266:. Hales and Johnson explain endurantism as follows: "something is an enduring object only if it is wholly present at each time in which it exists. An object is wholly present at a time if all of its parts co-exist at that time." Under endurantism, all objects must exist as wholes at each point in time, but an object such as a rotting fruit will have the property of being not rotten one day and being rotten on another. On eternalism, and hence the B-theory, it seems that one is committed to two conflicting states for the same object. The spacetime (Minkowskian) interpretation of relativity adds an additional problem for endurantism under B-theory. On the spacetime interpretation, an object may appear as a whole at its rest frame, but on an
234:-reflexive phrase such as "simultaneous with this utterance", yet Smith states that even such an argument fails to eliminate tense. One can think the statement "I am not uttering anything now", and such a statement would be true. The statement "I am not uttering anything simultaneous with this utterance" is self-contradictory, and cannot be true even when one thinks the statement. Finally, while tensed statements can express token-independent truth values, no token-reflexive statement can do so (by definition of the term "token-reflexive"). Smith claims that proponents of the B-theory argue that the inability to translate tensed sentences into tenseless sentences does not prove A-theory.
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is in the future. Prior asks the reader to imagine having a headache, and after the headache subsides, saying "thank goodness that's over." Prior argues that the B-theory cannot make sense of this sentence. It seems bizarre to be thankful that a headache is earlier than one's utterance, anymore than being thankful that the headache is later than one's utterance. Indeed, most people who say "thank goodness that's over" are not even thinking of their own utterance. Therefore, when people say "thank goodness that's over," they are thankful for an A-fact, and not a B-fact. Yet, A-facts are only possible on the A-theory of time. (See also:
274:
leads to difficulties. For example, the rotating discs argument asks the reader to imagine a world containing nothing more than a homogeneous spinning disk. Under endurantism, the same disc endures despite its rotations. The perdurantist supposedly has a difficult time explaining what it means for such a disc to have a determinate state of rotation. Temporal parts also seem to act unlike physical parts. A piece of chalk can be broken into two physical halves, but it seems nonsensical to talk about breaking it into two temporal halves. American epistemologist
113:. Parmenides thought that reality is timeless and unchanging. Heraclitus, in contrast, believed that the world is a process of ceaseless change or flux. Reality for Heraclitus is dynamic and ephemeral. Indeed, the world is so fleeting, according to Heraclitus, that it is impossible to step twice into the same river. The metaphysical issues that continue to divide A-theorists and B-theorists concern the reality of the past, the reality of the future, and the ontological status of the present.
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argued that someone who hears the bird call "Bob White" knows "that his experience of hearing 'Bob' and his experience of hearing 'White' were not also had by two other things, each distinct from himself and from each other. The endurantist can explain the experience as "There exists an x such that x
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The difference between A-theorists and B-theorists is often described as a dispute about temporal passage or 'becoming' and 'progressing'. B-theorists argue that this notion is purely psychological. Many A-theorists argue that in rejecting temporal 'becoming', B-theorists reject time's most vital and
241:
has also drawn a distinction between what he calls A-facts and B-facts. The latter are facts about tenseless relations, such as the fact that the year 2025 is 25 years later than the year 2000. The former are tensed facts, such as that the
Jurassic age is in the past, or that the end of the universe
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or auxiliary adverbial modifiers. Alternatively, events may be described as earlier than, simultaneous with, or later than others. Philosophers are divided as to whether the tensed or tenseless mode of expressing temporal fact is fundamental. Some philosophers have criticised hybrid theories, where
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wish to eliminate all talk of past, present and future in favour of a tenseless ordering of events, believing the past, present, and future to be equally real, opposing the idea that they are irreducible foundations of temporality. B-theorists also argue that the past, present, and future feature
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asks the reader to consider
Descartes as a four-dimensional object that extends from 1596 to 1650. If Descartes had lived a much shorter life, he would have had a radically different set of temporal parts. This diminished Descartes, he argues, could not have been the same person on perdurantism,
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Opponents will then charge perdurantism with numerous difficulties of its own. First, it is controversial whether perdurantism can be formulated coherently. An object is defined as a collection of spatiotemporal parts, defined as pieces of a perduring object. If objects have temporal parts, this
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Earlier B-theorists argued that one could paraphrase tensed sentences (such as "the sun is now shining", uttered on
September 28) into tenseless sentences (such as "on September 28, the sun shines") without loss of meaning. Later B-theorists argued that tenseless sentences could give the truth
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argues that "now" cannot be reduced to descriptions of dates and times, because all date and time descriptions, and therefore truth conditionals, are relative to certain events. Tensed sentences, on the other hand, do not have such truth conditionals. The B-theorist could argue that "now" is
85:" (1908), in which events are ordered via a tensed A-series or a tenseless B-series. It is popularly assumed that the A theory represents time like an A-series, while the B theory represents time like a B-series. The terms A and B theory are sometimes used as synonyms to the terms
96:
Events (or "times"), McTaggart observed, may be characterized in two distinct but related ways. On the one hand they can be characterized as past, present or future, normally indicated in natural languages such as
English by the verbal inflection of
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very differently in deliberation and reflection. For example, we remember the past and anticipate the future, but not vice versa. B-theorists maintain that the fact that we know much less about the future simply reflects an
42:, that the past, present, and future are equally real, and that time is tenseless: temporal becoming is not an objective feature of reality. Therefore, there is nothing privileged about the present, ontologically speaking.
126:, the thesis that contrary to what appears to be the case, all times really exist in parity. A-theory (and especially presentism) denies that all times exist in parity, while B-theory insists all times exist in parity.
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distinctive characteristic. It is common (though not universal) to identify A-theorists' views with belief in temporal passage. Another way to characterise the distinction revolves around what is known as the
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one holds a tenseless view of time but asserts that the present has special properties, as falling foul of McTaggart's paradox. For a thorough discussion of McTaggart's paradox, see R. D. Ingthorsson (2016).
270:, it will have proper parts at different positions, and therefore different parts at different times. Hence it will not exist as a whole at any time, contradicting endurantism.
207:, that is, to believe that objects are extended in time as well as in space and therefore have temporal as well as spatial parts. This is sometimes called a time-slice
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262:. According to the former, an object is wholly present at every moment of its existence. According to the latter, objects are extended in time and therefore have
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93:, but arguably presentism does not represent time being like an A-series since it denies that there is a future and past in which events can be located.
188:(and hence a B-theory of time), where the present for different observers is a time slice of the four-dimensional universe. This is demonstrated in the
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The B-theory of time has received support from physicists. This is likely due to its compatibility with physics and the fact that many theories such as
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shows that there is no unique present, and that each point in the universe can have a different set of events that are in its present moment.
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Opponents also charge the B-theory with being unable to explain persistence of objects. The two leading explanations for this phenomenon are
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The debate between A-theorists and B-theorists is a continuation of a metaphysical dispute reaching back to the ancient Greek philosophers
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difference between the future and the past: the future is no less real than the past; we just know less about it.
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Clark, Michael (May 1978). "Time-slices of particular continuants as basic individuals: An impossible ontology".
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Clark, M (1978). "Time-slices of particular continuants as basic individuals: An impossible ontology".
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722:: "Concerning Computers, Minds, and Laws of Physics". New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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1329:. New Edition by Per Hasle, Peter ĆhrstrĆøm, Torben BraĆ¼ner & Jack Copeland. Oxford: Clarendon.
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Hales, Steven D.; Johnson, Timothy A. "Endurantism, Perdurantism, and
Special Relativity".
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Hales, Steven D.; Johnson, Timothy A. "Endurantism, Perdurantism, and
Special Relativity".
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hears 'Bob' and then x hears 'White'" but the perdurantist cannot give such an account.
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38:. B-theorists argue that the flow of time is only a subjective illusion of human
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Carter, William R.; Hestevold, H. Scott (1994). "On
Passage and Persistence".
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Many of special relativity's now-proven counterintuitive predictions, such as
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Teller, Paul (2002). "The
Rotating Disc Argument and Humean Supervenience".
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973:(1. publ., repr. ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. pp.
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Beer, Michelle (1988). "Temporal
Indexicals and the Passage of Time".
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It is therefore common (though not universal) for B-theorists to be
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Callender, Craig (September 1, 2000). "Shedding Light on Time".
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Thomson, Judith Jarvis. "Parthood and Identity Across Time".
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Gale, Richard (April 1966). "McTaggart's Analysis of Time".
1058:( ed.). Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers. p.
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Harrington, James. "What "Becomes" in Temporal Becoming?".
1336:(2005). "A Philosopher Looks at Quantum Mechanics Again".
919:( ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 83.
894:( ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 79.
869:( ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 35.
27:
Philosophical theory regarding temporal ordering of events
944:( ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 3.
701:"Prof. Brian Greene: Past, present and future exist now"
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since their temporal extents and parts are so different.
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1188:
Van Inwagen, Peter (1990). "Four-Dimensional Objects".
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McTaggart, J. Ellis (1908). "The Unreality of Time".
1271:, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 9780199249954.
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The Tenseless Theory of Time: A Critical Examination
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The Tenseless Theory of Time: A Critical Examination
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The B-theory is derived from a distinction drawn by
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807:Time and Cause Essays Presented to Richard Taylor
463:Time and Cause Essays Presented to Richard Taylor
162:, point to a theory of time similar to B-theory.
1309:, Vol II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1021:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
225:conditions of tensed sentences or their tokens.
786:Fisk, Milton. "A Pragmatic Account of Tenses".
2570:The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time
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1338:British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
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997:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
703:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9AiPuIsqck/
691:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1WfFkp4puw
329:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1WfFkp4puw
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1167:. New York University Press. p. 15.
665:(. ed.). London: Routledge. p.
307:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
965:Markosian, John W. Carroll, Ned (2010).
617:"Philosophy Cambridge Mellor Time Tense"
327:"Brian Greene on the B-theory of time"
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196:'s advanced form of this argument, the
1378:", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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53:. The B-theory is often drawn upon in
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537:This sentence has been translated by
379:. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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1163:Muniz, Milton K., ed. (June 1971).
518:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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81:'s analysis of time and change in "
689:"Brian Green on B-theory of time"
57:, and is seen in theories such as
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788:American Philosophical Quarterly
591:American Philosophical Quarterly
557:American Philosophical Quarterly
486:Palmer, John (8 February 2008).
342:American Philosophical Quarterly
809:. Springer Verlag. p. 11.
146:B-theory in theoretical physics
1363:, Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.
969:An introduction to metaphysics
465:. Springer Verlag. p. 7.
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250:Endurantism and perdurantism
124:principle of temporal parity
2148:Geological history of Earth
1104:The Philosophical Quarterly
1085:The Philosophical Quarterly
436:Ingthorsson, R. D. (2016).
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1500:Orders of magnitude (time)
1165:Identity and Individuation
1055:On the Plurality of Worlds
1015:Hawley, Katherine (2020).
171:relativity of simultaneity
2552:Post hoc ergo propter hoc
2410:A priori and a posteriori
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2211:Time translation symmetry
1262:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
237:Logician and philosopher
2455:Multiple time dimensions
1327:Papers on Time and Tense
190:RietdijkāPutnam argument
2599:Concepts in metaphysics
2577:An Experiment with Time
2166:Absolute space and time
1817:Astronomical chronology
1374:Markosian, Ned, 2002, "
1307:The Nature of Existence
1296:10.1093/mind/xvii.4.457
1280:"The Unreality of Time"
1135:10.1093/analys/62.3.205
940:Smith, Quentin (1993).
915:Smith, Quentin (1993).
890:Smith, Quentin (1993).
865:Smith, Quentin (1993).
832:Philosophical Quarterly
440:. New York: Routledge.
220:Irreducibility of tense
117:B-theory in metaphysics
2516:Growing block universe
2216:Time reversal symmetry
1520:Italian six-hour clock
805:Smart, J.J.C. (2010).
719:The Emperor's New Mind
657:Mellor, D. H. (1998).
619:. People.pwf.cam.ac.uk
461:Smart, J.J.C. (2010).
2563:The Unreality of Time
2415:A series and B series
1981:Time and fate deities
1926:The Unreality of Time
1865:A series and B series
1269:The Labyrinth of Time
1209:Philosophical Studies
1150:Journal of Philosophy
1052:Lewis, David (2001).
734:Philosophical Studies
638:"Google Drive Viewer"
400:Philosophy of Science
303:Craig, W. L. (2000).
83:The Unreality of Time
71:A-theory and B-theory
51:A series and B series
2232:Chronological dating
2201:Theory of relativity
1545:Daylight saving time
1319:. London: Routledge.
205:four-dimensionalists
129:B-theorists such as
2501:Four-dimensionalism
1525:Thai six-hour clock
1350:10.1093/bjps/axi135
1252:. Synthese Library.
1242:. Synthese Library.
769:Philosophical Forum
438:McTaggart's Paradox
55:theoretical physics
2391:Philosophy of time
2055:Rosy retrospection
2033:Mental chronometry
1857:Philosophy of time
1221:10.1007/bf00354208
746:10.1007/bf00354208
512:Graham, Daniel W.
178:length contraction
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1276:McTaggart, J.M.E.
942:Language and time
917:Language and time
892:Language and time
867:Language and time
447:978-1-138-67724-1
281:Peter van Inwagen
276:Roderick Chisholm
198:Andromeda paradox
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2460:Temporal parts
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2450:Imaginary time
2447:
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2430:Eternal return
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2048:time signature
2045:
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2019:
2017:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1989:
1988:
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1968:
1963:
1958:
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1930:
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1920:Temporal parts
1917:
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1890:Eternal return
1887:
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1875:Chronocentrism
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1660:Hindu Panchang
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1392:
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1379:
1370:
1369:External links
1367:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1344:(4): 615ā634.
1330:
1320:
1310:
1300:
1272:
1263:
1253:
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1215:(4): 403ā408.
1203:
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1155:
1140:
1129:(3): 206ā207.
1113:
1094:
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1044:
1035:|website=
1018:Temporal Parts
1004:
984:978-0521533683
983:
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857:
822:
816:978-9048183586
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740:(4): 403ā408.
724:
706:
694:
682:
675:
649:
629:
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597:(4): 269ā283.
581:
566:
547:
541:in Epistulae,
530:
504:
478:
472:978-9048183586
471:
453:
446:
425:
412:10.1086/392848
390:
373:Markosian, Ned
359:
348:(2): 145ā152.
332:
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268:inertial frame
264:temporal parts
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135:J. J. C. Smart
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2237:Chronobiology
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2171:Arrow of time
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2143:Geochronology
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2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:Wheel of time
1991:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1928:
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1923:
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1918:
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1911:
1908:
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1903:
1901:
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1837:Periodization
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1783:
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1778:
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1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:Digital clock
1761:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
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1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:Relative hour
1538:
1536:
1535:24-hour clock
1533:
1531:
1530:12-hour clock
1528:
1526:
1523:
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1518:
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1301:
1297:
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1290:(4): 457ā73.
1289:
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903:
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841:
837:
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505:
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489:
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474:
468:
464:
457:
454:
449:
443:
439:
432:
430:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:: S587āS599.
405:
401:
394:
391:
378:
374:
368:
366:
364:
360:
355:
351:
347:
343:
336:
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287:
285:
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277:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
249:
247:
245:
244:Further facts
240:
235:
233:
228:
227:Quentin Smith
219:
214:
212:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
194:Roger Penrose
191:
187:
183:
182:time dilation
179:
174:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
145:
143:
141:
136:
132:
127:
125:
116:
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108:
103:
100:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
64:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
41:
40:consciousness
37:
33:
19:
2575:
2568:
2521:Perdurantism
2485:
2311:Time capsule
2305:Tempus fugit
2303:
2225:Other fields
1924:
1905:Perdurantism
1869:
1827:Calendar era
1779:
1772:
1758:Cuckoo clock
1695:astronomical
1669:
1495:Unit of time
1426:Key concepts
1382:Arthur Prior
1360:
1341:
1337:
1326:
1317:Real Time II
1316:
1313:Mellor, D.H.
1306:
1287:
1283:
1268:
1260:Other Worlds
1259:
1256:Davies, Paul
1249:
1239:
1212:
1208:
1189:
1183:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1143:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1054:
1047:
1017:
968:
960:
941:
935:
916:
910:
891:
885:
866:
860:
835:
831:
825:
806:
800:
791:
787:
781:
772:
768:
762:
737:
733:
727:
717:
709:
697:
685:
661:Real time II
660:
652:
641:. Retrieved
632:
621:. Retrieved
611:
594:
590:
584:
575:
569:
560:
556:
550:
533:
521:. Retrieved
517:
514:"Heraclitus"
507:
495:. Retrieved
491:
488:"Parmenides"
481:
462:
456:
437:
403:
399:
393:
381:. Retrieved
345:
341:
335:
323:
304:
272:
260:perdurantism
253:
239:Arthur Prior
236:
223:
202:
175:
164:
149:
131:D. H. Mellor
128:
123:
120:
104:
95:
77:philosopher
68:
44:
31:
29:
2547:Metaphysics
2491:Endurantism
2465:Temporality
2321:Time travel
2299:System time
2206:Time domain
2191:Proper time
2015:use of time
1986:Father Time
1966:Immortality
1956:Ages of Man
1885:Endurantism
1842:Regnal year
1822:Big History
1751:water-based
1650:Solar Hijri
1560:Hexadecimal
1510:Measurement
1472:Chronometry
1458:Measurement
1323:Prior, A.N.
1246:Craig, W.L.
1236:Craig, W.L.
1110:(213): 535.
1091:(213): 532.
714:Penrose, R.
523:29 December
497:29 December
383:28 December
256:endurantism
2593:Categories
2526:Presentism
2496:Eternalism
2445:Eviternity
2023:Chronemics
1998:Kalachakra
1910:Presentism
1895:Eternalism
1801:Chronology
1739:mechanical
1690:Main types
1608:Main types
1334:Putnam, H.
1200:References
1192:: 252ā254.
1174:0814753752
1069:0631224262
951:0195082273
926:0195082273
901:0195082273
876:0195082273
676:0415097819
643:2014-03-03
623:2014-03-03
578:(68): 458.
543:VI, 58, 23
314:0792366352
215:Opposition
186:eternalism
111:Parmenides
107:Heraclitus
91:eternalism
87:presentism
69:The terms
59:eternalism
2557:Teleology
2279:Leap year
2196:Spacetime
2070:Yesterday
1971:Dreamtime
1945:Mythology
1832:Deep time
1744:stopwatch
1719:hourglass
1700:astrarium
1630:Gregorian
1623:Lunisolar
1600:Calendars
1590:Time zone
1463:standards
1229:170267880
1037:ignored (
1027:cite book
993:cite book
754:170267880
563:(3): 249.
420:120906143
156:ADD model
75:Cambridge
2609:Ontology
2542:Etiology
2511:Finitism
2506:Fatalism
2435:Eternity
2425:Duration
2339:Category
2087:Time in
2078:Tomorrow
1940:Religion
1880:Duration
1847:Timeline
1781:Timeline
1580:Sidereal
1448:Eternity
1278:(1908).
1123:Analysis
716:(1989).
603:20009790
354:20009201
209:ontology
49:between
2349:Commons
2272:Related
2186:Instant
2176:Chronon
2158:Physics
2098:Geology
2089:science
1961:Destiny
1806:History
1774:History
1729:sundial
1712:quantum
1655:Chinese
1645:Islamic
1555:Decimal
1550:Chinese
1512:systems
1438:Present
1359:(1960)
1325:(2003)
1315:(1998)
1305:(1927)
1258:(1980)
1248:(2000)
1238:(2001)
852:2219921
192:and in
2420:Action
2289:Moment
2284:Memory
2136:period
1724:marine
1707:atomic
1682:Clocks
1640:Hebrew
1635:Julian
1570:Metric
1443:Future
1227:
1171:
1066:
981:
977:ā170.
948:
923:
898:
873:
850:
813:
775:: 405.
752:
673:
601:
539:Seneca
469:
444:
418:
377:"Time"
352:
311:
169:, the
158:, and
154:, the
99:tenses
2440:Event
2294:Space
2126:epoch
2116:chron
2074:Today
2043:tempo
2038:Music
1900:Event
1734:watch
1618:Lunar
1613:Solar
1585:Solar
1575:Roman
1565:Hindu
1225:S2CID
1152:: 80.
848:JSTOR
750:S2CID
599:JSTOR
416:S2CID
350:JSTOR
288:Notes
232:token
2614:Time
2405:Time
2013:and
1976:KÄla
1671:List
1665:Maya
1461:and
1433:Past
1419:Time
1376:Time
1284:Mind
1190:Noƻs
1169:ISBN
1064:ISBN
1039:help
999:link
979:ISBN
946:ISBN
921:ISBN
896:ISBN
871:ISBN
811:ISBN
671:ISBN
576:Mind
525:2014
499:2014
467:ISBN
442:ISBN
385:2014
309:ISBN
258:and
180:and
133:and
109:and
89:and
30:The
2131:era
2121:eon
2111:age
1490:TAI
1480:UTC
1346:doi
1292:doi
1217:doi
1131:doi
1060:202
975:169
840:doi
742:doi
408:doi
246:.)
165:In
2595::
2076:ā
2072:ā
1485:UT
1342:56
1340:.
1288:17
1286:.
1282:.
1223:.
1213:33
1211:.
1127:62
1125:.
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