouacked near
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During the summer of 1877, tensions erupted across the nation in what would become known as the
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am on the morning of Sunday the 22nd, the fires extended from Millvale station to 20th street.
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1597:"Labor Day's violent roots: How a worker revolt on the B&O Railroad left 100 people dead"
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began a march toward Pittsburgh. Throughout the city, the situation quickly deteriorated. As
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2413:"'Reaping the whirlwind': The origins of the Allegheny County Greenback Labor Party in 1877"
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am on the 21st, some 600 of their men set off from Philadelphia. They arrived between 1:00
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Approximately 18,000 businesses failed nationwide between 1873 and 1875, production in
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The Remaking of Pittsburgh: Class and Culture in an Industrializing City, 1877–1919
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769:"The sight presented after the soldiers ceased firing was sickening," reported the
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Daucus, in writing about Pittsburgh, drew a connection to earlier violence of the
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1800:
Report of the Committee Appointed to Investigate the Railroad Riots in July, 1877
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the comparison, saying simply that "writers have pushed their parallel too far."
593:
pm they found yet more crowds of strikers preventing the movement of any trains.
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My troops will have no blank ammunition, and I give you warning of this in time.
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at East Liberty Street, and convinced the men there to join. Together, at 8:45
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959:
427:
2196:, Digital History, University of Houston (and others), accessed 27 May 2016
2061:
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at their expense. Indeed, at this time it cost 20% more to ship freight to
1891:
Railroads of Pennsylvania: Fragments of the Past in the Keystone Landscape
509:
The company announced that on July 19, it would implement the practice of
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650:. Sheriff Fife again commanded those gathered to disperse to no effect.
121:
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2006:
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and the railroad, and began managing the running of passenger trains.
3817:
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2295:
The 100 Most Significant Events in American Business: An Encyclopedia
1525:
Glasner, David; Cooley, Thomas F. (1997). "Depression of 1873–1879".
691:, also struck and stopped the movement of freight along their lines.
372:
2532:
1579:
The role of federal military forces in domestic disorders, 1877–1945
1102:, told a reporter "the men are always complaining about something."
1081:(Note: shows Pennsylvania RR railyards on southeast (right) side of
2448:
The Labor Question in America: Economic Democracy in the Gilded Age
3758:
3440:
1073:
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894:
840:
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Fife's attempts to serve his writs met with derision. He read the
755:, where a large mob had gathered, and arrest the group's leaders.
714:
636:
585:
They then moved to the stock yards at Torrens Station, but at 1:00
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469:
404:
1871:
Commons, John; Saposs, David; Sumner, Helen; et al. (1921).
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manning and firing it. Fifteen men were killed in the endeavor.
400:
2653:
2541:
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in the US alone, and the economic impacts rippled through many
125:
2135:
There Is Power in a Union: The Epic Story of Labor in America
1085:.) Other yards are south of Monongahela River. Lithograph by
2624:
2194:"The Great Railroad Strike of 1877"- Digital History ID 1097
244:
Between July 21 and 22 in Pittsburgh, a major center of the
3967:
List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
2039:"The Great Strike of 1877: Remembering a Worker Rebellion"
845:
Burning of the freight trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad
641:
Sheriff Fife calling on the Pittsburgh rioters to disperse
570:
David M Watt, acting on behalf of railroad superintendent
2504:. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers. 1920. p. 230.
2387:"The Great Railway Strike of 1877 and Newspaper Coverage"
1554:
Appomattox to Montmartre: Americans and the Paris Commune
4028:
Rail transportation labor disputes in the United States
1500:
History of U.S. Political Parties: Volume II, 1860–1910
820:
Burning of Pennsylvania Railroad and Union Depot, from
1292:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
1705:
McCabe, James Dabney; Martin, Edward Winslow (1877).
1302:
List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes
2063:
The American Promise: A History of the United States
1221:
13th Street, between Penn Avenue and Smallman Street
990:
should do the same. They did so throughout the day.
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In Pittsburgh, a citizens' meeting was held at 11:00
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275:Growth rates of industrial production (1850s–1913)
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506:, but was otherwise accepted without disturbance.
671:W. Latta telegraphed Major General James Beaver:
582:who was arrested over the protests of the crowd.
2268:Streets, Railroads, and the Great Strike of 1877
1528:Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia
1123:railroad workers or the unemployed in general."
574:, who was away, requested assistance from Mayor
1197:Additional historical markers can be found at:
596:After finding the mayor was now out of town in
1282:History of rail transport in the United States
2665:
2553:
1207:The corner of 21st Street and Smallman Street
137:
8:
3851:1885 attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers
2838:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911
2420:The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine
2179:11 August 1877, posted at Catskills Archives
1803:, Harrisburg: L.S. Hart, state printer, 1878
1356:At the time, Torrens Station was located at
1218:The corner of 11th Street and Liberty Avenue
887:, on the north side of the Allegheny River.
621:, stopping the movement of some 1,500 cars.
474:The cities of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, 1876
1982:"Railroad Strike of 1877 Historical Marker"
1839:
1837:
1326:Additional impacted railroads included the
1214:Former historical markers were located at:
3599:
3112:
2882:
2705:
2672:
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2546:
2538:
2524:, Chronicling America, Library of Congress
2391:Railroads and the Making of Modern America
2260:
2258:
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2187:
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2007:"Hunter v. Pittsburgh 207 U.S. 161 (1907)"
1918:Steel Shamrocks: The Sons of Annie McKenna
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1504:. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 1556.
1328:Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway
273:
144:
130:
122:
48:
31:
4023:Political repression in the United States
3972:Mass racial violence in the United States
3383:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
2940:Illinois Central shopmen's strike of 1911
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1556:. Harvard University Press. p. 167.
666:An additional garrison of 180 men of the
264:The Long Depression and the Great Strikes
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2095:
2093:
2091:
1730:Klein, Phillip; Hoogenboom, Ari (1980).
1664:
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1656:
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426:and spread along the rail lines through
3665:Pacific Electric Railway strike of 1903
2501:Locomotive Engineers Journal, Volume 54
2445:Currarino, Rosanne (January 12, 2011).
2347:
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1009:
925:Members of the mob looting freight cars
719:Mob marching to the scene of the action
3937:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
3778:1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation
3581:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
3549:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
3089:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
2859:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
2244:
2234:
1595:Kunkle, Fredrick (September 4, 2017).
1590:
1588:
685:Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis
457:What began as the peaceful actions of
392:, sparked in the United States by the
3292:1895 New Orleans dockworkers massacre
3094:Indianapolis streetcar strike of 1913
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
448:general strike in St. Louis, Missouri
430:, and on to several major cities and
415:throughout the industrialized world.
7:
3700:Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894
3643:Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871
2472:Archdeacon, Thomas (March 1, 1984).
54:Burning of Union Depot at Pittsburgh
3670:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
3209:1912 Forsyth County racial conflict
2688:in the history of the United States
2352:Couvares, Francis (June 30, 1984).
1307:Timeline of labor issues and events
899:Rioters distributing stolen whiskey
3993:1870s strikes in the United States
3186:Pensacola streetcar strike of 1908
3003:St. Louis streetcar strike of 1900
2980:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914
2776:Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877
1473:The Long Wave in the World Economy
681:Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago
27:Strike in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
25:
2854:Baltimore railroad strike of 1877
1950:"Allegheny County: Past Stations"
1844:Brecher, Jeremy (April 1, 2014).
1577:Laurie, Clayton (July 15, 1997).
1210:On Railroad Street at 23rd Street
3947:1914 Butte, Montana, labor riots
3942:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
2827:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
2451:. University of Illinois Press.
2265:Stowell, David (June 15, 1999).
1260:
1246:
1232:
1166:Comparisons to the Paris Commune
1048:
1036:
1024:
1012:
850:out." Rail cars containing oil,
4008:1877 labor disputes and strikes
3767:1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike
3328:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
2895:Chicago railroad strike of 1877
2758:New York City Food Riot of 1917
2271:. University of Chicago Press.
1713:the history of the great riots.
1711:. National Publishing Company.
1406:Hutchison's Pittsburgh Battery.
2930:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike
2822:Anthracite coal strike of 1902
2753:1874 Tompkins Square Park riot
2328:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1915:Quinn, David (July 15, 2014).
536:Birds-eye-view of Pittsburgh,
1:
4038:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
3537:Battle of the Grapevine Creek
3526:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
2998:1877 St. Louis general strike
2935:Springfield race riot of 1908
2718:1880 Garret Rock May Day riot
2641:Great Railroad Strike of 1922
2569:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
2522:(Cincinnati, Ohio) 1912–1937"
1581:. Government Printing Office.
660:these trains must go through.
537:
452:uprising in Chicago, Illinois
223:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
42:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
4033:Labor disputes in Pittsburgh
3346:Enid–Pond Creek Railroad War
3252:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
2864:1912 Lawrence textile strike
2106:. Indiana University Press.
1204:21st Street near Penn Avenue
1201:Penn Avenue near 18th Street
866:. As one soldier recounted:
833:at the train depot. By 10:00
446:, Pennsylvania; a bloodless
2832:Philadelphia general strike
2411:French, John (April 1981).
626:Pennsylvania National Guard
522:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
490:from Pittsburgh, than from
4054:
4018:19th century in Pittsburgh
3648:San Francisco riot of 1877
3576:Meridian race riot of 1871
3287:1891 New Orleans lynchings
3204:1906 Atlanta race massacre
3033:1909 Omaha anti-Greek riot
1552:Katz, Philip Mark (1998).
1531:. Garland Publishing Inc.
1031:Ruins opposite 20th street
812:Garrison of the roundhouse
424:Martinsburg, West Virginia
267:
63:July 19–30, 1877
3131:Election Massacre of 1874
2781:Reading Railroad Massacre
2723:1913 Paterson silk strike
2622:
2292:Skrabec, Quentin (2012).
1733:A History of Pennsylvania
1475:. Routledge. p. 12.
1471:Tylecote, Andrew (1993).
1141:Effect on organized labor
1093:The pro-labor Pittsburgh
910:US Commissioner of Labor
211:Pittsburgh railway strike
163:
47:
39:
3808:Battle of Lincoln (1878)
3742:Honolulu Courthouse riot
3681:Preparedness Day Bombing
3413:Memphis massacre of 1866
3358:McIntosh County Seat War
3051:Cincinnati riots of 1884
3008:St. Louis bullfight riot
2298:. ABC-CLIO. p. 81.
1877:. The Macmillan company.
1087:Thaddeus Mortimer Fowler
1055:Ruins of the Union Depot
969:Conclusion and aftermath
799:reported the situation:
84:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
35:Pittsburgh Railway Riots
18:Pittsburgh Railway Riots
3554:West Virginia coal wars
3497:Slocum Massacre of 1910
3275:Battle of Liberty Place
3161:Hartford coal mine riot
2951:East St. Louis massacre
2787:Scranton general strike
2218:The Strike Wave of 1877
2215:Lloyd, John P. (2009).
1888:Treese, Lorett (2003).
1375:40.457381°N 79.911032°W
1240:Organized labour portal
1061:and enforce the peace.
1043:Rear of the Union Depot
1019:Ruins of the roundhouse
434:of the time, including
3998:1877 in rail transport
3717:Colorado Coalfield War
3543:Tucker County Seat War
3479:Jaybird–Woodpecker War
3430:Battle of Depot Street
2793:1877 Shamokin uprising
2629:
2478:. Simon and Schuster.
2322:Beik, Mildred (2005).
2132:Dray, Phillip (2011).
1623:Dacus, Joseph (1877).
1195:
1138:
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1095:National Labor Tribune
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3891:Rock Springs massacre
3826:Hells Canyon Massacre
3653:Mussel Slough Tragedy
3637:Anti-Chinese violence
3473:San Elizario Salt War
3394:Phoenix election riot
3352:Brooks–McFarland feud
3062:May Day riots of 1894
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1380:40.457381; -79.911032
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420:Great Railroad Strike
246:Pennsylvania Railroad
155:Great Railroad Strike
4003:1877 in Pennsylvania
3861:Seattle riot of 1886
3508:Houston riot of 1917
3364:Green Corn Rebellion
3297:Robert Charles riots
3233:French–Eversole feud
2528:ExplorePAHistory.com
2100:Gilje, Paul (1999).
2041:. UE News. June 2002
1736:. Penn State Press.
589:pm and again at 4:00
450:; and a short lived
3856:Tacoma riot of 1885
3711:Colorado Labor Wars
3612:Pleasant Valley War
3531:Lincoln County feud
3485:Reese–Townsend feud
2533:Labor History Links
2520:The Labor Advocate.
1894:. Stackpole Books.
1602:The Washington Post
1371: /
1332:Pan Handle railroad
1277:Anti-union violence
1268:Pennsylvania portal
1079:Pittsburgh in 1902.
998:Casualties and cost
978:, a veteran of the
576:William C. McCarthy
432:transportation hubs
276:
3926:Fence Cutting Wars
3897:Johnson County War
3832:Sheepshooters' War
3802:Lincoln County War
3772:Deep Creek murders
3705:Colorado Range War
3675:Wheatland hop riot
3618:Bisbee Deportation
3491:Brownsville affair
3455:Sutton–Taylor feud
3281:Thibodaux massacre
3269:Coushatta massacre
3257:Opelousas massacre
3180:Barber–Mizell feud
3067:Akron riot of 1900
2912:Illinois coal wars
2630:
2173:"The Great Strike"
2103:Rioting in America
1447:"Google Maps Tour"
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482:, and privileging
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3796:Colfax County War
3659:Castaic Range War
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3449:Early–Hasley feud
3155:Brooks–Baxter War
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3083:Bay View massacre
2975:1894 Detroit riot
2970:1891 Detroit riot
2872:
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2816:Lattimer massacre
2804:Morewood massacre
2647:
2646:
2475:Becoming American
912:Carroll D. Wright
739:pm, bringing two
700:Alexander Cassatt
606:John F. Hartranft
545:Monongahela River
498:to Philadelphia.
386:
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206:
205:
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16:(Redirected from
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4013:July 1877 events
3960:Related articles
3872:Everett massacre
3866:Bellingham riots
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3571:Greene–Jones War
3502:Boyce–Sneed feud
3467:Mason County War
3388:Hamburg massacre
3227:Rowan County War
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3027:Camp Dump strike
2918:Battle of Virden
2900:Haymarket affair
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1343:Superintendent
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1297:List of strikes
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1129:Harper's Weekly
1100:Robert Pitcairn
1083:Allegheny River
1072:
1067:
1056:
1053:
1044:
1041:
1032:
1029:
1020:
1017:
1000:
976:James S. Negley
971:
955:
949:, was burning.
937:
930:
904:
893:
881:Allegheny River
858:
834:
823:Harper's Weekly
814:
796:Harper's Weekly
791:Temperanceville
785:
782:
772:New York Herald
748:
736:
732:
728:
713:
708:
679:Workers of the
635:
619:Allegheny River
604:, and Governor
590:
586:
572:Robert Pitcairn
564:
540:
530:
468:
459:organized labor
390:Long Depression
272:
270:Long Depression
266:
221:as part of the
207:
202:
159:
154:
152:
150:
87:
70:
66:
64:
55:
28:
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22:
15:
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3464:
3461:Las Cuevas War
3458:
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3434:
3433:
3427:
3424:Coal Creek War
3421:
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3379:
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3375:South Carolina
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3314:North Carolina
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3125:Eutaw massacre
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2906:Pullman Strike
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2576:Events by city
2573:
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2535:
2530:
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2513:
2512:External links
2510:
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2378:
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2358:. SUNY Press.
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2073:978-1319208929
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2019:
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864:harassing fire
813:
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781:
780:Rioting begins
778:
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704:
696:John Hartranft
689:Allegheny City
668:Duquesne Grays
634:
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598:Castle Shannon
529:
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511:double heading
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3920:Railroad Wars
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3639:(1860s–1890s)
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3056:Reservoir war
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2221:. Routledge.
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3418:Pulaski riot
2775:
2768:Pennsylvania
2747:Orange Riots
2685:civil unrest
2595:
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2500:
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2428:. Retrieved
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2010:. Retrieved
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1959:November 10,
1957:. Retrieved
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1934:November 10,
1932:. Retrieved
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1850:. PM Press.
1846:
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3933:(1870–1920)
3922:(1864–1912)
3899:(1889–1893)
3834:(1895–1906)
3798:(1873–1888)
3750:(1893–1894)
3719:(1913–1914)
3713:(1903–1904)
3661:(1890–1916)
3614:(1882–1892)
3556:(1912–1921)
3545:(1888–1893)
3533:(1878–1890)
3504:(1911–1912)
3487:(1898–1907)
3481:(1888–1889)
3475:(1877–1878)
3469:(1875–1876)
3457:(1868–1876)
3451:(1865–1869)
3426:(1891–1892)
3360:(1907–1909)
3354:(1896–1902)
3348:(1893–1894)
3303:Grabow riot
3235:(1887–1894)
3229:(1884–1887)
3138:(1892–1893)
3136:Mitcham War
2947:(1916–1921)
2914:(1898–1900)
2749:(1870–1871)
2426:(2): 99–119
2245:|work=
1378: /
1109:, meaning:
1065:Examination
947:Middle Hill
735:pm and 1:45
561:stock yards
543:, with the
541: 1877
282:1850s–1873
250:locomotives
3987:Categories
3931:Sheep wars
3843:Washington
3788:New Mexico
3748:Black Week
3629:California
2710:New Jersey
2596:Pittsburgh
2082:1096495503
1954:West2K.com
1459:References
1366:79°54′40″W
1363:40°27′27″N
1330:; and the
1114:mutineers.
885:Sharpsburg
831:roundhouse
602:John Latta
553:conductors
466:Pittsburgh
288:1890–1913
285:1873–1890
215:Pittsburgh
178:Pittsburgh
92:Casualties
71:1877-07-30
67:1877-07-19
3405:Tennessee
3244:Louisiana
2924:Pana riot
2701:Northeast
2692:1865–1918
2616:St. Louis
2583:Baltimore
2247:ignored (
2237:cite book
980:Civil War
960:telegraph
953:Allegheny
694:Governor
504:Allegheny
428:Baltimore
198:St. Louis
168:Baltimore
3692:Colorado
3338:Oklahoma
3219:Kentucky
3147:Arkansas
3019:Nebraska
2990:Missouri
2962:Michigan
2887:Illinois
2733:New York
2636:See also
2611:Shamokin
2606:Scranton
2592:New York
2430:June 17,
1444:See the
1226:See also
1107:monopoly
763:Riot Act
711:Shooting
683:and the
648:switches
557:brakemen
496:Oil City
492:New York
444:Shamokin
440:Scranton
235:Scranton
231:Shamokin
193:Shamokin
188:Scranton
113:Arrested
105:Injuries
97:Death(s)
79:Location
69: –
40:Part of
3883:Wyoming
3604:Arizona
3196:Georgia
3172:Florida
3117:Alabama
2878:Midwest
2601:Reading
2588:Chicago
2518:"About
2045:May 22,
2012:May 27,
1991:June 2,
1847:Strike!
1807:May 22,
1416:strong"
1193:Troops.
936:At 3:30
903:By 7:00
891:July 22
857:At 5:00
784:At 6:00
747:At 3:30
706:July 21
633:July 20
629:do so.
528:July 19
436:Reading
294:Germany
227:Reading
183:Reading
173:Chicago
65: (
3913:Others
3905:(1909)
3893:(1885)
3874:(1916)
3868:(1907)
3828:(1887)
3818:Oregon
3774:(1896)
3744:(1874)
3734:Hawaii
3725:(1914)
3707:(1900)
3683:(1916)
3677:(1913)
3655:(1880)
3620:(1917)
3564:Others
3539:(1888)
3493:(1906)
3463:(1875)
3432:(1897)
3420:(1868)
3396:(1898)
3390:(1876)
3366:(1917)
3324:(1870)
3305:(1912)
3299:(1900)
3283:(1887)
3277:(1874)
3271:(1874)
3265:(1873)
3259:(1868)
3182:(1870)
3163:(1914)
3157:(1874)
3127:(1870)
3085:(1886)
3076:Others
3058:(1887)
3029:(1882)
3010:(1904)
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2926:(1899)
2920:(1898)
2908:(1894)
2902:(1886)
2847:Others
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373:Sweden
342:France
86:, U.S.
3759:Idaho
3441:Texas
3108:South
2681:Riots
2416:(PDF)
1314:Notes
1070:Blame
405:steel
358:Italy
3595:West
3043:Ohio
2683:and
2480:ISBN
2453:ISBN
2432:2016
2398:2016
2373:2016
2360:ISBN
2330:ISBN
2300:ISBN
2273:ISBN
2249:help
2223:ISBN
2153:2017
2140:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2078:OCLC
2068:ISBN
2047:2016
2014:2016
1993:2016
1961:2016
1936:2016
1923:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1852:ISBN
1809:2016
1738:ISBN
1631:ISBN
1610:2017
1558:ISBN
1533:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1477:ISBN
852:coke
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442:and
403:and
401:iron
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379:3.1
367:3.0
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