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One study, which focuses on the usage of the Dutch suffix -heid (comparable to -ness in
English) hypothesizes that -heid gives rise to two kinds of abstract nouns: those referring to concepts and those referring to states of affairs. It shows that the referential function of -heid is typical for the
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processes) may be used productively dozens or hundreds of times in a typical day. It is not atypical for more than one pattern with similar functions to be comparably productive, to the point that a speaker can be in a quandary as to which form to use —e.g., would it be better to say that a taste or
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noun-formational process to understand the word perfectly well, and this would be a kind of productive use. This would be essentially independent of whether or not the writer had also used the same process productively in coining the term, or whether he or she had learned the form from previous
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shows, what has apparently been non-productive for many decades or even centuries may suddenly come to some degree of productive life, and it may do so in certain dialects or sociolects while not in others, or in certain parts of the vocabulary but not others. Some patterns are only very rarely
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Since use to produce novel (new, non-established) structures is the clearest proof of usage of a grammatical process, the evidence most often appealed to as establishing productivity is the appearance of novel forms of the type the process leads one to expect, and many people would limit the
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lowest-frequency words, while its conceptual function is typical for the highest-frequency words. It claims that high-frequency formations with the suffix -heid are available in the mental lexicon, whereas low-frequency words and neologisms are produced and understood by rule.
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rules, and the same is true of a hearer or reader's understanding of them. But it will not necessarily be at all clear to an outside observer, or even to the speaker and hearer themselves, whether the form was already learnt and whether the rules were applied or not.
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definition offered above to exclude use of a grammatical process that does not result in a novel structure. Thus in practice, and, for many, in theory, productivity is the degree to which speakers use a particular grammatical process
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It can also be very difficult to assess when a given usage is productive or when a person is using a form that has already been learned as a whole. Suppose a reader comes across an unknown word such as
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Productivity is, as stated above and implied in the examples already discussed, a matter of degree, and there are a number of areas in which that may be shown to be true. As the modern example of
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BAAYEN, R. & NEIJT, A. (2009). Productivity in context: a case study of a Dutch suffix. Linguistics, 35(3), pp. 565-588. Retrieved 24 Oct. 2017, from
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except when talking about religious orders. It appears that many strong verbs were completely lost during the transition from
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Sociolinguistic variation in
English derivational productivity: Studies and methods in diachronic corpus linguistics
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Baayen, Harald. (1992). Quantitative aspects of morphological productivity. In G. Booij & J. van Marle (Eds.),
164:) is no longer considered productive. Newly coined verbs in English overwhelmingly use the 'weak' (regular) ending
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Palmer, Chris C. (2015). Measuring productivity diachronically: nominal suffixes in
English letters, 1400–1600.
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productive, others may be used by a typical speaker several times a year or month, whereas others (especially
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Hay, Jennifer & Harald Baayen. (2002). Parsing and productivity. In G. Booij & J. van Marle (Eds.),
116:. It compares grammatical processes that are in frequent use to less frequently used ones that tend towards
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Baayen, Harald & Rochelle Lieber. (1991). Productivity and
English derivation: A corpus-based study.
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In both cases, however, occasional exceptions have occurred. A false analogy with other verbs caused
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On the productivity of verbal prefixation in
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to become thought of as the 'correct' preterite and past participle form of
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Morphological productivity: Structural constraints in
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492:. Topics in English linguistics (No. 28). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
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meaning "an attitude of despising". The reader may apply the verb+
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Lexical semantics and diachronic morphology: The development of
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may or may not involve productive application of the noun+
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has now been replaced with the more regular-sounding
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can wear away at them until they are no longer used:
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for the past tense and past participle (for example,
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use a particular grammatical process, especially in
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Current acceptance level of a word formation process
418:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 109–149.
57:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
304:. A productive grammatical process defines an
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358:usage (as most English speakers have learned
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88:Learn how and when to remove this message
453:Measuring productivity in word formation
267:in 1611) and more recent examples, like
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302:for the formation of novel structures
108:is the degree to which speakers of a
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507:. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique.
192:and is used to form the plurals of
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475:English Language and Linguistics
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329:color like that of raisins is
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470:, 203–35. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
468:Yearbook of morphology, 2002
416:Yearbook of morphology, 1991
383:Examples in other languages
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438:Morphological productivity
531:in the history of English
483:10.1017/S1360674314000264
451:Bolozky, Shmuel. (1999).
510:Schröder, Anne. (2011).
43:This article includes a
18:Productive (linguistics)
517:Trips, Carola. (2009).
436:Bauer, Laurie. (2001).
72:more precise citations.
503:Säily, Tanja. (2014).
574:Linguistic morphology
533:. TĂĽbingen: Niemeyer.
287:as the past tense of
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488:Plag, Ingo. (1999).
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431:Linguistics
351:despisement
242:Old English
190:count nouns
102:linguistics
70:introducing
568:Categories
409:References
403:Inflection
360:government
341:, or even
339:raisinlike
306:open class
263:preferred
196:, such as
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138:participle
374:and noun+
364:raisinish
331:raisinish
326:syntactic
140:forms of
136:and past
134:preterite
392:See also
343:raisinly
238:brothers
234:brethren
222:brethren
218:children
177:e-mailed
110:language
579:Grammar
368:raisiny
335:raisiny
226:brother
205:Muggles
171:spammed
160:–
156:–
66:improve
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265:digged
146:ablaut
538:Notes
529:-ship
521:-hood
321:sneak
319:from
317:snuck
279:from
273:sneak
271:from
269:snuck
259:(the
186:-(e)s
142:verbs
51:, or
527:and
525:-dom
494:ISBN
457:ISBN
442:ISBN
420:ISBN
355:ment
289:drag
285:drug
281:dive
277:dove
275:and
214:oxen
202:and
199:FAQs
162:sung
158:sang
154:sing
148:(as
552:doi
479:doi
372:ish
366:or
345:?
257:dig
253:dug
244:to
210:-en
184:is
166:-ed
128:In
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