304:
527:
297:
269:
119:
896:
290:
103:
82:
An increase in blood pressure can be caused by increased cardiac output, increased total peripheral resistance, or both. The
440:
154:
817:
79:). In reflex bradycardia, blood pressure is reduced by decreasing cardiac output (CO) via a decrease in heart rate (HR).
572:
550:
812:
557:
56:
638:
181:
150:
842:
799:
789:
665:
645:
609:
532:
492:
313:
185:
660:
650:
540:
161:
receptors reduce the contractile forces of the atrial cardiac muscle and reduce the conduction velocity of the
45:, the baroreceptor reflex produces a reflex bradycardia as a method of decreasing blood pressure by decreasing
847:
779:
724:
625:
545:
429:
407:
387:
784:
774:
688:
434:
392:
42:
633:
162:
91:
194:(α-adrenergic effects on systemic vasculature exceed the effects of β1-adrenergic effects on the heart)
382:
365:
729:
567:
562:
397:
370:
176:
34:
837:
702:
455:
473:
445:
425:
265:
238:
95:
68:
822:
417:
228:
142:
672:
402:
282:
138:
110:, the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates neurons that release the neurotransmitter
832:
757:
749:
343:
330:
191:
134:
52:
46:
38:
890:
450:
360:
353:
338:
258:
115:
111:
87:
64:
864:
854:
827:
716:
707:
504:
478:
83:
869:
859:
587:
582:
577:
488:
126:, causing the decrease in heart rate that is referred to as reflex bradycardia.
107:
99:
37:, one of the body's homeostatic mechanisms for preventing abnormal increases in
26:
807:
592:
482:
465:
348:
169:
receptors have no effect on the contractile forces of the ventricular muscle.
63:. Cardiac output (CO) is affected by two factors, the heart rate (HR) and the
30:
739:
510:
377:
242:
767:
498:
762:
233:
216:
90:
sense this increase in blood pressure and relay the information to the
602:
597:
20:
260:
First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1)
734:
321:
286:
133:
muscarinic receptors decrease the heart rate by inhibiting
798:
748:
715:
701:
681:
618:
520:
464:
416:
329:
320:
257:
256:Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007).
55:(BP) is determined by cardiac output (CO) and
298:
8:
215:Doyle, D. John; Mark, Patrick W. S. (1990).
172:Stimuli causing reflex bradycardia include:
712:
326:
305:
291:
283:
102:, the cardiovascular centres activate the
67:(SV), the volume of blood pumped from one
232:
314:Physiology of the cardiovascular system
210:
208:
204:
59:(TPR), as represented by the formula
7:
217:"Reflex bradycardia during surgery"
14:
221:Canadian Journal of Anesthesia
118:. Acetylcholine then binds to
104:parasympathetic nervous system
1:
441:Aortic valve area calculation
155:muscarinic potassium channels
71:of the heart with each beat (
558:Effective refractory period
437:) / End-diastolic dimension
57:total peripheral resistance
913:
190:Systemically administered
153:and through modulation of
41:. In the presence of high
897:Cardiovascular physiology
843:Tubuloglomerular feedback
790:Critical closing pressure
610:Hexaxial reference system
533:Cardiac electrophysiology
186:intracranial hypertension
818:Renin–angiotensin system
848:Cerebral autoregulation
813:Kinin–kallikrein system
780:Jugular venous pressure
430:End-diastolic dimension
408:Pressure volume diagram
264:. McGraw-Hill Medical.
114:(ACh) at synapses with
98:. In order to maintain
785:Portal venous pressure
775:Mean arterial pressure
689:Ventricular remodeling
435:End-systolic dimension
393:Cardiac function curve
92:cardiovascular centres
43:mean arterial pressure
16:Decrease in heart rate
426:Fractional shortening
165:(AV node). However, M
163:atrioventricular node
33:) in response to the
366:End-diastolic volume
124:muscarinic receptors
116:cardiac muscle cells
730:Vascular resistance
568:Electrocardiography
563:Pacemaker potential
493:Conduction velocity
398:Venous return curve
371:End-systolic volume
177:Oculocardiac reflex
35:baroreceptor reflex
838:Myogenic mechanism
456:Left atrial volume
388:Frank–Starling law
234:10.1007/BF03005473
77:BP = HR Ă— SV Ă— TPR
884:
883:
880:
879:
697:
696:
537:Action potential
528:Conduction system
474:Cardiac pacemaker
446:Ejection fraction
271:978-0-07-149868-5
157:. Additionally, M
151:coupled receptors
96:medulla oblongata
904:
823:Vasoconstrictors
800:Regulation of BP
713:
646:pulmonary artery
619:Chamber pressure
327:
307:
300:
293:
284:
277:
275:
263:
253:
247:
246:
236:
212:
78:
74:
62:
912:
911:
907:
906:
905:
903:
902:
901:
887:
886:
885:
876:
794:
744:
706:
703:Vascular system
693:
677:
614:
516:
501:(Contractility)
460:
412:
403:Wiggers diagram
316:
311:
281:
280:
272:
255:
254:
250:
214:
213:
206:
201:
168:
160:
146:
139:sinoatrial node
132:
123:
76:
72:
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
910:
908:
900:
899:
889:
888:
882:
881:
878:
877:
875:
874:
873:
872:
867:
862:
852:
851:
850:
845:
840:
833:Autoregulation
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
804:
802:
796:
795:
793:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
771:
770:
765:
758:Pulse pressure
754:
752:
750:Blood pressure
746:
745:
743:
742:
737:
732:
727:
721:
719:
710:
699:
698:
695:
694:
692:
691:
685:
683:
679:
678:
676:
675:
670:
669:
668:
663:
655:
654:
653:
643:
642:
641:
636:
628:
626:Central venous
622:
620:
616:
615:
613:
612:
607:
606:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
565:
560:
555:
554:
553:
548:
543:
535:
530:
524:
522:
518:
517:
515:
514:
508:
507:(Excitability)
502:
496:
486:
476:
470:
468:
462:
461:
459:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
432:
422:
420:
414:
413:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
374:
373:
368:
358:
357:
356:
351:
344:Cardiac output
341:
335:
333:
331:Cardiac output
324:
318:
317:
312:
310:
309:
302:
295:
287:
279:
278:
270:
248:
227:(2): 219–222.
203:
202:
200:
197:
196:
195:
192:norepinephrine
188:
179:
166:
158:
144:
135:depolarization
130:
121:
53:Blood pressure
47:cardiac output
39:blood pressure
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
909:
898:
895:
894:
892:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
856:
853:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
803:
801:
797:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
759:
756:
755:
753:
751:
747:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
720:
718:
714:
711:
709:
704:
700:
690:
687:
686:
684:
680:
674:
671:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
656:
652:
649:
648:
647:
644:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
629:
627:
624:
623:
621:
617:
611:
608:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
525:
523:
519:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
490:
487:
484:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
469:
467:
463:
457:
454:
452:
451:Cardiac index
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
436:
433:
431:
427:
424:
423:
421:
419:
415:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
362:
361:Stroke volume
359:
355:
354:Stroke volume
352:
350:
347:
346:
345:
342:
340:
339:Cardiac cycle
337:
336:
334:
332:
328:
325:
323:
319:
315:
308:
303:
301:
296:
294:
289:
288:
285:
273:
267:
262:
261:
252:
249:
244:
240:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
211:
209:
205:
198:
193:
189:
187:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
173:
170:
164:
156:
152:
148:
140:
136:
127:
125:
117:
113:
112:acetylcholine
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:carotid sinus
85:
84:baroreceptors
80:
70:
66:
65:stroke volume
61:BP = CO Ă— TPR
58:
54:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
29:(decrease in
28:
24:
22:
865:Carotid body
828:Vasodilators
708:hemodynamics
513:(Relaxation)
505:Bathmotropic
479:Chronotropic
259:
251:
224:
220:
184:response to
171:
128:
81:
75:, therefore
73:CO = HR Ă— SV
51:
19:
18:
870:Glomus cell
860:Aortic body
855:Paraganglia
666:ventricular
639:ventricular
588:QT interval
583:QRS complex
578:PR interval
551:ventricular
489:Dromotropic
182:Sympathetic
108:vagus nerve
100:homeostasis
27:bradycardia
23:bradycardia
808:Baroreflex
725:Compliance
717:Blood flow
593:ST segment
521:Conduction
511:Lusitropic
483:Heart rate
466:Heart rate
418:Ultrasound
349:Heart rate
199:References
106:. Via the
31:heart rate
768:Diastolic
740:Perfusion
499:Inotropic
378:Afterload
69:ventricle
891:Category
763:Systolic
541:cardiac
276:Page 254
383:Preload
243:2088315
147:protein
137:of the
94:in the
86:in the
673:Aortic
661:atrial
634:atrial
630:Right
603:U wave
598:T wave
573:P wave
546:atrial
268:
241:
21:Reflex
735:Pulse
682:Other
657:Left
651:wedge
322:Heart
129:The M
25:is a
266:ISBN
239:PMID
141:via
428:= (
229:doi
893::
237:.
225:37
223:.
219:.
207:^
49:.
705:/
495:)
491:(
485:)
481:(
306:e
299:t
292:v
274:.
245:.
231::
167:2
159:2
149:-
145:i
143:G
131:2
122:2
120:M
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