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60 to 70 passengers. They had ranks of seated paddlers, 20–30 per side, with a standing warrior armed with bow and arrows stationed between each one. Some of the larger canoes were also color coded, with the canoes, oars, and the clothing and weaponry of the crew all painted the same color. Although many of the canoes were not this large, their crews still moved with precision, speed, and skill. Seated in several of the great canoes were the fleet commanders, chiefs with awnings to shade and protect them from the sun, one of them possibly
Quigualtam himself.
214:"As to what you say of your being the son of the Sun, if you will cause him to dry up the great river, I will believe you: as to the rest, it is not my custom to visit any one, but rather all, of whom I have ever heard, have come to visit me, to serve and obey me, and pay me tribute, either voluntarily or by force: if you desire to see me, come where I am; if for peace, I will receive you with special good will; if for war, I will await you in my town; but neither for you, nor for any man, will I set back one foot"
71:
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The songs glorified their prowess in battle and extolled their courage. The songs also lambasted the
Spaniards as cowards and thieves who would soon perish; that on land their corpses had been food for dogs and birds and that on the river they would feed the fish. The songs frequently mentioned the name of their great chief Quigualtam and, at the end of each song, the singers would give a great shout of triumph. The Spaniards no longer had long-range offensive weapons. The gunpowder for their
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203:, hoping to find a rich "province" to conquer, where he could set up the colony he had delayed founding in his search for more portable valuables. By this time de Soto had begun employing a ruse with the native populations; seeking to convince them that he was an immortal deity, "son of the sun". After learning of Quigualtum, de Soto sent a message demanding his
228:
Quigualtum and the others, and to punish Anilco, from his deathbed he ordered his men to massacre all of the men of Anilco. His men obeyed and did not stop with killing the men; they were said to have massacred women and children as well. DeSoto died of his illness a few days later in May 1542, in what is believed to be the vicinity of modern-day
370:. These two sites were the only major ceremonial centers on this stretch of the Mississippi River occupied during the protohistoric period from 1500 to 1650 CE. Since the Spaniards never made it ashore to leave archaeological evidence of contact with these two groups, their exact identity will probably never be determined with certainty.
232:. His body was weighted down with sand and under cover of darkness consigned to a watery grave in the Mississippi River. In order to keep the ruse up and forestall possible attacks, his men informed the local peoples that de Soto had ascended into the sky but would return. His remaining men, now commanded by his aide de camp
276:
Under the pretense of negotiating, the canoes attacked the
Spanish. Over the course of the running battle, eleven Spaniards were killed and many more wounded as the expedition fled downstream. The war canoe crews chanted war songs, whose rhythm and speed set the speed of the paddling of their craft.
272:
and on to Mexico. Once the spring floods had abated, they headed down the
Mississippi River on July 2, 1543. After sailing for several days, the expedition came upon a great fleet of over one hundred war canoes. Made from enormous hollowed-out cypress logs, the larger canoes were big enough to seat
396:
Many societies in the region began to collapse. Remnant populations of
Mississippian peoples began migrating across and down the Mississippi, sometimes settling in areas recently deserted by Plaquemine peoples, and at other times displacing or merging with the Plaquemine populations on the lower
290:
On the third day, the
Spanish reached the edge of their attackers' territory. The war fleet turned around and headed back upriver, continuing to chant and shout the name of their leader. Within a day the expedition encountered another fleet of canoes belonging to a powerful but unnamed chiefdom.
227:
Angered by the chief's arrogant response but by then too weak to get up from his bed, de Soto could not mount an armed response. Afterward followed a period with Anilco and other local towns conspiring with
Quigualtum to mount a combined attack against the Spaniards. In order to strike fear into
385:. They contracted these from members of the de Soto expedition, among whom the diseases were endemic, and indirectly from other Native Americans who had contact with European traders on the Gulf coast. The Spaniards' technique of using local rivalries to their advantage had
291:
These warriors also gave chase downriver for several days until the foreigners had left their territory. After one more encounter with a small native group near the coast, the expedition finally made it to the Gulf on July 16, 1543, a few weeks after they had left
Guachoya.
62:
and early historic period Native
American groups have been proposed by historians and archaeologists to identify the polity, but their identity will probably never be known with any degree of certainty. The chroniclers of the DeSoto expedition said the chiefdoms near the
373:
No further recorded
European contact with the indigenous people in this area occurred for almost 140 years, until the first French explorers reached the area in the 1680s. By the historic period, power had shifted within the Natchez polity from Emerald Mound to the
286:
to protect from the arrows. The Native Americans began arcing their arrows into the air so they came straight down and injured more of the Spaniards. The fleet chased them for several days, rarely letting up on their attack on the Spaniards.
397:
river. The Plaquemine culture contracted southward and abandoned the northern Natchez Bluffs altogether. The Lower Yazoo basin region, once occupied by the Winterville and Holly Bluff polity, became the territory of the historic period
45:
also bore the same name; although neither the chief nor his settlements were ever visited in person by the expedition. Their encounters consisted of messages sent by runners and a three-day long canoe battle on the
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had run out long before and the guns melted down to make nails for the boats; the limited number of crossbows had mostly stopped working as well. The Spaniards placed their armor and cane matting around the boats
207:
and to bring him examples of the most valuable thing in his land; presumably the gold or other riches valued by Europeans. Before a reply could return, de Soto fell seriously ill and took to his bed.
248:
along the way, before running into territory too dry for maize farming and too thinly populated to sustain themselves by stealing food from the locals. The expedition had to backtrack to Guachoya.
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as possibilities for the two polities. The Glass site is on the flood plain between the Mississippi River and the Natchez Bluffs, approximately 9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi) south of modern
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855:
Narratives of the Career of Hernando de Soto in the Conquest of Florida: As Told by a Knight of Elvas, and in a Relation by Luys Hernandez de Biedma, Factor of the Expedition
657:
The Glass site (22Wr502): An investigation of Plaquemine culture architecture, occupation, and interaction in the northern portion of the Natchez Bluffs region, Mississippi
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131:). By this point the expedition had been traversing the southeast for several years and had spent the majority of the previous year in the area of the modern state of
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196:). After encountering resistance from Anilco and entreaties of alliance from their traditional enemies, the Guachoya; de Soto made his headquarters at Guachoya.
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area, who were escaping the destruction of their societies left in de Soto's wake. The Tioux and Grigra divisions of the Natchez were recent additions, also
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tribes. They had migrated from further upriver, thought by archaeologists to be the descendants of Quizquiz and other polities encountered by de Soto in the
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Not finding the precious metals and gems the Europeans desired, the expedition left eastern Arkansas and headed west across central Arkansas and into the
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Various scholars have proposed and debated the identities of Quigualtam and the unnamed chiefdom and the exact locations of their polities. Historian
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sites had been abandoned by this time; the capital of the polity had probably shifted to another of the numerous sites within its territory.
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between polities for generations. In addition, a series of disastrous multi-year droughts spanned the latter half of the 16th century.
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67:, especially Guigualtam, were the best they encountered during their three-year journey through the southeastern United States.
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The Big Muddy: An Environmental History of the Mississippi and Its Peoples from Hernando de Soto to Hurricane Katrina
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Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana
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Jeter, Marvin D. (2007). "Outer limits of Plaquemine culture". In Rees, Mark A.; Livingood, Patrick C. (eds.).
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The journals of the Spanish expedition of Hernando de Soto record their encounter with a powerful
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366:. During this period, its capital was located at the massive Emerald Mound near modern-day
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in their search for riches. Finding nothing they considered of value and contending with
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Luis Hernández de Biedma, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Rodrigo Ranjel (1904).
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Jeter, Marvin D.; Rose, Jerome C. G.; Williams, Ishmael Jr.; Harmon, Anna M. (1989),
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They spent the winter of 1542-1543 building a small fleet of seven "bergantines", or
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located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River several days journey below the
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Native American polity of uncertain origins, in present-day Louisiana and Arkansas
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The Forgotten Centuries-Indians and Europeans in the American South 1521 to 1704
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180:; de Soto and his men returned to the Mississippi River, where they found the
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Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541-1543: Symposia
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The Expedition of HERNANDO DE SOTO in southeastern North America, 1539-1543
496:
Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541-1543: Symposia
729:, Arkansas Archeological Survey, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, p. 184
684:
James F Barnett, Director Mississippi Department of History and Archives.
111:
Romanticized depiction of the burial of de Soto by William A. Crafts, 1876
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161:. Modern archaeological research has placed the capital of Casqui at the
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has suggested that Quigualtam was centered on the area surrounding the
283:
210:
Quigualtum sent back a message that astonished and infuriated de Soto:
466:
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2087:
1957:
1606:
1511:
441:
185:
153:
147:
120:
38:
427:
List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
260:
Small prehistoric canoe on display at the Winterville onsite museum
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Smith, Marvin T. (1994). "The Hernando de Soto Expedition". In
417:
from up the river who had been adopted into the Natchez tribe.
389:
between native groups, who had existed in a state of low-level
471:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 123
240:
in order to avoid sailing downriver. They made it as far as
381:
In the meantime native peoples of the region suffered from
188:(thought by some archaeologists and historians to be the
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103:Artist's conception of the Parkin site, circa 1539
706:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 192–194.
606:
604:
602:
697:
695:
522:
520:
518:
516:
212:
770:Young, Gloria A.; Hoffman, Michael P. (1993).
493:Young, Gloria A.; Hoffman, Michael P. (1993).
378:, and the Glass site had also been abandoned.
2625:
892:
776:. University of Arkansas Press. p. 208.
339:. Archeologists believe that these two large
74:Map of the Quigualtam Paramountcy in 1540 CE.
8:
868:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
236:, decided to attempt an overland journey to
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165:and equated the polity of Pacaha with the
3140:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
679:
677:
576:. National Humanities Center. p. 12.
199:De Soto interrogated the chief about the
649:
647:
457:
95:proposed de Soto route through Arkansas
33:polity encountered in 1542–1543 by the
861:
618:Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun
534:Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun
358:. It was on the northern edge of the
7:
3708:Pre-statehood history of Mississippi
387:upset the delicate political balance
268:, to attempt the river route to the
3611:Norse colonization of North America
915:Mississippian and related cultures
14:
3713:Pre-statehood history of Arkansas
362:(1500–1680) of the protohistoric
346:Other scholars have proposed the
3703:Plaquemine Mississippian culture
908:
654:Downs, Lauren Elizabeth (2012).
591:; Chaves, Tesser Carmen (eds.).
499:. University of Arkansas Press.
3631:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
2549:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
383:epidemics of infectious disease
184:-rich polities of Guachoya and
37:expedition. The capital of the
931:Timeline of Mississippi valley
830:"ON THE TUNICA TRAIL-Quizquiz"
595:. University of Georgia Press.
252:1543: Mississippi River battle
178:considerable native resistance
84:1542: Messages with Quigualtam
1:
3733:16th century in North America
2131:Grand Village of the Illinois
246:Caddoan Mississippian peoples
3596:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
3546:Eastern Agricultural Complex
1908:Grand Village of the Natchez
808:. Chelsea House Publishers.
376:Grand Village of the Natchez
2980:Bandelier National Monument
2854:List of Mississippian sites
2641:Pre-Columbian North America
926:List of Mississippian sites
749:. Oxford University Press.
743:Morris, Christoper (2012).
624:University of Georgia Press
567:Gentleman of Elvas (1557).
540:University of Georgia Press
201:societies living downstream
3749:
3400:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
3005:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
2714:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
432:Mississippian shatter zone
3728:16th century in New Spain
3669:
3641:Three Sisters agriculture
2647:
2576:
921:
468:From Chicaza to Chickasaw
465:Ethridge, Robbie (2013).
194:Arkansas County, Arkansas
3180:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
2739:Buttermilk Creek complex
1843:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
295:Proposed identifications
157:, as well as their many
3380:Town Creek Indian Mound
3350:Sierra de San Francisco
3205:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
2473:Ballgame (Southeastern)
2369:Long-nosed god maskette
2249:SunWatch Indian Village
2196:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
2057:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
318:Greenville, Mississippi
139:paramount chiefdoms of
129:Chicot County, Arkansas
52:archaeological cultures
3723:1540s in North America
3035:Coso Rock Art District
2922:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
2825:List of Hopewell sites
2224:Alligator Effigy Mound
1838:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
1790:Leon-Jefferson culture
1186:Caborn-Welborn culture
704:Plaquemine Archaeology
320:
306:
261:
225:
112:
104:
96:
75:
3443:Arlington Springs Man
3285:Portsmouth Earthworks
953:and Upper Mississippi
670:– via ProQuest.
312:
302:
259:
137:Mississippian culture
110:
102:
91:
73:
3651:Transoceanic contact
3541:Container Revolution
3115:Gila Cliff Dwellings
3080:Etowah Indian Mounds
2512:Earth/fertility cult
2216:Fort Ancient culture
1100:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
1086:Lower Ohio River and
1072:Steed-Kisker culture
368:Stanton, Mississippi
56:archaeological sites
3571:Green Corn Ceremony
3385:Turkey River Mounds
3175:Lake Jackson Mounds
2995:Blue Spring Shelter
2517:Green Corn Ceremony
2077:Upper Mississippian
2027:Blue Spring Shelter
1747:Fort Walton culture
1201:Hovey Lake District
686:The Natchez Indians
3718:1540s in New Spain
3656:Underwater panther
3330:Rosenstock Village
3200:Marmes Rockshelter
3185:L'Anse aux Meadows
2599:de Soto Expedition
2564:Underwater panther
2410:Central Algonquian
2121:Fisher Mound Group
1765:Apalachee Province
1732:Waddells Mill Pond
612:Hudson, Charles M.
528:Hudson, Charles M.
341:Plaquemine culture
321:
307:
262:
230:McArthur, Arkansas
190:Menard–Hodges site
113:
105:
97:
76:
31:Plaquemine culture
3690:
3689:
3682:Pre-Columbian era
3483:Spirit Cave mummy
3280:Plum Bayou Mounds
3190:Lynch Quarry Site
2709:Ancient Beringian
2607:
2606:
2572:
2571:
2257:
2256:
1873:Atchafalaya Basin
1815:Pensacola culture
1780:Fort Walton Mound
1672:Punk Rock Shelter
1632:Mouse Creek phase
1455:South Appalachian
1449:
1448:
1328:Central and Lower
1269:Castalian Springs
1259:Brentwood Library
1159:Middle Ohio River
1012:Emerald Acropolis
815:978-1-55546-731-9
804:The Tunica-Biloxi
798:Brain, Jeffrey P.
688:. pp. 12–14.
663:(Doctoral thesis)
333:Winterville sites
325:Charles M. Hudson
65:Mississippi River
48:Mississippi River
3740:
3626:Projectile point
3463:Leanderthal Lady
3390:Upward Sun River
3365:Stallings Island
3355:Shell ring sites
3305:Recapture Canyon
3220:Moorehead Circle
3065:El Fin del Mundo
3050:Cueva de la Olla
2856:
2843:Maritime Archaic
2827:
2657:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2611:
2374:Mill Creek chert
2364:Duck River cache
2266:
2084:
1848:Pensacola people
1642:Muscogee (Creek)
1482:Bell Field Mound
1196:Hovey Lake-Klein
1150:Wickliffe Mounds
1125:Rowlandton Mound
1042:Lunsford-Pulcher
946:
913:
912:
901:
894:
887:
878:
873:
867:
859:
840:
839:
837:
836:
826:
820:
819:
807:
794:
788:
787:
767:
761:
760:
740:
731:
730:
728:
717:
708:
707:
699:
690:
689:
681:
672:
671:
669:
668:
662:
651:
642:
641:
621:
608:
597:
596:
584:
578:
577:
575:
564:
558:
557:
537:
524:
511:
510:
490:
481:
480:
478:
476:
462:
364:Natchez chiefdom
314:Winterville site
304:Holly Bluff site
223:
127:(in present-day
79:De Soto journals
35:Hernando de Soto
3748:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3677:Genetic history
3665:
3519:Ceremonial pipe
3492:
3473:Minnesota Woman
3430:
3424:
3245:Ocmulgee Mounds
3225:Morrison Mounds
3170:Kolomoki Mounds
3160:Kimball Village
3020:Candelaria Cave
2962:
2956:
2937:Suwannee Valley
2872:Old Cordilleran
2852:
2823:
2691:
2685:
2651:
2643:
2638:
2608:
2603:
2589:Clarksdale bell
2568:
2554:Stone box grave
2495:Ceremonial pipe
2461:
2420:Mobilian Jargon
2393:
2325:
2253:
2210:
2078:
2071:
2008:
2001:
1859:
1852:
1809:
1741:
1687:Rucker's Bottom
1477:Beaverdam Creek
1457:
1445:
1329:
1323:
1284:Hiwassee Island
1241:
1235:
1226:Welborn Village
1154:
1115:Millstone Bluff
1088:Confluence area
1087:
1081:
1077:Sugarloaf Mound
1017:Emmons Cemetery
952:
950:American Bottom
941:
935:
917:
907:
905:
860:
851:
848:
843:
834:
832:
828:
827:
823:
816:
796:
795:
791:
784:
769:
768:
764:
757:
742:
741:
734:
726:
719:
718:
711:
701:
700:
693:
683:
682:
675:
666:
664:
660:
653:
652:
645:
638:
610:
609:
600:
589:Charles, Hudson
586:
585:
581:
573:
566:
565:
561:
554:
526:
525:
514:
507:
492:
491:
484:
474:
472:
464:
463:
459:
455:
423:
415:Tunica speakers
391:endemic warfare
297:
254:
244:, meeting Late
224:
218:
174:Ozark Mountains
135:among the Late
86:
81:
28:Native American
26:was a powerful
17:
12:
11:
5:
3746:
3744:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3695:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3601:Mound Builders
3598:
3593:
3588:
3586:Medicine wheel
3583:
3578:
3576:Horned Serpent
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3315:Roberts Island
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3250:Old Stone Fort
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3215:Moaning Cavern
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3165:Kincaid Mounds
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3045:Cuarenta Casas
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3000:Bluefish Caves
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2961:Archaeological
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2759:Caloosahatchee
2756:
2751:
2746:
2744:Caborn-Welborn
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2690:Archaeological
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2594:Mound Builders
2591:
2586:
2581:
2580:Related topics
2577:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2542:Village bundle
2534:
2529:
2527:Platform mound
2524:
2522:Horned Serpent
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2389:Stone statuary
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2239:Leo Petroglyph
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2176:Moccasin Bluff
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2126:Gentleman Farm
2123:
2118:
2113:
2111:Carcajou Point
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2042:Caddoan Mounds
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1828:Dauphin Island
1825:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1502:Bussell Island
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1254:Beasley Mounds
1251:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1105:Kincaid Mounds
1102:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1022:Horseshoe Lake
1019:
1014:
1009:
1007:Dickson Mounds
1004:
999:
998:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
967:
962:
956:
954:
943:
937:
936:
934:
933:
928:
922:
919:
918:
906:
904:
903:
896:
889:
881:
875:
874:
858:. Vol. 1.
847:
846:External links
844:
842:
841:
821:
814:
789:
782:
762:
755:
732:
709:
691:
673:
643:
636:
598:
579:
559:
552:
512:
505:
482:
456:
454:
451:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
422:
419:
296:
293:
270:Gulf of Mexico
253:
250:
216:
192:in modern-day
85:
82:
80:
77:
24:Quilgualtanqui
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3745:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:Falcon dancer
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:Miscellaneous
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Melbourne Man
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3458:La Brea Woman
3456:
3454:
3453:Kennewick Man
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Serpent Mound
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:Pueblo Bonito
3293:
3291:
3290:Poverty Point
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Pinson Mounds
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3265:Painted Bluff
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:Horr's Island
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Effigy Mounds
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Crystal River
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2952:Weeden Island
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:Safety Harbor
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:Poverty Point
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:Paleo-Indians
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2848:Mississippian
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:Sacred bundle
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2357:Wulfing cache
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2342:Copper plates
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Three Sisters
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Little barley
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Serpent Mound
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2206:Summer Island
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
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2009:Mississippian
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1860:Mississippian
1855:
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1775:Corbin–Tucker
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1682:Roods Landing
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1622:Moccasin Bend
1620:
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1552:Hoojah Branch
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1459:Mississippian
1456:
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1382:Menard-Hodges
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1319:Swallow Bluff
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1240:Tennessee and
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1136:
1133:
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1128:
1126:
1123:
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1118:
1116:
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1110:Marshall Site
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947:
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942:Mississippian
938:
932:
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920:
916:
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783:9781610751469
779:
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756:9780199977062
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553:9780820318882
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506:9781610751469
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404:
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394:
392:
388:
384:
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377:
371:
369:
365:
361:
360:Emerald Phase
357:
353:
352:Emerald Mound
349:
344:
342:
338:
335:in the lower
334:
330:
326:
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315:
311:
305:
301:
294:
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160:
159:vassal states
156:
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138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
109:
101:
94:
90:
83:
78:
72:
68:
66:
61:
60:protohistoric
57:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
32:
29:
25:
21:
3661:Water glyphs
3616:Oasisamerica
3606:N.A.G.P.R.A.
3566:Folsom point
3556:Effigy mound
3536:Clovis point
3504:Aridoamerica
3405:Wickiup Hill
3360:Spiro Mounds
3340:Salmon Ruins
3335:Russell Cave
3130:Helen Blazes
3125:Grimes Point
3105:Fort Juelson
3095:Fort Ancient
3070:El Vallecito
3030:Chaco Canyon
2970:Angel Mounds
2932:Steed-Kisker
2882:Paleo-Arctic
2804:Glacial Kame
2789:Fort Ancient
2681:Post-Classic
2652:
2584:Chevron bead
2490:Burial mound
2384:Shell gorget
2352:Spiro plates
2347:Rogan plates
2166:Knoll Spring
2141:Hartley Fort
2101:Beattie Park
1985:Transylvania
1823:Bottle Creek
1785:Lake Jackson
1667:Pisgah phase
1597:Little Egypt
1547:Garden Creek
1532:Dallas phase
1419:Tipton phase
1413:
1397:Nodena phase
1294:Mound Bottom
1279:Fewkes Group
1264:Brick Church
1166:Angel Mounds
1032:Kuhn Station
1027:John Chapman
854:
833:. Retrieved
824:
803:
792:
772:
765:
745:
722:
703:
685:
665:. Retrieved
656:
617:
592:
582:
569:
562:
533:
495:
475:10 September
473:. Retrieved
467:
460:
395:
380:
372:
345:
322:
289:
275:
263:
226:
219:
213:
209:
198:
171:
167:Nodena phase
152:
146:
140:
114:
23:
19:
18:
3646:Thunderbird
3514:Black drink
3478:Peñon woman
3415:Winterville
3395:Velda Mound
3375:Taos Pueblo
3270:Parkin Park
3255:Orwell site
3240:Nodena site
3135:Holly Bluff
3110:Four Mounds
3100:Fort Center
3025:Casa Grande
2975:Anzick site
2867:Monongahela
2794:Fort Walton
2769:Coles Creek
2734:Belle Glade
2719:Anishinaabe
2559:Thunderbird
2485:Black drink
2337:Emmons mask
2281:Chenopodium
2269:Agriculture
2191:Plum Island
2146:Hotel Plaza
1995:Winterville
1975:Scott Place
1913:Holly Bluff
1833:Fort Walton
1587:Lamar phase
1441:Walls phase
1337:Belle Meade
1330:Mississippi
1274:Dunbar Cave
1176:Annis Mound
1171:Angel phase
1145:Ware Mounds
1140:Twin Mounds
990:Ramey state
975:Monks Mound
626:. pp.
542:. pp.
337:Yazoo Basin
329:Holly Bluff
163:Parkin site
50:. Multiple
3697:Categories
3591:Metallurgy
3551:Eden point
3448:Buhl Woman
3320:Rock Eagle
3310:River Styx
3235:Mummy Cave
3230:Moundville
3210:Mesa Verde
3195:Marksville
2942:Tchefuncte
2902:Plaquemine
2838:Las Palmas
2754:Calf Creek
2749:Cades Pond
2296:Marshelder
2181:Oak Forest
2151:Hoxie Farm
1965:Pocahontas
1858:Plaquemine
1795:Letchworth
1727:Town Creek
1662:Park Mound
1627:Moundville
1612:Mandeville
1602:Long Swamp
1562:Jere Shine
1414:Quigualtam
1362:Chucalissa
1249:Backusburg
1242:Cumberland
1231:Yankeetown
1216:Slack Farm
1191:Ellerbusch
1095:Adams site
1002:Cloverdale
835:2018-01-30
667:2018-01-27
453:References
348:Glass site
279:arquebuses
220:Quigualtam
20:Quigualtam
3636:Stickball
3325:Rock Hawk
3155:Key Marco
2947:Troyville
2927:St. Johns
2912:Red Ocher
2671:Formative
2425:Muskogean
2398:Languages
2311:Sunflower
2171:Mero site
2106:Blood Run
1760:Apalachee
1707:Summerour
1647:Nacoochee
1404:Owl Creek
1299:Riverview
1289:Link Farm
1181:Bone Bank
1135:Turk Site
1130:Towosahgy
995:Woodhenge
864:cite book
356:Vicksburg
205:obeisance
43:chieftain
3524:Chanunpa
3509:Ballgame
3488:Vero man
3438:Anzick-1
3410:Windover
3370:SunWatch
3300:Rassawek
3120:Glenwood
3010:Brewster
2862:Mogollon
2833:La Jolla
2819:Hopewell
2779:Deptford
2692:cultures
2532:Red Horn
2500:Chanunpa
2478:Northern
2466:Religion
2447:Timucuan
2415:Cherokee
2201:Schwerdt
2161:Juntunen
2136:Griesmer
2079:cultures
2032:Bluffton
1918:Jaketown
1883:Fitzhugh
1737:Wilbanks
1717:Tomotley
1692:Savannah
1657:Ocmulgee
1637:Mulberry
1572:Joe Bell
1492:Biltmore
1487:Bessemer
1352:Campbell
1314:Old Town
1120:Orr-Herl
1057:Orendorf
1052:Mitchell
985:Mound 72
980:Mound 34
965:Big Eddy
800:(1990).
614:(1997).
530:(1997).
421:See also
284:gunwales
266:pinnaces
217:—
142:Quizquiz
133:Arkansas
125:Guachoya
117:chiefdom
93:Hudson's
41:and its
3673:Related
3531:Chunkey
3431:remains
3420:Wupatki
3260:Paquime
3150:Huápoca
3015:Cahokia
2985:Bastian
2892:Patayan
2814:Hohokam
2799:Fremont
2774:ComondĂş
2729:Baytown
2724:Avonlea
2704:Alachua
2676:Classic
2666:Archaic
2654:Periods
2507:Chunkey
2452:Tunican
2430:Natchez
2405:Caddoan
2379:Pottery
2330:Artwork
2321:Tobacco
2301:Pumpkin
2262:Culture
2116:Fifield
2047:Gahagan
2022:Belcher
2007:Caddoan
1990:Venable
1953:Natchez
1938:Mazique
1893:Fosters
1888:Flowery
1878:Emerald
1755:Anhaica
1712:Taskigi
1677:Rembert
1652:Nikwasi
1617:McMahan
1592:Liddell
1467:Adamson
1377:Janet's
1367:Denmark
1342:Boone's
1304:Sellars
1211:Prather
970:Cahokia
960:Aztalan
628:380–392
544:341–351
437:Natchez
411:Memphis
316:, near
234:Moscoso
222:, 1542
3090:Folsom
3055:Cutler
2990:Benson
2877:Oneota
2809:Glades
2784:Folsom
2764:Clovis
2661:Lithic
2442:Siouan
2435:Taensa
2306:Squash
2229:Clover
2088:Oneota
2062:Keller
2052:Hughes
2017:Battle
1958:Taensa
1943:Medora
1933:Mangum
1928:Julice
1923:Jordan
1770:Cayson
1702:Sixtoe
1697:Shiloh
1607:Mabila
1542:Etowah
1522:Citico
1512:Chiaha
1507:Chauga
1424:Tunica
1409:Parkin
1392:Nodena
1387:Murphy
1357:Carson
1206:Murphy
1062:Sleeth
1047:McCune
1037:Larson
940:Middle
812:
780:
753:
634:
550:
503:
447:Tunica
442:Taensa
403:Tunica
238:Mexico
186:Anilco
154:Pacaha
151:, and
148:Casqui
121:polity
58:, and
39:polity
3621:Piasa
3429:Human
3060:Eaker
2963:sites
2897:Plano
2699:Adena
2457:Yuchi
2291:Maize
2276:Beans
2234:Dodge
2186:Palos
2156:Huber
2096:Anker
2067:Spiro
2037:Caddo
1970:Routh
1903:Glass
1898:Ghost
1800:Velda
1722:Toqua
1582:Lamar
1567:Joara
1557:Irene
1527:Coosa
1517:Chota
1497:Blair
1472:Avery
1434:Yazoo
1429:Koroa
1372:Eaker
1309:Obion
1067:Starr
727:(PDF)
661:(PDF)
574:(PDF)
407:Koroa
399:Yazoo
242:Texas
182:maize
3581:Kiva
1980:Sims
1948:Mott
1868:Anna
1577:King
1537:Dyar
1347:Boyd
1221:Tolu
870:link
810:ISBN
778:ISBN
751:ISBN
632:ISBN
548:ISBN
501:ISBN
477:2023
405:and
350:and
3085:Eva
1805:Yon
331:or
123:of
22:or
3699::
866:}}
862:{{
735:^
712:^
694:^
676:^
646:^
630:.
622:.
601:^
546:.
538:.
515:^
485:^
401:,
169:.
145:,
54:,
2633:e
2626:t
2619:v
900:e
893:t
886:v
872:)
838:.
818:.
786:.
759:.
640:.
556:.
509:.
479:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
