Regulatory T cell - Knowledge (XXG)

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on maternal milk to incorporating solid food, between 15 and 20 days of age, when a large number of microbial antigens is introduced and commensal microbiota are settling in the intestine. During this time, protective RORγt+ Treg cells are induced by the microbial antigens and normal intestinal homeostasis is sustained by induction of tolerance to commensal microbiota. Lack of RORγt+ Treg cell induction led in mice to the development of severe

1526: cells. Originally, high expression of CD25 and CD4 surface markers was used (CD4CD25 cells). This is problematic as CD25 is also expressed on non-regulatory T cells in the setting of immune activation such as during an immune response to a pathogen. As defined by CD4 and CD25 expression, regulatory T cells comprise about 5–10% of the mature CD4 T cell subpopulation in mice and humans, while about 1–2% of T 1104:

IL-17 are expanded in mucosa of patients with Crohn´s disease. Depletion of RORγt+ Tregs in mice with colorectal cancer caused enhancement of reactivity of tumor-specific T cells and improved cancer immune surveillance. This improvement is not caused by the loss of IL-17 as that was proved to promote cancer progression. In tumors of mice with conditional knockout of RORγt+ Tregs was confirmed downregulation of

7137: 1667:. Most individuals have other autoimmune phenomena including Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune neutropenia, and tubular nephropathy. The majority of affected males die within the first year of life of either metabolic derangements or sepsis. An analogous disease is also observed in a spontaneous FOXP3-mutant mouse known as "scurfy". 1547:(glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor) are also expressed on regulatory T cells, however the functional significance of this expression remains to be defined. There is a great interest in identifying cell surface markers that are uniquely and specifically expressed on all FOXP3-expressing regulatory T cells. However, to date no such molecule has been identified. 7149: 403:. Tregs expressing low amounts of CD25, GITR and PD-1 limit the development of colitis by promoting the conversion of conventional CD4 T cells into pTreg. Tregs highly expressing CD25, GITR and PD-1 are more self-reactive and control lymphoproliferation in peripheral lymph nodes - they may have the ability to protect against autoimmune disorders. 356:, FOXP3 transcription factor has to be upregulated which is driven by γ-chain (CD132) dependent cytokines, in particular IL-2 and/or IL-15. Only IL-2 alone is not sufficient to stimulate Foxp3 expression, other cytokines are needed. Whereas IL-2 is produced by self-reactive thymocytes, IL-15 is produced by stromal cells of the thymus, mainly 309:" process - i.e. not too high, not too low, but just right; a T cell that receives very strong signals will undergo apoptotic death; a cell that receives a weak signal will survive and be selected to become an effector cell. If a T cell receives an intermediate signal, then it will become a regulatory cell. Due to the 1084:, an essential amino acid, alters commensal microbiota metabolism which results in expansion of RORγt+ Treg cells and reduction of Gata3+ Treg cells. This induction is possibly regulated by stimulation of Aryl hydrocarbon receptor by metabolites produced by commensal bacteria using tryptophan as an energy source. 618:. Regulatory T cells actively suppress activation of the immune system and prevent pathological self-reactivity, i.e. autoimmune disease. The critical role regulatory T cells play within the immune system is evidenced by the severe autoimmune syndrome that results from a genetic deficiency in regulatory T cells ( 1610:

Regulatory T cell epitopes ('Tregitopes') were discovered in 2008 and consist of linear sequences of amino acids contained within monoclonal antibodies and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Since their discovery, evidence has indicated Tregitopes may be crucial to the activation of natural regulatory T cells.

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Pathological may be involvement of RORγt+ regulatory T cells in colorectal cancer. It was found, that RORγt+ Tregs which are able to express IL-17 are expanded in colorectal cancer and as cancer develops, they lose the ability to express anti-inflammatory IL-10. Similarly such RORγt+ Tregs expressing

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T regulatory cells are a component of the immune system that suppress immune responses of other cells. This is an important "self-check" built into the immune system to prevent excessive reactions. Regulatory T cells come in many forms with the most well-understood being those that express CD4, CD25,

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Genetic mutations in the gene encoding FOXP3 have been identified in both humans and mice based on the heritable disease caused by these mutations. This disease provides the most striking evidence that regulatory T cells play a critical role in maintaining normal immune system function. Humans with

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infection. They suppress the immune system, thus limiting target cells and reducing inflammation, but this simultaneously disrupts the clearance of virus by the cell-mediated immune response and enhances the reservoir by pushing CD4 T cells to a resting state, including infected cells. Additionally,

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In mice, colonic RORγt+ Tregs are absent during the first two weeks after birth. Generation of RORγt+ Treg early after birth is essential to prevent the development of various intestinal immunopathologies later in life. Particularly crucial is a time period of gradual transition from relying solely

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s within unactivated CD3CD4 T cells is high CD25 expression combined with the absent or low-level expression of the surface protein CD127 (IL-7RA). If viable cells are not required then the addition of FOXP3 to the CD25 and CD127 combination will provide further stringency. Several additional

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An important question is how the immunosuppressive activity of regulatory T cells is modulated during the course of an ongoing immune response. While the immunosuppressive function of regulatory T cells prevents the development of autoimmune disease, it is not desirable during immune responses to

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The small intestinal environment is high in vitamin A and is a location where retinoic acid is produced. The retinoic acid and TGF-beta produced by dendritic cells within this area signal for production of regulatory T cells. Vitamin A and TGF-beta promote T cell differentiation into regulatory T

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Another control mechanism is through the IL-2 feedback loop. Antigen-activated T cells produce IL-2 which then acts on IL-2 receptors on regulatory T cells alerting them to the fact that high T cell activity is occurring in the region, and they mount a suppressory response against them. This is a

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receptor alpha chain (CD25). In addition to the FOXP3-expressing CD4 CD25, there also appears to be a minor population of MHC class I restricted CD8 FOXP3-expressing regulatory T cells. These FOXP3-expressing CD8 T cells do not appear to be functional in healthy individuals but are induced in

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3, CD8CD28, and Qa-1 restricted T cells. The contribution of these populations to self-tolerance and immune homeostasis is less well defined. FOXP3 can be used as a good marker for mouse CD4CD25 T cells, although recent studies have also shown evidence for FOXP3 expression in CD4CD25

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Upon encounter with infectious microorganisms, the activity of regulatory T cells may be downregulated, either directly or indirectly, by other cells to facilitate elimination of the infection. Experimental evidence from mouse models suggests that some pathogens may have evolved to manipulate

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While regulatory T cells increase via polyclonal expansion both systemically and locally during healthy pregnancies to protect the fetus from the maternal immune response (a process called maternal immune tolerance), evidence suggests that this polyclonal expansion is impaired in

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loop to ensure that overreaction is not occurring. If an actual infection is present other inflammatory factors downregulate the suppression. Disruption of the loop leads to hyperreactivity, regulation can modify the strength of the immune response. A related suggestion with regard to

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suppression include anti-CD25 mAbs and anti-CCR4 mAbs. OX40 agonist and GITR agonists are currently being investigated. Therapy targeting TCR signaling is also possible by blocking tyrosine kinases. For example, tyrosine-kinase inhibitor dasatinib is used for treatment of chronic

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antibodies present in the maternal milk. In adult mice, RORγt+ Tregs and IgA exhibit mutual inhibition. Similarly, mice nursed by foster mothers with higher IgA titers in their milk will develop fewer RORγt+ Tregs compared to those fed with milk containing lower IgA titers.

262:- cells at the DN (double-negative) stage, where an individual cell will rearrange its T cell receptor genes to form a unique, functional molecule, which they, in turn, test against cells in the thymic cortex for a minimal level of interaction with self- 1662:

syndrome is characterized by the development of overwhelming systemic autoimmunity in the first year of life, resulting in the commonly observed triad of watery diarrhea, eczematous dermatitis, and endocrinopathy seen most commonly as insulin-dependent

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Ellis SD, McGovern JL, van Maurik A, Howe D, Ehrenstein MR, Notley CA (October 2014). "Induced CD8+FoxP3+ Treg cells in rheumatoid arthritis are modulated by p38 phosphorylation and monocytes expressing membrane tumor necrosis factor α and CD86".

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s within the gut are differentiated from naïve T cells after antigen is introduced. It has recently been shown that human regulatory T cells can be induced from both naive and pre-committed Th1 cells and Th17 cells using a parasite-derived

892:. The intestinal environment can lead to induced regulatory T cells with TGF-beta and retinoic acid, some of which express the lectin-like receptor CD161 and are specialized to maintain barrier integrity by accelerating wound healing. The T 1064:

RORγt+ Tregs were also shown for their importance in oral tolerance and prevention of food allergies. Infants with developed food allergies have different composition of fecal microbiota in comparison to healthy infants and have increased

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mothers and their offspring. Research suggests reduced production and development of regulatory T cells during preeclampsia may degrade maternal immune tolerance, leading to the hyperactive immune response characteristic of preeclampsia.

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Wieczorek G, Asemissen A, Model F, Turbachova I, Floess S, Liebenberg V, et al. (January 2009). "Quantitative DNA methylation analysis of FOXP3 as a new method for counting regulatory T cells in peripheral blood and solid tissue".

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expression is largely restricted to the medulla, the development of which seems to parallel the development of Foxp3 cells. It has been suggested that the two are linked, but no definitive link between the processes has yet been shown.

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precursors was identified. This subset lacks CD25 and has low expression of Foxp3. Its development is mainly dependent on IL-15. This subset has lower affinity for self antigens than CD25Foxp3 subset. Both subsets generate mature

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Seddiki N, Cook L, Hsu DC, Phetsouphanh C, Brown K, Xu Y, et al. (June 2014). "Human antigen-specific CD4⁺ CD25⁺ CD134⁺ CD39⁺ T cells are enriched for regulatory T cells and comprise a substantial proportion of recall responses".

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to adsorb IL-2 from the microenvironments, thus being able to induce apoptosis of other T cells which need IL-2 as main growth factor. Recirculating T reg cells in thymus express high amount of high affinity IL-2 receptor α chain

321:– the relative proportions determined by the affinities of the T cell for the self-peptide-MHC. Even in mouse models with TCR-transgenic cells selected on specific-antigen-secreting stroma, deletion or conversion is not complete. 784:

in the periphery and begin to express FoxP3 inducibly, thus becoming the functional equivalent of tTreg cells. iTregs, however, are found primarily in peripheral barrier tissues, where they are primarily involved in preventing

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Ezzeddini R, Somi MH, Taghikhani M, Moaddab SY, Masnadi Shirazi K, Shirmohammadi M, et al. (February 2021). "Association of Foxp3 rs3761548 polymorphism with cytokines concentration in gastric adenocarcinoma patients".

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Rizzo A, Di Giovangiulio M, Stolfi C, Franzè E, Fehling HJ, Carsetti R, et al. (September 2018). "RORγt-Expressing Tregs Drive the Growth of Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer by Controlling IL6 in Dendritic Cells".

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CD4 regulatory T cells are often associated with solid tumours in both humans and murine models. Increased numbers of regulatory T cells in breast, colorectal and ovarian cancers is associated with a poorer prognosis.

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Yu X, Harden K, Gonzalez LC, Francesco M, Chiang E, Irving B, et al. (January 2009). "The surface protein TIGIT suppresses T cell activation by promoting the generation of mature immunoregulatory dendritic cells".

574: cells in the thymus with high IL1R2 expression during inflammatory conditions helps to uptake IL-1β and reduce its concentration in the medulla microenvironment, thus they are helping to the development of 1519:

autoimmune disease states by T cell receptor stimulation to suppress IL-17-mediated immune responses. Unlike conventional T cells, regulatory T cells do not produce IL-2 and are therefore anergic at baseline.

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during intestinal inflammation and T regs use Gata3 to limit tissue inflammation. This cell population also restrict Th17 T cells immunity in the intestine, because Gata3-deficient T regs express higher

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experiments have given mixed results regarding the requirement of cell-to-cell contact with the cell being suppressed. The following represent some of the proposed mechanisms of immune suppression:

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Thiault N, Darrigues J, Adoue V, Gros M, Binet B, Perals C, et al. (June 2015). "Peripheral regulatory T lymphocytes recirculating to the thymus suppress the development of their precursors".

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is required for regulatory T cell development and appears to control a genetic program specifying this cell's fate. The large majority of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells are found within the

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and digestion of dietary fiber, therefore, microbial-free mice have very low concentrations of both SCFAs and RORγt Treg cells. Induction of RORγt Treg cells is also dependent on the presence of

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regulatory T cells to immunosuppress the host and so potentiate their own survival. For example, regulatory T cell activity has been reported to increase in several infectious contexts, such as

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Al Nabhani Z, Dulauroy S, Marques R, Cousu C, Al Bounny S, Déjardin F, et al. (May 2019). "A Weaning Reaction to Microbiota Is Required for Resistance to Immunopathologies in the Adult".

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Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W, Korn T, Strom TB, Oukka M, et al. (May 2006). "Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells".

1591: cells through a PCR reaction or other DNA-based analysis methods. Interplay between the Th17 cells and regulatory T cells are important in many diseases like respiratory diseases. 985:(SPF) microbiota restores normal numbers of these lymphocytes in the gut. The mechanism by which the gut microbiota induces the formation of RORγt+ Treg cells involves the production of 217:

CD4 FOXP3 CD25(high) regulatory T cells have been called "naturally occurring" regulatory T cells to distinguish them from "suppressor" T cell populations that are generated

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Pandiyan P, Zheng L, Ishihara S, Reed J, Lenardo MJ (December 2007). "CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells induce cytokine deprivation-mediated apoptosis of effector CD4+ T cells".

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s following cell activation is challenging as conventional T cells will express CD25, transiently express FOXP3 and lose CD127 expression upon activation. It has been shown that T

796:, the presence of which suggests origin in the thymus. Another feature distinguishing these two Treg cell populations is the stability of FoxP3 expression in different settings. 614:

must be able to discriminate between self and non-self. When self/non-self discrimination fails, the immune system destroys cells and tissues of the body and as a result causes

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17 cells. Regulatory T cells are involved in shutting down immune responses after they have successfully eliminated invading organisms, and also in preventing autoimmunity.

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Most tumors elicit an immune response in the host that is mediated by tumor antigens, thus distinguishing the tumor from other non-cancerous cells. This causes large numbers of

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Ohnmacht C, Park JH, Cording S, Wing JB, Atarashi K, Obata Y, et al. (August 2015). "MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY. The microbiota regulates type 2 immunity through RORγt⁺ T cells".

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Ohnmacht C, Park JH, Cording S, Wing JB, Atarashi K, Obata Y, et al. (August 2015). "MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY. The microbiota regulates type 2 immunity through RORγt⁺ T cells".

1322: cells suppress effector T cells and hinder the body's immune response against the cancer. However, in some types of cancer the opposite is true, and high levels of T 633:

The molecular mechanism by which regulatory T cells exert their suppressor/regulatory activity has not been definitively characterized and is the subject of intense research.

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in the gut and influence the regulation of effector T cells during inflammation. Unlike RORγt+ Treg cells, these cells express Helios and are not dependent on the microbiome.

6706: 1676: 1299:(TILs) to appear in the TME. These lymphocytes may target cancerous cells and therefore slow or terminate tumor development. However, this process is complicated because T 392:

derived from CD25Foxp3 progenitors protect from experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis, whereas those derived from CD25Foxp3 progenitors protect from T-cell induced

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in the thymus. At the DP (double-positive) stage, they are selected by their interaction with the cells within the thymus, begin the transcription of Foxp3, and become T

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Lu LF, Lind EF, Gondek DC, Bennett KA, Gleeson MW, Pino-Lagos K, et al. (August 2006). "Mast cells are essential intermediaries in regulatory T-cell tolerance".

4607:"Increase of CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ cells impairs in vitro human microbicidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis during latent and acute pulmonary tuberculosis" 2856:

Collison LW, Workman CJ, Kuo TT, Boyd K, Wang Y, Vignali KM, et al. (November 2007). "The inhibitory cytokine IL-35 contributes to regulatory T-cell function".

6003: 4709:"Nonhuman Primate Testing of the Impact of Different Regulatory T Cell Depletion Strategies on Reactivation and Clearance of Latent Simian Immunodeficiency Virus" 1095:

cells and lower number of RORγt+ Treg cells is compensated by increased Helios+ Treg cells. How exactly may RORγt+ Tregs protect from colitis is not yet known.

977:, 20-30% of Foxp3+ T regulatory cells expressing RORyt are found and this high proportion is strongly dependent on the presence of a complex gut microbiome. In 1434: cells in animal models has shown an increased efficacy of immunotherapy treatments, and therefore, many immunotherapy treatments are now incorporating T 2809:"Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 plays an essential role in the function of CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory cells that control intestinal inflammation" 1036:. These cells are particularly important in the prevention of food allergies. One mechanism is the production of suppressive molecules such as the cytokine 3118:"T regulatory and primed uncommitted CD4 T cells express CD73, which suppresses effector CD4 T cells by converting 5'-adenosine monophosphate to adenosine" 1338: cells' ability to suppress general inflammation, which is known to trigger cell proliferation and metastasis . These opposite effects indicate that T 1109: 662:

of effector cells. Regulatory T cells from Granzyme B deficient mice are reported to be less effective suppressors of the activation of effector T cells.

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In general, the immunosuppression of the TMEhas largely contributed to the unsuccessful outcomes of many cancer immunotherapy treatments. Depletion of T

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Miyara M, Gorochov G, Ehrenstein M, Musset L, Sakaguchi S, Amoura Z (October 2011). "Human FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in systemic autoimmune diseases".

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Potential applications of regulatory T cell epitopes have been hypothesised: tolerisation to transplants, protein drugs, blood transfer therapies, and

1318: cells in the TME are associated with poor prognosis in many cancers, such as ovarian, breast, renal, and pancreatic cancer. This indicates that T 1077:

species. Upon their introduction, expansion of gut RORγt+ Treg cells in favor of GATA3+ Treg occurs, mediating the protection against allergies.

507: cells in the thymus. It is important for T cells proliferation and survival, but in the case of its deficiency, IL-15 may be replaced. However, T 6168:"In vitro and in vivo studies of IgG-derived Treg epitopes (Tregitopes): a promising new tool for tolerance induction and treatment of autoimmunity" 3732:"A functionally specialized population of mucosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF-beta and retinoic acid-dependent mechanism" 1251: cells for subsequent autologous transplant is currently being investigated after promising results were obtained in a phase I clinical trial. 4321:"Microbiotas from Humans with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Alter the Balance of Gut Th17 and RORγt Regulatory T Cells and Exacerbate Colitis in Mice" 6699: 1534: cells (CD4CD25FOXP3 cells). However, FOXP3 is also transiently expressed in activated human effector T cells, thus complicating a correct T 6068:"Application of IgG-derived natural Treg epitopes (IgG Tregitopes) to antigen-specific tolerance induction in a murine model of type 1 diabetes" 230:

T cells. In humans, FOXP3 is also expressed by recently activated conventional T cells and thus does not specifically identify human T

4370:"Characterization of interleukin-17-producing regulatory T cells in inflamed intestinal mucosa from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases" 134: cells are very difficult to effectively discern from effector CD4, making them difficult to study. Research has found that the cytokine 6336: 466: cells differentiation. The presence of this cells in thymus or addition into fetal thymic tissue culture suppress development of new T 4272:"Dietary tryptophan deficiency promotes gut RORγt Treg cells at the expense of Gata3 Treg cells and alters commensal microbiota metabolism" 3032:

Puccetti P, Grohmann U (October 2007). "IDO and regulatory T cells: a role for reverse signalling and non-canonical NF-kappaB activation".

2993:"Cutting edge: contact-mediated suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells involves a granzyme B-dependent, perforin-independent mechanism" 2944:"Resolution of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity after in vivo transfer of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells is interleukin 10 dependent" 2209:

Sakaguchi S (2004). "Naturally arising CD4+ regulatory t cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses".

1307: cells normally make up only about 4% of CD4 T cells, they can make up as much as 20–30% of the CD4 population around the TME. 720:

is that activated regulatory T cells take up interleukin 2 so avidly that they deprive effector T cells of sufficient to avoid apoptosis.

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can be measured in whole blood. The additional measurement of cellular expression of FOXP3 protein allowed a more specific analysis of T

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was approved for patients with advanced melanoma. Immune-checkpoint molecule PD-1 inhibits activation of both conventional T cells and T

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Togashi Y, Shitara K, Nishikawa H (June 2019). "Regulatory T cells in cancer immunosuppression - implications for anticancer therapy".

1349: cells are preferentially trafficked to the TME, the chemotaxis is probably driven by the production of chemokines by the tumor. T 824: cells develop from mature CD4 conventional T cells outside of the thymus: a defining distinction between natural regulatory T (nT 189: cells are thought to suppress tumor immunity, thus hindering the body's innate ability to control the growth of cancerous cells. 6692: 1365: cells. The cytokine, TGF-β, which is commonly produced by tumor cells, is known to induce the differentiation and expansion of T 5648:"High levels of human antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood revealed by stimulated coexpression of CD25 and CD134 (OX40)" 961:

Approximately 30%–40% of colonic FoxP3+ Treg cells express the transcription factor RORγt. The iTregs are able to differentiate into

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Diagram of regulatory T cell, effector T cells and dendritic cell showing putative mechanisms of suppression by regulatory T cells.

266:. If they receive these signals, they proliferate and express both CD4 and CD8, becoming double-positive cells. The selection of T 7038: 6591: 1507: 1069:

bound to fecal microbiota and decreased secretory IgA. In mice, protection against food allergies was induced by introduction of

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Sivanandham R, Kleinman AJ, Sette P, Brocca-Cofano E, Kilapandal Venkatraman SM, Policicchio BB, et al. (September 2020).

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s can be detected using an activation-induced marker assay by expression of CD39 in combination with co-expression of CD25 and

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Hori S, Nomura T, Sakaguchi S (February 2003). "Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3".

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analysis using CD4, CD25 and FOXP3 as markers in humans. Therefore, the gold standard surface marker combination to defined T

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CD70 non-Hodgkin lymphoma B cells induce FOXP3 expression and regulatory function in intratumoral CD4CD25 T cells.

5784:"Interplay of T Helper 17 Cells with CD4(+)CD25(high) FOXP3(+) Tregs in Regulation of Allergic Asthma in Pediatric Patients" 1032:

Induction of RORγt+ Treg cells in lymph nodes of the small intestine is crucial for the establishment of intestinal luminal

2596:"Two subsets of naive T helper cells with distinct T cell receptor excision circle content in human adult peripheral blood" 6976: 6514: 6285: 4507:"Intestinal Regulatory T Cells as Specialized Tissue-Restricted Immune Cells in Intestinal Immune Homeostasis and Disease" 1314:

to effector T cells in the TME is a determining factor in the success of the cancer immune response. High levels of T

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compared to germ free mice colonized with healthy microbiota. Dysregulation of RORγt+ Treg cells favors the expansion of

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Mature CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs can be also divided into two different subsets based on the expression level of CD25, GITR, and

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cells, although they may not begin to express Foxp3 until the single-positive stage, at which point they are functional T

6636: 6606: 6586: 625: 812: cells have been shown to suppress T cell proliferation and experimental autoimmune diseases. These cells include 6624: 6619: 6459: 3334:

Walker LS, Sansom DM (November 2011). "The emerging role of CTLA4 as a cell-extrinsic regulator of T cell responses".

670: 5295:"Regulatory T cells in tumor microenvironment: new mechanisms, potential therapeutic strategies and future prospects" 5017:"CD70+ non-Hodgkin lymphoma B cells induce Foxp3 expression and regulatory function in intratumoral CD4+CD25 T cells" 931:-TGM-induced human FOXP3+ regulatory T cells were stable in the presence of inflammation and had increased levels of 4766:"ALS patients' regulatory T lymphocytes are dysfunctional, and correlate with disease progression rate and severity" 1474:

cell activity. Rapid cancer progression upon PD-1 blockade is called hyperprogressive disease. Therapies targeting T

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Annacker O, Asseman C, Read S, Powrie F (June 2003). "Interleukin-10 in the regulation of T cell-induced colitis".

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nature of the process of T cell activation, all T cell populations with a given TCR will end up with a mixture of T

3489:"Small intestine lamina propria dendritic cells promote de novo generation of Foxp3 T reg cells via retinoic acid" 3077:"Expression of ectonucleotidase CD39 by Foxp3+ Treg cells: hydrolysis of extracellular ATP and immune suppression" 6329: 903: 599: 301:

selection is determined by the affinity of interaction with the self-peptide MHC complex. Selection to become a T

173: cells tend to be upregulated in individuals with cancer, and they seem to be recruited to the site of many 2645:"Active demethylation of the Foxp3 locus leads to the generation of stable regulatory T cells within the thymus" 1056:. The quantity of early-life-induced RORγt+ Tregs is influenced by maternal milk, particularly by the amount of 6308: 6289: 5066:"The prognostic influence of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis" 1577: cells, but not in any other cell type, including activated effector T cells, a certain region within the 766:(TCR) with relatively high autoaffinity. These cells are predominantly found in the body in the bloodstream or 414:

cells and does not reach adult levels in either the thymus or periphery until around three weeks post-partum. T

333: 222: 4915:"Decreased maternal serum acetate and impaired fetal thymic and regulatory T cell development in preeclampsia" 3945:"The parasite cytokine mimic Hp-TGM potently replicates the regulatory effects of TGF-β on murine CD4 T cells" 3835:"A structurally distinct TGF-β mimic from an intestinal helminth parasite potently induces regulatory T cells" 1353:

infiltration into the TMEis facilitated by the binding of the chemokine receptor CCR4, which is expressed on T

1273: 6422: 3244:"Cross talk between human regulatory T cells and antigen-presenting cells: Lessons for clinical applications" 3075:

Borsellino G, Kleinewietfeld M, Di Mitri D, Sternjak A, Diamantini A, Giometto R, et al. (August 2007).

7042: 6800: 6663: 3437:"A requisite role for induced regulatory T cells in tolerance based on expanding antigen receptor diversity" 1543:

markers have been described, e.g., high levels of CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated molecule-4) and

844: cells have recently been shown to be "an essential non-redundant regulatory subset that supplements nT 271: 1454:

s that over-express immunosuppressive molecules such as CTLA-4. Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies cause depletion of T

1342: cells' role in the development of cancer is highly dependent on both type and location of the tumor. 7064: 6782: 6718: 6506: 5902:

Hui DJ, Basner-Tschakarjan E, Chen Y, Davidson RJ, Buchlis G, Yazicioglu M, et al. (September 2013).

1282: 1224: 986: 982: 981:(GF) mice, the population of RORγt+ T regulatory cells is strongly reduced, whereas recolonization by the 5501:

Marson A, Kretschmer K, Frampton GM, Jacobsen ES, Polansky JK, MacIsaac KD, et al. (February 2007).

1495:. The latest research suggests that regulatory T cells are defined by expression of the forkhead family 1087:

Lower number of RORγt+ Treg cells is present in germ free mice colonized with microbiota associated with

7011: 6867: 6845: 6545: 6522: 6498: 6019:"Regulatory T cell epitopes (Tregitopes) in IgG induce tolerance in vivo and lack immunogenicity per se" 162: 1033: 848: cells, in part by expanding TCR diversity within regulatory responses". Acute depletion of the iT 527: cells have decreased its expression. So it is possible that this regulatory mechanism of thymic T 4420:

Blatner NR, Mulcahy MF, Dennis KL, Scholtens D, Bentrem DJ, Phillips JD, et al. (December 2012).

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s occurs on radio-resistant hematopoietically derived MHC class II-expressing cells in the medulla or

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research is studying how regulation of T cells could possibly be utilized in the treatment of cancer.

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De Groot AS, Moise L, McMurry JA, Wambre E, Van Overtvelt L, Moingeon P, et al. (October 2008).

5842: 5514: 5365: 4926: 4095: 4003: 3846: 3553: 2865: 2074:"Modulation of autoimmune diseases by interleukin (IL)-17 producing regulatory T helper (Th17) cells" 2030: 1704: 1496: 998: 6684: 5884: 4605:

Stringari LL, Covre LP, da Silva FD, de Oliveira VL, Campana MC, Hadad DJ, et al. (July 2021).

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Abdel-Gadir A, Stephen-Victor E, Gerber GK, Noval Rivas M, Wang S, Harb H, et al. (July 2019).

3894:"TGF-β mimic proteins form an extended gene family in the murine parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus" 3681:

Povoleri GA, Nova-Lamperti E, Scottà C, Fanelli G, Chen YC, Becker PD, et al. (December 2018).

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Owen DL, Mahmud SA, Sjaastad LE, Williams JB, Spanier JA, Simeonov DR, et al. (February 2019).

852: cell pool in mouse models has resulted in inflammation and weight loss. The contribution of nT 7088: 7023: 7006: 6840: 6758: 6578: 6417: 4270:

Rankin LC, Kaiser KA, de Los Santos-Alexis K, Park H, Uhlemann AC, Gray DH, Arpaia N (March 2023).

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Coombes JL, Siddiqui KR, Arancibia-Cárcamo CV, Hall J, Sun CM, Belkaid Y, Powrie F (August 2007).

3683:"Human retinoic acid-regulated CD161 regulatory T cells support wound repair in intestinal mucosa" 2691:

Nikolouli E, Elfaki Y, Herppich S, Schelmbauer C, Delacher M, Falk C, et al. (January 2021).

6908: 6550: 6537: 6117:

Cousens LP, Mingozzi F, van der Marel S, Su Y, Garman R, Ferreira V, et al. (October 2012).

6004:"New $ 2.25M infusion of NIH funds for EpiVax' Tregitope, proposed "Paradigm-Shifting" Treatment" 5866: 5728: 5628: 5584: 5434: 5344:

Downs-Canner S, Berkey S, Delgoffe GM, Edwards RP, Curiel T, Odunsi K, et al. (March 2017).

5272: 4997: 4746: 4119: 4027: 3579: 3359: 3224: 3057: 2889: 2740: 2693:"Recirculating IL-1R2 Tregs fine-tune intrathymic Treg development under inflammatory conditions" 2527: 2481: 2191: 2142: 2054: 1728: 495:

gene which gather IL-2 from thymic medulla, and decrease its concentration. New generated FOXP3 T

87: 1872:

Nosbaum A, Prevel N, Truong HA, Mehta P, Ettinger M, Scharschmidt TC, et al. (March 2016).

1565:

In addition to the search for novel protein markers, a different method to analyze and monitor T

752:

or in the periphery. Accordingly, they are divided into natural and induced T regulatory cells.

651:. It also appears that regulatory T cells can induce other cell types to express interleukin-10. 4815:"Expanded autologous regulatory T-lymphocyte infusions in ALS: A phase I, first-in-human study" 4319:

Britton GJ, Contijoch EJ, Mogno I, Vennaro OH, Llewellyn SR, Ng R, et al. (January 2019).

6956: 6722: 6601: 6401: 6381: 6304: 6248: 6197: 6148: 6099: 6048: 5985: 5933: 5858: 5815: 5764: 5720: 5669: 5620: 5576: 5540: 5483: 5426: 5391: 5326: 5264: 5228: 5190: 5149: 5095: 5046: 4989: 4972:

Dranoff G (December 2005). "The therapeutic implications of intratumoral regulatory T cells".

4954: 4895: 4844: 4795: 4738: 4689: 4638: 4587: 4538: 4487: 4451: 4399: 4350: 4301: 4252: 4223:"Microbiota therapy acts via a regulatory T cell MyD88/RORγt pathway to suppress food allergy" 4203: 4154: 4111: 4019: 3976: 3925: 3874: 3833:

Johnston CJ, Smyth DJ, Kodali RB, White MP, Harcus Y, Filbey KJ, et al. (November 2017).

3815: 3761: 3712: 3663: 3614: 3597:

Erkelens MN, Mebius RE (March 2017). "Retinoic Acid and Immune Homeostasis: A Balancing Act".

3571: 3518: 3466: 3417: 3351: 3316: 3275: 3216: 3180: 3139: 3098: 3049: 3014: 2973: 2924: 2881: 2838: 2789: 2732: 2666: 2625: 2576: 2519: 2473: 2431: 2382: 2333: 2275: 2226: 2183: 2134: 2095: 2046: 2003: 1954: 1903: 1854: 1819: 1780: 1720: 1664: 1579: 1327: 1204: cells can be infected by HIV, increasing the size of the HIV reservoir directly. Thus, T 1136: 712: 598: cells does not cause any signal transduction because there is no present Intracellular ( 95: 6268: 6166:

Cousens LP, Najafian N, Mingozzi F, Elyaman W, Mazer B, Moise L, et al. (January 2013).

3435:

Haribhai D, Williams JB, Jia S, Nickerson D, Schmitt EG, Edwards B, et al. (July 2011).

2246:"T cell receptor signalling in the control of regulatory T cell differentiation and function" 2222: 7169: 7076: 7016: 6988: 6983: 6951: 6938: 6928: 6474: 6450: 6238: 6228: 6187: 6179: 6138: 6130: 6089: 6079: 6038: 6030: 5975: 5967: 5923: 5915: 5850: 5805: 5795: 5756: 5710: 5700: 5659: 5612: 5568: 5530: 5522: 5473: 5465: 5418: 5381: 5373: 5316: 5306: 5256: 5220: 5185: 5180: 5168: 5139: 5131: 5085: 5077: 5036: 5028: 4981: 4944: 4934: 4885: 4875: 4834: 4826: 4785: 4777: 4728: 4720: 4679: 4669: 4628: 4618: 4577: 4569: 4528: 4518: 4479: 4441: 4433: 4389: 4381: 4340: 4332: 4291: 4283: 4242: 4234: 4193: 4185: 4146: 4103: 4063: 4011: 3966: 3956: 3915: 3905: 3864: 3854: 3805: 3795: 3751: 3743: 3702: 3694: 3653: 3645: 3606: 3561: 3508: 3500: 3456: 3448: 3407: 3397: 3343: 3306: 3265: 3255: 3208: 3170: 3129: 3088: 3041: 3004: 2963: 2955: 2916: 2873: 2828: 2820: 2779: 2771: 2722: 2712: 2704: 2656: 2615: 2607: 2594:

Kimmig S, Przybylski GK, Schmidt CA, Laurisch K, Möwes B, Radbruch A, Thiel A (March 2002).

2566: 2558: 2511: 2465: 2421: 2413: 2372: 2364: 2323: 2313: 2265: 2257: 2218: 2173: 2126: 2085: 2038: 1993: 1985: 1944: 1934: 1893: 1885: 1846: 1811: 1770: 1762: 1712: 1466:

s and use of anti-PD-1 antibodies may lead to activation and immunosuppressive function of T

1326: cells are associated with a positive prognosis. This trend is seen in cancers such as 1066: 1057: 1041: 978: 966: 881: 813: 83: 40: 5904:"Modulation of CD8+ T cell responses to AAV vectors with IgG-derived MHC class II epitopes" 7153: 6971: 6466: 5120:"Suppression, subversion and escape: the role of regulatory T cells in cancer progression" 4052:"Gut Microbiota Promotes Immune Tolerance by Regulating RORγt+ Treg Cells in Food Allergy" 3892:

Smyth DJ, Harcus Y, White MP, Gregory WF, Nahler J, Stephens I, et al. (April 2018).

1659: 1619: 1615: 1570: 1569: cells more accurately has been described in the literature. This method is based on 1361: cell expansion at the site of the tumor could also explain the increased levels of T 1045: 970: 763: 704: 287: 259: 103: 5211:

Lippitz BE (May 2013). "Cytokine patterns in patients with cancer: a systematic review".

4813:

Thonhoff JR, Beers DR, Zhao W, Pleitez M, Simpson EP, Berry JD, et al. (July 2018).

3782:

Cook L, Reid KT, Häkkinen E, de Bie B, Tanaka S, Smyth DJ, et al. (September 2021).

2547:"T-cell tolerance and the multi-functional role of IL-2R signaling in T-regulatory cells" 470: cells by 34–60%, but Tconv cells are not affected. That means, that recirculating T 5846: 5715: 5688: 5518: 5369: 4930: 4296: 4271: 4099: 4007: 3850: 3557: 2869: 2643:

Toker A, Engelbert D, Garg G, Polansky JK, Floess S, Miyao T, et al. (April 2013).

2034: 1708: 1220:, and shown to cause viral reactivation and enhanced SIV specific CD8 T cell responses. 602:) Toll interleukin-1 receptor domain, which is normally present in innate immune cells. 511: cells' development is dependent on IL-2. In humans, there was found population of 142: cells to differentiate from naïve CD4 cells and is important in maintaining T 7141: 6998: 6943: 6884: 6804: 6777: 6243: 6216: 6192: 6167: 6143: 6118: 6094: 6067: 6043: 6018: 5980: 5955: 5928: 5903: 5810: 5783: 5535: 5502: 5478: 5453: 5386: 5345: 5321: 5294: 5144: 5119: 5090: 5065: 5041: 5016: 4949: 4914: 4913:

Hu M, Eviston D, Hsu P, Mariño E, Chidgey A, Santner-Nanan B, et al. (July 2019).

4890: 4863: 4839: 4814: 4790: 4765: 4733: 4708: 4684: 4657: 4633: 4606: 4582: 4557: 4533: 4506: 4446: 4422:"Expression of RORγt marks a pathogenic regulatory T cell subset in human colon cancer" 4421: 4394: 4369: 4345: 4320: 4247: 4222: 4198: 4173: 3971: 3944: 3920: 3893: 3869: 3834: 3810: 3783: 3756: 3731: 3707: 3682: 3658: 3633: 3513: 3488: 3461: 3436: 3412: 3385: 2968: 2943: 2833: 2808: 2784: 2759: 2727: 2692: 2620: 2595: 2571: 2546: 2426: 2401: 2377: 2352: 2328: 2301: 2270: 2245: 2090: 2073: 1998: 1973: 1949: 1922: 1898: 1873: 1775: 1750: 1562:(CD134) which define antigen-specific cells following 24-48h stimulation with antigen. 1393: 1385: 1129: 994: 974: 724: 666: 648: 644: 422: 154: 6217:"Potential application of tregitopes as immunomodulating agents in multiple sclerosis" 5646:

Zaunders JJ, Munier ML, Seddiki N, Pett S, Ip S, Bailey M, et al. (August 2009).

5224: 2920: 2302:"Regulatory T Cell Heterogeneity in the Thymus: Impact on Their Functional Activities" 7163: 6966: 6855: 6673: 6655: 6493: 6455: 6376: 5732: 5276: 5135: 4750: 3228: 3157:

Huang CT, Workman CJ, Flies D, Pan X, Marson AL, Zhou G, et al. (October 2004).

2744: 2562: 2130: 1515: 1261: 1105: 1074: 1070: 889: 873: 777: 717: 707:

provides distinction between mechanisms described for human cells versus mouse cells.

619: 611: 325: 207: 190: 166: 127: 79: 6119:"Teaching tolerance: New approaches to enzyme replacement therapy for Pompe disease" 5632: 5588: 5438: 5001: 3583: 2195: 2146: 723:

A major mechanism of suppression by regulatory T cells is through the prevention of

6933: 6918: 6913: 6850: 6748: 6488: 6391: 4174:"An Immunologic Mode of Multigenerational Transmission Governs a Gut Treg Setpoint" 4123: 4031: 3487:

Sun CM, Hall JA, Blank RB, Bouladoux N, Oukka M, Mora JR, Belkaid Y (August 2007).

3363: 3061: 2893: 2531: 2485: 2058: 1732: 1635:

mutations in FOXP3 develop a severe and rapidly fatal autoimmune disorder known as

1357: cells, to its ligand CCL22, which is secreted by many types of tumor cells. T 1227:

and in preventing excess inflammation in patients cured of visceral leishmaniasis.

1175: 1037: 1017: 1009: 1002: 990: 793: 786: 294:

s have a larger TCR diversity than effector T cells, biased towards self-peptides.

123: 5870: 5760: 5454:"Regulatory T (Treg) cells in cancer: Can Treg cells be a new therapeutic target?" 4985: 4483: 4172:

Ramanan D, Sefik E, Galván-Peña S, Wu M, Yang L, Yang Z, et al. (June 2020).

1458:

s and thus increase CD8 T cells effective against the tumor. Anti-CTLA-4 antibody

1174:

infections (the most well-known of which is HIV), mycobacterial infections (e.g.,

643:

Regulatory T cells produce a number of inhibitory cytokines. These include TGF-β,

17: 5971: 5956:"Activation of natural regulatory T cells by IgG Fc-derived peptide "Tregitopes"" 5032: 4830: 4623: 4437: 4385: 4336: 4287: 4150: 3943:

White MP, Smyth DJ, Cook L, Ziegler SF, Levings MK, Maizels RM (September 2021).

3910: 3649: 3542:"Reciprocal TH17 and regulatory T cell differentiation mediated by retinoic acid" 3452: 3175: 3158: 3134: 3117: 3093: 3076: 1850: 177:. Studies in both humans and animal models have implicated that high numbers of T 6668: 6371: 6366: 3009: 2992: 1522:

A number of different methods are employed in research to identify and monitor T

1024:, and the nucleotidases CD39 and CD73, suggesting a strong regulatory function. 861: 243: 147: 7136: 5311: 5260: 4939: 4189: 3859: 3311: 3294: 2162:"Naturally occurring regulatory T cells: markers, mechanisms, and manipulation" 1587:-specific-demethylated region) is found demethylated, which allows to monitor T 458: cells are recirculating back to thymus, where they have developed. This T 7056: 6809: 6715: 6345: 6183: 5687:

Poloni C, Schonhofer C, Ivison S, Levings MK, Steiner TS, Cook L (July 2023).

5503:"Foxp3 occupancy and regulation of key target genes during T-cell stimulation" 5422: 4781: 4523: 4238: 3698: 3116:

Kobie JJ, Shah PR, Yang L, Rebhahn JA, Fowell DJ, Mosmann TR (November 2006).

2775: 2708: 2417: 2318: 1989: 1595: 1459: 1180: 1171: 1081: 792:

The main features that differentiate tTreg and iTreg cells include Helios and

767: 655: 482: cells. Molecular mechanism of this process works due to the ability of T 310: 306: 5664: 5647: 5194: 4880: 4674: 3610: 3402: 2661: 2644: 2368: 2072:

Singh B, Schwartz JA, Sandrock C, Bellemore SM, Nikoopour E (November 2013).

1939: 1889: 1008:

RORγt+ Treg cells are not present in the thymus and do not express Helios or

384:. CD25Foxp3 progenitors exhibit increased apoptosis and develop into mature T 7114: 6819: 6641: 6596: 6444: 4764:

Beers DR, Zhao W, Wang J, Zhang X, Wen S, Neal D, et al. (March 2017).

4107: 4015: 3566: 3541: 2042: 1108:, reduction of IL-6 expressing CD11c+ dendritic cells and overexpression of 923:

expressing regulatory T cells that were stabile in presence of inflammation

685: 659: 182: 6252: 6201: 6152: 6103: 6052: 5989: 5937: 5862: 5819: 5768: 5724: 5673: 5624: 5580: 5544: 5487: 5430: 5395: 5330: 5268: 5232: 5153: 5099: 5050: 4993: 4958: 4899: 4848: 4799: 4742: 4693: 4642: 4591: 4542: 4491: 4455: 4403: 4354: 4305: 4256: 4207: 4158: 4115: 4068: 4051: 4023: 3980: 3929: 3878: 3819: 3765: 3716: 3667: 3618: 3575: 3522: 3470: 3421: 3355: 3320: 3279: 3220: 3184: 3143: 3102: 3053: 3018: 2977: 2928: 2885: 2842: 2793: 2736: 2670: 2629: 2580: 2523: 2477: 2435: 2386: 2337: 2279: 2230: 2187: 2138: 2099: 2050: 2007: 1958: 1907: 1858: 1823: 1784: 1724: 1208: cells are being investigated as targets for HIV cure research. Some T 872: cells, with the former having more stable FOXP3 expression and wider 6233: 6084: 6066:

Cousens LP, Su Y, McClaine E, Li X, Terry F, Smith R, et al. (2013).

5800: 5616: 3260: 3243: 2824: 1116:

transcription factor which is critical for proliferation of cancer cells.

324:

After interaction with self-peptide MHC complex, T cell has to upregulate

7104: 6889: 6877: 6835: 6789: 6753: 6410: 6361: 5081: 4724: 3784:"Induction of stable human FOXP3 Tregs by a parasite-derived TGF-β mimic" 3747: 3504: 2959: 2611: 2402:"Thymic regulatory T cells arise via two distinct developmental programs" 2178: 2161: 1470:

s. Resistance to anti-PD-1-mAb treatment is probably caused by enhanced T

1401: 1196: 989:(SCFAs), on which this induction is dependent. SCFAs are a by-product of 860: cells in maintaining tolerance is unknown, but both are important. 745: 635: 583: 559: 443: 431: 337: 174: 6034: 5919: 5854: 5526: 5377: 3270: 2877: 2717: 2261: 1716: 808:) cells (CD4 CD25 FOXP3) are suppressive cells involved in tolerance. iT 519: cells in thymus. CD31 could be used as a marker of new generated T 7109: 6923: 6772: 6743: 6629: 5705: 3961: 3800: 1623: 1217: 1185: 1053: 393: 161: cells can treat autoimmune disease and cancer and can facilitate 5572: 5469: 4656:

Kleinman AJ, Sivanandham R, Pandrea I, Chougnet CA, Apetrei C (2018).

4573: 3777: 3775: 2991:

Gondek DC, Lu LF, Quezada SA, Sakaguchi S, Noelle RJ (February 2005).

2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 1815: 594: cells in thymus. Binding of IL-1β to IL1R2 on the surface of T 7081: 7069: 6814: 6765: 6432: 6396: 6353: 6134: 1874:"Cutting Edge: Regulatory T Cells Facilitate Cutaneous Wound Healing" 1766: 1492: 1021: 749: 732: 247: 75: 5782:

Agarwal A, Singh M, Chatterjee BP, Chauhan A, Chakraborti A (2014).

5015:

Yang ZZ, Novak AJ, Ziesmer SC, Witzig TE, Ansell SM (October 2007).

3347: 3212: 3045: 2469: 2114: 1799: 1303: cells seem to be preferentially trafficked to the TME. While T 5064:

Gooden MJ, de Bock GH, Leffers N, Daemen T, Nijman HW (June 2011).

2515: 973:

lymphoid tissues such as the intestinal barrier. In the intestinal

776:(iTregs, pTregs) arise under certain situations in the presence of 523: cells as same as other T lymphocytes. Mature and peripheral T 1503: 1499: 1419:

s which develop from naive precursors. However, tumor-associated T

1397: 1381: 1373: 1272: 1239: cells may be dysfunctional and driving neuroinflammation in 1148: 1125: 1113: 941: 936: 920: 759: 696: 624: 547: 462:

were mainly present in thymic medulla, which is the main site of T

376:

cells after stimulation with IL-2 with comparable efficiency both

341: 329: 181: cells in the tumor microenvironment is indicative of a poor 115: 4864:"New Paradigm in the Role of Regulatory T Cells During Pregnancy" 1392:

function and the secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines such as

1376:) as a transcription factor is an essential molecular marker of T 503:

expression. IL-2 is a cytokine necessary for the development of T

410:

generation in the thymus is delayed by several days compared to T

1559: 1544: 1013: 932: 728: 692: 681: 677: 543: 512: 488: 426: 419: 119: 6688: 6318: 5689:"T-cell activation-induced marker assays in health and disease" 4658:"Regulatory T Cells As Potential Targets for HIV Cure Research" 758:(tTregs, nTregs) are characterized by continuous expression of 6314: 4368:

Hovhannisyan Z, Treatman J, Littman DR, Mayer L (March 2011).

1223:

Regulatory T cells have a large role in the pathology of

1092: 255: 251: 111: 49: 3242:

Wardell CM, MacDonald KN, Levings MK, Cook L (January 2021).

2942:

Kearley J, Barker JE, Robinson DS, Lloyd CM (December 2005).

1514:

4-expressing (CD4) population and express high levels of the

130:. Because effector T cells also express CD4 and CD25, T 2760:"IL-1 receptor 2 (IL-1R2) and its role in immune regulation" 1491:

Similar to other T cells, regulatory T cells develop in the

5118:

Oleinika K, Nibbs RJ, Graham GJ, Fraser AR (January 2013).

55: 4505:

Jacobse J, Li J, Rings EH, Samsom JN, Goettel JA (2021).

949:-Specific demethylated region compared to TGF-β-induced T 58: 221:. Additional regulatory T cell populations include 3634:"FOXP3 and the regulation of Treg/Th17 differentiation" 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 542: cells into thymus. There was found population of 3293:

Sakaguchi S, Yamaguchi T, Nomura T, Ono M (May 2008).

2160:

Schmetterer KG, Neunkirchner A, Pickl WF (June 2012).

1800:"Tregs in immunotherapy: opportunities and challenges" 1411:

cells present in the TME can be either induced T

770:

and serve mainly to confer tolerance to autoantigens.

570: cells in thymus. The presence of recirculating T 534:

There is probably also positive regulation of thymic T

531: cells development is also functional in humans. 7125: 202:

and FOXP3 (CD4CD25 regulatory T cells). These T

6215:

Elyaman W, Khoury SJ, Scott DW, De Groot AS (2011).

6017:

Su Y, Rossi R, De Groot AS, Scott DW (August 2013).

1212: cell depletion strategies have been tested in 965:-expressing cells and thus acquire the phenotype of 691:

Through direct interactions with dendritic cells by

388:

cells with faster kinetics than Foxp3 progenitors. T

52: 46: 7097: 7055: 6997: 6898: 6828: 6736: 6729: 6654: 6577: 6568: 6536: 6431: 6352: 1677:

List of distinct cell types in the adult human body

1442:

Cancer therapies targeting regulatory T lymphocytes

969:. These cells are associated with the functions of 665:Reverse signalling through direct interaction with 43: 5346:"Suppressive IL-17AFoxp3 and ex-Th17 IL-17AFoxp3 T 1923:"Natural and induced T regulatory cells in cancer" 1384:polymorphism (rs3761548) might be involved in the 1345:Although it is still not entirely understood how T 1048:, thus suppressing the pro-inflammatory response. 731:on effector T cells by the action of the molecule 169:. Their implications for cancer are complicated. T 2758:Peters VA, Joesting JJ, Freund GG (August 2013). 546:low FOXP3 in thymus with increased expression of 538: cells development caused by recirculating T 499: cells in thymus have not so high amount of 246:, which become committed to their lineage in the 5293:Li C, Jiang P, Wei S, Xu X, Wang J (July 2020). 3536:Mucida D, Park Y, Kim G, Turovskaya O, Scott I, 2351:Owen DL, Sjaastad LE, Farrar MA (October 2019). 242:All T cells derive from progenitor cells in the 5206: 5204: 5113: 5111: 5109: 4862:Tsuda S, Nakashima A, Shima T, Saito S (2019). 4050:Ning X, Lei Z, Rui B, Li Y, Li M (2022-12-05). 3482: 3480: 3386:"Treg Heterogeneity, Function, and Homeostasis" 2497: 2495: 2300:Santamaria JC, Borelli A, Irla M (2021-02-11). 1744: 1742: 1479:myeloid leukemia and is associated with T 1178:), and various parasitic infections including 1044:cell population and inhibit the production of 6700: 6330: 5949: 5947: 2353:"Regulatory T Cell Development in the Thymus" 8: 1974:"Regulatory T cells and treatment of cancer" 446:insensitive TGFβRII-DN mice are functional. 122:and are thought to be derived from the same 2807:Read S, Malmström V, Powrie F (July 2000). 1751:"Tregs and rethinking cancer immunotherapy" 1124:Another important subset of Treg cells are 1028:Function of RORγt+ regulatory T lymphocytes 6733: 6707: 6693: 6685: 6574: 6437: 6337: 6323: 6315: 6307:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 6242: 6232: 6191: 6142: 6093: 6083: 6042: 5979: 5927: 5809: 5799: 5714: 5704: 5663: 5534: 5477: 5385: 5350:cells are a source of tumour-associated T 5320: 5310: 5288: 5286: 5184: 5143: 5089: 5040: 4948: 4938: 4889: 4879: 4838: 4789: 4732: 4719:(19): JVI.00533–20, jvi, JVI.00533–20v1. 4683: 4673: 4632: 4622: 4581: 4532: 4522: 4445: 4393: 4344: 4295: 4246: 4197: 4067: 3970: 3960: 3919: 3909: 3868: 3858: 3809: 3799: 3755: 3706: 3657: 3565: 3512: 3460: 3411: 3401: 3310: 3295:"Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance" 3269: 3259: 3174: 3133: 3092: 3008: 2967: 2832: 2783: 2726: 2716: 2660: 2619: 2570: 2425: 2376: 2327: 2317: 2269: 2177: 2089: 1997: 1948: 1938: 1897: 1774: 1099:RORγt+ regulatory T lymphocytes in cancer 864:differences have been observed between nT 684:with the production of immunosuppressive 438:functionality, in the thymus, as thymic T 5885:"Tregitope: Immunomodulation Power Tool" 2223:10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141122 997:in adults, Thetis cells in neonatal and 744:T regulatory lymphocytes develop during 210:. Another regulatory T cell subset is T 7132: 6123:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 5186:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033428 4556:Lui PP, Cho I, Ali N (September 2020). 1687: 1423:s may also originate from IL-17AFoxp3 T 840: cells share a similar function iT 774:Induced (peripheral) T regulatory cells 669:and the induction of immunosuppressive 4056:Advanced Gut & Microbiome Research 3898:International Journal for Parasitology 2115:"Regulatory T cells in autoimmmunity*" 2078:The Indian Journal of Medical Research 1450:s in the TME are abundantly effector T 789:in the presence of external antigens. 740:Natural and induced regulatory T cells 27:White blood cells of the immune system 4415: 4413: 4081: 4079: 4045: 4043: 4041: 3632:Ziegler SF, Buckner JH (April 2009). 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3159:"Role of LAG-3 in regulatory T cells" 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 1755:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 454:There was observed, that some FOXP3 T 136:transforming growth factor beta 7: 5167:Plitas G, Rudensky AY (2020-03-09). 5124:Clinical and Experimental Immunology 3736:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 3493:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2948:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2813:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2600:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2545:Cheng G, Yu A, Malek TR (May 2011). 1277:The recruitment and maintenance of T 1195: cells play major roles during 6556:Mucosal associated invariant T cell 6266:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 5788:International Journal of Pediatrics 3384:Shevyrev D, Tereshchenko V (2020). 2697:Cellular & Molecular Immunology 676:Signalling through the ectoenzymes 582: cells. High concentration of 558: cells. High concentration of 352:cell progenitor. To become mature T 157:have suggested that modulation of T 110: cells express the biomarkers 1502:(forkhead box p3). Expression of 1243:due to lower expression of FOXP3. 290:expression of NKT or γδ T cells; T 25: 5452:Ohue Y, Nishikawa H (July 2019). 5411:Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology 2244:Li MO, Rudensky AY (April 2016). 1602:-dependent peripheral tolerance. 1427:s which develop from Th17 cells. 1388:progression through influencing T 939:and decreased methylation in the 7147: 7135: 6592:Lymphokine-activated killer cell 6221:Neurology Research International 5136:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04657.x 4611:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2563:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01004.x 2131:10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.423 1921:Adeegbe DO, Nishikawa H (2013). 1508:major histocompatibility complex 1040:. These cells also suppress the 756:Natural T regulatory lymphocytes 586:caused by inflammation decrease 562:caused by inflammation decrease 39: 5173:Annual Review of Cancer Biology 1598:may be important mediators of T 1120:Gata3+ regulatory T lymphocytes 957:RORγt+ regulatory T lymphocytes 654:Regulatory T cells can produce 206: cells are different from 102:induction and proliferation of 7034:Immunoglobulin class switching 6172:Journal of Clinical Immunology 5605:European Journal of Immunology 5169:"Regulatory T Cells in Cancer" 4426:Science Translational Medicine 3248:European Journal of Immunology 1594:Recent evidence suggests that 1297:tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes 1112:. IL-6 mediates activation of 1012:, but have high expression of 1: 5761:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2361 5225:10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70582-x 4986:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2035 4484:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-17-0698 2921:10.1016/s0896-8411(03)00045-3 2764:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 1978:Current Opinion in Immunology 1241:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1235:There is some evidence that T 1128:Treg cells, which respond to 6637:Type 3 innate lymphoid cells 6625:Type 2 innate lymphoid cells 6620:Type 1 innate lymphoid cells 6607:Uterine natural killer cells 6587:Cytokine-induced killer cell 6072:Journal of Diabetes Research 6023:Journal of Leukocyte Biology 5972:10.1182/blood-2008-02-138073 5561:Arthritis & Rheumatology 5033:10.1182/blood-2007-03-082578 4831:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000465 4624:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009605 4438:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004566 4386:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.12.002 4337:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.015 4288:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112135 4151:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.02.014 3911:10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.12.004 3650:10.1016/j.micinf.2009.04.002 3453:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.03.029 3176:10.1016/j.immuni.2004.08.010 3135:10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.6780 3094:10.1182/blood-2006-12-064527 1851:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.05.004 1161:infectious microorganisms. 554:) compared with peripheral T 5693:Immunology and Cell Biology 4558:"Tissue regulatory T cells" 3949:Immunology and Cell Biology 3788:Immunology and Cell Biology 3540:, Cheroutre H (July 2007). 3010:10.4049/jimmunol.174.4.1783 2211:Annual Review of Immunology 2119:Annual Review of Immunology 671:indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 658:, which in turn can induce 367:Recently, other subset of T 7191: 6863:Polyclonal B cell response 6006:. Fierce Biotech Research. 5312:10.1186/s12943-020-01234-1 5261:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155351 4940:10.1038/s41467-019-10703-1 4472:Cancer Immunology Research 4190:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.030 3860:10.1038/s41467-017-01886-6 3336:Nature Reviews. Immunology 3312:10.1016/j.cell.2008.05.009 3034:Nature Reviews. Immunology 2250:Nature Reviews. Immunology 1510:(MHC) class II restricted 1487:Molecular characterization 1089:Inflammatory bowel disease 888:, even in the presence of 800:Induced T regulatory cells 286:s do not have the limited 138:(TGF-β) is essential for T 98:and generally suppress or 84:tolerance to self-antigens 70:cells), formerly known as 6615: 6440: 6184:10.1007/s10875-012-9762-4 5423:10.1038/s41571-019-0175-7 5070:British Journal of Cancer 4782:10.1172/jci.insight.89530 4524:10.3389/fimmu.2021.716499 4239:10.1038/s41591-019-0461-z 3699:10.1038/s41590-018-0230-z 2776:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.11.006 2709:10.1038/s41423-019-0352-8 2418:10.1038/s41590-018-0289-6 2319:10.3389/fimmu.2021.643153 1990:10.1016/j.coi.2008.04.008 904:Heligmosomoides polygyrus 474:to thymus inhibited just 74:, are a subpopulation of 6309:Medical Subject Headings 5665:10.4049/jimmunol.0803548 4974:Clinical Cancer Research 4881:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00573 4675:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00734 3611:10.1016/j.it.2016.12.006 3403:10.3389/fimmu.2019.03100 2662:10.4049/jimmunol.1203473 2369:10.4049/jimmunol.1900662 1972:Curiel TJ (April 2008). 1940:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00190 1890:10.4049/jimmunol.1502139 1618:as well as reduction of 1372:Forkhead box protein 3 ( 1334:. This could be due to T 1135:Gata3+ T regs are major 804:Induced regulatory T (iT 6664:Hematopoietic stem cell 6423:Lymphoplasmacytoid cell 4868:Frontiers in Immunology 4662:Frontiers in Immunology 4511:Frontiers in Immunology 4108:10.1126/science.aac4263 4016:10.1126/science.aac4263 3567:10.1126/science.1145697 3390:Frontiers in Immunology 2909:Journal of Autoimmunity 2306:Frontiers in Immunology 2043:10.1126/science.1079490 1927:Frontiers in Immunology 1550:The identification of T 1415:s or natural (thymic) T 987:short-chain fatty acids 919:-TGM can induce murine 250:. All T cells begin as 6977:Tolerance in pregnancy 6719:adaptive immune system 3638:Microbes and Infection 1798:Chen W (August 2011). 1749:Curiel TJ (May 2007). 1285: 1283:tumor microenvironment 1225:visceral leishmaniasis 983:specific pathogen-free 832: cells. Though iT 630: 7012:Somatic hypermutation 6846:Polyclonal antibodies 6841:Monoclonal antibodies 6570:Innate lymphoid cells 6546:Natural killer T cell 5652:Journal of Immunology 5617:10.1002/eji.201344102 5358:Nature Communications 4919:Nature Communications 3839:Nature Communications 3261:10.1002/eji.202048746 3122:Journal of Immunology 2997:Journal of Immunology 2825:10.1084/jem.192.2.295 2649:Journal of Immunology 2551:Immunological Reviews 2357:Journal of Immunology 1878:Journal of Immunology 1639:mmune dysregulation, 1622:for the treatment of 1276: 856: cells versus iT 628: 434:is not required for T 348:to become CD25FOXP3 T 163:organ transplantation 7029:Junctional diversity 6797:Antigen presentation 6178:(Suppl 1): S43–S49. 5213:The Lancet. Oncology 5082:10.1038/bjc.2011.189 4725:10.1128/JVI.00533-20 4184:(6): 1276–1290.e13. 4069:10.1155/2022/8529578 3748:10.1084/jem.20070590 3599:Trends in Immunology 3505:10.1084/jem.20070602 2960:10.1084/jem.20051166 2612:10.1084/jem.20011756 2179:10.1096/fj.11-193672 1839:Autoimmunity Reviews 1497:transcription factor 1328:colorectal carcinoma 999:antigen presentation 450:Thymic recirculation 336:superfamily members 272:Hassall's corpuscles 7024:V(D)J recombination 7007:Affinity maturation 6759:Antigenic variation 6538:Innate-like T cells 6418:Transitional B cell 6234:10.1155/2011/256460 6085:10.1155/2013/621693 6035:10.1189/jlb.0912441 5920:10.1038/mt.2013.166 5855:10.1038/nature05010 5847:2006Natur.442..997L 5801:10.1155/2014/636238 5527:10.1038/nature05478 5519:2007Natur.445..931M 5378:10.1038/ncomms14649 5370:2017NatCo...814649D 4931:2019NatCo..10.3031H 4713:Journal of Virology 4145:(5): 1276–1288.e5. 4100:2015Sci...349..989O 4008:2015Sci...349..989O 3851:2017NatCo...8.1741J 3558:2007Sci...317..256M 2878:10.1038/nature06306 2870:2007Natur.450..566C 2262:10.1038/nri.2016.26 2113:Shevach EM (2000). 2035:2003Sci...299.1057H 2029:(5609): 1057–1061. 1717:10.1038/nature04753 1709:2006Natur.441..235B 1643:olyendocrinopathy, 1573:analysis. Only in T 1332:follicular lymphoma 1281: cells in the 901:mimic, secreted by 622:– see also below). 616:autoimmune diseases 6305:Regulatory+T-Cells 5841:(7106): 997–1002. 5706:10.1111/imcb.12636 3962:10.1111/IMCB.12479 3801:10.1111/IMCB.12475 1630:Genetic deficiency 1286: 703:interactions with 699:. This review of T 631: 88:autoimmune disease 78:that modulate the 72:suppressor T cells 32:regulatory T cells 18:Regulatory T cells 7123: 7122: 7051: 7050: 6801:professional APCs 6682: 6681: 6650: 6649: 6564: 6563: 6129:(10): 1459–1464. 5908:Molecular Therapy 5573:10.1002/art.38761 5567:(10): 2694–2705. 5513:(7130): 931–935. 5470:10.1111/cas.14069 4980:(23): 8226–8229. 4574:10.1111/imm.13208 4432:(164): 164ra159. 4331:(1): 212–224.e4. 4094:(6251): 989–993. 4002:(6251): 989–993. 3693:(12): 1403–1414. 3687:Nature Immunology 3552:(5835): 256–260. 3201:Nature Immunology 3128:(10): 6780–6786. 2954:(11): 1539–1547. 2864:(7169): 566–569. 2510:(12): 1353–1362. 2504:Nature Immunology 2458:Nature Immunology 2406:Nature Immunology 1816:10.2217/imt.11.79 1703:(7090): 235–238. 1665:diabetes mellitus 1218:nonhuman primates 1137:immunosuppressors 1034:antigen tolerance 880:cells opposed to 713:negative feedback 96:immunosuppressive 16:(Redirected from 7182: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7140: 7139: 7131: 7017:Clonal selection 6989:Immune privilege 6984:Immunodeficiency 6939:Cross-reactivity 6929:Hypersensitivity 6734: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6686: 6602:Adaptive NK cell 6575: 6438: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6316: 6293: 6277: 6271: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6246: 6236: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6195: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6146: 6135:10.4161/hv.21405 6114: 6108: 6107: 6097: 6087: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6046: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5983: 5966:(8): 3303–3311. 5951: 5942: 5941: 5931: 5914:(9): 1727–1737. 5899: 5893: 5892: 5891:. 2 August 2016. 5881: 5875: 5874: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5813: 5803: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5718: 5708: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5667: 5658:(4): 2827–2836. 5643: 5637: 5636: 5611:(6): 1644–1661. 5599: 5593: 5592: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5538: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5481: 5464:(7): 2080–2089. 5449: 5443: 5442: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5389: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5324: 5314: 5299:Molecular Cancer 5290: 5281: 5280: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5219:(6): e218–e228. 5208: 5199: 5198: 5188: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5147: 5115: 5104: 5103: 5093: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5044: 5027:(7): 2537–2544. 5012: 5006: 5005: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4952: 4942: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4893: 4883: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4842: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4793: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4736: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4687: 4677: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4636: 4626: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4585: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4536: 4526: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4478:(9): 1082–1092. 4466: 4460: 4459: 4449: 4417: 4408: 4407: 4397: 4374:Gastroenterology 4365: 4359: 4358: 4348: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4299: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4250: 4233:(7): 1164–1174. 4218: 4212: 4211: 4201: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4083: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4047: 4036: 4035: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3974: 3964: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3923: 3913: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3872: 3862: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3813: 3803: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3759: 3742:(8): 1757–1764. 3727: 3721: 3720: 3710: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3661: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3569: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3516: 3499:(8): 1775–1785. 3484: 3475: 3474: 3464: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3415: 3405: 3381: 3368: 3367: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3314: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3273: 3263: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3178: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3137: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3096: 3087:(4): 1225–1232. 3072: 3066: 3065: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3012: 3003:(4): 1783–1786. 2988: 2982: 2981: 2971: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2836: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2787: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2730: 2720: 2688: 2675: 2674: 2664: 2655:(7): 3180–3188. 2640: 2634: 2633: 2623: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2574: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2499: 2490: 2489: 2453: 2440: 2439: 2429: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2380: 2363:(8): 2031–2041. 2348: 2342: 2341: 2331: 2321: 2297: 2284: 2283: 2273: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2181: 2172:(6): 2253–2276. 2157: 2151: 2150: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2093: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2001: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1952: 1942: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1901: 1884:(5): 2010–2014. 1869: 1863: 1862: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1778: 1767:10.1172/JCI31202 1761:(5): 1167–1174. 1746: 1737: 1736: 1692: 590:development of T 566:development of T 478:development of T 297:The process of T 104:effector T cells 94: cells are 65: 64: 61: 60: 57: 54: 51: 48: 45: 21: 7190: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7148: 7146: 7134: 7126: 7124: 7119: 7093: 7047: 6993: 6972:Clonal deletion 6900: 6894: 6824: 6725: 6713: 6683: 6678: 6646: 6611: 6560: 6532: 6526: 6518: 6510: 6502: 6478: 6470: 6463: 6427: 6405: 6348: 6343: 6301: 6296: 6278: 6274: 6264: 6260: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6165: 6164: 6160: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6016: 6015: 6011: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5953: 5952: 5945: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5749:Cancer Research 5745: 5744: 5740: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5292: 5291: 5284: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5210: 5209: 5202: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5117: 5116: 5107: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5014: 5013: 5009: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4617:(7): e0009605. 4604: 4603: 4599: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4419: 4418: 4411: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4227:Nature Medicine 4220: 4219: 4215: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4085: 4084: 4077: 4049: 4048: 4039: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3781: 3780: 3773: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3383: 3382: 3371: 3348:10.1038/nri3108 3342:(12): 852–863. 3333: 3332: 3328: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3213:10.1038/ni.1674 3197: 3196: 3192: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3046:10.1038/nri2163 3040:(10): 817–823. 3031: 3030: 3026: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2690: 2689: 2678: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2501: 2500: 2493: 2470:10.1038/ni.3150 2455: 2454: 2443: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2299: 2298: 2287: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2020: 2019: 2015: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1845:(12): 744–755. 1836: 1835: 1831: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1748: 1747: 1740: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1673: 1632: 1620:immune response 1616:type I diabetes 1608: 1601: 1590: 1586: 1576: 1571:DNA methylation 1568: 1557: 1553: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1489: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1437: 1433: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1391: 1379: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1341: 1337: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1306: 1302: 1280: 1271: 1257: 1250: 1238: 1233: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1194: 1167: 1158: 1122: 1101: 1030: 995:dendritic cells 959: 952: 948: 895: 885: 871: 867: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 817: 811: 807: 802: 764:T cell receptor 742: 705:dendritic cells 702: 667:dendritic cells 608: 597: 593: 581: 573: 569: 557: 541: 537: 530: 526: 522: 518: 510: 506: 498: 485: 481: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 452: 441: 437: 417: 413: 409: 391: 387: 375: 370: 355: 351: 320: 316: 304: 300: 293: 285: 281: 277: 269: 240: 233: 228: 213: 205: 199: 188: 180: 172: 160: 145: 141: 133: 109: 93: 69: 42: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7188: 7186: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7162: 7161: 7157: 7156: 7144: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7061: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7003: 7001: 6999:Immunogenetics 6995: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6947: 6946: 6944:Co-stimulation 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6904: 6902: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6885:Immune complex 6881: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6805:Dendritic cell 6793: 6792: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6783:Conformational 6780: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6740: 6738: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6704: 6697: 6689: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6660: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6622: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6583: 6581: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6542: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6491: 6486: 6476: 6468: 6461: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6403: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6358: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6334: 6327: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6300: 6299:External links 6297: 6295: 6294: 6272: 6258: 6207: 6158: 6109: 6058: 6029:(2): 377–383. 6009: 5995: 5943: 5894: 5876: 5825: 5774: 5755:(2): 599–608. 5738: 5699:(6): 491–503. 5679: 5638: 5594: 5550: 5493: 5458:Cancer Science 5444: 5417:(6): 356–371. 5401: 5351: 5347: 5336: 5282: 5238: 5200: 5179:(1): 459–477. 5159: 5105: 5056: 5007: 4964: 4905: 4854: 4805: 4756: 4699: 4648: 4597: 4548: 4497: 4461: 4409: 4380:(3): 957–965. 4360: 4311: 4262: 4213: 4164: 4129: 4075: 4037: 3986: 3955:(8): 848–864. 3935: 3904:(5): 379–385. 3884: 3825: 3794:(8): 833–847. 3771: 3722: 3673: 3644:(5): 594–598. 3624: 3605:(3): 168–180. 3589: 3528: 3476: 3447:(1): 109–122. 3427: 3369: 3326: 3305:(5): 775–787. 3285: 3234: 3190: 3169:(4): 503–513. 3149: 3108: 3067: 3024: 2983: 2934: 2915:(4): 277–279. 2899: 2848: 2819:(2): 295–302. 2799: 2750: 2703:(1): 182–193. 2676: 2635: 2606:(6): 789–794. 2586: 2537: 2516:10.1038/ni1536 2491: 2464:(6): 628–634. 2441: 2412:(2): 195–205. 2392: 2343: 2285: 2256:(4): 220–233. 2236: 2201: 2152: 2105: 2084:(5): 591–594. 2064: 2013: 1984:(2): 241–246. 1964: 1913: 1864: 1829: 1810:(8): 911–914. 1790: 1738: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1669: 1631: 1628: 1607: 1604: 1599: 1588: 1584: 1574: 1566: 1555: 1551: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1488: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1389: 1386:gastric cancer 1377: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1339: 1335: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310:The ratio of T 1304: 1300: 1278: 1270: 1267: 1256: 1253: 1248: 1247:expansion of T 1236: 1232: 1229: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1192: 1166: 1163: 1157: 1154: 1121: 1118: 1100: 1097: 1080:Deficiency of 1029: 1026: 975:lamina propria 958: 955: 950: 946: 915:TGF-β mimic). 893: 883: 869: 865: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 828:) cells and iT 825: 821: 815: 809: 805: 801: 798: 748:either in the 741: 738: 737: 736: 725:co-stimulation 721: 708: 700: 689: 674: 663: 652: 649:Interleukin 10 645:Interleukin 35 607: 604: 595: 591: 579: 571: 567: 555: 539: 535: 528: 524: 520: 516: 508: 504: 496: 483: 479: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 448: 439: 435: 423:co-stimulation 418:cells require 415: 411: 407: 389: 385: 373: 368: 353: 349: 318: 314: 302: 298: 291: 283: 279: 275: 267: 239: 236: 231: 226: 211: 208:helper T cells 203: 198: 195: 186: 178: 170: 158: 143: 139: 131: 107: 91: 86:, and prevent 67: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7187: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7155: 7145: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7129: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6967:Clonal anergy 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6856:Microantibody 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6710: 6705: 6703: 6698: 6696: 6691: 6690: 6687: 6675: 6674:Prolymphocyte 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6656:Lymphopoiesis 6653: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6567: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6527: 6521: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6505: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6494:Memory T cell 6492: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6480: 6472: 6464: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6451:Cytotoxic CD8 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6387:Marginal zone 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6340: 6335: 6333: 6328: 6326: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6298: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6262: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6211: 6208: 6203: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6159: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6110: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6059: 6054: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6010: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5939: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5895: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5826: 5821: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5742: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5595: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5554: 5551: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5494: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5405: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5340: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5242: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5076:(1): 93–103. 5075: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5057: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4776:(5): e89530. 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4282:(3): 112135. 4281: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2205: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166:FASEB Journal 2163: 2156: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1868: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804:Immunotherapy 1801: 1794: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1605: 1603: 1597: 1592: 1583:gene (TSDR, T 1582: 1581: 1572: 1563: 1561: 1548: 1546: 1520: 1517: 1516:interleukin-2 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1486: 1484: 1461: 1441: 1439: 1428: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1387: 1383: 1380: cells. 1375: 1370: 1369: cells. 1343: 1333: 1329: 1308: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1284: 1275: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1254: 1252: 1246: 1242: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1198: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1164: 1162: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1075:Bacteroidales 1072: 1071:Clostridiales 1068: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 956: 954: 944: 943: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 905: 900: 891: 887: 886:17 cells 877: 875: 874:demethylation 863: 819: 818:17 cells 799: 797: 795: 790: 788: 783: 779: 775: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 751: 747: 739: 734: 730: 726: 722: 719: 718:interleukin 2 714: 709: 706: 698: 694: 690: 687: 683: 679: 675: 672: 668: 664: 661: 657: 653: 650: 646: 642: 641: 640: 638: 637: 627: 623: 621: 620:IPEX syndrome 617: 613: 612:immune system 605: 603: 601: 589: 585: 577: 565: 561: 553: 549: 545: 532: 514: 502: 494: 491:) encoded by 490: 477: 449: 447: 445: 433: 428: 424: 421: 404: 402: 397: 395: 383: 379: 365: 363: 359: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 322: 312: 308: 295: 289: 273: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 237: 235: 224: 220: 215: 209: 196: 194: 192: 191:Immunotherapy 184: 176: 168: 167:wound healing 164: 156: 151: 149: 137: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 105: 101: 97: 89: 85: 81: 80:immune system 77: 73: 63: 37: 33: 19: 6934:Inflammation 6919:Alloimmunity 6914:Autoimmunity 6899:Immunity vs. 6851:Autoantibody 6749:Superantigen 6482: 6279: 6275: 6261: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6126: 6122: 6112: 6075: 6071: 6061: 6026: 6022: 6012: 5998: 5963: 5959: 5911: 5907: 5897: 5888: 5879: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5752: 5748: 5741: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5564: 5560: 5553: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5364:(1): 14649. 5361: 5357: 5339: 5302: 5298: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5216: 5212: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5130:(1): 36–45. 5127: 5123: 5073: 5069: 5059: 5024: 5020: 5010: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4429: 4425: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4328: 4324: 4314: 4279: 4276:Cell Reports 4275: 4265: 4230: 4226: 4216: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4091: 4087: 4062:: e8529578. 4059: 4055: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3791: 3787: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3549: 3545: 3538:Kronenberg M 3531: 3496: 3492: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3393: 3389: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3271:11343/276776 3254:(1): 27–38. 3251: 3247: 3237: 3207:(1): 48–57. 3204: 3200: 3193: 3166: 3162: 3152: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2951: 2947: 2937: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2767: 2763: 2753: 2718:10033/622148 2700: 2696: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2557:(1): 63–76. 2554: 2550: 2540: 2507: 2503: 2461: 2457: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2309: 2305: 2253: 2249: 2239: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2169: 2165: 2155: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2081: 2077: 2067: 2026: 2022: 2016: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1930: 1926: 1916: 1881: 1877: 1867: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1758: 1754: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1657: 1655:) syndrome. 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1613: 1609: 1593: 1578: 1564: 1549: 1521: 1490: 1483:inhibition. 1445: 1429: 1406: 1371: 1344: 1309: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1262:preeclamptic 1258: 1244: 1234: 1222: 1190: 1179: 1176:tuberculosis 1168: 1159: 1152:transcript. 1147: 1141: 1134: 1123: 1102: 1086: 1079: 1063: 1050: 1031: 1010:Neuropilin-1 1007: 991:fermentation 960: 940: 928: 924: 916: 913:H. polygyrus 912: 908: 902: 878: 836: and nT 803: 794:Neuropilin-1 791: 787:inflammation 773: 772: 755: 754: 743: 634: 632: 609: 587: 575: 563: 551: 533: 500: 492: 475: 453: 405: 398: 381: 377: 366: 323: 296: 241: 218: 216: 200: 152: 100:downregulate 71: 35: 31: 29: 7175:Human cells 7057:Lymphocytes 6716:Lymphocytic 6669:Lymphoblast 6367:Plasmablast 6346:Lymphocytes 4925:(1): 3031. 4825:(4): e465. 4770:JCI Insight 4568:(1): 4–17. 3845:(1): 1741. 2217:: 531–562. 2125:: 423–449. 1647:nteropathy 1438:depletion. 907:and termed 768:lymph nodes 244:bone marrow 238:Development 197:Populations 148:homeostasis 146: cell 82:, maintain 7164:Categories 7098:Substances 6962:Peripheral 6950:Inaction: 6829:Antibodies 6810:Macrophage 6723:complement 6483:Regulatory 6456:Helper CD4 6382:Follicular 6227:: 256460. 6078:: 621693. 5794:: 636238. 5305:(1): 116. 5255:: 155351. 4562:Immunology 4517:: 716499. 2312:: 643153. 1683:References 1596:mast cells 1460:ipilimumab 1181:Leishmania 1172:retroviral 1165:Infections 1082:tryptophan 967:Th17 cells 862:Epigenetic 656:Granzyme B 515:negative T 311:stochastic 307:Goldilocks 7115:Cytolysin 7105:Cytokines 6952:Tolerance 6901:tolerance 6820:Immunogen 6642:LTi cells 6597:Null cell 6445:Thymocyte 6292:GeneTests 5733:257152898 5277:226218796 5195:2472-3428 4819:Neurology 4751:220579402 3229:205361984 2745:210913733 1651:-linked ( 1624:allergies 1255:Pregnancy 1216:infected 979:germ-free 686:adenosine 660:apoptosis 183:prognosis 128:CD4 cells 126:as naïve 7154:Medicine 7065:Cellular 6909:Immunity 6907:Action: 6890:Paratope 6878:Idiotype 6868:Allotype 6836:Antibody 6790:Mimotope 6754:Allergen 6737:Antigens 6730:Lymphoid 6630:Nuocytes 6579:NK cells 6411:B10 cell 6253:21941651 6202:22941509 6153:23095864 6104:23710469 6053:23729499 5990:18660382 5938:23857231 5863:16921386 5820:24995020 5769:19147574 5725:36825901 5716:10952637 5674:19635903 5633:24012204 5625:24752698 5589:39984435 5581:24980778 5545:17237765 5488:31102428 5439:59526013 5431:30705439 5396:28290453 5331:32680511 5269:33127257 5249:Cytokine 5233:23639322 5154:23199321 5100:21629244 5051:17615291 5002:18794337 4994:16322278 4959:31292453 4900:30972068 4849:29845093 4800:28289705 4743:32669326 4694:29706961 4643:34324509 4592:32463116 4543:34421921 4492:29991500 4456:23241743 4404:21147109 4355:30650377 4325:Immunity 4306:36840944 4297:10150404 4257:31235962 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