82:
There is some controversy about where and when Proto-Nahuan was spoken. Following Nahuan ethnohistorical sources describing a southward migration of
Nahuatl speakers, as well as the fact that all other Uto-Aztecan languages are north of the Nahuan languages, the homeland has traditionally been
1144:
1063:
987:
1035:
1781:
1739:
145:
in which Proto-Uto-Aztecan roots of the shape *CVCV become *VCCV (Proto-Uto-Aztecan *puːli 'to tie' becomes Proto-Nahuan *ilpi 'to tie').
1137:
1104:
1043:
1815:
961:
1701:
116:
Proto-Uto-Aztecan *u merges with *i in Proto-Nahuan *i (Proto-Uto-Aztecan *muki 'to die' becomes Proto-Nahuan *miki 'to die').
1384:
1161:
1130:
113:
Proto-Uto-Aztecan initial *p is lost in Proto-Nahuan (Proto-Uto-Aztecan *pahi 'water' becomes Proto-Nahuan *aː-tla 'water').
1242:
1614:
1463:
996:
1768:
1688:
1655:
1434:
1429:
1193:
67:
1820:
1589:
1480:
1825:
1185:
142:
1370:
1619:
135:
131:
127:
120:
107:
1696:
1678:
1455:
1153:
1663:
110:
before Proto-Uto-Aztecan *a (Proto-Uto-Aztecan *taːka 'man' becomes Proto-Nahuan *tlaːka-tla 'man').
1629:
1468:
1408:
1345:
1609:
1540:
1413:
1300:
1080:
1016:
1339:
1673:
1598:
1571:
1517:
1440:
1393:
1333:
1307:
1254:
1226:
1221:
1209:
1100:
1049:
1039:
1008:
50:
1668:
1645:
1624:
1553:
1490:
1285:
1277:
1118:. Memoirs of the International Journal of American Linguistics. Vol. 17. Waverly Press.
1092:
1072:
1000:
982:
71:
35:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1604:
1559:
1499:
1325:
1314:
1268:
1214:
1170:
1796:
1723:
1525:
1506:
1474:
158:
language, and its words used suffix complexes for a variety of purposes, with several
1809:
1548:
1530:
1365:
1084:
1020:
978:
155:
1061:
Dakin, Karen (1983). "Proto-Aztecan vowels and
Pochutec: an alternative analysis".
957:
Proto-Uto-Aztecans on their way to the Proto-Aztecan homeland: linguistic evidence
94:, and the Nahuas are the only remainders after a large-scale northward migration.
956:
1247:
91:
170:
Some Proto-Aztecan (i.e., Proto-Nahuan) reconstructions by
Davletshin (2012):
1053:
87:
1012:
159:
1122:
83:
considered to be located to the north of the current area of extension.
1580:
1291:
102:
The following phonological changes are shared by all Nahuan languages:
1076:
1029:
1004:
119:
Proto-Uto-Aztecan sibilants *ts and *s split into *ts, *ch and *s
1126:
1116:
Typological and
Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan: Phonology
106:
Proto-Uto-Aztecan *t becomes Proto-Nahuan lateral affricate
138:'to walk' becomes Proto-Nahuan *nemi 'to live, to walk').
134:, merged with *e in Proto-Nahuan *e (Proto-Uto-Aztecan
1760:
1732:
1687:
1654:
1638:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1539:
1516:
1489:
1454:
1422:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1358:
1324:
1276:
1267:
1235:
1202:
1178:
1169:
1160:
41:
31:
21:
126:Proto-Uto-Aztecan's fifth vowel, reconstructed as
70:. It is the common ancestor from which the modern
1114:Voegelin, C. F.; Voegelin, F.; Hale, K. (1962).
1099:. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
16:Reconstructed ancestor of the Nahuan languages
1138:
1064:International Journal of American Linguistics
988:International Journal of American Linguistics
66:) is a hypothetical daughter language of the
8:
1038:, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas.
1585:
1576:
1398:
1389:
1273:
1175:
1166:
1145:
1131:
1123:
174:
1031:La evolución fonológica del Protonáhuatl
985:(1978). "Proto-Aztecan vowels: Part I".
1036:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
894:
18:
1782:List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages
1740:Nahuatl language in the United States
7:
910:Voegelin, Voegelin & Hale (1962)
90:is that Proto-Nahuatl arose within
1097:An overview of Uto-Aztecan grammar
313:*wiːtz (preterit-as-present form)
14:
962:Journal of Language Relationship
1246:(Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute,
1:
86:An alternative hypothesis by
1034:(in Spanish). México D.F.:
997:University of Chicago Press
955:Davletshin, Albert (2012).
1842:
1702:Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl
901:Dakin (1982), pp. 25, 67-8
68:Proto-Uto-Aztecan language
1790:
26:
965:, no. 8, 2012 - p.75-92.
1816:Agglutinative languages
1615:Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl
937:Langacker (1977), p. 23
919:Langacker (1977), p. 23
1620:Central Puebla Nahuatl
928:Dakin (1982), p. 51-62
32:Reconstruction of
1697:Sierra Puebla Nahuatl
1679:Temascaltepec Nahuatl
1154:Uto-Aztecan languages
1028:Dakin, Karen (1982).
946:Dakin (1982), p. 62-3
1093:Langacker, Ronald W.
154:Proto-Nahuan was an
1189:(including Bannock)
825:*to-toːnɨ-k ?
665:*yawal-tɨ-k ?
641:*chiːl-tɨ-k ?
1610:Tetelcingo Nahuatl
1464:Downriver Guarijio
1803:
1802:
1797:extinct languages
1769:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1664:Michoacán Nahuatl
1599:Classical Nahuatl
1450:
1449:
1435:Southern Tepehuan
1430:Northern Tepehuan
1379:
1378:
1354:
1353:
1263:
1262:
1251:
1218:
1190:
885:
884:
881:*kos-tɨ-k ?
857:*istaː-kɨ ?
849:*tla-(hi ?)
721:*poːk-tlɨ ?
657:*nelwa-tl ?
162:strung together.
57:
56:
51:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
1833:
1821:Nahuan languages
1669:Coatepec Nahuatl
1646:Huasteca Nahuatl
1630:Ometepec Náhuatl
1625:Guerrero Nahuatl
1586:
1577:
1481:Upriver Guarijio
1399:
1390:
1274:
1245:
1212:
1188:
1176:
1167:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1088:
1057:
1024:
983:Ronald Langacker
966:
953:
947:
944:
938:
935:
929:
926:
920:
917:
911:
908:
902:
899:
175:
137:
133:
129:
122:
109:
74:have developed.
72:Nahuan languages
36:Nahuan languages
19:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1826:Proto-languages
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1786:
1744:
1728:
1719:Tabasco Nahuatl
1714:Isthmus Nahuatl
1707:Orizaba Nahuatl
1683:
1650:
1634:
1605:Morelos Nahuatl
1566:
1535:
1512:
1485:
1446:
1418:
1375:
1350:
1346:Luiseño-Juaneño
1320:
1259:
1231:
1198:
1186:Northern Paiute
1156:
1151:
1113:
1107:
1091:
1060:
1046:
1027:
977:
974:
969:
954:
950:
945:
941:
936:
932:
927:
923:
918:
914:
909:
905:
900:
896:
892:
168:
152:
123:, respectively.
100:
80:
53:
46:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1839:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1243:Colorado River
1239:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1173:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1105:
1089:
1077:10.1086/465782
1071:(2): 196–203.
1058:
1044:
1025:
1005:10.1086/465526
995:(2). Chicago:
979:Campbell, Lyle
973:
970:
968:
967:
948:
939:
930:
921:
912:
903:
893:
891:
888:
887:
886:
883:
882:
879:
875:
874:
871:
867:
866:
863:
859:
858:
855:
851:
850:
847:
843:
842:
839:
835:
834:
831:
827:
826:
823:
819:
818:
815:
811:
810:
807:
803:
802:
799:
795:
794:
791:
787:
786:
783:
779:
778:
775:
771:
770:
767:
763:
762:
759:
755:
754:
751:
747:
746:
743:
739:
738:
735:
731:
730:
727:
723:
722:
719:
715:
714:
711:
707:
706:
703:
699:
698:
695:
691:
690:
687:
683:
682:
679:
675:
674:
671:
667:
666:
663:
659:
658:
655:
651:
650:
647:
643:
642:
639:
635:
634:
631:
627:
626:
623:
619:
618:
615:
611:
610:
607:
603:
602:
599:
595:
594:
591:
587:
586:
583:
579:
578:
575:
571:
570:
567:
563:
562:
559:
555:
554:
551:
547:
546:
543:
539:
538:
535:
531:
530:
527:
523:
522:
519:
515:
514:
511:
507:
506:
503:
499:
498:
495:
491:
490:
487:
483:
482:
479:
475:
474:
471:
467:
466:
463:
459:
458:
455:
451:
450:
447:
443:
442:
439:
435:
434:
431:
427:
426:
423:
419:
418:
415:
411:
410:
407:
403:
402:
399:
395:
394:
391:
387:
386:
383:
379:
378:
375:
371:
370:
367:
363:
362:
359:
355:
354:
351:
347:
346:
343:
339:
338:
335:
331:
330:
327:
323:
322:
319:
315:
314:
311:
307:
306:
303:
299:
298:
295:
291:
290:
287:
283:
282:
279:
275:
274:
273:*-chiːchiːwal
271:
267:
266:
263:
259:
258:
255:
251:
250:
247:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
215:
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
199:
195:
194:
191:
183:
182:
181:Proto-Aztecan
179:
167:
164:
151:
148:
147:
146:
139:
124:
117:
114:
111:
99:
96:
79:
76:
55:
54:
49:
47:
42:
39:
38:
33:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1838:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1106:0-88312-070-4
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1045:968-5802-92-0
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:
984:
980:
976:
975:
971:
964:
963:
958:
952:
949:
943:
940:
934:
931:
925:
922:
916:
913:
907:
904:
898:
895:
889:
880:
877:
876:
872:
869:
868:
864:
861:
860:
856:
853:
852:
848:
845:
844:
840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
828:
824:
821:
820:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
804:
800:
797:
796:
792:
789:
788:
784:
781:
780:
776:
773:
772:
768:
765:
764:
761:*oːn- ?
760:
757:
756:
753:*-kwitla-pɨl
752:
749:
748:
744:
741:
740:
736:
733:
732:
728:
725:
724:
720:
717:
716:
712:
709:
708:
704:
701:
700:
697:*mo-tlalɨ-ha
696:
693:
692:
688:
685:
684:
680:
677:
676:
672:
669:
668:
664:
661:
660:
656:
653:
652:
648:
645:
644:
640:
637:
636:
632:
629:
628:
624:
621:
620:
616:
613:
612:
608:
605:
604:
600:
597:
596:
593:*toːkaːhɨ-tl
592:
589:
588:
584:
581:
580:
576:
573:
572:
568:
565:
564:
560:
557:
556:
552:
549:
548:
544:
541:
540:
536:
533:
532:
528:
525:
524:
520:
517:
516:
512:
509:
508:
504:
501:
500:
496:
493:
492:
488:
485:
484:
480:
477:
476:
472:
469:
468:
464:
461:
460:
456:
453:
452:
448:
445:
444:
440:
437:
436:
432:
429:
428:
424:
421:
420:
416:
413:
412:
408:
405:
404:
400:
397:
396:
392:
389:
388:
384:
381:
380:
376:
373:
372:
368:
365:
364:
360:
357:
356:
352:
349:
348:
344:
341:
340:
336:
333:
332:
328:
325:
324:
320:
317:
316:
312:
309:
308:
304:
301:
300:
296:
293:
292:
288:
285:
284:
280:
277:
276:
272:
269:
268:
264:
261:
260:
256:
253:
252:
248:
245:
244:
240:
237:
236:
232:
229:
228:
224:
221:
220:
216:
213:
212:
209:*ɨwaː-yoː-tl
208:
205:
204:
200:
197:
196:
192:
189:
185:
184:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
171:
165:
163:
161:
157:
156:agglutinative
149:
144:
140:
125:
118:
115:
112:
105:
104:
103:
97:
95:
93:
89:
84:
77:
75:
73:
69:
65:
64:Proto-Aztecan
62:(also called
61:
52:
48:
43:Reconstructed
40:
37:
34:
30:
27:Proto-Aztecan
25:
20:
1792:
1776:Proto-Nahuan
1775:
1774:
1767:
1597:
1558:
1505:
1498:
1473:
1439:
1338:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1115:
1096:
1068:
1062:
1030:
992:
986:
960:
951:
942:
933:
924:
915:
906:
897:
873:*si/owaː-tl
769:*in- ?
497:*-tlan-kwah
281:*-tla-tɨ-ha
249:*tliːl-tɨ-k
241:*-kɨh-tzoma
187:
169:
153:
101:
85:
81:
63:
60:Proto-Nahuan
59:
58:
22:Proto-Nahuan
1456:Tarahumaran
1371:Tübatulabal
1213:(including
841:*təha-mɨ-t
801:*kwa-wɨ-tl
785:*-nɨnɨ-pɨl
737:*sitlalɨ-m
569:*meːtz-tlɨ
545:*tlaːka-tl
489:*mɨk-tɨ-ha
345:*nakas-tlɨ
286:claw (nail)
233:*toːtoː-tl
92:Mesoamerica
1810:Categories
1469:Tarahumara
999:: 85–102.
890:References
822:warm (hot)
817:*nɨh-nɨmi
689:*aːch-tlɨ
617:*yowal-lɨ
609:*yankwi-k
601:*kəch-tlɨ
585:*teːn-tlɨ
577:*tɨpeː-tl
537:*atɨmɨ-tl
529:*weheya-k
521:*mo-teːka
433:*yeːk-tlɨ
417:*teːn-tok
401:*patlaːni
393:*mɨ-chɨ-m
385:*tlahi-tl
361:*-kwa-haː
353:*tlaːl-lɨ
225:*wehey(ɨ)
150:Morphology
143:metatheses
1795:indicate
1414:Pima Bajo
1301:Kitanemuk
1085:143920332
1021:143091460
814:walk (go)
705:*eːwa-tl
673:*xaːl-lɨ
625:*yaka-tl
561:*naka-tl
513:*ɨswa-tl
297:*mix-tlɨ
265:*oːmɨ-tl
201:*nɨx-tlɨ
193:*mochɨ-m
160:morphemes
98:Phonology
88:Jane Hill
1674:Pochutec
1639:Huasteca
1541:Corachol
1441:Tepecano
1423:Tepehuan
1385:Southern
1334:Cahuilla
1308:Tataviam
1255:Kawaiisu
1236:Southern
1227:Timbisha
1222:Comanche
1210:Shoshoni
1162:Northern
1095:(1977).
1054:10216962
649:*oh-tlɨ
633:*seː(m)
574:mountain
422:give tr.
305:*sese-k
278:burn tr.
257:*ɨs-tlɨ
78:Homeland
45:ancestor
1793:Italics
1761:History
1689:Eastern
1656:Western
1590:Central
1581:Nahuatl
1572:Aztecan
1554:Huichol
1409:Oʼodham
1394:Tepiman
1292:Vanyume
1286:Serrano
1215:Gosiute
1203:Central
1179:Western
1013:1753556
972:Sources
833:*aː-tl
793:*-tlan
745:*tə-tl
729:*kɨtza
713:*kochɨ
681:*-ɨhta
553:*mɨyak
473:*-yoːl
465:*-kaki
457:*-kwah
441:*-tzom
425:*-maka
409:*-ɨkxɨ
377:*-ɨ?wɨ
374:feather
289:*-ɨstɨ
217:*-ɨhtɨ
166:Lexicon
1560:Cazcan
1518:Cahita
1500:Eudeve
1491:Opatan
1340:Cupeño
1315:Tongva
1278:Serran
1103:
1083:
1052:
1042:
1019:
1011:
878:yellow
809:*oːmə
782:tongue
777:*təha
505:*mati
481:*naha
449:*-mah
369:*-iːx
337:*waːk
329:*-ihi
321:*mɨki
270:breast
1733:Other
1724:Pipil
1526:Yaqui
1507:Opata
1475:Tubar
1402:Pimic
1359:Other
1326:Cupan
1269:Takic
1171:Numic
1081:S2CID
1017:S2CID
870:woman
865:*aːk
854:white
830:water
790:tooth
742:stone
726:stand
718:smoke
710:sleep
662:round
614:night
582:mouth
534:louse
470:heart
350:earth
326:drink
294:cloud
254:blood
246:black
214:belly
198:ashes
188:todos
186:all (
178:gloss
141:Many
136:*nɨmi
1549:Cora
1531:Mayo
1366:Hopi
1194:Mono
1101:ISBN
1050:OCLC
1040:ISBN
1009:OCLC
846:what
798:tree
774:thou
766:this
758:that
750:tail
734:star
702:skin
686:seed
670:sand
654:root
646:road
622:nose
598:neck
590:name
566:moon
558:meat
550:many
526:long
510:leaf
502:know
494:knee
486:kill
462:hear
454:head
446:hand
438:hair
430:good
414:full
406:foot
390:fish
382:fire
310:come
302:cold
262:bone
238:bite
230:bird
206:bark
108:*t͡ɬ
1248:Ute
1073:doi
1001:doi
862:who
806:two
694:sit
678:see
638:red
630:one
606:new
542:man
518:lie
398:fly
366:eye
358:eat
342:ear
334:dry
318:die
222:big
130:or
1812::
1079:.
1069:49
1067:.
1048:.
1015:.
1007:.
993:44
991:.
981:;
959:.
838:we
132:*ə
128:*ɨ
121:*ʃ
1563:?
1250:)
1217:)
1146:e
1139:t
1132:v
1109:.
1087:.
1075::
1056:.
1023:.
1003::
478:I
190:)
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