1035:, for example, points out that it cannot be in a citizen's self-interest to vote because the effort it takes to vote will almost always outweigh the benefits of voting, particularly considering a single vote is unlikely to change an electoral outcome. Political scientists instead propose that citizens vote for psychological or social reasons. Studies show, for example, that individuals are more likely to vote if they see their friends have voted or if someone in their household has received a nudge to vote.
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postulates that political orientation is solidified during early adulthood. By contrast, the "increasing persistence hypothesis" posits that attitudes become less likely to change as individuals become older, while the "life-long openness hypothesis" proposes that the attitudes of individuals remain
1021:
Other research on genopolitics includes the article entitled "Do Genes
Contribute to the “Gender Gap”" which also attempts to explore genetic influences between the sexes and whether or not they contribute to political preferences. The authors concluded that “the findings support the claim that the
1713:
This book demonstrates the increasing convergence of interest of some social scientists in the theories, research and findings of the life sciences in building a more interdisciplinary approach to the study of politics. It discusses the development of biopolitics as an academic perspective within
797:
Peers also affect political orientation. Friends often, but not necessarily, have the advantage of being part of the same generation, which collectively develops a unique set of societal issues; Eric L. Dey has argued that "socialisation is the process through which individuals acquire knowledge,
826:
issues are among these factors. These factors differ from the long-term factors as they are often short-lived. However, they can be just as crucial in modifying political orientation. The ways in which these two sources are interpreted often relies on the individuals specific political ideology
785:
and other educational authority figures are also often thought to have a significant impact on political orientation. During the 2003–2004 school year, In the United States, students spent an average of 180.4 days in primary and secondary education each year, with a school day being defined as
970:
Women in the United States have, in the past 30 years, surpassed male voting rates, with the 2016 Presidential
Election having a ratio between females and males of 52 to 48. This trend is often referred to as the Gender Gap and when combined with the tendency of women to vote for Democratic
917:. Currently illegal immigration has been claiming the most attention and Hispanic Americans, although not completely unanimous, are concerned with the education, employment and deportation of illegal immigrants in the United States. Although the majority of Hispanic Americans vote for
846:
Second, there are election issues. These include campaign issues, debates and commercials. Election years and political campaigns can shift certain political behaviors based on the candidates involved, which have different degrees of effectiveness in influencing voters.
834:
agree that the mass media have a profound impact on voting behavior. One author asserts that "few would argue with the notion that the institutions of the mass media are important to contemporary politics ... in the transition to liberal democratic politics in the
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environment (social or other) cannot be used in isolation to explain behavior differences between males and females, nor can all differences in modern political behaviors between the sexes simply be attributed to genes or presumptions about primitive man."
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Political scientists also aim to understand what drives individuals to participate in the democratic process, either by voting, volunteering for campaigns, signing petitions or protesting. Participation cannot always be explained by rational behavior. The
855:
Recently, some political scientists have been interested in many studies which aimed to analyze the relation between the behavior of social groups and the political outcomes. Some of the social groups included in their studies have been age demographics,
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political science, reviews the growing literature in biopolitics, and presents a coherent view of biopolitics as a framework for structuring inquiry across the current subfields of political science.
1018:
in the early-2000s to describe research into identifying specific transporter/receptor genes responsible for ideological orientation beyond the sociopsychological realm of political socialisation.
883:
have a profound social impact on the political outcome of their vote and are emerging as a strong up-and-coming political force. The most noticeable increase in
Hispanic American voting was in the
779:
Interaction with the political views of parental figures is often thought of as the primary long-term influence on political orientation and willingness to take part in the political system.
763:, and levels of political participation. Political behavior is the subset of human behavior that involves politics and power. Theorists who have had an influence on this field include
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appears to have an impact on both voting rates and political identification; as a study of 9,784,931 college students found that they voted at a rate of 68.5% in the
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habits, and value orientations that will be useful in the future." The ability to relate on this common level is what fuels and enables future ideological growth.
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Gidengil, Elisabeth; Wass, Hanna; Valaste, Maria (June 2016). "Political
Socialization and Voting: The Parent-Child Link in Turnout".
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Clark, William
Roberts, Matt Golder, and Sona N. Golder. 2013. “Power and politics: insights from an exit, voice, and loyalty game.”
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967:. This trend of African Americans voting for candidates of the Democratic Party continued into the 2016 Presidential Election.
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approximately 6.7 class hours. This means that on average a student will spend around 1,208.68 hours in class each year.
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Sociologists and political scientists debate the relationship between age and the formation of political attitudes. The
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Hatemi, Peter K.; Medland, Sarah E.; Eaves, Lindon J. (January 2009). "Do Genes
Contribute to the "Gender Gap"?".
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913:. However, Hispanic Americans have the lowest voting rate in the United States, with only 47.6% voting in the
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aim to identify correlates of political behavior with biological aspects, for example the linkage of
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are likely the most conservative of
Latinos, with 54% of Cuban American voters casting ballots for
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have the second highest voting rates in the United States and even surpassed white voters in the
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aims to explain political behavior through psychological analysis. Examples of theories include
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Nickerson, David (February 2008). "Is Voting
Contagious? Evidence from Two Field Experiments".
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The study of possible genetic bases of political behavior has grown since the 1980s. The term
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Biology and
Political Behavior: The Brain, Genes and Politics - The Cutting Edge
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Undergraduate
Political Attitudes: Peer Influence in Changing Social Contexts
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candidates, their effect on political outcomes is extremely important.
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compared to the average of 46.1% for citizens aged 18–29 who voted.
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30:"Political behavior" redirects here. For the academic journal, see
1644:"Opinion | What Happens if the Gender Gap Becomes a Gender Chasm?"
45:
1372:"Voting in America: A Look at the 2016 Presidential Election"
1238:"Voting in America: A Look at the 2016 Presidential Election"
1345:"Do Mass Media Influence the Political Behavior of Citizens"
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among Cuban Americans, it continues a trend created by the
1417:"About half of Cuban voters in Florida backed Trump"
1141:"Teens Stay True to Parents' Political Perspectives"
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The influence of social groups on political outcomes
76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
995:. This field of study is typically referred to
915:2016 Presidential Election in the United States
864:. This can be understood through the lenses of
37:For closely related theories in sociology, see
1441:Lopez-Gottardi, Cristina (November 16, 2016).
1215:Institute for Democracy & Higher Education
810:Short-term influences on political orientation
1755:"Facebook experiment boosts US voter turnout"
1297:"Aging and Susceptibility to Attitude Change"
775:Long-term influences on political orientation
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1304:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1285:, Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 68, 1997
1295:Krosnick, Jon A.; Alwin, Duane F. (1989).
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1674:. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 232.
1668:Albert Somit; Steven A. Peterson (2011).
1593:"How Groups Voted in 1988 - Roper Center"
1568:"How Groups Voted in 1984 - Roper Center"
1543:"How Groups Voted in 1980 - Roper Center"
1493:"How Groups Voted in 2012 - Roper Center"
1468:"How Groups Voted in 2008 - Roper Center"
905:, about 44% of Latin Americans voted for
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
999:although it is sometimes referred to as
959:. In the 2008 Presidential Election and
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1618:"How Groups Voted 2016 - Roper Center"
1518:"How Groups Voted 2016 - Roper Center"
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1186:"Private School Universe Survey (PSS)"
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1333:from the original on October 9, 2022.
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955:, although this has declined in the
74:adding citations to reliable sources
1642:Edsall, Thomas B. (July 12, 2018).
987:, but also with other aspects like
843:the media was a key battleground."
1014:was coined by political scientist
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1797:American Political Science Review
985:biology and political orientation
827:formed by the long-term factors.
608:Biology and political orientation
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85:"Theories of political behavior"
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1376:The United States Census Bureau
1242:The United States Census Bureau
814:Short-term factors also affect
803:impressionable years hypothesis
61:needs additional citations for
1860:Theories of political behavior
1349:The Guide to Winning Elections
753:Theories of political behavior
603:Theories of political behavior
229:Political history of the world
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1698:Biology and Political Science
981:biology and political science
979:Interdisciplinary studies in
975:Biology and political science
822:and the impact of individual
618:Critique of political economy
1098:Political Research Quarterly
1052:social dominance orientation
806:flexible regardless of age.
199:Outline of political science
32:Political Behavior (journal)
1056:system justification theory
1048:right-wing authoritarianism
27:Aspect of political science
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1870:Political science theories
1316:10.1037/0022-3514.57.3.416
1211:"2016 NSLVE National Data"
961:2012 Presidential election
957:2016 Presidential Election
953:2008 Presidential Election
931:2016 Presidential Election
903:2004 presidential election
885:2000 presidential election
792:2016 Presidential Election
204:Index of politics articles
36:
29:
1809:10.1017/S0003055408080039
1767:10.1038/nature.2012.11401
1740:10.1017/S0022381608090178
1443:"The Complex Cuban Vote"
1110:10.1177/1065912916640900
788:Post-secondary education
1728:The Journal of Politics
1026:Political participation
613:Political organisations
376:International relations
214:Politics by subdivision
870:social identity theory
1695:Robert Blank (2001).
693:Political campaigning
433:Public administration
266:Collective leadership
1753:Corbyn, Zoe (2012).
1701:. Psychology Press.
1217:. September 18, 2017
1044:Political psychology
1039:Political psychology
939:exile of many Cubans
832:political scientists
543:Separation of powers
414:Political psychology
389:Comparative politics
367:political scientists
354:Academic disciplines
234:Political philosophy
70:improve this article
1421:Pew Research Center
1370:Bureau, US Census.
1351:. November 26, 2013
1236:Bureau, US Census.
716:Politics portal
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536:Government branches
419:Political sociology
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209:Politics by country
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1846:, academic journal
1843:Political Behavior
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399:Political analysis
331:Semi-parliamentary
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1865:Political culture
1708:978-0-415-20436-1
1681:978-0-85724-580-9
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965:Barack Obama
947:
927:Donald Trump
921:candidates,
899:Mel Martinez
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321:Presidential
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68:Please help
63:verification
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1653:November 1,
1627:November 1,
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1577:November 1,
1552:November 1,
1527:November 1,
1502:November 1,
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1426:November 1,
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1381:October 12,
1355:October 12,
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1247:October 12,
1221:October 12,
1195:October 12,
1190:nces.ed.gov
1168:|last=
1150:November 1,
1001:biopolitics
585:Sovereignty
550:Legislature
453:Technocracy
441:Bureaucracy
306:Meritocracy
286:Directorial
1854:Categories
1145:Gallup.com
1074:References
941:after the
919:Democratic
909:President
907:Republican
675:Governance
665:Government
660:Federalism
261:City-state
96:newspapers
1775:155711230
1447:U.S. News
1391:cite news
1257:cite news
1160:cite news
1126:148195770
866:pluralism
655:Unitarism
643:Elections
631:Subseries
560:Judiciary
555:Executive
458:Adhocracy
341:Theocracy
296:Feudalism
276:Democracy
1825:56069789
1817:27644497
1328:Archived
1118:44018017
1062:See also
824:election
783:Teachers
761:ideology
683:Ideology
501:doctrine
462:Service
326:Republic
311:Monarchy
291:Federacy
180:Category
160:Politics
1780:June 2,
1324:2778632
929:in the
896:Senator
893:Florida
688:Culture
598:Country
256:Anarchy
170:Outline
110:scholar
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1122:S2CID
1114:JSTOR
830:Most
820:media
671:forms
594:State
471:Civil
175:Index
117:JSTOR
103:books
1782:2018
1703:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1655:2018
1629:2018
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1454:2018
1428:2018
1403:help
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1357:2018
1320:PMID
1269:help
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