1740:(co-developer with John Exner of the Comprehensive system) has stated that the Rorschach "is a measure of personality functioning, and it provides information concerning aspects of personality structure and dynamics that make people the kind of people they are. Sometimes such information about personality characteristics is helpful in arriving at a differential diagnosis, if the alternative diagnoses being considered have been well conceptualized with respect to specific or defining personality characteristics". In the vast majority of cases, anyway, the Rorschach test was not singled out but used as one of several in a battery of tests, and despite the criticism of usage of the Rorschach in the courts, out of 8,000 cases in which forensic psychologists used Rorschach-based testimony, the appropriateness of the instrument was challenged only six times, and the testimony was ruled inadmissible in only one of those cases. One study has found that use of the test in courts has increased by three times in the decade between 1996 and 2005, compared to the previous fifty years. Others however have found that its usage by forensic psychologists has decreased.
1808:(APA) has a code of ethics that supports "freedom of inquiry and expression" and helping "the public in developing informed judgments". It claims that its goals include "the welfare and protection of the individuals and groups with whom psychologists work", and it requires that psychologists "make reasonable efforts to maintain the integrity and security of test materials". The APA has also raised concerns that the dissemination of test materials might impose "very concrete harm to the general public". It has not taken a position on publication of the Rorschach plates but noted "there are a limited number of standardized psychological tests considered appropriate for a given purpose". A public statement by the
3077:" the printing of the cards was more than unsatisfactory. The cards were reduced in size, the colors changed and the original uniformity of the black areas was reproduced in a variety of shades, delineating all kinds of vague forms. The printer probably did not expect congratulations for his slovenly work, but as soon as Rorschach had seen the proofs he was seized by a renewed enthusiasm, and understood at once the new possibilities the prints offered." (Ellenberger 1954, p. 206) Far from being outraged that the integrity of his experiment was violated, Rorschach appreciated immediately that shading enriched the test by further increasing the creative possibilities the cards afforded.
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the blot actually looks. Superficially this might be considered a subjective judgment, depending on how the examiner has internalized the categories involved. But with the Exner system of scoring, much of the subjectivity is eliminated or reduced by use of frequency tables that indicate how often a particular response is given by the population in general. Another example is that the response "bra" was considered a "sex" response by male psychologists, but a "clothing" response by females. In Exner's system, however, such a response is always coded as "clothing" unless there is a clear sexual reference in the response.
1455:(former President of the Psychometric Society and American Psychological Association) is quoted in a review: "The test has repeatedly failed as a prediction of practical criteria. There is nothing in the literature to encourage reliance on Rorschach interpretations." In addition, major reviewer Raymond J. McCall writes (p. 154): "Though tens of thousands of Rorschach tests have been administered by hundreds of trained professionals since that time (of a previous review), and while many relationships to personality dynamics and behavior have been hypothesized, the vast majority of these relationships
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it came from case studies of real patients. The students reported that the five invalid signs were associated with homosexuality, even though the cards had been constructed so there was no association at all. The
Chapmans repeated this experiment with another set of cards, in which the association was negative; the five signs were never reported by homosexuals. The students still reported seeing a strong positive correlation. These experiments showed that the testers' prejudices could result in them "seeing" non-existent relationships in the data. The Chapmans called this phenomenon "
1869:: though people are likewise free to memorize the eye chart before an eye test, its general usefulness as a diagnostic tool for eyesight has not diminished. For those opposed to exposure, publication of the inkblots is described as a "particularly painful development", given the tens of thousands of research papers which have, over many years, "tried to link a patient's responses to certain psychological conditions." Controversy over Knowledge (XXG)'s publication of the inkblots has resulted in the blots being published in other locations, such as
1586:. One such scale is R, the total number of responses; this reveals the questionable side-effect that more intelligent people tend to be elevated on many pathology scales, since many scales do not correct for high R: if a subject gives twice as many responses overall, it is more likely that some of these will seem "pathological". Also correlated with intelligence are the scales for Organizational Activity, Complexity, Form Quality, and Human Figure responses. The same source reports that validity has also been shown for detecting such conditions as
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Therefore, they established a new system: the R-PAS. It is an attempt at creating a current, empirically based, and internationally focused scoring system that is easier to use than Exner's
Comprehensive System. The R-PAS manual is intended to be a comprehensive tool for administering, scoring, and interpreting the Rorschach. The manual consists of two chapters that are basics of scoring and interpretation, aimed for use for novice Rorschach users, followed by numerous chapters containing more detailed and technical information.
2001:, the character Doc Mitchell uses three cards from the test to give judgment on the player character who is recovering from a bullet to the head. Cards VII, VI, and II are used in that order. The player answers from a premade list of answers which then determine the player's skill bonuses. A community mod for Card II was created due to popular agreement from the community that it looked like "Two bears high fiving". This would inspire a character in the Honest Hearts addon called "Two Bears High Fiving".
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part of the blot was used, "Dd" if an uncommonly described or unusual detail was used, or "S" if the white space in the background was used. A score of W is typically associated with the subject's motivation to interact with his or her surrounding environment. D is interpreted as one having efficient or adequate functioning. A high frequency of responses coded Dd indicate some maladjustment within the individual. Responses coded S indicate an oppositional or uncooperative test subject.
1709:, disordered thinking, and discomfort in close relationships. Lilienfeld and colleagues, who are critical of the Rorschach, have stated that this proves that the Rorschach tends to "overpathologise normals". Although Rorschach proponents, such as Hibbard, suggest that high rates of pathology detected by the Rorschach accurately reflect increasing psychopathology in society, the Rorschach also identifies half of all test-takers as possessing "distorted thinking", a
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detailed instructions, but Wood et al. cite many court cases where these had not been followed. Similarly, the procedures for coding responses are fairly well specified but extremely time-consuming leaving them very subject to the author's style and the publisher to the quality of the instructions (such as was noted with one of Bohm's textbooks in the 1950s) as well as clinic workers (which would include examiners) being encouraged to cut corners.
242:
487:). In fact, the contents of the response are only a comparatively small portion of a broader cluster of variables that are used to interpret the Rorschach data: for instance, information is provided by the time taken before providing a response for a card can be significant (taking a long time can indicate "shock" on the card). As well as by any comments the subject may make in addition to providing a direct response.
282:, which was to form the basis of the inkblot test. After experimenting with several hundred inkblots which he drew himself, he selected a set of ten for their diagnostic value. Although he had served as Vice President of the Swiss Psychoanalytic Society, Rorschach had difficulty in publishing the book and it attracted little attention when it first appeared. Rorschach died the following year.
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quality of the response (to what extent a response is faithful to how the actual inkblot looks), the contents of the response (what the respondent actually sees in the blot), the degree of mental organizing activity that is involved in producing the response, and any illogical, incongruous, or incoherent aspects of responses. "Bat" is a popular response to the first card.
849:, subjects often inquire on how they should proceed, and questions on what they are allowed to do with the card (e.g. turning it) are not very significant. Being the first card, it can provide clues about how subjects tackle a new and stressful task. It is not, however, a card that is usually difficult for the subject to handle, having readily available popular responses.
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of
Rorschach test scores, that included summary and conclusions was developed in the 1970s by psychologists Perline and Cabanski, and marketed internationally. This computerized interpretation of the test was used to interpret the set of scores developed by Gilbert on Nazi Hermann Goering along with several other Nazis while awaiting trial at Nuremberg Prison.
1231:, which lets them relax and respond effectively. Similar to card V, it represents a "change of pace"; however, the card introduces new elaboration difficulties, being complex and the first multi-colored card in the set. Therefore, people who find processing complex situations or emotional stimuli distressing or difficult may be uncomfortable with this card.
1610:. The authors conclude that "Otherwise, the Comprehensive System doesn't appear to bear a consistent relationship to psychological disorders or symptoms, personality characteristics, potential for violence, or such health problems as cancer". (Cancer is mentioned because a small minority of Rorschach enthusiasts have claimed the test can predict cancer.)
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1463:(p. 636). Its value as a measure of thought disorder in schizophrenia research is well accepted. It is also used regularly in research on dependency, and, less often, in studies on hostility and anxiety. Furthermore, substantial evidence justifies the use of the Rorschach as a clinical measure of intelligence and thought disorder."
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outline, etc.) of the inkblot leads to each of the tested person's comments. Disagreements about test validity remain: while Exner proposed a rigorous scoring system, latitude remained in the actual interpretation, and the clinician's write-up of the test record is still partly subjective. Reber (1985) comments "...
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potentially be interpreted directly, and some information can at times be obtained by analyzing thematic trends in the whole set of content responses (which is only feasible when several responses are available), but in general content cannot be analyzed outside of the context of the entire test record.
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argued that these artificial experiments are easier than the real-world use of the
Rorschach, and hence they probably underestimated the errors that testers were susceptible to. He described the continuing popularity of the Rorschach after the Chapmans' research as a "glaring example of irrationality
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had shown the five signs more frequently than heterosexual men. Despite these beliefs, analysis of the results showed that heterosexual men were just as likely to report these signs, which were therefore totally ineffective for determining homosexuality. The five signs did, however, match the guesses
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can be associated with femininity (the human figures commonly seen in it being described as women or children), and function as a "mother card", where difficulties in responding may be related to concerns with the female figures in the subject's life. The center detail is relatively often (though not
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The cited language differences can result in misinterpretation if not administered in the subject's native language or a very well mastered second language, and interpreted by a master speaker of that language. For example, a bow tie is a frequent response for the center detail of card III, but since
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Rorschach performance assessment system (R-PAS) is a scoring method created by several members of the
Rorschach Research Council. They believed that the Exner scoring system was in need of an update, but after Exner's death, the Exner family forbade any changes to be made to the Comprehensive System.
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More than any other feature in the test, content response can be controlled consciously by the subject, and may be elicited by very disparate factors, which makes it difficult to use content alone to draw any conclusions about the subject's personality; with certain individuals, content responses may
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Methods of interpretation differ. Rorschach scoring systems have been described as a system of pegs on which to hang one's knowledge of personality. The most widely used method in the United States is based on the work of Exner. Administration of the test to a group of subjects, by means of projected
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It is also thought that the test's reliability can depend substantially on details of the testing procedure, such as where the tester and subject are seated, any introductory words, verbal and nonverbal responses to subjects' questions or comments, and how responses are recorded. Exner has published
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Some critics argue that the testing psychologist must also project onto the patterns. A possible example sometimes attributed to the psychologist's subjective judgement is that responses are coded (among many other things), for "Form
Quality": in essence, whether the subject's response fits with how
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The
Chapmans investigated the source of the testers' false confidence. In one experiment, students read through a stack of cards, each with a Rorschach blot, a sign and a pair of "conditions" (which might include homosexuality). The information on the cards was fictional, although subjects were told
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were 1) buttocks and anuses; 2) feminine clothing; 3) male or female sex organs; 4) human figures without male or female features; and 5) human figures with both male and female features. The
Chapmans surveyed 32 experienced testers about their use of the Rorschach to diagnose homosexuality. At this
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Shortly after the publication of
Rorschach's book, Japanese psychologist Yuzaburo Uchida came across a copy in a second-hand book shop. His positive reaction created an enduring popularity for the tests in Japan. The Japanese Rorschach Society is the world's largest and the test is "routinely put to
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Many psychologists in the United
Kingdom do not trust its efficacy and it is rarely used. Although skeptical about its scientific validity, some psychologists use it in therapy and coaching "as a way of encouraging self-reflection and starting a conversation about the person's internal world." It is
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The arguments for or against computerized assessment of the Rorschach is likely to remain unresolved for some time, as there is no absolute correct interpretation against which the different markers (scores) denoting mental health can be compared. Although scores for a theoretically typical healthy
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for closeness), and there are fewer "good form" responses, to the point where schizophrenia may be suspected if data were correlated to the North American norms. Form is also often the only determinant expressed by European subjects; while color is less frequent than in American subjects, color-form
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Comparing North American Exner normative data with data from European and South American subjects showed marked differences in some features, some of which impact important variables, while others (such as the average number of responses) coincide. For instance, texture response is typically zero in
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In terms of updated scoring, the authors only selected variables that have been empirically supported in the literature. The authors did not create new variables or indices to be coded, but systematically reviewed variables that had been used in past systems. While all of these codes have been used
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Psychologists have sometimes refused to disclose tests and test data to courts when asked to do so by the parties, citing ethical reasons; it is argued that such refusals may hinder full understanding of the process by the attorneys, and impede cross-examination of the experts. APA ethical standard
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takes the position that, "Publishing the questions and answers to any psychological test compromises its usefulness" and calls for "keeping psychological tests out of the public domain." The same statement quotes their president as saying, "The CPA's concern is not with the publication of the cards
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Because of the large amount of data used to interpret the test, psychologist Zygmunt Piotrowski, began work to computerize ink blot interpretation in the 1950s and 1960s. This work included over 1,000 rules and included no summary nor narrative conclusions. A subsequent computerized interpretation
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is notable for its dark color and its shading (posing difficulties for depressed subjects), and is generally perceived as a big and sometimes threatening figure; compounded with the common impression of the subject being in an inferior position ("looking up") to it, this serves to elicit a sense of
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Form quality, popular content responses and locations are the only coded variables in the Exner systems that are based on frequency of occurrence, and thus immediately subject to cultural influences; therefore, cultural-dependent interpretation of test data may not necessarily need to extend beyond
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by French people). Many of Exner's "popular" responses (those given by at least one third of the North American sample used) seem to be universally popular, as shown by samples in Europe, Japan and South America, while specifically card IX's "human" response, the crab or spider in card X and one of
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Using the scores for these categories, the examiner then performs a series of calculations producing a structural summary of the test data. The results of the structural summary are interpreted using existing research data on personality characteristics that have been demonstrated to be associated
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In the system, responses are scored with reference to their level of vagueness or synthesis of multiple images in the blot, the location of the response, which of a variety of determinants is used to produce the response (i.e., what makes the inkblot look like what it is said to resemble), the form
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The key components of the Exner system are the clusterization of Rorschach variables and a sequential search strategy to determine the order in which to analyze them, framed in the context of standardized administration, objective, reliable coding and a representative normative database. The system
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Systems for Rorschach scoring generally include a concept of "determinants": These are the factors that contribute to establishing the similarity between the inkblot and the subject's content response about it. They can also represent certain basic experiential-perceptual attitudes, showing aspects
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The accusation of "over-pathologising" has also been considered by Meyer et al. (2007). They presented an international collaborative study of 4704 Rorschach protocols, obtained in 21 different samples, across 17 countries, with only 2% showing significant elevations on the index of perceptual and
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because it does not match their expectations. This was also found in clinicians' interpretations of the Rorschach. Homosexual men are more likely to see a monster on Card IV or a part-animal, part-human figure in Card V. Almost all of the experienced clinicians in the Chapmans' survey missed these
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is structurally similar to card VIII, but its uncertainty and complexity are reminiscent of card IX: people who find it difficult to deal with many concurrent stimuli may not particularly like this otherwise pleasant card. Being the last card, it may provide an opportunity for the subject to "sign
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As pertains to response form, a concept of "form quality" was present from the earliest of Rorschach's works, as a subjective judgment of how well the form of the subject's response matched the inkblots (Rorschach would give a higher form score to more "original" yet good form responses), and this
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is indistinct form and diffuse, muted chromatic features, creating a general vagueness. There is only one popular response, and it is the least frequent of all cards. Having difficulty with processing this card may indicate trouble dealing with unstructured data, but aside from this there are few
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In addition to providing coding guidelines to score examinee responses, the R-PAS provides a system to code an examinee's behavior during Rorschach administration. These behavioral codes are included as it is believed that the behaviors exhibited during testing are a reflection of someone's task
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Identifying the location of the subject's response is another element scored in the Rorschach system. Location refers to how much of the inkblot was used to answer the question. Administrators score the response "W" if the whole inkblot was used to answer the question, "D" if a commonly described
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When interpreted as a projective test, results are poorly verifiable. The Exner system of scoring (also known as the "Comprehensive System") is meant to address this, and has all but displaced many earlier (and less consistent) scoring systems. It makes heavy use of what factor (shading, color,
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The R-PAS also recognized that scoring on many of the Rorschach variables differed across countries. Therefore, starting in 1997, Rorschach protocols from researchers around the world were compiled. After compiling protocols for over a decade, a total of 15 adult samples were used to provide a
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valid signs. The Chapmans ran an experiment with fake Rorschach responses in which these valid signs were always associated with homosexuality. The subjects missed these perfect associations and instead reported that invalid signs, such as buttocks or feminine clothing, were better indicators.
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The basic premise of the test is that objective meaning can be extracted from responses to blots of ink which are supposedly meaningless. Supporters of the Rorschach inkblot test believe that the subject's response to an ambiguous and meaningless stimulus can provide insight into their thought
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The Rorschach test is used almost exclusively by psychologists. Forensic psychologists use the Rorschach 36% of the time. In custody cases, 23% of psychologists use the Rorschach to examine a child. Another survey found that 124 out of 161 (77%) of clinical psychologists engaging in assessment
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is an easily elaborated card that is not usually perceived as threatening, and typically instigates a "change of pace" in the test, after the previous more challenging cards. Containing few features that generate concerns or complicate the elaboration, it is the easiest blot to generate a good
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With the Rorschach plates (the ten inkblots), the area of each blot which is distinguished by the client is noted and coded—typically as "commonly selected" or "uncommonly selected". There were many different methods for coding the areas of the blots. Exner settled upon the area coding system
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Asymmetric figures are rejected by many subjects; symmetry supplied part of the necessary artistic composition. It has a disadvantage in that it tends to make answers somewhat stereotyped. On the other hand, symmetry makes conditions the same for right and left handed subjects; furthermore, it
507:"abstract", "clothing", "fire", and "x-ray", to name a few. Content described that does not have a code already established should be coded using the code "idiographic contents" with the shorthand code being "Idio." Items are also coded for statistical popularity (or, conversely, originality).
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The Rorschach test is appropriate for subjects from the age of five to adulthood. The administrator and subject typically sit next to each other at a table, with the administrator slightly behind the subject. Side-by-side seating of the examiner and the subject is used to reduce any effects of
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medical licensing board, arguing that his uploading of the images constituted unprofessional behavior. In 2012, two articles were published showing consequences of the publication of the images in Knowledge (XXG). The first one studied negative attitudes towards the test generated during the
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Creation of the new system was prompted by the realization that at least five related, but ultimately different methods were in common use at the time, with a sizeable minority of examiners not employing any recognized method at all, basing instead their judgment on subjective assessment, or
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A 2003 report by Wood and colleagues had more mixed views: "More than 50 years of research have confirmed Lee J. Cronbach's (1970) final verdict: that some Rorschach scores, though falling woefully short of the claims made by proponents, nevertheless possess 'validity greater than chance'
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The goal in coding content of the Rorschach is to categorize the objects that the subject describes in response to the inkblot. There are 27 established codes for identifying the name of the descriptive object. The codes are classified and include terms such as "human", "nature", "animal",
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A characteristic of the Rorschach inkblots is their symmetry. For many, this is unexceptional, but Rorschach, and subsequent researchers, considered the issue. Rorschach experimented with both asymmetric and symmetric images before choosing the latter, giving the explanation:
201:, the active pattern of perceiving objects, shapes, or scenery as meaningful things to the observer's experience, the most common being faces or other pattern of forms that are not present at the time of the observation. In the 1960s, the Rorschach was the most widely used
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responses are comparatively frequent in opposition to form-color responses; since the latter tend to be interpreted as indicators of a defensive attitude in processing affect, this difference could stem from a higher value attributed to spontaneous expression of emotions.
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As the subject is examining the inkblots, the psychologist writes down everything the subject says or does, no matter how trivial. Analysis of responses is recorded by the test administrator using a tabulation and scoring sheet and, if required, a separate location chart.
5880:"Well at least with the Dead Horses, there seems to be a lot of influence from Native Americans. And my friend was saying how she saw that "Two-Bears-High-Fiving" joke as being very insensitive. She took it as mocking the NAtive American naming culture. | Formspring"
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Infatti il Rorschach porta con sé (dovrebbe portare) il riserbo assoluto su come si somministra, sul suo significato generale e su quello delle tavole in particolare. Tuttavia, al contrario di quanto si possa credere, "mentire" al Rorschach è praticamente impossibile
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authority. The human or animal content seen in the card is almost invariably classified as male rather than female, and the qualities expressed by the subject may indicate attitudes toward men and authority. Because of this Card IV is often called "The Father Card".
1121:, which often elicits association related to interpersonal closeness; it is specifically a "sex card", its likely sexual percepts being reported more frequently than in any other card, even though other cards have a greater variety of commonly seen sexual contents.
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In the 1980s psychologist John Exner developed a computerized interpretation of the Rorschach test, based on his own scoring system, the Exner Comprehensive System. Presently, of the three computerized assessments, only the Exner system is available on the market.
1828:(literally: Italian Association of Strategic Psychotherapy), recommend that even information about the purpose of the test or any detail of its administration should be kept from the public, even though "cheating" the test is held to be practically impossible.
1851:. Hogrefe & Huber Publishing, a German company that sells editions of the plates, called the publication "unbelievably reckless and even cynical of Knowledge (XXG)" and said it was investigating the possibility of legal action. Due to this controversy an
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the usefulness of the Rorschach will depend upon the sensitivity, empathy and insightfulness of the tester totally independently of the Rorschach itself. An intense dialogue about the wallpaper or the rug would do as well provided that both parties believe."
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phase). The subject is usually asked to hold the cards and may rotate them. Whether the cards are rotated, and other related factors such as whether permission to rotate them is asked, may expose personality traits and normally contributes to the assessment.
212:(developed since the 1960s) claims to have addressed and often refuted many criticisms of the original testing system with an extensive body of research, some researchers continue to raise questions. The areas of dispute include the objectivity of testers,
1705:. Exner's system was thought to possess normative scores for various populations. But, beginning in the mid-1990s others began to try to replicate or update these norms and failed. In particular, discrepancies seemed to focus on indices measuring
498:(which details of the inkblots triggered the response) is often considered more important than content, although there is contrasting evidence. "Popularity" and "originality" of responses can also be considered as basic dimensions in the analysis.
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inadvertent cues from the examiner to the subject. In other words, side-by-side seating mitigates the possibility that the examiner will accidentally influence the subject's responses. This is to facilitate a "relaxed but controlled atmosphere".
321:. Huber remains the publisher of the test and related book, with Rorschach a registered trademark of Swiss publisher Verlag Hans Huber, Hogrefe AG. The work has been described as "a densely written piece couched in dry, scientific terminology".
3131:
Rorschach. H., Psychodiagnostics; a diagnostic test based on perception: including Rorschach's paper, The application of the form interpretation test (published posthumously by Dr. Emil Oberholzer). Grune & Stratton inc, New York (1942).
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expresses similar concerns about psychological tests (without mentioning any test by name) and considers the "release of materials to unqualified individuals" to be misuse if it is against the wishes of the test publisher. In his 1998 book
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The interpretation of a Rorschach record is a complex process. It requires a wealth of knowledge concerning personality dynamics generally as well as considerable experience with the Rorschach method specifically. Proficiency as a Rorschach
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and responses to the Rorschach test per se, for which there is some controversy in the psychological literature and disagreement among experts, but with the larger issue of the publication and dissemination of psychological test content".
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notes that some believe "reprinting copies of the Rorschach plates ... and listing common responses represents a serious unethical act" for psychologists and is indicative of "questionable professional judgment". Another association, the
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concept was followed by other methods, especially in Europe; in contrast, the Exner system solely defines "good form" as a matter of word occurrence frequency, reducing it to a measure of the subject's distance to the population average.
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are often seen as blood, and are the most distinctive features. Responses to them can provide indications about how a subject is likely to manage feelings of anger or physical harm. This card can induce a variety of sexual responses.
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is a popular response for card II, and "musical instrument" on card VI is popular for Japanese people), and different languages will exhibit semantic differences in naming the same object (the figure of card IV is often called a
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Schultz DS, Loving, James L. (1 January 2012). "Challenges Since Knowledge (XXG): The Availability of Rorschach Information Online and Internet Users' Reactions to Online Media Coverage of the Rorschach–Knowledge (XXG) Debate".
545:, which was inadvertently introduced by poor printing quality of the inkblots. Rorschach initially disregarded shading, since the inkblots originally featured uniform saturation, but later recognized it as a significant factor.
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is typically perceived to contain two humans involved in some interaction, and may provide information about how the subject relates with other people (specifically, response latency may reveal struggling social interactions).
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psychologist Ney Limonge. These complaints were denied. Further complaints were sent to two other websites that contained information similar to the Rorschach test in May 2009 by legal firm Schluep and Degen of Switzerland.
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More than one determinant can contribute to the formation of the subject's perception. Fusion of two determinants is taken into account, while also assessing which of the two constituted the primary contributor. For example,
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The test is also controversial because of its common use in court-ordered evaluations. This controversy stems, in part, from the limitations of the Rorschach, with no additional data, in making official diagnoses from the
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scales towards greater numbers of responses, the limited number of psychological conditions which it accurately diagnoses, the inability to replicate the test's norms, its use in court-ordered evaluations, and the
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Meyer G. J., Hilsenroth M. J., Baxter D., Exner J. E., Fowler J. C., Piers C. C., Resnick J. (2002). "An examination of interrater reliability for scoring the Rorschach comprehensive system in eight data sets".
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The printer also reduced the blot cards in size and altered their colors. In addition an imperfect printing process resulted in varieties of shading that were not originally intended by Rorschach (Ellenberger,
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has been questioned. That is, in some studies the scores obtained by two independent scorers do not match with great consistency. This conclusion was challenged in studies using large samples reported in 2002.
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phase), the tester then presents them again one at a time in a set sequence for the subject to study: the subject is asked to note where they see what they originally saw and what makes it look like that
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Schultz DS, Brabender, VM (Oct 2, 2012). "More Challenges Since Knowledge (XXG): The Effects of Exposure to Internet Information About the Rorschach on Selected Comprehensive System Variables".
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thinking disorder, 12% elevated on indices of depression and hyper-vigilance and 13% elevated on persistent stress overload—all in line with expected frequencies among non-patient populations.
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1783:. They have been in the public domain in Hermann Rorschach's native Switzerland since 1992 (70 years after the author's death, or 50 years after the cut-off date of 1942), according to
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Controversy ensued in the psychological community in 2009 when the original Rorschach plates and research results on interpretations were published in the "Rorschach test" article on
1630:) that Rorschach "results do not meet the requirements of standardization, reliability, or validity of clinical diagnostic tests, and interpretation thus is often controversial". In
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this occurs. Also, recent research shows that the blots are not entirely meaningless, and that a patient typically responds to meaningful as well as ambiguous aspects of the blots.
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magazine, stated that the Rorschach "has remained in use more out of tradition than good evidence" and was hopeful that publication of the test might finally hasten its demise.
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graduate programs teach its use. Another study found that its use by clinical psychologists was only 43%, while it was used less than 24% of the time by school psychologists.
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Shaffer, T. W., Erdberg, P., & Meyer, G. J. (2007). Introduction to the JPA special supplement on international reference samples for the Rorschach Comprehensive System.
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adult have been proposed and reasonable attempts to standardize the computer interpretation against these scores have been obtained, more work in this area needs to be done.
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The differences in form quality are attributable to purely cultural aspects: different cultures will exhibit different "common" objects (French subjects often identify a
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Nonostante il Sistema Comprensivo di J.E. Exner rappresenti ai nostri giorni il Metodo Rorschach più diffuso a livello mondiale, in Italia è ancora non molto utilizzato.
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the equivalent term in French translates to "butterfly tie", an examiner not appreciating this language nuance may code the response differently from what is expected.
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performance and supplements the actual responses given. This allows generalizations to be made between someone's responses to the cards and their actual behavior.
189:, or both. Some psychologists use this test to examine a person's personality characteristics and emotional functioning. It has been employed to detect underlying
4269:
1634:(1999) where under cross-examination Bogacki stated under oath "many psychologists do not believe much in the validity or effectiveness of the Rorschach test" and
1511:, showed that at least some of the apparent validity of the Rorschach was due to an illusion. At that time, the five signs most often interpreted as diagnostic of
297:, and, after the turn of the century, psychological experiments where inkblots were utilized multiplied, with aims such as studying imagination and consciousness.
731:
European subjects (if interpreted as a need for closeness, in accordance with the system, a European would seem to express it only when it reaches the level of a
567:
only as the experiencing of actual motion, while others have widened the scope of this determinant, taking it to mean that the subject sees something "going on".
370:. It was not until 1939 that the test was used as a projective test of personality, a use of which Rorschach had always been skeptical. Interviewed in 2012 for a
6530:
5070:
Fowler, J. C., Piers, C., Hilsenroth, M. J., Holdwick, D. J., & Padawer, J. R. The Rorschach suicide constellation: Assessing various degrees of lethality.
2253:
1844:
1.23(b) states that the psychologist has a responsibility to document processes in detail and of adequate quality to allow reasonable scrutiny by the court.
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where all works published before 1923 are considered to be in the public domain. This means that the Rorschach images may be used by anyone for any purpose.
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3882:
1415:
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193:, especially in cases where patients are reluctant to describe their thinking processes openly. The test is named after its creator, Swiss psychologist
1886:
Knowledge (XXG)-Rorschach debate, while the second suggested that reading the Knowledge (XXG) article could help to fake "good" results in the test.
6384:
2619:, p. 329 "Although it has enormously expanded throughout Europe use of the RCS remains, as it where, somewhat confidential in many countries."
1832:
743:
in card VIII, which is normally classed as an "unusual" response, as opposed to other animals like cats and dogs; in Scandinavia, "Christmas elves"
382:, suggested that the blots selected by Rorschach were not random, but rather were carefully chosen to be as ambiguous and "conflicted" as possible.
394:
There are ten official inkblots, each printed on a separate white card, approximately 18 by 24 cm in size. Each of the blots has near perfect
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Although J. E. Exner's Comprehensive Systems nowadays represents the most widely adopted method worldwide, it is not yet very widespread in Italy.
692:
6389:
6312:
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Nevertheless, there is substantial research indicating the utility of the measure for a few scores. Several scores correlate well with general
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It consists of ten irregular but symmetrical ink blots, five of them in blacks and grays, and five partially in colors, on a white background.
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4192:
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3710:
3685:
3248:
3155:
3101:
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2469:
2354:
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2190:
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2061:
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Psychologists object to the publication of psychological test material out of concerns that a patient's test responses will be influenced ("
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702:
in the past, many have been renamed to be more face valid and readily understood. Scoring of the indices has been updated (e.g. utilizing
1923:
and then pressing a second, unpainted, canvas onto the first, and proceeding to create an artwork from the shape created by this method.
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648:
5118:
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1805:
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438:. The underlying assumption is that an individual will class external stimuli based on person-specific perceptual sets, and including
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781:, together with the most frequent responses for either the whole image or the most prominent details according to various authors.
336:, at the same time trying to make the scoring more statistically rigorous. Some systems are based on the psychoanalytic concept of
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4132:
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366:
Rorschach never intended the inkblots to be used as a general personality test, but developed them as a tool for the diagnosis of
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normative basis for the R-PAS. The protocols represent data gathered in the United States, Europe, Israel, Argentina and Brazil.
3946:
3427:"An Investigation of Interrater Reliability for the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R–PAS) in a Nonpatient U.S. Sample"
630:, a concise description of what would be later called "the Exner system". He later published a study in multiple volumes called
6419:
1831:
On September 9, 2008, Hogrefe attempted to claim copyright over the Rorschach ink blots during filings of a complaint with the
1603:
5207:
Because the Rorschach plates were created nearly 90 years ago, they have lost their copyright protection in the United States.
601:
facilitates interpretation for certain blocked subjects. Finally, symmetry makes possible the interpretation of whole scenes.
289:
who, in 1857, had published a popular book of poems, each of which was inspired by an accidental inkblot. French psychologist
6571:
5147:
4332:
Garb HN (December 1999). "Call for a moratorium on the use of the Rorschach Inkblot Test in clinical and forensic settings".
1507:
5861:
5806:
1414:. In a survey done in the year 2000, 20% of psychologists in correctional facilities used the Rorschach while 80% used the
6535:
6424:
1809:
1459:, despite the appearance of more than 2,000 publications about the test." A moratorium on its use was called for in 1999.
4266:
2946:
Exner, J. E. (1986). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system, Volume 1: Basic Foundations (2nd ed.). Wiley & Sons, Inc.
6602:
6566:
5450:
3825:
Hughes, Gacono CB, Owen PF (2007). "Current status of Rorschach assessment: implications for the school psychologist".
3482:"An Interrater Reliability Study of Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R–PAS) Raw and Complexity-Adjusted Scores"
6607:
6409:
6404:
4291:
4184:
1788:
2173:
Chapman LJ, Chapman J (1982). "Test results are what you think they are". In Kahneman D, Slovic P, Tversky A (eds.).
4857:
Meyer G, Erdberg P, Shaffer T (2007). "Toward international normative reference data for the Comprehensive System".
6487:
6474:
2965:
2250:
2032:
2021:
1956:
661:
5549:
3277:
587:". It is, indeed, from the relation and balance among determinants that personality can be most readily inferred.
398:. Five inkblots are of black ink, two are of black and red ink and three are multicolored, on a white background.
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6556:
6503:
643:
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2728:
The Rorschach Test consists of 10 inkblots, printed on a white background and mounted on cardboard 7 by 9 inches
5774:
2272:
da Vinci, L. (2012). A Treatise on Painting. United States: Dover Publications. p. 149
2027:
259:
The use of interpreting "ambiguous designs" to assess an individual's personality is an idea that goes back to
151:
132:
5515:
1852:
4786:
Hibbard S (2003). "A Critique of Lilienfeld et al.'s (2000) The Scientific status of Projective Techniques".
6517:
5320:
3857:
3342:
Meyer, G. J., & Eblin, J. J. (2012) An overview of the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS).
1938:
1562:
1502:
1443:, as several studies suggested that conclusions reached by test administrators since the 1950s were akin to
623:
213:
2388:
Pichot P (1984). "Centenary of the birth of Hermann Rorschach. (S. Rosenzweig & E. Schriber, Trans.)".
273:, from the late 19th century. The Rorschach test, however, was the first systematic approach of this kind.
5426:
4555:
2715:
1990:
1176:
popularly) identified as a vagina, which makes this card also relate to feminine sexuality in particular.
423:
301:
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5373:
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6371:
6363:
5295:"Statement on the Conduct of Psychologists providing Expert Psychometric Evidence to Courts and Lawyers"
5196:
2370:
1931:
1599:
33:
6324:
479:
The interpretation of the Rorschach test is not based primarily on the contents of the response, i.e.,
454:
images, has also occasionally been performed, but mainly for research rather than diagnostic purposes.
5788:
5679:
4830:
2765:
Experimental social psychology: an interpretation of research upon the socialization of the individual
2423:
466:
can be gained within a few months. However, even those who are able and qualified to become Rorschach
276:
After studying 300 mental patients and 100 control subjects, in 1921 Hermann Rorschach wrote his book
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6270:
6247:
6080:
6031:
5937:
5085:"Canadian Psychological Association Position on Publication and Dissemination of Psychological Tests"
3481:
2223:
2010:
1862:
1779:
1757:
1530:
1385:
administered the Rorschach test to the 22 defendants in the Nazi leadership group prior to the first
4560:
3426:
2489:
618:(RCS), is the standard method for interpreting the Rorschach test. It was developed in the 1960s by
6612:
6221:
5989:
5907:
4938:
3147:
2899:
Handbook of psychological and educational assessment of children personality, behavior, and context
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2182:
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1591:
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have been considered more ambiguously, both in definition and interpretation. Rorschach considered
431:
395:
318:
306:
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promoted by S. J. Beck (1944 and 1961). This system was in turn based upon Klopfer's (1942) work.
450:, and that this clustering process is representative of the process used in real-life situations.
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5660:
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5224:
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3905:
3527:
3462:
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1998:
1966:
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447:
285:
It has been suggested that Rorschach's use of inkblots may have been influenced by German doctor
174:
6084:
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2969:
2958:
1881:. Later that year, in August 2009, two psychologists filed a complaint against Heilman with the
349:
5828:"'Mindhunter' Teaser: Netflix Spatters Blood for David Fincher's Killer Rorschach Test — Watch"
2539:
Acklin M. W., Oliveira-Berry J. (1996). "Return to the source: Rorschach's Psychodiagnostics".
2461:
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4917:
What the Rorschach Can do for you: Incremental validity in clinical applications. Assessment 6
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3519:
3511:
3480:
Pignolo C, Giromini L, Ando' A, Ghirardello D, Di Girolamo M, Ales F, Zennaro A (2017-11-02).
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260:
245:
194:
5564:
4730:
Gacono, Carl B., F. Barton Evans (2007) "The Handbook of Forensic Rorschach Assessment" pg 83
1536:
A related phenomenon called "invisible correlation" applies when people fail to see a strong
6434:
6239:
6213:
5752:
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5601:
5486:
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5126:
5053:
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4752:
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3834:
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3501:
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3438:
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2896:
2548:
2449:
2397:
2319:
2174:
2146:
1961:
1894:
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Publication of the Rorschach images is also welcomed by critics who consider the test to be
1836:
1737:
1607:
1595:
1411:
1386:
746:
711:
337:
313:
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190:
110:
78:
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1950:
displays a constantly morphing inkblot based on the designs used in the tests. In the 1999
6466:
5347:. Associazione Italiana di Psicoterapia Strategica Integrata. 21 July 2009. Archived from
5219:
5106:
Publishing the questions and answers to any psychological test compromises its usefulness.
5044:
Viglione D (1999). "A review of recent research addressing the utility of the Rorschach".
4401:
4310:
4273:
3219:
2257:
1517:
1477:
1382:
622:, as a more rigorous system of analysis. It has been extensively validated and shows high
359:, which is closer to the original Rorschach system and rooted more deeply in the original
294:
286:
241:
202:
171:
5883:
5737:
3116:
Justine Sergent & Yitzchak M. Binik, "On the Use of Symmetry in the Rorschach Test".
2175:
2079:
Rorschach: tablas de localización y calidad formal en una muestra española de 470 sujetos
1579:
there is essentially no evidence whatsoever that the test has even a shred of validity."
5516:"Testing times for Knowledge (XXG) after doctor posts secrets of the Rorschach inkblots"
1345:
out" by indicating what they feel their situation is like, or what they desire to know.
761:
either the butterfly or the bat in card I appear to be characteristic of North America.
6073:
5930:
5756:
5491:
5464:
5201:
4743:
Lilienfeld S, Wood J, Garb H (2000). "The scientific status of projective techniques".
4249:
3728:
Perceptanalysis: The Rorschach Method Fundamentally Reworked, Expanded and Systematized
2904:
2763:
2518:
2457:
2107:
1818:
1521:
1378:
707:
655:
360:
324:
After Rorschach's death, the original test scoring system was improved by Samuel Beck,
4714:
Personality tests and reviews: including an index to The mental measurements yearbooks
714:. Preliminary evidence suggests that the R-PAS exhibits good inter-rater reliability.
494:(the aspects of the inkblots that triggered the response, such as form and color) and
17:
6586:
6479:
6355:
6068:
5925:
4655:
4409:
2897:
2750:
The Rorschach test consists of 10 symmetrical inkblots printed on a white background
2573:
2450:
2215:
1951:
1935:
1890:
1866:
1858:
1855:
was temporarily established on Knowledge (XXG) to prevent the removal of the plates.
1770:
1702:
1587:
1512:
1440:
619:
367:
341:
329:
325:
269:
217:
209:
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4995:
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4815:
4671:
4361:
3909:
3531:
3466:
3411:
1520:, and the Rorschach was the most popular projective test. The testers reported that
6317:
5520:
4835:
4772:
4585:
4022:. The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers. p. 33.
2711:
2488:. The International Society of the Rorschach and Projective Methods. Archived from
2102:
1985:
in the lead role, inspiring queries and discussion in social media about the test.
1882:
1871:
1583:
1452:
1444:
1370:
290:
5155:
4933:
Carl B. Gacono, F. Barton Evans, Lynne A. Gacono, Nancy Kaser-Boyd., eds. (2007).
3497:
3442:
3362:"An Inter-Rater Reliability Study for the Rorschach Performance Assessment System"
1848:
6295:
5648:
5605:
4235:
Drenth PJ (2003). "Growing Anti-intellectualism in Europe: A Menace to Science".
4208:
Sorai K, Ohnuki K (1 January 2008). "The Development of the Rorschach in Japan".
3377:
2054:
Il Rorschach in pratica: strumenti per la psicologia clinica e l'ambito giuridico
157:
6493:
6359:
5865:
5847:
4799:
4569:
4086:"An on-line interpretive Rorschach approach: Using Exner's comprehensive system"
3121:
2552:
1797:
1744:
1537:
1427:
a wide range of purposes", being described in 2012 as "more popular than ever".
1287:
1237:
1182:
1127:
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1015:
963:
908:
855:
799:
443:
379:
371:
56:
5177:
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5022:
4345:
4265:
James M. Wood, M. Teresa Nezworski, Scott O. Lilienfeld, & Howard N. Garb:
3901:
3800:
2632:
2401:
6301:
Overview of the Rorschach test, published by the Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden
4979:
4866:
4221:
1912:
1743:
Exner and others have claimed that the Rorschach test is capable of detecting
1706:
1363:
703:
529:
of the way a subject perceives the world. Rorschach's original work used only
435:
427:
264:
198:
182:
6306:
3515:
3450:
3395:
2024:, a similar inkblot test designed to correct the limitations of the Rorschach
1970:(2002) the Rorschach inkblots are incorporated into the opening of the film.
1638:(2001) ruled that the Rorschach "does not have an objective scoring system."
354:
233:, potentially invalidating the test for those who have been exposed to them.
6205:
6121:
5974:
5832:
4161:
2653:
1982:
1974:
740:
541:
as determinants. However currently, another major determinant considered is
419:
348:
other methods sometimes dominate, such as that described in the textbook by
225:
186:
5656:
5613:
5500:
5394:
5265:
4987:
4874:
4807:
4764:
4577:
4353:
3523:
3458:
3403:
2560:
2220:
The Rorschach: Basic Foundations and Principles of Interpretation: Volume 1
1606:). There is some evidence that the Deviant Verbalizations scale relates to
5240:
4756:
4663:
4181:
Developments in Social Work Offenders (Research Highlights in Social Work)
3808:
2409:
1525:
students made about which imagery would be associated with homosexuality.
551:
is the most common determinant, and is related to intellectual processes.
5030:
2723:
1947:
1942:
1927:
1436:
5411:
3854:
Oxford Handbook of Personality Assessment (Oxford Library of Psychology)
3506:
3386:
3360:
Viglione DJ, Blume-Marcovici AC, Miller HL, Giromini L, Meyer G (2012).
3321:
2576:: "Obituary: Samuel J. Beck (1896–1980)", "American Psychologist", 36(9)
1865:
physician involved in the debate, compared it to the publication of the
638:
arbitrarily mixing characteristics of the various standardized systems.
6296:
The International Society of the Rorschach and Projective Methods (ISR)
5009:
Exner J.E., Wylie J. (1977). "Some Rorschach data concerning suicide".
4376:
4102:
4085:
3838:
1916:
1561:
Third parties could be used to avoid this problem, but the Rorschach's
1501:
In the 1960s, research by psychologists Loren and Jean Chapman, at the
141:
5481:
5178:"Rorschach Personality Test: Did Knowledge (XXG) Leak a 'Cheat Sheet'"
4133:"Hermann Rorschach Google doodle asks users to interpret inkblot test"
4084:
Harris, W.G., Niedner, D., Feldman, C., Fink, A., Johnson, H. (1981).
659:, referring to the way information is transformed and identified, and
401:
After the test subject has seen and responded to all of the inkblots (
5985:
The Rorschach Assessment of Aggressive and Psychopathic Personalities
2015:
1920:
1410:
still used, however, by some mental health organisations such as the
345:
6011:. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division.
5090:. Canadian Psychological Association. August 4, 2009. Archived from
4963:
4637:"The Rorschach Interaction Scale as a potential predictor of cancer"
1769:
From a legal standpoint, the Rorschach test images have been in the
457:
Test administration is not to be confused with test interpretation:
5904:
Handbook of cross-cultural and multicultural personality assessment
5771:
Movies and Mental Illness Using Films to Understand Psychopathology
5197:"Has Knowledge (XXG) Created a Rorschach Cheat Sheet? Analyze That"
3883:"Psychological Test Usage: Implications in Professional Psychology"
2762:
Gardner Murphy, Lois Barclay Murphy, Theodore Mead Newcomb (1931).
2321:
Rorschach Assessment of Adolescents: Theory, Research, and Practice
2150:
197:. The Rorschach can be thought of as a psychometric examination of
5753:"Review: Sofia Coppola's The Virgin Suicides on Criterion Blu-ray"
4245:
4054:
Cohen, R.J., Montague, P., Nathanson, L.S., Swedlik, M.E. (1988).
3299:
555:
responses often provide direct insight into one's emotional life.
240:
4056:
Psychological testing: An introduction to tests & measurement
3142:
Giuseppe Costantino, Richard H. Dana, Robert G. Malgady. (2007).
2740:
Alfred M. Freedman, Harold I. Kaplan, Benjamin J. Sadock (1972).
5932:
The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System (Vol 1: Basic Foundations)
5465:"Knowledge (XXG): a key tool for global public health promotion"
1801:, where he also described the method of administering the test.
439:
375:
221:
6328:
4900:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.)
3241:
The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System, Vol 1: Basic Foundations
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2141:
Dacey M (December 2017). "Anthropomorphism as Cognitive Bias".
374:
documentary, Rita Signer, curator of the Rorschach Archives in
4962:
Garb HN, Wood JM, Lilienfeld SO, Nezworski MT (January 2005).
4726:
4724:
4722:
3220:"Il test di Rorschach secondo il sistema comprensivo di Exner"
1915:
has used the Rorschach technique in his paintings, by loading
1645:
178:
6300:
4267:
The Rorschach Inkblot Test, Fortune Tellers, and Cold Reading
3425:
Kivisalu TM, Lewey JH, Shaffer TW, Canfield ML (2016-07-03).
3144:
TEMAS (Tell-Me-A-Story) assessment in multicultural societies
1533:" and it has since been demonstrated in many other contexts.
146:
Rorschach inkblot test, the Rorschach technique, inkblot test
93:
1773:
for many years in most countries, particularly those with a
1622:
United States courts have challenged the Rorschach as well.
470:
usually remain in a "learning stage" for a number of years.
87:
5537:"Rorschach and Knowledge (XXG): The battle of the inkblots"
5220:"Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States"
4121:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers. pp. 147–148.
4020:
Tests, products, and services for psychological assessment
3787:
Hayden BC (1981). "Rorschach Cards IV and VII Revisited".
1825:
Associazione Italiana di Psicoterapia Strategica Integrata
113:
90:
6152:(10th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe Publishing Corp.
5241:"Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct"
2808:
Principles and Practice Of the Rorschach Personality Test
1795:
was, perhaps, first to make them public in his 1983 book
1389:, and the test scores were published some decades later.
116:
6150:
Psychodiagnostics: A Diagnostic Test Based on Perception
6051:
Judgment and decision making: psychological perspectives
5733:"Everything You Need to Know About Watchmen's Rorschach"
5427:"Are Psychologists Hiding Evidence? – A Need for Reform"
4703:, Volume 16 American Orthopsychiatric Association pg 732
4311:"Giving up Cherished Ideas: The Rorschach Ink Blot Test"
3947:"Nazi Criminals Were Given Rorschach Tests at Nuremberg"
710:) to make the Rorschach more in line with other popular
230:
5957:
A Mind of its Own: how your brain distorts and deceives
2742:
Modern synopsis of Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry
2249:
Scott O. Lilienfeld, James M- Wood and Howard N. Garb:
2081:. Madrid: Universidad Pontifícia Comillas. p. 71.
1666:
3973:
The Nuremberg mind: The psychology of the Nazi leaders
2181:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp.
418:
The general goal of the test is to provide data about
6265:
Wood J, Nezworski MT, Lilienfeld SO, Garb HN (2003).
5680:"Rorschach Test: Discredited But Still Controversial"
5463:
Heilman JM, Kemmann E, Bonert M, et al. (2011).
4831:"Rorschach Test: Discredited But Still Controversial"
2720:
Clinical management of behavior disorders in children
1729:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
119:
96:
2942:
2940:
2586:
a cura di Franco Del Corno, Margherita Lang (1989).
634:, the most accepted full description of his system.
267:. Interpretation of inkblots was central to a game,
84:
6549:
6516:
6465:
6433:
6370:
5807:"First look poster of Mammootty's Rorschach is out"
2895:Cecil R. Reynolds, Randy W. Kamphaus, eds. (2003).
2694:
2692:
1661:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
1488:..." between client and therapist, concluding: "...
652:, related to how the subject processes input data,
332:summarized some of these later developments in the
150:
140:
81:
72:
43:
32:"Rorschach Test" redirects here. For the band, see
6072:
5929:
3881:Camara, Nathan JS, Puente AE, et al. (2000).
2960:Anthropological research: the structure of inquiry
2957:
2371:"April 2, 1922: Rorschach Dies, Leaving a Blot on"
1960:the character of Cecilia is given the test and in
579:" implies a more refined control of impulse than "
5789:"Cronenberg's 'Spider' Gets Inside Unhinged Mind"
2177:Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
5152:Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property
5123:Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property
3278:"Rorschach Comprehensive System: Current issues"
2347:Textbook Of Statistics, Psychology and Education
2145:. Vol. 84, no. 5. pp. 1152–1164.
1701:Another controversial aspect of the test is its
67:The first of the ten cards in the Rorschach test
6598:Mental disorders screening and assessment tools
6541:Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)
6075:The Rorschach Technique: An Introductory Manual
5565:"Complaint Over Doctor Who Posted Inkblot Test"
5297:. The British Psychological Society. 2007-10-15
4928:
4926:
4381:The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice
4119:The Rorschach technique: An introductory manual
4090:Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation
2684:
1988:The trailer for season 1 of the 2017 TV series
340:. The Exner system remains very popular in the
6104:The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making
5119:"Copyright Durations Worldwide – EU Copyright"
4738:
4736:
4517:
4515:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
3890:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
3705:. New York: Hemisphere Pub. Corp. p. 72.
3094:Personality And The Behavior Disorders – Vol I
2448:Gerald Goldstein, Michel Hersen, eds. (2000).
248:created the inkblot test in 1921. (Photo from
6395:Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities
6340:
5425:Paul R. Lees-Haley, John C. Courtney (2000).
4935:The handbook of forensic Rorschach psychology
4315:Institute for Psychological Therapies Journal
4156:
4154:
1823:
430:, response tendencies, cognitive operations,
27:Projective psychological test created in 1921
8:
6169:Experiential foundations of Rorschach's test
4745:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
4635:Graves P.L., Thomas C.B., Mead L.A. (1991).
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3762:
3703:Rorschach's test: scoring and interpretation
3338:
3336:
3181:
2931:
2793:
2305:
311:publishing house purchased Rorschach's book
6447:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
6313:"Why the Rorschach Test Is So Big in Japan"
6190:(2nd ed.). London: Pinter and Martin.
5451:A Rorschach Cheat Sheet on Knowledge (XXG)?
5446:
5444:
5442:
5440:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4058:. Mayfield Publishing Co. pp. 327–329.
2872:Individual differences: normal and abnormal
2633:"What's behind the Rorschach inkblot test?"
2129:
1787:. They are also in the public domain under
1362:services utilize the Rorschach, and 80% of
6439:
6347:
6333:
6325:
6133:. Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe Publishing Corp.
4445:
4298:. Stanford University School of Education.
3623:
3621:
3572:
3570:
3087:
3085:
3063:The Rorschach: a developmental perspective
1117:Texture is the dominant characteristic of
6531:Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
5490:
5480:
4559:
4396:
4394:
4101:
3993:. Grune & Stratton. pp. 147–154.
3820:
3818:
3701:Alvin G. Burstein, Sandra Loucks (1989).
3505:
3385:
3280:. Rorschach Training Programs, INC. (RTP)
3019:
3004:
2992:
2956:Pertti J. Pelto, Gretel H. Pelto (1996).
2648:
2646:
2627:
2625:
2245:
2243:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2052:Santo Di Nuovo, Maurizio Cuffaro (2004).
1689:Learn how and when to remove this message
1673:, without removing the technical details.
1480:(1985) describes the blots as merely "...
1281:particular "pulls" typical of this card.
293:had also experimented with inkblots as a
6385:Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
6131:Rorschach Test – Psychodiagnostic Plates
5268:Statement on the Disclosure of Test Data
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
3678:Rorschach Test – Psychodiagnostic Plates
3120:, Volume 43, Issue 4, 1979. pp. 355–359.
3032:Edward Aronow, Marvin Reznikoff (1976).
2847:Psychology: an international perspective
2018:, a surrealist art technique using smoke
1833:World Intellectual Property Organization
779:Rorschach Test – Psychodiagnostic Plates
483:the individual sees in the inkblot (the
52:
6400:Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
5374:"WIPO Domain Name Decision: D2008-1206"
4598:
4487:
4375:Wood JM, Nezworski MT, Garb HN (2003).
4040:. Prentice-Hall, Inc. pp. 215–228.
3096:. Braithwaite Press. pp. 230–231.
2849:. Hove: Psychology Press. p. 458.
2698:
2349:. Anmol Publications Pvt. p. 225.
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2143:Philosophy of Science, 84(5), 1152-1164
2044:
693:Rorschach Performance Assessment System
231:proliferation of the ten inkblot images
6218:Principles of Rorschach interpretation
5412:"Online Rorschach Test: Legal Threats"
4716:, Volume 1. Gryphon Press, pg Page 411
4006:Century Diagnostics Rorschach handbook
3774:
3663:
3651:
3639:
3612:
3205:
3193:
3170:
2874:. Hove: Psychology Press. p. 48.
2832:
2820:
2810:(2nd ed.). Faber. pp. 30–31.
2781:
777:Below are the ten inkblots printed in
40:
5315:Koocher GP, Keith-Spielgel P (1998).
4466:
4049:
4047:
4031:
4029:
4004:Perline, I.H., Perline, J.P. (1979).
3984:
3982:
3015:
3013:
1671:make it understandable to non-experts
1516:time homosexuality was regarded as a
1457:have never been validated empirically
687:Performance assessment system (R-PAS)
632:The Rorschach: A Comprehensive system
181:are recorded and then analyzed using
131:
7:
6526:Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
6028:Handbook of psychological assessment
5711:Museum of Contemporary Art Australia
5469:Journal of Medical Internet Research
4964:"Roots of the Rorschach controversy"
4622:
4610:
4532:
4521:
4506:
4179:Raynor, Peter, McIvor, Gill (2008).
4117:Klopfer, B., Davidson, H.H. (1962).
4038:Psychological report writing. 2nd Ed
3750:
3627:
3600:
3588:
3576:
3561:
3263:
2616:
2452:Handbook of psychological assessment
1439:consider the Rorschach inkblot test
5453:, The New York Times, July 28, 2009
4700:American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
1751:Protection of test items and ethics
1497:Illusory and invisible correlations
673:with different kinds of responses.
6390:Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
6269:. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass,
6244:Handbook of Personality Assessment
5988:. Hillsdale, New Jersey Hove, UK:
5274:American Psychological Association
5245:American Psychological Association
5148:"Copyrights – Terms of Protection"
4377:"What's Right with the Rorschach?"
3276:Anthony D. Sciara, Barry Ritzler.
2590:. Milano: F. Angeli. p. 302.
2056:. Milano: F. Angeli. p. 147.
1806:American Psychological Association
1763:Canadian Psychological Association
1227:People often express relief about
177:in which subjects' perceptions of
25:
6457:Revised NEO Personality Inventory
6380:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
6171:. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
5637:Journal of Personality Assessment
5594:Journal of Personality Assessment
5072:Journal of Personality Assessment
5011:Journal of Personality Assessment
4859:Journal of Personality Assessment
4788:Journal of Personality Assessment
4686:Journal of personality assessment
4548:Journal of Personality Assessment
3789:Journal of Personality Assessment
3730:. Psychology Press. p. 107.
3546:Journal of Personality Assessment
3486:Journal of Personality Assessment
3431:Journal of Personality Assessment
3366:Journal of Personality Assessment
3118:Journal of Personality Assessment
3036:. Grune and Stratton. p. 7.
2541:Journal of Personality Assessment
2390:Journal of Personality Assessment
2318:Tibon-Czopp S, Weiner IB (2016).
1713:unexplained by current research.
490:In particular, information about
6267:What's Wrong with the Rorschach?
4896:American Psychiatric Association
4656:10.1097/00006842-198611000-00002
4406:Penguin Dictionary of Psychology
3971:Miale, F.R., Selzer, M. (1975).
3034:Rorschach content interpretation
1650:
1375:United States Army Medical Corps
1286:
1236:
1181:
1126:
1074:
1014:
962:
907:
854:
798:
216:, the verifiability and general
109:
77:
55:
5176:Carol Forsloff (30 July 2009).
4290:Alexander M (October 5, 2001).
2251:What's wrong with this picture?
2077:Fátima Miralles Sangro (1996).
1628:Attorney's Textbook of Medicine
1604:borderline personality disorder
1484:the vehicle for the interaction
1472:processes, but it is not clear
6572:Vineland Social Maturity Scale
5563:Noam Cohen (August 23, 2009).
5535:Patrick White (31 July 2009).
1538:association between two events
1508:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
642:places a lot of emphasis on a
616:Rorschach Comprehensive System
1:
6536:Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure
6425:Binet-Simon Intelligence Test
6309:from Harrower-Erickson (1945)
5959:. Cambridge, UK: Icon books.
4697:Lowrey, Lawson Gentry (1946)
4071:The Nazi and the psychiatrist
3498:10.1080/00223891.2017.1296844
3443:10.1080/00223891.2015.1118380
1810:British Psychological Society
1761:") by previous exposure. The
434:, and personal/interpersonal
249:
6567:Benton Visual Retention Test
6420:Raven's Progressive Matrices
6009:Review of general psychiatry
5982:Gacano CB, Meloy JR (1994).
5649:10.1080/00223891.2012.725438
5606:10.1080/00223891.2011.627963
5227:Copyright Information Center
3945:Main D (September 7, 2015).
3852:Butcher, James Neal (2009).
3378:10.1080/00223891.2012.684118
1626:(1997) stated (quoting from
1323:caterpillars, worms, snakes
887:animal: dog, elephant, bear
6410:Differential Ability Scales
6405:Cognitive Assessment System
6305:Interactive version of the
6081:Harcourt, Brace & World
5514:Ian Simple (29 July 2009).
5195:Noam Cohen (28 July 2009).
4829:Radford B (July 31, 2009).
4800:10.1207/S15327752JPA8003_05
4712:Buros, Oscar Krisen (1975)
4570:10.1207/S15327752JPA7802_03
4185:Jessica Kingsley Publishers
4008:. Century Diagnostics, Inc.
2685:Klopfer & Davidson 1962
2553:10.1207/s15327752jpa6702_17
1994:features a bloody inkblot.
1789:United States copyright law
1449:Mental Measurement Yearbook
1330:
1307:
1296:
1265:
1257:
1246:
1213:
1202:
1191:
1158:
1151:heads of women or children
1147:
1136:
1103:
1092:
1084:
1047:
1032:
1024:
991:
980:
972:
939:
928:
917:
883:
872:
864:
831:
816:
808:
626:. In 1969, Exner published
300:In 1927, the newly founded
6629:
6475:Thematic apperception test
5848:"Psychological evaluation"
5058:10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.251
5023:10.1207/s15327752jpa4104_1
4346:10.1177/107319119900600402
4292:"Lee Cronbach, dead at 85"
3902:10.1037/0735-7028.31.2.141
3801:10.1207/s15327752jpa4503_1
3344:Psychological Inj. and Law
3239:Exner JE (23 April 1993).
2966:Cambridge University Press
2654:"BBC Radio 4 - Dr Inkblot"
2402:10.1207/s15327752jpa4806_3
2033:Thematic apperception test
2022:Holtzman inkblot technique
1926:The mask of the fictional
1544:In 1992, the psychologist
1447:. In the 1959 edition of
690:
591:Symmetry of the test items
31:
6557:Mental status examination
6504:Sentence completion tests
6442:
6307:Multiple Choice Rorschach
4980:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.09.002
4867:10.1080/00223890701629342
4222:10.1027/1192-5604.29.1.38
3827:Psychology in the Schools
2768:. Harper & Brothers.
2424:"Test Developer Profiles"
2108:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1981:was announced with actor
48:
5775:Hogrefe Publishing Group
5678:Radford B (2009-07-31).
5046:Psychological Assessment
4238:ALLEA Annual Report 2003
3933:Weiner & Greene 2007
3763:Weiner & Greene 2007
2028:Picture arrangement test
1069:quality response about.
756:by Scandinavians and an
185:interpretation, complex
6518:Neuropsychological test
6026:Groth-Marnat G (2003).
5321:Oxford University Press
4688:Volumes 22–23; Page 462
3858:Oxford University Press
2324:. Springer. p. 3.
2130:Gacano & Meloy 1994
1563:inter-rater reliability
1503:University of Wisconsin
1195:animal: not cat or dog
1088:animal hide, skin, rug
976:animal hide, skin, rug
624:inter-rater reliability
214:inter-rater reliability
6071:, Davidson HH (1962).
4644:Psychosomatic Medicine
3726:Piotrowski ZA (1987).
2746:Williams & Wilkins
2716:Ruth Mae Morris Bakwin
2345:Verma, Romesh (2014).
1824:
1549:among psychologists".
1300:crab, lobster, spider
1096:animal skin, skin rug
984:animal skin, skin rug
649:information processing
603:
475:Features or categories
472:
317:from the inventory of
256:
18:Rorschach inkblot test
6562:Wechsler Memory Scale
6488:Holtzman inkblot test
6271:John Wiley & Sons
6248:John Wiley & Sons
6186:Sutherland S (2007).
6167:Schachtel EG (2001).
6032:John Wiley & Sons
5938:John Wiley & Sons
5550:registration required
5395:"extra.listverse.com"
4861:. 89(S1): S201–S206.
4757:10.1111/1529-1006.002
3991:The Rorschach systems
3630:, p. 338,339,354
3320:"Table of Contents".
2224:John Wiley & Sons
1977:language film titled
1600:personality disorders
1140:human heads or faces
1028:bat, butterfly, moth
812:bat, butterfly, moth
628:The Rorschach Systems
598:
459:
244:
34:Rorschach Test (band)
6499:Animal Metaphor Test
6148:Rorschach H (1998).
6129:Rorschach H (1927).
5323:. pp. 159–160.
5317:Ethics in psychology
4036:Tallent, N. (1983).
3989:Exner, J.E. (1969).
3860:, USA. p. 290.
3676:Rorschach H (1927).
3092:J. Mcv Hunt (2007).
3061:Leichtman M (1996).
2011:Blacky pictures test
1815:Ethics in Psychology
1780:post mortem auctoris
1531:illusory correlation
1331:Dana (France):
1266:Dana (France):
1214:Dana (France):
1159:Dana (France):
1104:Dana (France):
1048:Dana (France):
992:Dana (France):
940:Dana (France):
884:Dana (France):
832:Dana (France):
726:Cultural differences
712:personality measures
614:, also known as the
612:Exner scoring system
606:Exner scoring system
334:comprehensive system
210:Exner Scoring System
6603:Freudian psychology
6242:, Greene R (2007).
6053:. Wiley-Blackwell.
6007:Goldman HH (2000).
4919:. pp. 327–338.
4280:magazine, Jul 2003.
4069:El-Hai, J. (2013).
3975:. Quadrangle Books.
3266:, pp. 337, 338
3218:Ravaioli L (2008).
2870:Eysenck MW (1998).
2845:Eysenck MW (2004).
2287:. 1897. p. 143
2261:Scientific American
1957:The Virgin Suicides
1785:Swiss copyright law
1711:false positive rate
1592:psychotic disorders
1505:, published in the
1377:chief psychiatrist
1217:four-legged animal
1206:four-legged animal
897:The red details of
876:four-legged animal
133:[ˈʁoːɐ̯ʃax]
6608:1921 introductions
6452:16PF Questionnaire
6372:Intelligence tests
6049:Hardman D (2009).
5570:The New York Times
5542:The Globe and Mail
5074:, 76 (2), 333–351.
4625:, pp. 249–250
4535:, pp. 227–234
4469:, pp. 164–166
4448:, pp. 117–120
4309:Robyn M D (1991).
4278:Skeptical Inquirer
4272:2012-03-12 at the
4103:10.3758/BF03202070
3839:10.1002/pits.20223
3777:, pp. 102–109
3765:, pp. 390–395
3184:, pp. 406–407
2995:, pp. 258–261
2588:Psicologia clinica
2574:Exner Jr., John E.
2256:2010-12-24 at the
1999:Fallout: New Vegas
1911:Australian artist
1900:Skeptical Inquirer
1878:The Globe and Mail
1793:William Poundstone
1777:of up to 70 years
1319:(31%, light green)
1276:Characteristic of
790:Popular responses
765:these components.
426:variables such as
396:bilateral symmetry
257:
175:psychological test
6580:
6579:
6512:
6511:
6435:Personality tests
6415:Ammons Quick Test
6321:, 21 January 2015
6280:978-0-7879-6056-8
6257:978-0-471-22881-3
6231:978-0-8058-4232-6
6197:978-1-905177-07-3
6178:978-0-88163-354-2
6159:978-3-456-83024-7
6140:978-3-456-82605-9
6113:978-0-07-050477-6
6094:978-0-15-577873-3
6060:978-1-4051-2398-3
6041:978-0-471-41979-2
6018:978-0-8385-8434-7
5999:978-0-8058-0980-0
5966:978-1-84046-678-2
5947:978-0-471-55902-3
5917:978-0-8058-2789-7
5862:"Mod unavailable"
5793:KPBS Public Media
5482:10.2196/jmir.1589
5330:978-0-19-509201-1
5229:. 1 January 2009.
4948:978-0-8058-5823-5
4902:. Washington, DC.
4419:978-0-14-051079-9
4194:978-1-84310-538-1
4139:. 8 November 2013
3867:978-0-19-536687-7
3737:978-0-8058-0102-6
3712:978-0-89116-780-8
3687:978-3-456-82605-9
3250:978-0-471-55902-3
3182:Groth-Marnat 2003
3157:978-0-8058-4451-1
3103:978-1-4067-4440-8
3072:978-0-88163-138-8
3043:978-0-8089-0961-3
2979:978-0-521-29228-3
2932:Groth-Marnat 2003
2918:978-1-57230-884-8
2881:978-0-86377-257-3
2856:978-1-84169-360-6
2794:Groth-Marnat 2003
2637:BBC News Magazine
2597:978-88-204-9876-4
2471:978-0-08-043645-6
2356:978-81-261-1411-5
2331:978-1-4939-3151-4
2306:Groth-Marnat 2003
2233:978-0-471-38672-8
2192:978-0-521-28414-1
2088:978-84-87840-92-0
2063:978-88-464-5475-1
1919:oil paint onto a
1703:statistical norms
1699:
1698:
1691:
1632:State ex rel H.H.
1596:thought disorders
1553:Tester projection
1546:Stuart Sutherland
1381:and psychologist
1349:
1348:
1338:
1337:
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1273:
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1169:
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1062:
1061:
1002:
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950:
949:
894:
893:
878:(34%, gray parts)
842:
841:
261:Leonardo da Vinci
246:Hermann Rorschach
195:Hermann Rorschach
164:
163:
65:
64:
16:(Redirected from
6620:
6593:Projective tests
6467:Projective tests
6440:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6326:
6284:
6261:
6235:
6222:Lawrence Erlbaum
6220:. Mahwah, N.J.:
6209:
6182:
6163:
6144:
6125:
6102:Plous S (1993).
6098:
6078:
6064:
6045:
6022:
6003:
5990:Lawrence Erlbaum
5978:
5951:
5935:
5921:
5908:Lawrence Erlbaum
5902:Dana RH (2000).
5888:
5887:
5882:. Archived from
5876:
5870:
5869:
5864:. Archived from
5858:
5852:
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5844:
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5803:
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5796:
5795:. 22 March 2003.
5785:
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5695:
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5692:
5691:
5686:. Imaginova Corp
5675:
5669:
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5384:
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5356:
5345:"Rorschach Test"
5341:
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4968:Clin Psychol Rev
4959:
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4939:Lawrence Erlbaum
4930:
4921:
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4903:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4740:
4731:
4728:
4717:
4710:
4704:
4695:
4689:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4641:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4563:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4519:
4510:
4509:, pp. 66–70
4504:
4491:
4485:
4470:
4464:
4449:
4443:
4424:
4423:
4398:
4389:
4388:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4287:
4281:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4248:. Archived from
4243:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4158:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4051:
4042:
4041:
4033:
4024:
4023:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3986:
3977:
3976:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3912:. Archived from
3887:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3509:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3389:
3357:
3351:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3148:Lawrence Erlbaum
3146:. Mahwah, N.J.:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3008:
3007:, pp. 76–78
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2963:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2902:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2687:
2682:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2629:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2517:. Archived from
2511:"Rorschach Test"
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2486:"About the Test"
2482:
2476:
2475:
2455:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2212:
2197:
2196:
2180:
2170:
2155:
2154:
2138:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2103:"Rorschach test"
2099:
2093:
2092:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2049:
1962:David Cronenberg
1907:In art and media
1895:Benjamin Radford
1827:
1738:Irving B. Weiner
1694:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1642:Population norms
1608:bipolar disorder
1578:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1412:Tavistock Clinic
1387:Nuremberg trials
1326:
1320:
1314:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1220:
1209:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1165:
1154:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1110:
1099:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1058:
1054:
1043:
1039:
1022:
1021:
1018:
998:
987:
970:
969:
966:
946:
935:
924:
915:
914:
911:
890:
879:
862:
861:
858:
838:
827:
823:
806:
805:
802:
784:
783:
403:free association
358:
338:object relations
314:Psychodiagnostik
310:
279:Psychodiagnostik
254:
251:
191:thought disorder
160:
135:
130:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
107:
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
60:
59:
50:
49:
41:
21:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6576:
6545:
6508:
6461:
6429:
6366:
6362:evaluation and
6353:
6292:
6287:
6281:
6264:
6258:
6238:
6232:
6212:
6198:
6185:
6179:
6166:
6160:
6147:
6141:
6128:
6114:
6106:. McGraw-Hill.
6101:
6095:
6067:
6061:
6048:
6042:
6025:
6019:
6006:
6000:
5981:
5967:
5955:Fine C (2006).
5954:
5948:
5924:
5918:
5901:
5897:
5892:
5891:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5759:. 17 July 2018.
5751:
5750:
5746:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5716:
5714:
5703:
5702:
5698:
5689:
5687:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5575:
5573:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5547:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5449:
5438:
5431:Claims Magazine
5424:
5423:
5419:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5354:
5352:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5331:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5300:
5298:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5279:
5277:
5276:. February 1996
5264:
5263:
5259:
5250:
5248:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5182:Digital Journal
5175:
5174:
5170:
5161:
5159:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5132:
5130:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5069:
5065:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5008:
5007:
5003:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4932:
4931:
4924:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4894:
4890:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4742:
4741:
4734:
4729:
4720:
4711:
4707:
4696:
4692:
4683:
4679:
4639:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4621:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4597:
4593:
4561:10.1.1.559.6551
4544:
4543:
4539:
4531:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4505:
4494:
4486:
4473:
4465:
4452:
4446:Sutherland 2007
4444:
4427:
4420:
4412:. p. 653.
4402:Arthur S. Reber
4400:
4399:
4392:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4296:Stanford Report
4289:
4288:
4284:
4274:Wayback Machine
4264:
4260:
4252:
4241:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4187:. p. 138.
4178:
4177:
4173:
4168:. 25 July 2012.
4160:
4159:
4152:
4142:
4140:
4137:theguardian.com
4131:
4130:
4126:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4045:
4035:
4034:
4027:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3987:
3980:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3824:
3823:
3816:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3761:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3575:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3543:
3539:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3341:
3334:
3326:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3150:. p. 213.
3141:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3126:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3073:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3044:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2806:Mons W (1950).
2805:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2748:. p. 168.
2739:
2738:
2734:
2726:. p. 249.
2710:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2639:. 24 July 2012.
2631:
2630:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2598:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2524:
2522:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2377:. 1 April 2009.
2369:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2258:Wayback Machine
2248:
2241:
2234:
2222:. Hoboken, NJ:
2214:
2213:
2200:
2193:
2172:
2171:
2158:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2007:
1909:
1849:Knowledge (XXG)
1753:
1723:
1695:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1667:help improve it
1664:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1616:
1576:
1572:
1555:
1518:psychopathology
1499:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1469:
1433:
1424:
1407:
1383:Gustave Gilbert
1359:
1354:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1301:
1251:
1218:
1207:
1196:
1163:
1152:
1141:
1108:
1097:
1056:
1052:
1041:
1037:
996:
985:
944:
933:
922:
888:
877:
836:
825:
821:
775:
728:
708:standard scores
695:
689:
644:cognitive triad
608:
593:
526:
517:
504:
477:
388:
352:
304:
295:creativity test
287:Justinus Kerner
252:
239:
203:projective test
156:
128:
127:
112:
108:
105:
80:
76:
68:
61:
54:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6626:
6624:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6585:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6522:
6520:
6514:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6484:Rorschach test
6477:
6471:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6376:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6344:
6337:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6310:
6303:
6298:
6291:
6290:External links
6288:
6286:
6285:
6279:
6262:
6256:
6236:
6230:
6210:
6196:
6183:
6177:
6164:
6158:
6145:
6139:
6126:
6112:
6099:
6093:
6065:
6059:
6046:
6040:
6023:
6017:
6004:
5998:
5979:
5965:
5952:
5946:
5922:
5916:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5886:on 2013-03-21.
5871:
5868:on 2016-08-12.
5853:
5839:
5819:
5798:
5780:
5762:
5757:Slant Magazine
5744:
5724:
5696:
5670:
5627:
5583:
5555:
5527:
5506:
5455:
5436:
5417:
5403:
5386:
5365:
5336:
5329:
5307:
5286:
5257:
5232:
5211:
5202:New York Times
5187:
5168:
5139:
5110:
5076:
5063:
5052:(3): 251–265.
5036:
5017:(4): 339–348.
5001:
4954:
4947:
4941:. p. 80.
4937:. Mahwah, NJ:
4922:
4904:
4888:
4849:
4821:
4794:(3): 260–271.
4778:
4732:
4718:
4705:
4690:
4677:
4650:(8): 549–563.
4627:
4615:
4603:
4591:
4554:(2): 219–274.
4537:
4525:
4511:
4492:
4471:
4450:
4425:
4418:
4390:
4367:
4324:
4301:
4282:
4258:
4255:on 2011-06-16.
4227:
4200:
4193:
4171:
4166:On Radio 4 Now
4150:
4124:
4109:
4096:(4): 588–591.
4076:
4061:
4043:
4025:
4011:
3996:
3978:
3963:
3937:
3922:
3919:on 2019-02-24.
3896:(2): 131–154.
3873:
3866:
3844:
3814:
3795:(3): 226–229.
3779:
3767:
3755:
3743:
3736:
3718:
3711:
3693:
3686:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3632:
3617:
3605:
3593:
3581:
3566:
3554:
3537:
3492:(6): 619–625.
3472:
3437:(4): 382–390.
3417:
3372:(6): 607–612.
3352:
3332:
3312:
3291:
3268:
3256:
3249:
3231:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3163:
3156:
3134:
3124:
3109:
3102:
3081:
3071:
3053:
3042:
3024:
3020:Schachtel 2001
3009:
3005:Schachtel 2001
2997:
2993:Schachtel 2001
2985:
2978:
2948:
2936:
2934:, pp. 423
2924:
2917:
2905:Guilford Press
2887:
2880:
2862:
2855:
2837:
2835:, p. 224.
2825:
2813:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2754:
2732:
2703:
2688:
2670:
2642:
2621:
2609:
2596:
2578:
2566:
2547:(2): 427–433.
2531:
2502:
2477:
2470:
2458:Pergamon Press
2440:
2415:
2396:(6): 591–596.
2380:
2362:
2355:
2337:
2330:
2310:
2298:
2274:
2265:
2239:
2232:
2198:
2191:
2156:
2151:10.1086/694039
2133:
2122:
2094:
2087:
2069:
2062:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1939:limited series
1908:
1905:
1867:eye test chart
1863:emergency room
1819:Gerald Koocher
1775:copyright term
1752:
1749:
1722:
1719:
1697:
1696:
1679:September 2010
1658:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1615:
1612:
1571:
1568:
1554:
1551:
1522:homosexual men
1498:
1495:
1468:
1467:Test materials
1465:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1406:
1405:United Kingdom
1403:
1379:Douglas Kelley
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1003:
1000:
999:
993:
989:
988:
982:
978:
977:
974:
967:
959:
958:
951:
948:
947:
941:
937:
936:
932:human figures
930:
926:
925:
919:
912:
904:
903:
895:
892:
891:
885:
881:
880:
874:
870:
869:
866:
859:
851:
850:
843:
840:
839:
833:
829:
828:
818:
814:
813:
810:
803:
795:
794:
791:
788:
774:
771:
727:
724:
691:Main article:
688:
685:
607:
604:
592:
589:
525:
522:
516:
513:
503:
500:
476:
473:
387:
384:
361:psychoanalysis
238:
235:
224:of the test's
168:Rorschach test
162:
161:
154:
148:
147:
144:
138:
137:
74:
70:
69:
66:
63:
62:
53:
46:
45:
44:Rorschach test
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6625:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6548:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6515:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6480:Ink blot test
6478:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6464:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6356:Psychological
6350:
6345:
6343:
6338:
6336:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6289:
6282:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6263:
6259:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6193:
6189:
6188:Irrationality
6184:
6180:
6174:
6170:
6165:
6161:
6155:
6151:
6146:
6142:
6136:
6132:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6109:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6077:
6076:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6056:
6052:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6010:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5986:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5939:
5934:
5933:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5872:
5867:
5863:
5857:
5854:
5849:
5843:
5840:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5823:
5820:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5794:
5790:
5784:
5781:
5776:
5772:
5766:
5763:
5758:
5754:
5748:
5745:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5728:
5725:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5700:
5697:
5685:
5681:
5674:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5643:(2): 149–58.
5642:
5638:
5631:
5628:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5587:
5584:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5559:
5556:
5551:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5531:
5528:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5510:
5507:
5502:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5421:
5418:
5413:
5407:
5404:
5396:
5390:
5387:
5375:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5351:on 2009-10-05
5350:
5346:
5340:
5337:
5332:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5308:
5296:
5290:
5287:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5261:
5258:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5228:
5226:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5191:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5172:
5169:
5158:on 2011-05-27
5157:
5153:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5129:on 2009-04-26
5128:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5097:on 2011-07-06
5093:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5064:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5037:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5005:
5002:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4974:(1): 97–118.
4973:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4853:
4850:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4825:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4782:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4604:
4601:, p. 159
4600:
4595:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4411:
4410:Penguin Books
4407:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4239:
4231:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4210:Rorschachiana
4204:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4120:
4113:
4110:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4077:
4072:
4065:
4062:
4057:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4007:
4000:
3997:
3992:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3967:
3964:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3938:
3935:, p. 402
3934:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3753:, p. 338
3752:
3747:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3606:
3603:, p. 334
3602:
3597:
3594:
3591:, p. 333
3590:
3585:
3582:
3579:, p. 335
3578:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3564:, p. 332
3563:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3324:
3316:
3313:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3279:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3221:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3065:. Routledge.
3064:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3025:
3022:, p. 243
3021:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2964:. Cambridge:
2962:
2961:
2952:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2826:
2823:, p. 232
2822:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2802:
2799:
2796:, p. 407
2795:
2790:
2787:
2784:, p. 214
2783:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2701:, p. 158
2700:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2521:on 2014-02-01
2520:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2492:on 2009-04-13
2491:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2456:. Amsterdam:
2454:
2453:
2444:
2441:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2311:
2308:, p. 408
2307:
2302:
2299:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2111:(Online). n.d
2110:
2109:
2104:
2098:
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2090:
2084:
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2070:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1952:Sofia Coppola
1949:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:graphic novel
1933:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1891:pseudoscience
1887:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:James Heilman
1856:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1771:public domain
1767:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1735:
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1730:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1693:
1690:
1682:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:This section
1657:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:Jones v Apfel
1620:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:schizophrenia
1585:
1580:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1513:homosexuality
1510:
1509:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1479:
1475:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:pseudoscience
1438:
1430:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1357:United States
1356:
1351:
1343:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1311:crab, spider
1310:
1306:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
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1234:
1230:
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1190:
1187:
1184:
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1125:
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1120:
1116:
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1095:
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1080:
1077:
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1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
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1007:
1004:
994:
990:
983:
979:
975:
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968:
965:
961:
960:
955:
952:
942:
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927:
920:
916:
913:
910:
906:
905:
900:
896:
886:
882:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:
857:
853:
852:
848:
844:
834:
830:
819:
815:
811:
807:
804:
801:
797:
796:
792:
789:
786:
785:
782:
780:
772:
770:
766:
762:
759:
755:
750:
748:
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737:
734:
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723:
719:
715:
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709:
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699:
694:
686:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
664:
663:
658:
657:
651:
650:
645:
639:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:John E. Exner
617:
613:
605:
602:
597:
590:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
568:
566:
562:
558:
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546:
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523:
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464:administrator
458:
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421:
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385:
383:
381:
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373:
369:
368:schizophrenia
364:
362:
356:
351:
347:
343:
342:United States
339:
335:
331:
330:John E. Exner
327:
326:Bruno Klopfer
322:
320:
319:Ernst Bircher
316:
315:
308:
303:
298:
296:
292:
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283:
281:
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274:
272:
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247:
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236:
234:
232:
227:
223:
220:of the test,
219:
215:
211:
208:Although the
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:psychological
180:
176:
173:
169:
159:
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145:
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134:
124:
101:
75:
73:Pronunciation
71:
58:
51:
47:
42:
39:
35:
30:
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6483:
6318:The Atlantic
6316:
6266:
6243:
6217:
6187:
6168:
6149:
6130:
6103:
6079:. New York:
6074:
6050:
6027:
6008:
5984:
5956:
5936:. New York:
5931:
5903:
5884:the original
5874:
5866:the original
5856:
5842:
5831:
5822:
5810:. Retrieved
5801:
5783:
5770:
5765:
5747:
5738:Men's Health
5736:
5727:
5715:. Retrieved
5709:
5706:"Ben Quilty"
5699:
5688:. Retrieved
5684:Live Science
5683:
5673:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5600:(1): 73–81.
5597:
5593:
5586:
5574:. Retrieved
5568:
5558:
5540:
5530:
5521:The Guardian
5519:
5509:
5472:
5468:
5458:
5430:
5420:
5406:
5389:
5377:. Retrieved
5368:
5359:
5353:. Retrieved
5349:the original
5339:
5319:. New York:
5316:
5310:
5299:. Retrieved
5289:
5278:. Retrieved
5267:
5260:
5249:. Retrieved
5247:. 2003-06-01
5235:
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5214:
5206:
5200:
5190:
5181:
5171:
5160:. Retrieved
5156:the original
5142:
5131:. Retrieved
5127:the original
5113:
5105:
5099:. Retrieved
5092:the original
5079:
5071:
5066:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5014:
5010:
5004:
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4967:
4957:
4934:
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4899:
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4858:
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4836:Live Science
4834:
4824:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4751:(2): 27–66.
4748:
4744:
4713:
4708:
4698:
4693:
4685:
4680:
4647:
4643:
4630:
4618:
4606:
4599:Goldman 2000
4594:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4528:
4490:, p. 57
4488:Hardman 2009
4405:
4384:
4380:
4370:
4340:(4): 313–8.
4337:
4333:
4327:
4318:
4314:
4304:
4295:
4285:
4261:
4250:the original
4237:
4230:
4216:(1): 38–63.
4213:
4209:
4203:
4180:
4174:
4165:
4162:"Dr Inkblot"
4141:. Retrieved
4136:
4127:
4118:
4112:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4073:. MJF Books.
4070:
4064:
4055:
4037:
4019:
4014:
4005:
3999:
3990:
3972:
3966:
3956:November 17,
3954:. Retrieved
3950:
3940:
3914:the original
3893:
3889:
3876:
3853:
3847:
3830:
3826:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3727:
3721:
3702:
3696:
3677:
3671:
3666:, p. 55
3659:
3654:, p. 54
3647:
3642:, p. 52
3635:
3615:, p. 53
3608:
3596:
3584:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3507:2318/1632018
3489:
3485:
3475:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3387:2318/1508165
3369:
3365:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3323:R-PAS manual
3322:
3315:
3304:. Retrieved
3294:
3282:. Retrieved
3271:
3259:
3240:
3234:
3223:. Retrieved
3213:
3208:, p. 59
3201:
3196:, p. 61
3189:
3177:
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3143:
3137:
3127:
3117:
3112:
3093:
3076:
3062:
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3047:
3033:
3027:
3000:
2988:
2959:
2951:
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2903:. New York:
2898:
2890:
2871:
2865:
2846:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2807:
2801:
2789:
2777:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2712:Harry Bakwin
2706:
2699:Goldman 2000
2661:. Retrieved
2657:
2636:
2612:
2602:
2601:
2587:
2581:
2569:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2523:. Retrieved
2519:the original
2514:
2505:
2494:. Retrieved
2490:the original
2480:
2451:
2443:
2431:. Retrieved
2427:
2418:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2346:
2340:
2320:
2313:
2301:
2289:. Retrieved
2283:
2277:
2268:
2219:
2176:
2142:
2136:
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2106:
2097:
2078:
2072:
2053:
2047:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1955:
1941:
1925:
1910:
1898:
1897:, editor of
1888:
1883:Saskatchewan
1876:
1872:The Guardian
1870:
1857:
1846:
1842:
1835:against the
1830:
1814:
1803:
1796:
1778:
1768:
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1754:
1742:
1727:
1724:
1721:Applications
1715:
1700:
1685:
1676:
1660:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1584:intelligence
1581:
1573:
1560:
1556:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1506:
1500:
1473:
1470:
1461:
1456:
1453:Lee Cronbach
1448:
1445:cold reading
1434:
1425:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1371:World War II
1368:
1360:
1341:
1317:rabbit head
1308:Piotrowski:
1277:
1258:Piotrowski:
1228:
1203:Piotrowski:
1172:
1148:Piotrowski:
1118:
1107:animal skin
1093:Piotrowski:
1065:
1033:Piotrowski:
1005:
995:animal skin
981:Piotrowski:
953:
929:Piotrowski:
898:
873:Piotrowski:
846:
845:When seeing
824:, butterfly
817:Piotrowski:
778:
776:
767:
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753:
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738:
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569:
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560:
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548:
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538:
534:
530:
527:
524:Determinants
518:
509:
505:
495:
492:determinants
491:
489:
484:
480:
478:
468:interpreters
467:
463:
460:
456:
452:
444:base motives
417:
413:
407:
402:
400:
393:
389:
365:
363:principles.
333:
328:and others.
323:
312:
299:
291:Alfred Binet
284:
277:
275:
268:
258:
207:
167:
165:
38:
29:
6550:Other tests
6494:Szondi test
6360:psychiatric
5717:7 September
4613:, Table 9.4
3775:Weiner 2003
3680:. Hogrefe.
3664:Weiner 2003
3652:Weiner 2003
3640:Weiner 2003
3613:Weiner 2003
3206:Weiner 2003
3194:Weiner 2003
3171:Weiner 2003
2833:Weiner 2003
2821:Weiner 2003
2782:Weiner 2003
2663:22 February
2515:Hogrefe.com
2433:22 February
2115:22 February
1973:In 2022, a
1948:adaptations
1853:edit filter
1798:Big Secrets
1745:suicidality
1636:US v Battle
1614:Reliability
1602:(including
1431:Controversy
1313:(37%, blue)
1219:(93%, pink)
1208:(94%, pink)
1162:human head
945:(76%, gray)
934:(72%, gray)
921:two humans
889:(50%, gray)
868:two humans
704:percentiles
436:perceptions
432:affectivity
428:motivations
424:personality
380:Switzerland
372:BBC Radio 4
353: [
344:, while in
305: [
253: 1910
6613:Pareidolia
6587:Categories
6083:. p.
5895:References
5690:2009-09-01
5475:(1): e14.
5355:2009-08-29
5301:2009-06-23
5280:2009-08-09
5251:2009-06-23
5162:2009-08-26
5133:2009-08-26
5101:2010-07-08
4898:. (1994).
4842:October 9,
4467:Plous 1993
4334:Assessment
4183:. London:
4143:9 December
3833:(3): 281.
3350:, 107-121.
3306:2022-03-18
3284:7 December
3225:2009-08-29
2968:. p.
2907:. p.
2525:2014-01-18
2496:2009-07-01
2460:. p.
2263:, May 2001
1991:Mindhunter
1913:Ben Quilty
1707:narcissism
1590:and other
1364:psychology
1164:(46%, top)
1153:(27%, top)
1051:butterfly
1036:butterfly
835:butterfly
654:cognitive
350:Ewald Bohm
302:Hans Huber
265:Botticelli
199:pareidolia
187:algorithms
172:projective
6240:Weiner IB
6214:Weiner IB
6069:Klopfer B
5833:IndieWire
5704:Slade L.
5576:April 17,
4913:Weiner IB
4623:Wood 2003
4611:Wood 2003
4556:CiteSeerX
4533:Wood 2003
4522:Wood 2003
4507:Fine 2006
3751:Dana 2000
3628:Dana 2000
3601:Dana 2000
3589:Dana 2000
3577:Dana 2000
3562:Dana 2000
3516:0022-3891
3451:0022-3891
3396:0022-3891
3264:Dana 2000
3243:. Wiley.
2617:Dana 2000
2291:10 August
2284:Book News
1983:Mammootty
1979:Rorschach
1975:Malayalam
1932:same name
1837:Brazilian
1229:card VIII
793:Comments
741:chameleon
656:mediation
448:conflicts
420:cognition
270:Gobolinks
226:pathology
6216:(2003).
6206:72151566
6122:26931106
5975:60668289
5928:(1995).
5926:Exner JE
5665:21422063
5657:23030722
5622:26869906
5614:22176268
5501:21282098
4996:31393467
4988:15596082
4915:(1999).
4883:23951172
4875:18039164
4816:44025493
4808:12763700
4765:26151980
4672:24365682
4578:12067192
4404:(1985).
4362:44835783
4354:10539978
4270:Archived
3951:Newsweek
3910:25068174
3552:, S2-S6.
3532:21540404
3524:28375651
3467:22787894
3459:26730817
3412:31800521
3404:22574907
2724:Saunders
2718:(1960).
2561:16367686
2428:mhhe.com
2254:Archived
2218:(2002).
2216:Exner JE
2005:See also
1946:and its
1943:Watchmen
1928:antihero
1570:Validity
1437:skeptics
1252:(orange)
1173:Card VII
954:Card III
773:Inkblots
662:ideation
565:movement
557:Movement
539:movement
515:Location
496:location
218:validity
179:inkblots
142:Synonyms
6364:testing
5777:. 1999.
5492:3221335
5379:Oct 15,
5225:Cornell
4773:8197201
4684:(1958)
4664:3809367
4586:5730091
3809:7252752
3302:. R-PAS
3300:"About"
2410:6394738
1934:in the
1930:of the
1917:impasto
1665:Please
1369:During
1278:card IX
1119:card VI
1006:Card IV
899:card II
733:craving
561:shading
543:shading
502:Content
485:content
408:inquiry
237:History
158:D012392
129:German:
106:UK also
6277:
6254:
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2328:
2230:
2189:
2185:–248.
2085:
2060:
2016:Fumage
1967:Spider
1954:movie
1921:canvas
1758:primed
1734:DSM-IV
1598:; and
1577:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1342:Card X
1302:(blue)
1297:Beck:
1250:human
1247:Beck:
1197:(pink)
1192:Beck:
1137:Beck:
1085:Beck:
1066:Card V
1055:, bat
1040:, bat
1025:Beck:
973:Beck:
943:human
923:(gray)
918:Beck:
865:Beck:
847:card I
809:Beck:
747:nisser
386:Method
346:Europe
136:
5812:3 May
5661:S2CID
5618:S2CID
5398:(PDF)
5095:(PDF)
5088:(PDF)
4992:S2CID
4879:S2CID
4812:S2CID
4769:S2CID
4668:S2CID
4640:(PDF)
4582:S2CID
4358:S2CID
4253:(PDF)
4246:ALLEA
4242:(PDF)
3917:(PDF)
3906:S2CID
3886:(PDF)
3528:S2CID
3463:S2CID
3408:S2CID
3327:(PDF)
2375:Wired
2039:Notes
1861:, an
1478:Reber
1435:Some
1422:Japan
1352:Usage
1334:none
1269:none
1261:none
1142:(top)
1109:(46%)
1098:(41%)
1057:(46%)
1053:(48%)
1042:(40%)
1038:(48%)
997:(46%)
986:(41%)
837:(39%)
826:(29%)
822:(53%)
787:Card
754:troll
581:color
577:color
553:Color
535:color
440:needs
357:]
309:]
170:is a
6358:and
6275:ISBN
6252:ISBN
6226:ISBN
6202:OCLC
6192:ISBN
6173:ISBN
6154:ISBN
6135:ISBN
6118:OCLC
6108:ISBN
6089:ISBN
6055:ISBN
6036:ISBN
6013:ISBN
5994:ISBN
5971:OCLC
5961:ISBN
5942:ISBN
5912:ISBN
5814:2022
5719:2021
5653:PMID
5610:PMID
5578:2013
5497:PMID
5381:2009
5325:ISBN
5027:PMID
4984:PMID
4943:ISBN
4871:PMID
4844:2020
4804:PMID
4761:PMID
4660:PMID
4574:PMID
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3805:PMID
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3707:ISBN
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3520:PMID
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3455:PMID
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3400:PMID
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3286:2013
3245:ISBN
3152:ISBN
3132:p15.
3098:ISBN
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2665:2015
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2557:PMID
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2293:2013
2228:ISBN
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2117:2015
2083:ISBN
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1875:and
1804:The
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820:bat
758:ogre
706:and
610:The
585:form
573:form
559:and
549:Form
537:and
531:form
481:what
422:and
376:Bern
263:and
222:bias
166:The
152:MeSH
6315:at
6085:245
5645:doi
5602:doi
5487:PMC
5477:doi
5054:doi
5019:doi
4976:doi
4863:doi
4796:doi
4753:doi
4652:doi
4566:doi
4342:doi
4218:doi
4098:doi
3898:doi
3835:doi
3797:doi
3502:hdl
3494:doi
3439:doi
3382:hdl
3374:doi
2658:BBC
2549:doi
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2398:doi
2183:238
2147:doi
1997:In
1964:'s
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646:of
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