154:, highlighting the specific forms of oppression experienced by poor black women, as well as foregrounding the history of white men's sexual violence against black women. According to McDuffie, "Ingram's case represented in glaring terms the interlocking systems of oppression suffered by African American women: the painful memories of and the continued day-to-day sexual violence committed against black women's bodies by white men, the lack of protection for and the disrespect of black motherhood, the economic exploitation of black working-class women, and the disenfranchisement of black women in the Jim Crow South." Black progressive women were the leaders of the global campaign to free the Ingrams.
82:. On November 4, 1947, Stratford confronted Ingram, accusing her of allowing her livestock to roam freely on his land. When Ingram reminded Stratford that both the livestock and the land were owned by their landlord, he struck her with a gun. Several of Ingram's sons came to her defense, and Stratford was killed by blows to the head.
85:
Ingram, along with four of her sons, Charles (age 17), Wallace (age 16), Sammie Lee (age 14), and James (age 12), were initially arrested, although James was later released. Charles was tried separately and was released at the conclusion of his trial due to insufficient evidence. According to
Charles
89:
The trial of Rosa Lee, Wallace, and Sammie Lee, lasted just one day, held on
January 26, 1948 in Ellaville, Georgia. They were each found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. National outcry against the verdict resulted in the sentences being commuted to life imprisonment. Despite the death
118:
A second wave of protests ensued after the
Georgia Supreme Court upheld the Ingrams' life sentences. In 1952, despite continued protests from civil rights organizations on the basis of the extenuating circumstances (e.g. that Stratford had sexually assaulted Ingram, and that her children were
93:
Although the prosecution suggested that the confrontation between
Stratford and Ingram arose from a conflict over livestock, later accounts suggested that Stratford was enraged because Ingram had repeatedly objected to his sexual harassment of her. The defense argued that Ingrams' sons killed
31:
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on
February 7, 1948. When the defendants' executions were scheduled for February 27, 1948, less than three weeks later, the U.S. erupted in protests against the trial and sentences, which had been conducted in haste and secrecy. In response to national protests led by
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in
January 1953 to plead for the Ingrams' release, they were turned away by the governor's wife, who told them the governor was out hunting. In 1955, the Ingrams were again denied parole. The State Board gave no reason for the denial.
97:
The judge presiding over the case was Judge W. M. Harper. The attorney representing Ingram (and appointed to her the morning of the trial) was S. Hawkins Dykes. The jury for the trial was an all- white, all-male jury.
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66:, who was at the center of one of the most explosive capital punishment cases in U.S. history. In the 1940s, she became an icon for the civil rights and social justice movement.
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After multiple subsequent requests were denied, on August 26, 1959, Ingram and her sons were paroled and released from prison.
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531:"A "New Freedom Movement of Negro Women": Sojourning for Truth, Justice, and Human Rights during the Early Cold War"
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responding in self-defense), the
Georgia pardon and parole board refused to free Ingram and her two sons. When
86:
H. Martin, this "...underscored the circumstantial nature of the evidence against his mother and brothers."
75:
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sentence being withdrawn, public outrage against the harshness of the commuted sentences continued.
63:
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Martin, Charles H. (July 1985). "Race, Gender, and
Southern Justice: The Rosa Lee Ingram Case".
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The sentencing of Ingram and two of her sons to die in the electric chair was handed down by an
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425:"Mother, Teen Age Sons to Die in Electric Chair: Protests Hit Verdict in Farm Killing".
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Waligora-Davis, Nicole A. (2011). "Exile". In
Waligora-Davis, Nicole A. (ed.).
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Following Ingram's release, she lived in
Atlanta, Georgia until her death.
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Ingram farmed adjoining lots with white sharecropper John Ed Stratford in
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115:, the trio's sentences were commuted to life imprisonment in April 1948.
185:"Rosa Ingram, Teen Sons Sentenced To Electric Chair On This Day In 1948"
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216:"For Auctions, It's 'No Froth,' but 'Steady.' That's the New Normal"
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Protest response to sentences and eventual 1959 parole, release
308:. New York / Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–21.
150:. As historian Erik S. McDuffie notes, the case galvanized
58:(July 23, 1902 – August 5, 1980) was an African-American
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Prisoners sentenced to death by Georgia (U.S. state)
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619:People convicted of murder by Georgia (U.S. state)
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398:"Ingram Life Sentences Meet Storm of Protest".
214:Reyburn, Scott; Pogrebin, Robin (2019-11-15).
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250:"Grant Execution Stay to Mother, Two Sons".
594:Civil rights protests in the United States
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604:Anti-black racism in Georgia (U.S. state)
314:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369915.003.0001
304:Sanctuary: African Americans and Empire
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440:"West Coast NAACP Backs Ingram Case".
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614:American prisoners sentenced to death
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267:The American Journal of Legal History
62:and widowed mother of 12 children in
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470:"Bar Friends of Ingram in Georgia".
455:"Turn Down Ingram Plea for Pardon".
609:American people convicted of murder
599:Incidents of violence against women
589:20th-century African-American women
195:from the original on June 22, 2020
183:Chandler, D.L. (3 February 2014).
14:
624:People paroled from life sentence
529:McDuffie, Erik S. (Spring 2008).
502:"Notable Georgia Criminal Trials"
142:The Ingrams were defended by the
16:American sharecropper (1902–1980)
148:Sojourners for Truth and Justice
121:Sojourners for Truth and Justice
113:Sojourners for Truth and Justice
138:Civil rights impact of the case
123:came to visit Georgia governor
485:"Deny Parole to the Ingrams".
1:
94:Stratford in self-defense.
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547:10.1215/01636545-2007-039
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361:New Georgia Encyclopedia
108:all-white, all male jury
49:August 5, 1980 (aged 78)
535:Radical History Review
357:"Rosa Lee Ingram Case"
144:Civil Rights Congress
489:. September 3, 1955.
487:The Chicago Defender
472:The Chicago Defender
457:The Chicago Defender
442:The Chicago Defender
427:The Chicago Defender
400:The Chicago Defender
252:The Chicago Defender
152:black left feminists
459:. February 9, 1952.
429:. February 7, 1948.
500:Lisby, Gregory C.
474:. January 3, 1953.
220:The New York Times
444:. April 24, 1948.
254:. March 13, 1948.
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509:. Retrieved
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60:sharecropper
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584:1980 deaths
579:1902 births
560:Martin 1985
413:Martin 1985
381:Martin 1985
366:29 December
573:Categories
337:August 14,
233:2019-11-15
199:August 14,
170:References
332:729550828
228:0362-4331
80:Ellaville
511:11 March
193:Archived
164:Womanism
158:See also
189:Newsone
64:Georgia
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287:844758
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283:JSTOR
539:2008
513:2016
368:2020
339:2020
328:OCLC
318:ISBN
224:ISSN
201:2020
70:Case
46:Died
38:Born
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
