925:. However, a storm forced them to take refuge in Myra. Unbeknownst to the generals, who were in the harbor, their soldiers further inland were fighting with local merchants and engaging in looting and destruction. Nicholas confronted the generals for allowing their soldiers to misbehave and the generals brought an end to the looting. Immediately after the soldiers had returned to their ships, Nicholas heard word of the three innocent men about to be executed and the three generals aided him in stopping the execution. Eustathius attempted to flee on his horse but Nicholas stopped his horse and chastised him for his corruption. Eustathius, under the threat of being reported directly to the Emperor, repented of his corrupt ways. Afterward, the generals succeeded in ending the rebellion and were promoted by Constantine to even higher status. The generals' enemies, however, slandered them to the consul Ablabius, telling him that they had not really put down the revolt, but instead encouraged their own soldiers to join it. The generals' enemies also bribed Ablabius and he had the three generals imprisoned. Nicholas then made his dream appearances and the three generals were set free.
829:, in which Apollonius gives money to an impoverished father but posits that Michael the Archimandrite's account is markedly different. Philostratus does not mention the fate of the daughters and, in his story, Apollonius's generosity is purely motivated out of sympathy for the father; in Michael the Archimandrite's account, however, Saint Nicholas is instead expressly stated to be motivated by a desire to save the daughters from being sold into prostitution. He argues that this desire to help women is most characteristic of fourth-century Christianity, due to the prominent role women played in the early Christian movement, rather than Greco-Roman paganism or the Christianity of Michael the Archimandrite's time in the ninth century, by which point the position of women had drastically declined.
868:
934:
68:
1846:. Sometimes he is depicted wearing the Eastern Orthodox mitre, sometimes he is bareheaded. Iconographically, Nicholas is depicted as an elderly man with a short, full, white, fluffy beard and balding head. In commemoration of the miracle attributed to him by tradition at the Council of Nicaea, he is sometimes depicted with Christ over his left shoulder holding out a Gospel Book to him and the Theotokos over his right shoulder holding the omophorion. Because of his patronage of mariners, occasionally Saint Nicholas will be shown standing in a boat or rescuing drowning sailors; Medieval Chants and Polyphony, image on the cover of the Book of Hours of Duke of Berry, 1410.
1082:
1030:
1850:
1568:
976:, who was also present at the council. Adam C. English notes that lists of the attendees at Nicaea vary considerably, with shorter lists only including roughly 200 names, but longer lists including around 300. Saint Nicholas's name only appears on the longer lists, not the shorter ones. Nicholas's name appears on a total of three early lists, one of which, Theodore the Lector, is generally considered to be the most accurate. According to Jona Lendering, there are two main possibilities:
1686:
7239:
1325:. According to a single chronicle written by an anonymous monk at this monastery, in 1100, a fleet of Venetian ships accompanied by Bishop Henri sailed past Myra on their way to Palestine for the First Crusade. Bishop Henri insisted for the fleet to turn back and set anchor in Myra. The Venetians took the remaining bones of Saint Nicholas, as well as those of several other bishops of Myra, from the church there, which was only guarded by four Orthodox monks, and brought them to
1305:
1230:
772:
647:", which was unusual for saints' lives of the period when it was written. He therefore argues that it is possible Michael the Archimandrite may have been relying on a source written before conversion narratives became popular, which would be a positive indication of that source's reliability. He notes that many of the stories recounted by Michael the Archimandrite closely resemble stories told about the first-century AD
7641:
7091:
1329:, where they deposited them in the San Nicolò al Lido. This tradition was lent credence in two scientific investigations of the relics in Bari and Venice, which confirmed that the relics in the two cities are anatomically compatible and may belong to the same person. It is said that someone dies every time the bones of Saint Nicholas in Venice are disturbed. The last time the bones were examined was in July 1992.
7651:
1068:
because the wheat had to be weighed accurately and delivered to the emperor. Only when
Nicholas promised them that they would not suffer any loss for their consideration did the sailors agree. When they arrived later in the capital, they made a surprising find: the weight of the load had not changed, although the wheat removed in Myra was enough for two full years and could even be used for sowing.
1881:. The episode with the three dowries is commemorated by showing him holding in his hand either three purses, three coins or three balls of gold. Depending on whether he is depicted as patron saint of children or sailors, his images will be completed by a background showing ships, children or three figures climbing out of a wooden barrel (the three slaughtered children he resurrected).
1816:
1927:
1163:
1344:
1111:
1261:) by the clergy of the basilica. The myrrh is collected from a sarcophagus which is located in the basilica vault and could be obtained in the shop nearby. The liquid gradually seeps out of the tomb, but it is unclear whether it originates from the body within the tomb, or from the marble itself; since the town of Bari is a harbour, and the tomb is below
1253:. Although the Crusaders generally favored warrior saints, which Saint Nicholas was not, the presence of his relics in Bari made him materially accessible. Nicholas's associations with aiding travelers and seafarers also made him a popular choice for veneration. Nicholas's veneration by Crusaders helped promote his following throughout western Europe.
1098:, only twenty miles away from his birthplace of Patara. Nicholas's name is painted on part of the ruined building. In antiquity, the island was known as "Saint Nicholas Island" and today it is known in Turkish as Gemiler Adasi, meaning "Island of Boats", in reference to Saint Nicholas's traditional role as the patron saint of seafarers.
1475:, to examine the bones under the commission's supervision. Martino took thousands of measurements, detailed scientific drawings, photographs, and x-rays. These examinations revealed the saint to have died at over seventy years of age and to have been of average height and slender-to-average build. He also suffered from severe chronic
1060:, and widely beloved by ordinary folk. It is depicted in stained glass windows, wood panel paintings, tapestries, and frescoes. Eventually, the scene became so widely reproduced that, rather than showing the whole scene, artists began to merely depict Saint Nicholas with three naked children and a wooden barrel at his feet.
1486:, researchers Caroline Wilkinson and Fraco Introna reconstructed the saint's face based on Martino's examination. The review of the data revealed that the historical Saint Nicholas was 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) in height and had a broken nose, which had partially healed, revealing that the injury had been suffered
583:, written around 250 years after Nicholas of Myra's death, briefly mentions Nicholas of Sion visiting Nicholas's tomb to pay homage to him. According to Jeremy Seal, the fact that Nicholas had a tomb that could be visited serves as the almost solitary definitive proof that he was a real historical figure.
1521:
According to
Professor Higham, most of the relics the team has examined turn out to be too recent to have actually belonged to the saint to whom they are attributed, but he states, "This bone fragment, in contrast, suggests that we could possibly be looking at remains from St Nicholas himself." Kazan
1354:
Because of
Nicholas's skeleton's long confinement in Myra, after it was brought to Bari, the demand for pieces of it rose. Small bones quickly began to disperse across western Europe. The sailors who had transported the bones gave one tooth and two fragments chipped from Nicholas's sarcophagus to the
1295:
and
Russian Orthodox Patriarch Kirill, a portion of the relics of St. Nicholas in Bari were sent on loan to Moscow. The relic was on display for veneration at Christ the Savior Cathedral before being taken to Saint Petersburg in mid-June prior to returning to Bari. More than a million people lined up
1067:
According to another story, during a great famine that Myra experienced in 311–312, a ship was in the port at anchor, loaded with wheat for the emperor in
Constantinople. Nicholas invited the sailors to unload a part of the wheat to help in the time of need. The sailors at first disliked the request,
883:
After visiting the Holy Land, Nicholas returned to Myra. The bishop of Myra, who had succeeded
Nicholas's uncle, had recently died and the priests in the city had decided that the first priest to enter the church that morning would be made bishop. Nicholas went to the church to pray and was therefore
2288:
Nicholas was born in the Greek city of Patara around 270 AD. The son of a businessman named
Theophanes and his wife, Nonna, the child's earliest years were spent in Myra… As a port on the Mediterranean Sea, in the middle of the sea lanes that linked Egypt, Greece and Rome, Myra was a destination for
1884:
In a strange twist, the three gold balls referring to the dowry affair are sometimes metaphorically interpreted as being oranges or other fruits. As in the Low
Countries in medieval times oranges most frequently came from Spain, this led to the belief that the Saint lives in Spain and comes to visit
1394:
in Rome. This church, whose name means "Saint
Nicholas in Chains", was built on the site of a former municipal prison. Stories quickly developed about Nicholas himself having been held in that prison. Mothers would come to the church to pray to Saint Nicholas for their jailed sons to be released and
1256:
After the relics were brought to Bari, they continued to produce "myrrh", much to the joy of their new owners. Vials of myrrh from his relics have been taken all over the world for centuries, and can still be obtained from his church in Bari. Even up to the present day, a flask of manna is extracted
1146:
in 2000, and was given a prominent place in the square fronting the medieval Church of St
Nicholas. In 2005, mayor Süleyman Topçu had the statue replaced by a red-suited plastic Santa Claus statue, because he wanted an image more recognisable to foreign visitors. Protests from the Russian government
1101:
The church was built in the fourth century, around the time of Nicholas's death, and is typical of saints' shrines from that time period. Nicholas was the only major saint associated with that part of Turkey. The church where historians believe he was originally entombed is at the western end of the
1063:
According to English, eventually, people who had forgotten or never learned the story began misinterpreting representations of it. That Saint Nicholas was shown with children led people to conclude he was the patron saint of children; meanwhile, the fact that he was shown with a barrel led people to
824:
The historicity of this incident is disputed. Adam C. English argues for a historical kernel to the legend, noting the story's early attestation as well as the fact that no similar stories were told about any other Christian saints. Jona Lendering, who also argues for the story's authenticity, notes
1225:
and 9 May continued to be celebrated every year by western Christians as the day of Nicholas's "translation". Eastern Orthodox Christians and the Turks have both long regarded the unauthorized removal of the relics from Myra as a blatant theft, but the people of Bari have instead maintained that it
808:
According to Michael the Archimandrite's account, after the second daughter was married, the father stayed awake for at least two "nights" and caught Saint Nicholas in the same act of charity toward the third daughter. The father fell on his knees, thanking him, and Nicholas ordered him not to tell
1517:
and, at the time of testing, was in the possession of Father Dennis O'Neill, a priest from St Martha of Bethany Church in Illinois. The results of the radiocarbon dating confirmed that the pelvis dates to the fourth century AD, around the same time that Saint Nicholas would have died, and is not a
1153:
Turkish authorities asserted that Nicholas himself desired to be buried at his episcopal town, and that his remains were illegally removed from his homeland. In 2017, an archaeological survey at St. Nicholas Church, Demre was reported to have found a temple below the modern church, with excavation
1093:
It has long been traditionally assumed that Saint Nicholas was originally buried in his home town of Myra, where his relics are later known to have been kept, but some recent archaeological evidence indicates that Saint Nicholas may have originally been entombed in a rock-cut church located at the
1461:
and the economics associated with pilgrimages caused the remains of most saints to be divided up and spread over numerous churches in several countries, Saint Nicholas is unusual in that most of his bones have been preserved in one spot: his grave crypt in Bari. Even with the allegedly continuing
1215:
Adam C. English describes the removal of the relics from Myra as "essentially a holy robbery" and notes the thieves were not only afraid of being caught or chased after by the locals, but also the power of Saint Nicholas himself. Returning to Bari, they brought the remains with them and cared for
1043:
One story tells how during a terrible famine, a malicious butcher lured three little children into his house, where he killed them, placing their remains in a barrel to cure, planning to sell them off as ham. Nicholas, visiting the region to care for the hungry, saw through the butcher's lies and
4378:
In Myra, the traditional St. Nicholas Feast Day is still celebrated on 6 December which many believe to be the anniversary of St Nicholas's death. This day is honored throughout Western Christendom, in lands comprising both Catholic and Protestant communities (in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the
2019:
The date of his birth and the year of his death are disputed, but 6 December has long been established as the traditional date of his death. Jeremy Seal remarks, "As vampires shun daylight, so saints are distinguished from ordinary mortals by the anniversaries they keep. The date of their death
1122:
In the mid-7th century, Gemile was vulnerable to attack by Arab fleets, so Nicholas's remains appear to have been moved from the island to the city of Myra, where Nicholas had served as bishop for most of his life. Myra is located roughly 40 km (25 mi) east of Gemile and its location
1012:
himself and having Nicholas punch him rather than merely slapping him with his open hand. In these versions of the story, Nicholas is also imprisoned, but Christ and the Virgin Mary appear to him in his cell. He tells them he is imprisoned "for loving you" and they free him from his chains and
799:
for his three daughters. This meant that they would remain unmarried and probably, in absence of any other possible employment, be forced to become prostitutes. Hearing of the girls' plight, Nicholas decided to help them, but, being too modest to help the family in public (or to save them the
1721:
to buy some hard-to-come-by goods, gifts for their loved ones and invariably some little presents for their children. While the real gifts would only be presented at Christmas, the little presents for the children were given right away, courtesy of Saint Nicholas. This and his miracle of him
1220:
inaugurated a new church, the Basilica di San Nicola, to Saint Nicholas in Bari. The Pope himself personally placed Nicholas's relics into the tomb beneath the altar of the new church. The removal of Saint Nicholas's relics from Myra and their arrival in Bari is reliably recorded by multiple
1708:" celebrations. As part of this celebration, youths performed the functions of priests and bishops, and exercised rule over their elders. Today, Saint Nicholas is still celebrated as a great gift-giver in several Western European and Central European countries. In medieval times, Christian
903:
One of the earliest attested stories of Saint Nicholas is one in which he saves three innocent men from execution. According to Michael the Archimandrite, three innocent men were condemned to death by the governor Eustathius. As they were about to be executed, Nicholas appeared, pushed the
1722:
resurrecting the three butchered children made Saint Nicholas a patron saint of children and later students as well. The custom of giving gifts on Saint Nicholas Day is popular in various parts of Christendom, with a popular tradition including children placing their shoes in the
1048:. Jona Lendering opines that the story is "without any historical value". Adam C. English notes that the story of the resurrection of the pickled children is a late medieval addition to the legendary biography of Saint Nicholas and that it is not found in any of his earliest
809:
anyone about the gifts. The scene of Nicholas's secret gift-giving is one of the most popular scenes in Christian devotional art, appearing in icons and frescoes from across Europe. Although depictions vary depending on time and place, Nicholas is often shown wearing a
3831:
995:
A later legend, first attested in the fourteenth century, over 1,000 years after Nicholas's death, holds that, during the Council of Nicaea, Nicholas lost his temper and slapped "a certain Arian" across the face. On account of this, Constantine revoked Nicholas's
2275:
1712:
in Belgium and France began to deposit baskets of food and clothes anonymously at the doorsteps of the needy, which gave rise to the practice of gift giving on Saint Nicholas Day. According to another source, on 6 December every sailor or ex-sailor of the
912:
accepted a bribe to put three famous generals to death, in spite of their actual innocence. Saint Nicholas appeared to Constantine and Ablabius in dreams, informing Constantine of the truth and frightening Ablabius into releasing the generals, for fear of
3008:
The historical figure that served as model for the Dutch Sinterklaas was born around 270 AD in the port of Patara in the Greek province of Lycia in Asia Minor (present-day Turkey). His Greek name Nikolaos means something along the lines of "victor of the
2234:
The fourth-century Saint Nikolaos of Myra, Greek Anatolia (in present-day Turkey) spread to Europe through the port city of Bari in southern Italy... Devotion to the saint in the Low countries became blended with Nordic folktales, transforming this early
1399:
in the church. As a result of this, Nicholas became the patron saint of prisoners and those falsely accused of crimes. An index finger claimed to belong to Saint Nicholas was kept in a chapel along the Ostian Way in Rome. Another finger was held in
1436:
920:
Later versions of the story are more elaborate, interweaving the two stories together. According to one version, Emperor Constantine sent three of his most trusted generals, named Ursos, Nepotianos, and Herpylion, to put down a rebellion in
1740:, they brought the legend and traditions of Sinterklaas with them. Howard G. Hageman, of New Brunswick Theological Seminary, maintains that the tradition of celebrating Sinterklaas in New York existed in the early settlements of the
533:
Very little is known about Saint Nicholas's historical life. Any writings Nicholas himself may have produced have been lost and he is not mentioned by any contemporary chroniclers. This is not surprising, since Nicholas lived during
1869:, probably to emphasize his foreign origin. The emphasis on his foreignness may have been intended to enhance Bari's reputation by displaying that it had attracted the patronage of a saint from a far-off country. In Roman Catholic
1316:
The sailors from Bari took only the main bones of Nicholas's skeleton, leaving all the minor fragments in the grave. The city of Venice had interest in obtaining the remaining fragments of his skeleton. In 1044, they dedicated the
804:
filled with gold coins through the window opening into the house. The father immediately arranged a marriage for his first daughter, and after her wedding, Nicholas threw a second bag of gold through the same window late at night.
453:
for each of them. Other early stories tell of him calming a storm at sea, saving three innocent soldiers from wrongful execution, and chopping down a tree possessed by a demon. In his youth, he is said to have made a pilgrimage to
414:
of sailors, merchants, archers, repentant thieves, children, brewers, pawnbrokers, toymakers, unmarried people, and students in various cities and countries around Europe. His reputation evolved among the pious, as was common for
436:
Little is known about the historical Saint Nicholas. The earliest accounts of his life were written centuries after his death and probably contain legendary elaborations. He is said to have been born in the Anatolian seaport of
1375:. The clerk took a finger bone back with him to Port, where a chapel was built to Saint Nicholas. Port became an important center of devotion in the following of Nicholas and, in the fifteenth century, a church known as the
3817:
4379:
Saint's feast date is 19 December). On 5 December, the eve of St Nicholas Day, some American boys and girls put their shoes outside their bedroom door and leave a small gift in hopes that Saint Nicholas soon will be there.
1226:
was a rescue mission to save the bones from the Turkish invaders. A legend, shown on the ceiling of the Basilica di San Nicola, holds that Nicholas once visited Bari and predicted that his bones would one day rest there.
682:
Accounts of Saint Nicholas's life agree on the essence of his story, but modern historians disagree regarding how much of this story is actually rooted in historical fact. Traditionally, Nicholas was born in the city of
904:
executioner's sword to the ground, released them from their chains, and angrily chastised a juror who had accepted a bribe. According to Jona Lendering, this story directly parallels an earlier story in Philostratus's
1359:. Pantulf took these relics to his hometown of Noron in Normandy, where they were placed in the local Church of St. Peter in June 1092. In 1096, the duke of Apulia gave several bones of Saint Nicholas to the count of
538:. The earliest mentions of Saint Nicholas indicate that, by the sixth century, his following was already well-established. Less than two hundred years after Saint Nicholas's probable death, the Eastern Roman Emperor
1470:
was undergoing much-needed restoration, the bones were removed from it for the first time since their interment in 1089. A special Pontiffical Commission permitted Luigi Martino, a professor of human anatomy at the
1717:(which at that time was virtually all of the male population) would descend to the harbour towns to participate in a church celebration for their patron saint. On the way back they would stop at one of the various
481:
in 325, but he is never mentioned in any writings by people who were at the council. Late, unsubstantiated legends claim that he was temporarily defrocked and imprisoned during the council for slapping the heretic
2289:
traders, fishermen, and merchant sailors. Spawned by the spirit of both the city's Greek heritage and the ruling Roman government, cultural endeavours such as art, drama, and music were mainstays of everyday life.
1560:. In modern Greece, he is still easily among the most recognizable saints and 6 December finds many cities celebrating their patron saint. He is also the patron saint of all of Greece and particularly of the
1138:
powers. As it was widely known that all Nicholas's relics were at Myra in their sealed sarcophagus, it was rare during this period for forgers of relics to claim to possess those belonging to Saint Nicholas.
1004:. Steven D. Greydanus concludes that, because of the story's late attestation, it "has no historical value." Jona Lendering, however, defends the veracity and historicity of the incident, arguing that,
968:. Nicholas's attendance at the Council of Nicaea is attested early by Theodore the Lector's list of attendees, which records him as the 151st attendee. However, he is conspicuously never mentioned by
1013:
restore his vestments. The scene of Nicholas slapping Arius is celebrated in Eastern Orthodox icons and episodes of Saint Nicholas at Nicaea are shown in a series of paintings from the 1660s in the
197:
1382:
The clergy at Bari strategically gave away samples of Nicholas's bones to promote the following and enhance its prestige. Many of these bones were initially kept in Constantinople, but, after the
836:. The ship he was on was nearly destroyed by a terrible storm but he rebuked the waves, causing the storm to subside. Thus, Nicholas became venerated as the patron saint of sailors and travelers.
5103:
4627:
3549:
2679:
The original Santa Claus, Saint Nicholas, was a Greek born in Asia Minor (now modern Turkey) in the fourth century. He was very religious from an early age and devoted his life to Christianity.
5290:
4996:
5151:
Could ancient bones suggest Santa was real?: New Oxford University research has revealed that bones long venerated as relics of the saint, do in fact date from the right historical period.
4841:
787:
After his parents died from an epidemic, Nicholas is said to have distributed their wealth to the poor. In his most famous exploit, which is first attested in Michael the Archimandrite's
609:
to which he refers was probably written during this time period, shortly after Nicholas's death. The earliest complete account of Nicholas's life that has survived to the present is a
872:
624:
is believed to heavily rely on older written sources and oral traditions. The identity and reliability of these sources, however, remains uncertain. Catholic historian D. L. Cann and
3583:
6342:
991:
attend the Council of Nicaea, but, at an early date, someone decided to remove his name from the list, apparently deciding that it was better if no one remembered he had been there.
1411:
An Irish tradition states that the relics of Saint Nicholas are also reputed to have been stolen from Myra by local Norman crusading knights in the twelfth century and buried near
1367:. According to legend, in 1101, Saint Nicholas appeared in a vision to a French clerk visiting the shrine at Bari and told him to take one of his bones with him to his hometown of
1204:
Taking advantage of the confusion and the loss by the Greek Christian community of Myra of its Byzantine imperial protection, in the spring of 1087, Italian sailors from Bari in
1150:
On 28 December 2009, the Turkish government announced that it would be formally requesting the return of Saint Nicholas's skeletal remains to Turkey from the Italian government.
4898:
3497:
7770:
513:
removed the major bones of Nicholas's skeleton from his sarcophagus in the church without authorization and brought them to their hometown, where they are now enshrined in the
1522:
believes the pelvis fragment may come from the same individual as the skeleton divided between the churches in Bari and Venice, since the bone they tested comes from the left
1008:
and reflects poorly on Nicholas's reputation, it is inexplicable why later hagiographers would have invented it. Later versions of the legend embellish it, making the heretic
984:
attend the Council of Nicaea, but someone at an early date was baffled that his name was not listed and so added him to the list. Many scholars tend to favor this explanation.
6337:
2978:
486:. Another famous late legend tells how he resurrected three children, who had been murdered and pickled in brine by a butcher planning to sell them as pork during a famine.
4751:
2050:
Joe L. Wheeler and Jona Lendering both note that the legends of Saint Nicholas are filled with sets of three, which may be symbolic for Nicholas's vehement defense of the
1641:
observes the Departure of St. Nicholas on 10 Kiahk, or 10 Taḫśaś in Ethiopia, which corresponds to the Julian Calendar's 6 December and Gregorian Calendar's 19 December.
3795:
445:, in Asia Minor to wealthy Christian parents. In one of the earliest attested and most famous incidents from his life, he is said to have rescued three girls from being
4069:
2691:
1958:
1281:
867:
6293:
7710:
7695:
7690:
4997:"Bone fragment thought to belong to saint who inspired Father Christmas discovered in Italy: Academics have tested findings and say they belong to correct epoch"
1241:
Prior to the translation of Nicholas's relics to Bari, his following had been known in western Europe, but it had not been extremely popular. In autumn of 1096,
569:
Nicholas's name also occurs as "Nicholas of Myra of Lycia" on the tenth line of a list of attendees at the Council of Nicaea included by Theodore Lector in the
4811:
6679:
6040:
4781:
571:
4179:
908:, in which Apollonius prevents the execution of a man falsely condemned of banditry. Michael the Archimandrite also tells another story in which the consul
7129:
2953:
933:
4921:"Saint Nicolas / Op. 42. Cantata for tenor solo, chorus (SATB), semi-chorus (SA), four boy singers and string orchestra, piano duet, percussion and organ"
1748:, located at the intersection of St. Nicholas Avenue and 127th Street, in an area originally settled by Dutch farmers, is named for St. Nicholas of Myra.
5938:
5769:
1463:
4284:
2623:
Saint Nicholas (Bishop of Myra) replaced Sabino as the patron saint of the city… A Greek from what is now Turkey, he lived in the early fourth century.
4688:
4619:
4568:
3557:
1644:
Nicholas had a reputation for secret gift-giving, such as putting coins in the shoes of those who left them out for him, a practice celebrated on his
6273:
5020:
1803:
22 September – Synaxis of All Saints of Tula (commemoration of the protection of Tula from the invasion of the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray in 1552).
4833:
4433:
4546:
1760:
972:, the foremost defender of Trinitarianism at the council, who knew all the notable bishops of the period, nor is he mentioned by the historian
3122:
3097:
2904:
2879:
2839:
2511:
67:
7700:
6668:
6475:
5212:
5190:
5170:
5093:
5030:
4967:
4603:
4464:
4400:
3398:
2814:
2310:
2227:
2202:
1764:
598:
cites Saint Nicholas of Myra's miracle of the three generals as evidence that souls may work independent from the body. Eustratius credits a
1147:
against this were successful, and the bronze statue was returned (albeit without its original high pedestal) to a corner nearer the church.
6549:
5295:
4500:
4117:
3579:
1968:
1638:
1376:
575:, written sometime between 510 and 515. A single, offhand mention of Nicholas of Myra also occurs in the biography of another saint, Saint
1682:
was built from 1874 on the site of St Nicholas's church, founded in 1252. A children's Mass is still held on 6 December in the cathedral.
497:
over the site of the church where he had served as bishop, and his remains were moved to a sarcophagus in that church. In 1087, while the
5137:
4314:
7735:
6278:
5993:
5338:
4520:
2651:
For although he is the patron saint of Russia, and the model for a northern invention such as Santa Claus, Nicholas of Myra was a Greek.
4951:
7193:
6347:
6136:
5707:
5533:
4890:
4427:
3489:
3208:
1940:
1035:
900:(ruled 306–337). This story sounds plausible, but is not attested in the earliest sources and is therefore unlikely to be historical.
851:
is believed to have taken place. Over the crypt where Nicholas is believed to have lived now stands the "Church of Saint Nicholas" in
665:. Christian storytellers were known to adapt older pagan legends and attribute them to Christian saints. As Apollonius's hometown of
605:
as his source. Nearly all the sources Eustratius references date from the late fourth century to early fifth century, indicating the
7765:
7755:
6609:
5247:
5049:
4721:
4657:
4371:
3685:
3241:
3001:
2742:
2714:
2672:
2644:
2616:
2269:
1126:
It is said that, in Myra, the relics of Saint Nicholas each year exuded a clear watery liquid which smelled like rose water, called
6524:
3463:
De Ceglia, Francesco Paolo: "The science of Santa Claus : discussions on the Manna of Nicholas of Myra in the modern age". In
1494:. The facial reconstruction was produced by Caroline Wilkinson at the University of Manchester and was shown on a BBC2 TV program
30:
This article is about the fourth-century Christian saint. For the gift-bearing figure in modern folklore and popular culture, see
7760:
6749:
6544:
6439:
4920:
4743:
4479:
Joe Wheeler & Jim Rosenthal, "St. Nicholas A Closer Look at Christmas", (Chapter 8), Nelson Reference & Electronic, 2005.
2259:
1679:
1572:
1499:
1408:. Today, many churches in Europe, Russia, and the United States claim to possess small relics, such as a tooth or a finger bone.
669:
was not far from Myra, Lendering contends that many popular stories about Apollonius may have become attached to Saint Nicholas.
5200:
7122:
5310:
35:
4340:
4150:
3791:
1530:. In the absence of DNA testing, however, it is not yet possible to know for certain whether the pelvis is from the same man.
1490:. The broken nose appeared to conform with hagiographical reports that Saint Nicholas had been beaten and tortured during the
73:
6453:
5836:
5615:
5075:
3338:
2749:
Nicholas was born around 270 AD in Patara on the coast of what is now western Turkey; his parents were Epiphanius and Joanna.
2088:
1556:, Nicholas was seen as "The Lord of the Sea", often described by modern Greek scholars as a kind of Christianized version of
628:
4076:
3963:
2114:
5051:
Let's Stop Celebrating St. Nicholas Punching Arius: One, he didn't do it. Two, it wouldn't be such a great thing if he had.
4227:
4047:
3527:
449:
by dropping a sack of gold coins through the window of their house each night for three nights so their father could pay a
7720:
6374:
6161:
6156:
5670:
5461:
5180:
5160:
5008:
1752:
1383:
1193:
of Myra became subjects of the Turks. At the same time the Catholic Church in the West had declared (in 1054 AD) that the
791:, Nicholas heard of a devout man who had once been wealthy but had lost all of his money due to the "plotting and envy of
193:
1201:. Because of the many wars in the region, some Christians were concerned that access to the tomb might become difficult.
6529:
6233:
5779:
3189:
Wheeler & Rosenthal, "St Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas", (Chapter 1), Nelson Reference & Electronic, 2005
1945:
595:
347:
80:, dressed in clerical garb, and holding a book of the scriptures in his left hand while making the hand gesture for the
77:
7725:
1412:
1081:
657:
535:
7715:
7228:
7115:
5441:
4803:
4250:
3933:
1697:
1390:, these fragments were scattered across western Europe. A hand claimed to belong to Saint Nicholas was kept in the
1115:
1052:. Although this story seems bizarre and horrifying to modern audiences, it was tremendously popular throughout the
1005:
543:
490:
5149:
5104:"Santa's tomb is found off Turkey: Academics claim to have found where St Nicholas was buried. David Keys reports"
4773:
1208:
seized part of the remains of the saint from his burial church in Myra, over the objections of the Greek Orthodox
7730:
7215:
6685:
6674:
6594:
6446:
6367:
6186:
5943:
5831:
5545:
5506:
4175:
3646:
1951:
1548:, ships and sailing. As a result, and over time, he has become the patron saint of several cities which maintain
467:
1379:
was built there dedicated to him. The town itself is now known as "Saint Nicolas de Port" in honor of Nicholas.
1276:
In 1966, a vault in the crypt underneath the Basilica di San Nicola was dedicated as an Orthodox chapel with an
1029:
7750:
7705:
6701:
6487:
6409:
6327:
6320:
6223:
6106:
5528:
5360:
3818:"Filipov, David. "Why more than a million Russians have lined up to see a piece of the rib of Saint Nicholas",
1915:
soloist appears as Saint Nicolas, with a mixed choir, boys singers, strings, piano duet, organ and percussion.
1491:
1483:
969:
614:
446:
5826:
4862:
Wheeler, Rosenthal, "St Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas", p. 96, Nelson Reference & Electronic, 2005.
2140:
7675:
6649:
6634:
6569:
6519:
6514:
6423:
6404:
6288:
6008:
5557:
5331:
5059:
4280:
1903:
1835:
1831:
1671:(annual ceremony and veneration of family's patron saint) is Saint Nicholas' day celebrated on 19 December.
1657:
1420:
953:
946:
478:
4679:
1849:
7621:
7161:
6579:
6203:
6146:
5691:
5395:
3233:
1614:
1513:
a fragment of a pelvis claimed to belong to Saint Nicholas. The fragment originally came from a church in
1347:
1338:
1166:
1014:
885:
514:
416:
169:
150:
1419:, where a stone slab marks the site locally believed to be his grave. According to the Irish antiquarian
813:
while the daughters are typically shown in bed, dressed in their nightclothes. Many renderings contain a
7605:
7183:
6481:
6253:
6151:
5898:
5501:
5434:
1567:
1391:
1368:
938:
897:
517:. The remaining bone fragments from the sarcophagus were later removed by Venetian sailors and taken to
471:
1318:
1309:
1285:
1265:, there have been several natural explanations proposed for the manna fluid, including the transfer of
506:
1685:
1594:. Soon after the transfer of Saint Nicholas's relics from Myra to Bari, an East Slavic version of his
1586:
Church, Saint Nicholas's memory is celebrated on almost every Thursday of the year (together with the
7745:
7740:
6664:
6619:
6268:
6243:
6208:
6198:
6193:
6171:
5958:
5928:
5883:
5858:
4687:(in Greek and English). Digital Chant Stand of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. p. 7.
1143:
644:
5305:
7685:
7680:
7347:
7265:
7260:
7198:
6639:
6614:
6554:
6460:
6426:
6394:
6283:
6263:
6258:
6248:
6238:
6228:
6218:
6176:
6166:
5650:
5466:
5066:
Irish Medieval Figure Sculpture, 1200–1600: A Study of Irish Tombs with Notes on Costume and Armour
3826:
3117:
3092:
2899:
2874:
2836:
2505:
1858:
1610:
1606:
1591:
1182:
1057:
780:
652:
239:
7650:
4417:
7626:
7590:
7207:
7094:
6599:
6213:
6096:
6035:
6030:
6013:
5973:
5481:
5388:
5324:
3226:
2685:
1653:
1645:
1634:
1609:
have been composed in his honour, and are frequently chanted by the faithful as they ask for his
1539:
1510:
1472:
1154:
work to be done that will allow researchers to determine whether it still holds Nicholas's body.
840:
688:
599:
518:
442:
186:
177:
117:
4488:
4113:
1776:
9 May – Translation of the relics of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, in 1087.
1185:
in 1071, the Byzantine Empire temporarily lost control over most of Asia Minor to the invading
7584:
7467:
6754:
6744:
6604:
6509:
6415:
6360:
6057:
5923:
5903:
5816:
5625:
5552:
5523:
5511:
5374:
5243:
5208:
5186:
5166:
5089:
5071:
5026:
4963:
4599:
4460:
4423:
4396:
4367:
4306:
3681:
3394:
3237:
3204:
2997:
2810:
2738:
2710:
2668:
2640:
2612:
2608:
2306:
2265:
2223:
2198:
1745:
1668:
1506:
1045:
909:
889:
848:
763:, also in Lycia. Recognizing his nephew's calling, Nicholas's uncle ordained him as a priest.
692:
648:
351:
81:
4516:
800:
humiliation of accepting charity), he went to the house under the cover of night and threw a
185:
5/6 December in the Gregorian calendar; 19 December in the Julian calendar (main feast day –
7433:
6927:
6785:
6714:
6659:
6644:
6429:
6116:
6086:
5988:
5978:
5913:
5729:
5630:
5138:"Santa is Dead—And the Bones of Old St Nicholas Are Buried in a Bunch of Different Churches"
4419:
St. Nicholas: His Legend and His Role in the Christmas Celebration and Other Popular Customs
3225:
2600:
1894:
1583:
1396:
1270:
1229:
1198:
1190:
1142:
A solemn bronze statue of the saint by Russian sculptor Gregory Pototsky was donated by the
1053:
700:
625:
576:
498:
459:
391:
42:
6724:
5125:
1873:, Saint Nicholas is depicted as a bishop, wearing the insignia of this dignity: a bishop's
1800:
Movable holiday on the Sunday between 16 and 22 August – Synaxis of All Saints of Lefkados.
1598:
and an account of the transfer of his relics were written by a contemporary to this event.
7644:
7504:
7387:
7270:
7173:
7042:
6922:
6880:
6860:
6845:
6564:
6559:
6539:
6332:
6315:
6305:
6091:
6023:
5983:
5918:
5868:
5801:
5486:
5285:
4504:
3201:
There Really Is a Santa Claus – History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions
3126:
3101:
2908:
2883:
2843:
2802:
2515:
1885:
every winter bringing them oranges, other 'wintry' fruits and tales of magical creatures.
1756:
1649:
1626:
1587:
1576:
1416:
1356:
1322:
1304:
1284:
the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches had issued against each other during the
1222:
661:, an eight-volume biography of him written in the early third century by the Greek writer
559:
375:
208:
138:
5759:
5655:
5231:
The Island of St. Nicholas. Excavation and Research of Gemiler Island Area, Lycia, Turkey
4713:
4649:
5268:
4650:"Ἡ πάροδος τοῦ ἱεροῦ λειψάνου τοῦ Ἁγίου Νικολάου τοῦ Θαυματουργοῦ ἐκ τῆς νήσου Ζακύνθου"
771:
7471:
7331:
7154:
6973:
6835:
6780:
6654:
6584:
6534:
6381:
6101:
6069:
6063:
5953:
5893:
5734:
5640:
5610:
5540:
5121:
5064:
2236:
2004:
1988:
1618:
1424:
1387:
1194:
1095:
1086:
961:
636:
555:
463:
438:
383:
113:
4924:
7669:
7654:
7321:
7275:
7037:
6958:
6896:
6003:
5998:
5878:
5873:
5796:
5518:
5476:
5429:
5381:
5280:
2721:
Nicholas was born around 270 AD in Patara on the coast of what is now western Turkey.
2601:
2475:
Cioffari, Gerardo (1987). "San Nicola nelle fonti letterarie dal V all'VIII secolo".
1932:
1741:
1737:
1714:
1701:
1690:
1561:
1372:
1296:
in Moscow for a momentary glimpse of the gilded ark holding one of the saint's ribs.
1250:
1217:
684:
539:
522:
494:
311:
4251:"ON THE SPECIAL DEDICATIONS OF THE SEVEN DAYS OF THE WEEK: WHEN AND TO WHOM TO PRAY"
1518:
medieval forgery. The bone was one of the oldest the Oxford team had ever examined.
7595:
7032:
6980:
6815:
6574:
6074:
5948:
5605:
5496:
5456:
5402:
4336:
4142:
2477:
San Nicola: Splendori d'arte d'Oriente e d'Occidente S. Nicola nella critica storia
2051:
1908:
1820:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1440:
1364:
1343:
1312:
in Venice, which claims to hold roughly 500 bone fragments from Nicholas's skeleton
1292:
1186:
965:
856:
662:
639:, a Dutch historian of classical antiquity, notes that Michael the Archimandrite's
635:
the only account of Saint Nicholas that is likely to contain any historical truth.
502:
411:
403:
399:
229:
7062:
6739:
6734:
5201:"Archaeological Facial Depiction for People from the Past with Facial Differences"
4075:. An Chomhairle Oidhreachta/The Heritage Council. 2007. p. 81. Archived from
3330:
2092:
1033:
Illustration of Saint Nicholas resurrecting the three butchered children from the
4593:
3971:
2118:
1652:
the celebration currently takes place thirteen days later than it happens in the
1466:
has allowed for one scientific survey of the bones. In the late 1950s, while the
7544:
7508:
7377:
7291:
7072:
7047:
6968:
6948:
6943:
6917:
6870:
6850:
6800:
6181:
5968:
5908:
5888:
5848:
5843:
5764:
5714:
4977:
4620:"Translation of the relics of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari"
4223:
4043:
3519:
2303:
The Saint Who Would Be Santa Claus: The True Life and Trials of Nicholas of Myra
1870:
1843:
1733:
1729:
1595:
1590:) with special hymns to him which are found in the liturgical book known as the
1401:
1277:
1209:
1162:
801:
551:
546:, which thereby preserves an early mention of his name. The Byzantine historian
455:
430:
421:
221:
31:
1815:
7529:
7418:
6810:
6775:
6624:
6111:
6052:
6018:
5811:
5791:
5744:
5739:
5635:
5600:
5590:
5367:
4393:
Canadian Christmas Traditions: Festive Recipes and Stories From Coast to Coast
1963:
1922:
1839:
1705:
893:
877:
696:
281:
217:
154:
419:, and his legendary habit of secret gift-giving gave rise to the folklore of
7580:
7554:
7362:
7052:
6840:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6795:
6121:
5754:
5749:
5724:
5680:
5620:
5471:
5347:
1911:
which covers the saint's legendary life in a dramatic sequence of events. A
1874:
1866:
1784:
1622:
1545:
1476:
1447:
1435:
1262:
1258:
852:
844:
833:
547:
337:
6875:
6047:
1783:(sojourn) in 1087 of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker through the island of
1110:
703:
Christians. According to some accounts, his parents were named Epiphanius (
324:
17:
7534:
7438:
7428:
7066:
7057:
7011:
6855:
6729:
6629:
6126:
6080:
5821:
5675:
5660:
5595:
5580:
5569:
4517:""St. Nicholas Park", New York City Department of Parks & Recreation"
3792:""Major relics of St Nicholas visit Russia", Vatican Radio, May 21, 2017"
2735:
Saints and their symbols: recognizing saints in art and in popular images
2707:
Saints and their symbols: recognizing saints in art and in popular images
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
1602:
1557:
1553:
1360:
1266:
973:
957:
387:
342:
329:
256:
213:
4258:
3941:
3228:
The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787) Their History and Theology
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
7559:
7524:
7495:
7392:
7382:
7372:
7367:
7311:
7220:
7001:
6996:
6901:
6865:
6790:
6759:
5806:
5645:
5585:
5451:
4542:
1898:
1878:
1549:
1451:
1405:
1242:
1135:
1001:
922:
814:
276:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
1257:
from the tomb of Saint Nicholas every year on 6 December (the Saint's
7423:
7352:
7238:
7139:
7006:
6963:
6953:
6589:
6467:
5963:
5933:
5719:
5665:
5446:
5299:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
1675:
1664:
1326:
1246:
1205:
1174:
1089:, where some scholars believe Saint Nicholas was originally entombed.
818:
395:
379:
297:
289:
163:
7107:
5273:
759:). In some accounts, Nicholas's uncle was the bishop of the city of
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
7491:
7458:
7408:
7357:
7326:
6805:
5491:
5263:
5086:
Saint Nikolaos of Myra, Bari, and Manhattan: Biography of a Legend
4493:
Saint Nicholas of Myra, Bari, and Manhattan: Biography of a Legend
2144:
1912:
1865:
In depictions of Saint Nicholas from Bari, he is usually shown as
1848:
1827:
1826:
Saint Nicholas is a popular subject portrayed on Eastern Orthodox
1814:
1780:
1744:, although by the early nineteenth century had fallen by the way.
1723:
1684:
1566:
1467:
1458:
1444:
1434:
1342:
1303:
1228:
1161:
1131:
1127:
1109:
1080:
1028:
1009:
997:
942:
932:
896:(ruled 284–305), but was released under the orders of the Emperor
866:
796:
792:
770:
666:
483:
450:
54:
1526:, and the only pelvis bone in the collection at Bari is the left
7564:
7549:
7539:
7413:
7027:
6691:
5409:
1854:
1788:
1709:
1630:
1234:
1170:
1018:
914:
810:
760:
510:
319:
134:
7111:
5320:
3550:"Santa Claus's bones must be brought back to Turkey from Italy"
1771:
Eastern Orthodox Feast Days for Saint Nicholas of Myra in Lycia
7316:
4834:"Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, Archbishop of Myra in Lycia"
4499:, Princeton. Princeton Theological Seminary. vol. 36, issue 3
4070:"Heritage Conservation Plan: Newtown Jerpoint County Kilkenny"
2603:
The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture
2368:
2366:
2994:
Sinterklaas overseas: the adventures of a globetrotting saint
2197:(Noticeably stouter ed.). Faber and Faber. p. 318.
1502:
produced an updated reconstruction of Saint Nicholas's face.
620:
Despite its extremely late date, Michael the Archimandrite's
617:(814–842), nearly 500 years after Nicholas's probable death.
370:(traditionally 15 March 270 – 6 December 343), also known as
5316:
5043:, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 135–136
4962:, Leiden, The Netherlands and Boston, Massachusetts: Brill,
4714:"Μετακομιδὴ Τιμίων Λειψάνων Ἁγίου Νικολάου τοῦ Θαυματουργοῦ"
1423:, the tomb probably actually belongs to a local priest from
5165:, New York City, New York and London, England: Bloomsbury,
3936:[There are also bones of St. Nicholas in Venice?].
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
41:"Nicholas of Myra" redirects here. Not to be confused with
5039:
Ferguson, George (1976) , "St. Nicholas of Myra or Bari",
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
1216:
them. The remains arrived on 9 May 1087. Two years later,
501:
of the region were subjugated by the newly arrived Muslim
4026:
4024:
4022:
3360:
3358:
3356:
1123:
further inland made it safer from seafaring Arab forces.
731:), but, according to others, they were named Theophanes (
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
3726:
3724:
3580:"Tomb of St Nicholas may have been discovered in Turkey"
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3161:
3159:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2488:
2486:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
1838:
ones. He is depicted as an Orthodox bishop, wearing the
1732:
evolved from Dutch traditions regarding Saint Nicholas (
579:, who apparently took the name "Nicholas" to honor him.
4950:
Blacker, Jean; Burgess, Glyn S.; Ogden, Amy V. (2013),
4870:
4868:
3970:(in Italian). Europe – Near East Center. Archived from
3940:(in Italian). Europe – Near East Center. Archived from
2663:
Ingram, W. Scott; Ingram, Asher, Scott; Robert (2004).
2446:
2444:
2442:
1544:
Among Greeks and Italians he is a favorite of sailors,
873:
Saint Nicholas of Myra saves three innocents from death
5009:"Adam English digging back into the real St. Nicholas"
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3711:
3709:
1797:
29 July – Nativity of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker.
1197:, the official church of the Byzantine Empire, was in
956:, where he is said to have been a staunch opponent of
775:
The dowry for the three virgins (Gentile da Fabriano,
356:
students in various cities and countries around Europe
3676:
Wheeler, Joe L.; Rosenthal, Jim (2005). "Chapter 1".
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3267:
3265:
2353:
2351:
2305:. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press. pp. 57–63.
1118:, where Saint Nicholas's bones were kept until 1087.
5242:. Nashville, TN: Nelson Reference & Electronic.
5162:
Nicholas: The Epic Journey from Saint to Santa Claus
3867:
2919:
2917:
2807:
The True Saint Nicholas: Why He Matters to Christmas
1085:
Ruins of the fourth-century church on the island of
7614:
7573:
7517:
7480:
7447:
7401:
7340:
7304:
7284:
7253:
7246:
7146:
7020:
6989:
6936:
6910:
6889:
6768:
6713:
6700:
6498:
6393:
6304:
6135:
5857:
5778:
5689:
5566:
5420:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3020:
2586:
2433:
2395:
2164:
2162:
2035:
1996:
884:proclaimed the new bishop. He is said to have been
752:
738:
724:
710:
562:, which may have originally been built as early as
228:
207:
176:
160:
145:
124:
107:
89:
52:
5088:, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press,
5063:
5007:English, Adam C.; Crumm, David (2 December 2012),
3650:. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1819:Large icon of St Nicholas painted in 1294 for the
1689:Saint Nicholas depicted in a 14th-century English
1321:monastery basilica to him on the north end of the
1064:conclude that he was the patron saint of brewers.
1509:, Professor Tom Higham and Doctor Georges Kazan,
1249:soldiers mustered in Bari in preparation for the
843:, Nicholas is said to have lived in a crypt near
489:Fewer than 200 years after Nicholas's death, the
402:. Because of the many miracles attributed to his
216:as a bishop. In Eastern Christianity, wearing an
4923:. Britten-Pears Foundation. 1948. Archived from
4885:
4883:
4681:The Service of Matins for Saturday, May 20, 2023
2637:Emperor to emperor: Italy before the Renaissance
1726:for Saint Nicholas to deliver presents therein.
1134:, which was believed by the faithful to possess
509:, a group of merchants from the Italian city of
5274:The History of Santa Claus and Father Christmas
5205:Approaching Facial Difference: Past and Present
5025:, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers,
2894:
2892:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2193:Lloyd, John; Mitchinson, John (December 2008).
1044:resurrected the pickled children by making the
825:that a similar story is told in Philostratus's
1648:, 6 December. For those who still observe the
952:In 325, Nicholas is said to have attended the
7123:
5332:
5238:Wheeler, Joe L. & Rosenthal, Jim (2006).
4744:"Nativity of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker"
3934:"Ci sono ossa di san Nicola anche a Venezia?"
2239:Bishop into that Christmas icon, Santa Claus.
1094:highest point on the small Turkish island of
8:
5203:, in Skinner, Patricia; Cock, Emily (eds.),
4960:and the Lives of St Margaret and St Nicholas
4598:. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019.
4395:. James Lorimer & Company. p. 237.
3112:
3110:
3087:
3085:
2940:
2690:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1736:). When the Dutch established the colony of
855:, a Christian town of which Nicholas is the
699:in the Roman Empire, to a wealthy family of
572:Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome
542:(ruled 401–450) ordered the building of the
7771:Participants in the First Council of Nicaea
5070:, Dublin, Ireland: Irish University Press,
4457:Encyclopedia of Contemporary German Culture
4114:"Anatomical Examination of the Bari Relics"
2029:
1633:, even if they are not named after him. In
746:
732:
718:
704:
477:An early list makes him an attendee at the
466:. He was later cast into prison during the
7250:
7130:
7116:
7108:
6710:
5339:
5325:
5317:
4281:"Feasts and Saints, Commemorated on May 9"
4044:"Relics of St. Nicholas – Where are They?"
1363:, which he then enshrined in the Abbey of
832:Nicholas is also said to have visited the
631:both consider Michael the Archimandrite's
470:, but was released after the accession of
66:
49:
4978:"'Santa's bone' proved to be correct age"
4170:
4168:
3644:Ott, Michael (1907). "Nicholas of Myra".
3298:
3076:
3045:
2569:
2020:rather than their birth is commemorated."
5289:) is being considered for deletion. See
5240:St. Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas
5207:, London, England: Bloomsbury Academic,
5148:University of Oxford (5 December 2017),
5048:Greydanus, Steven D. (6 December 2016),
4210:
4137:
4135:
3678:St. Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas
2789:
1806:6 December – Commemoration of his death.
964:, and one of the bishops who signed the
613:, written in the early ninth century by
5185:, Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson,
4952:"The Life of St Nicholas: Introduction"
4030:
3700:
3389:Le Saux, Françoise Hazel Marie (2005).
3376:
3364:
3317:
3256:
3177:
3165:
3150:
3138:
2861:
2492:
2450:
2414:
2372:
2325:
2091:. Saint Nicholas Center. Archived from
2066:
1981:
1971:List of churches named after the saint.
1794:20 May – Arrival of the relics in Bari.
1629:. Many Orthodox churches will have his
941:fresco showing Saint Nicholas slapping
4901:from the original on 16 September 2016
4547:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
4543:"Celebrating St. Nicholas Day at Home"
4422:. New York: Putnam's. pp. 37–52.
3966:[Are all the bones in Bari?].
3619:
3500:from the original on 16 September 2016
2979:"Church of Saint Nicholas – Beit Jala"
2683:
2607:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
2278:from the original on 11 September 2015
1700:, on Saint Nicholas Day parishes held
554:(ruled 527–565) renovated churches in
505:, and soon after the beginning of the
493:was built in Myra under the orders of
462:. Shortly after his return, he became
7711:Burials at the Basilica di San Nicola
7696:4th-century bishops in Roman Anatolia
7691:3rd-century bishops in Roman Anatolia
7622:Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Greece
6669:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
5136:Medrano, Kastalia (5 December 2017),
4844:from the original on 21 November 2020
4491:Hageman, Howard G., 1979. "Review of
4436:from the original on 12 December 2009
4391:DeeAnn, Mandryk (15 September 2013).
4343:from the original on 31 December 2013
4317:from the original on 13 December 2013
4230:from the original on 12 December 2013
4182:from the original on 12 November 2014
4120:from the original on 11 December 2013
4050:from the original on 13 December 2013
3834:from the original on 11 December 2017
3451:
2117:. St. Nicholas Center. Archived from
1457:Whereas the devotional importance of
1291:In May 2017, following talks between
7:
5022:Christmas: Theological Anticipations
4956:Wace: The Hagiographical Works: The
4874:
4784:from the original on 9 December 2022
4523:from the original on 6 December 2017
4153:from the original on 4 December 2016
4100:
4013:
3992:
3920:
3908:
3896:
3884:
3798:from the original on 6 December 2017
3778:
3766:
3754:
3742:
3730:
3715:
3631:
3530:from the original on 22 January 2010
3476:
3426:
3341:from the original on 5 December 2009
3331:"St. Nicholas Center: Saint Nicolas"
3271:
2923:
2462:
2357:
2342:
2180:
2168:
1969:St. Nicholas Church (disambiguation)
1959:Saint Nicholas, patron saint archive
4774:"Synaxis of All Saints of Lefkados"
3586:from the original on 8 October 2017
3582:. ir.ishtimes.com. 4 October 2017.
3520:"Turks want Santa's bones returned"
2667:. Infobase Publishing. p. 24.
795:." The man could not afford proper
5041:Signs and Symbols in Christian Art
4976:Coughlan, Sean (6 December 2017),
4778:Orthodox Christianity Then and Now
4724:from the original on 19 March 2012
4660:from the original on 23 April 2023
4339:. Coptic Orthodox Church Network.
4313:. Coptic Orthodox Church Network.
3556:. 28 December 2009. Archived from
2143:. Orthodox America. Archived from
1941:Saint Nicholas (European folklore)
1857:of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker,
581:The Life of Saint Nicholas of Sion
25:
5293:to help reach a consensus. ›
4995:Cullen, Ellie (6 December 2017),
4814:from the original on 24 July 2023
4754:from the original on 24 July 2023
4694:from the original on 24 July 2023
4630:from the original on 24 July 2023
4287:from the original on 10 July 2012
3021:Blacker, Burgess & Ogden 2013
2737:. Liturgical Press. p. 111.
2709:. Liturgical Press. p. 111.
2587:Blacker, Burgess & Ogden 2013
2434:Blacker, Burgess & Ogden 2013
2396:Blacker, Burgess & Ogden 2013
2077:. Catholic Book Publishing. 1948.
1036:Grandes Heures d'Anne de Bretagne
536:a turbulent time in Roman history
234:
90:
7649:
7640:
7639:
7237:
7090:
7089:
6545:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
6440:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
5233:. Osaka: Osaka University Press.
5102:Keys, David (17 December 1993),
4982:BBC News: Family & Education
4362:Carus, Louise (1 October 2002).
3203:. Amerisearch, Inc. p. 26.
2809:. Howard Books. pp. 14–17.
1925:
1680:Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate
1500:Liverpool John Moores University
1395:repentant criminals would place
1177:of Saint Nicholas are kept today
558:dedicated to Saint Nicholas and
544:Church of Saint Nicholas in Myra
76:, showing Saint Nicholas with a
36:Saint Nicholas (disambiguation)
4804:"Synaxis of the Saints of Tula"
4455:Sandford, John (3 April 2013).
4307:"St. Nicholas the Wonderworker"
4192:(navigate to 4th of 4 pictures)
4143:"The Real Face of St. Nicholas"
3964:"Ma le ossa sono tutte a Bari?"
2222:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 33.
1282:recent lifting of the anathemas
1039:(created between 1503 and 1508)
550:also mentions that the Emperor
6525:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
6454:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
5837:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
5616:Legend of the Christmas Spider
4283:. Orthodox Church in America.
1505:In 2017, two researchers from
1114:Desecrated sarcophagus in the
1:
6476:Christmas television specials
6375:The New Oxford Book of Carols
5462:Annunciation to the shepherds
5013:ReadTheSpirit online magazine
4337:"Commemorations for Kiahk 10"
2996:. KIT Publishers. p. 7.
2599:Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002).
2218:Cunningham, Lawrence (2005).
2195:The book of general ignorance
776:
591:
588:De statu animarum post mortem
563:
7701:4th-century Christian saints
6530:Christmas and holiday season
5311:Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints
5199:Wilkinson, Caroline (2018),
5142:Newsweek: Tech & Science
5054:, National Catholic Register
4595:Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018
4416:McKnight, George H. (1917).
4311:Synaxarium (Lives of Saints)
3232:. Liturgical Press. p.
3199:Federer, William J. (2002).
2506:Michael the Archimandrite's
1946:Companions of Saint Nicholas
596:Eustratius of Constantinople
348:Royal School of Church Music
128:Traditionally 6 December 343
5269:Biography of Saint Nicholas
3467:– 27 (2012) 2, pp. 241–269.
3116:Michael the Archimandrite,
3091:Michael the Archimandrite,
2898:Michael the Archimandrite,
2873:Michael the Archimandrite,
2834:Michael the Archimandrite,
2572:, p. Nicholas of Myra.
2261:Stories Behind Men of Faith
2036:
1997:
1751:Nicholas is honored in the
1534:Veneration and celebrations
1498:. In 2014, the Face Lab at
960:and a devoted supporter of
906:Life of Apollonius of Tyana
827:Life of Apollonius of Tyana
753:
739:
725:
711:
658:Life of Apollonius of Tyana
499:Greek Christian inhabitants
27:4th-century Christian saint
7787:
7736:Saints from Roman Anatolia
7235:
5442:Adoration of the Shepherds
5229:Asano, Kazoo, ed. (2010).
5084:Jones, Charles W. (1978),
4838:Orthodox Church in America
4808:Orthodox Church in America
4748:Orthodox Church in America
4624:Orthodox Church in America
4366:. Quest Books. p. 2.
3224:Davis, Leo Donald (1990).
2639:. Constable. p. 126.
2264:. Zondervan. p. 121.
1537:
1462:miracle of the manna, the
1336:
1173:, Italy where most of the
1116:St. Nicholas Church, Demre
937:Detail of a late medieval
382:from the maritime city of
111:Traditionally 15 March 270
40:
29:
7635:
7189:National personifications
7085:
6686:WWE Tribute to the Troops
6447:A Visit from St. Nicholas
6368:The Oxford Book of Carols
5944:Feast of the Seven Fishes
5507:Massacre of the Innocents
5356:
5264:The Saint Nicholas Center
5019:English, Adam C. (2016),
4116:. Saint Nicholas Center.
4046:. Saint Nicholas Center.
3868:University of Oxford 2017
3647:The Catholic Encyclopedia
3079:, p. Medieval Saint.
2301:English, Adam C. (2012).
2220:A brief history of saints
2030:
1992:
1952:A Visit from St. Nicholas
1613:. He is mentioned in the
1479:in his spine and pelvis.
747:
733:
719:
705:
615:Michael the Archimandrite
468:persecution of Diocletian
410:. Saint Nicholas is the
408:Nicholas the Wonderworker
398:) during the time of the
65:
7766:Ancient Anatolian Greeks
7756:Diocletianic Persecution
6488:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
5291:templates for discussion
5179:Wheeler, Joe L. (2010),
4176:"The Real Face of Santa"
2954:"Stories from Beit Jala"
2941:English & Crumm 2012
2038:Nikólaos ho Thaumaturgós
1787:, while on their way to
1779:10 May – Passage of the
1573:Saint Nicholas Cathedral
1552:. In centuries of Greek
1492:Diocletianic Persecution
1484:University of Manchester
1350:near Thomastown, Ireland
1280:in commemoration of the
1102:great processional way.
970:Athanasius of Alexandria
447:forced into prostitution
7761:Christmas gift-bringers
7615:Former national symbols
6650:Small Business Saturday
6520:Black Friday (shopping)
6515:Black Friday (partying)
6009:Nine Lessons and Carols
5939:Events and celebrations
4895:St. John Cantius Parish
4503:7 December 2008 at the
4226:. St. Nicholas Center.
3494:St. John Cantius Parish
2635:Burman, Edward (1991).
2031:Νικόλαος ὁ Θαυματουργός
1658:Revised Julian calendar
1377:Basilique Saint-Nicolas
1221:chroniclers, including
954:First Council of Nicaea
947:First Council of Nicaea
886:imprisoned and tortured
817:tree or a cross-shaped
479:First Council of Nicaea
151:Christian denominations
7574:Patron Saints/Religion
7285:Other official symbols
6294:Post-War United States
5154:, University of Oxford
4958:Conception Nostre Dame
3661:Butler, Albin (1860).
3119:Life of Saint Nicholas
3094:Life of Saint Nicholas
2901:Life of Saint Nicholas
2876:Life of Saint Nicholas
2837:Life of Saint Nicholas
2508:Life of Saint Nicholas
2115:"Who is St. Nicholas?"
2008:
1862:
1823:
1693:
1615:Liturgy of Preparation
1579:
1496:The Real Face of Santa
1454:
1384:Sack of Constantinople
1351:
1348:Tomb of Saint Nicholas
1339:Tomb of Saint Nicholas
1313:
1238:
1233:Statue of Nicholas in
1178:
1167:Basilica di San Nicola
1119:
1090:
1040:
1025:Other reputed miracles
1015:Basilica di San Nicola
1006:as it was embarrassing
949:
880:
789:Life of Saint Nicholas
784:
767:Generosity and travels
622:Life of Saint Nicholas
611:Life of Saint Nicholas
607:Life of Saint Nicholas
603:Life of Saint Nicholas
515:Basilica di San Nicola
417:early Christian saints
406:, he is also known as
368:Saint Nicholas of Myra
170:Basilica di San Nicola
34:. For other uses, see
7606:Greek Orthodox Church
7184:Elefthería í Thánatos
6343:Hit singles in the US
6338:Hit singles in the UK
5899:Carols by Candlelight
5827:Santa Claus' daughter
5435:Adoration of the Magi
5159:Seal, Jeremy (2005),
4573:The Church of England
4364:The Real St. Nicholas
4249:Goroshkova, Natalia.
2733:Lanzi, Gioia (2004).
2705:Lanzi, Gioia (2004).
2258:Collins, Ace (2009).
1852:
1818:
1688:
1570:
1538:Further information:
1438:
1392:San Nicola in Carcere
1346:
1307:
1232:
1165:
1113:
1084:
1032:
936:
898:Constantine the Great
870:
774:
678:Family and background
594:583), the theologian
198:translation of relics
92:Defender of the Faith
7721:Christmas characters
6635:Santa's Candy Castle
5959:Google Santa Tracker
4261:on 28 September 2023
3526:. 28 December 2009.
3335:stnicholascenter.org
2992:Faber, Paul (2006).
2375:, pp. vii–viii.
645:conversion narrative
643:does not contain a "
529:Biographical sources
72:Full-length icon by
7348:Acropolis of Athens
7261:Double-headed eagle
6640:Santa Claus Village
6555:Christmas Mountains
6461:Journey of the Magi
5467:Baptism of the Lord
3995:, pp. 135–137.
3923:, pp. 127–136.
3899:, pp. 125–127.
3827:The Washington Post
3820:The Washington Post
3769:, pp. 114–116.
3757:, pp. 114–115.
3745:, pp. 100–102.
3663:Lives of the Saints
3560:on 11 December 2013
3479:, pp. 135–136.
3454:, pp. 176–193.
3391:A companion to Wace
3379:, pp. 132–133.
3125:3 July 2018 at the
3100:3 July 2018 at the
3023:, pp. 249–250.
2958:St. Nicholas Center
2907:3 July 2018 at the
2882:3 July 2018 at the
2842:3 July 2018 at the
2803:Bennett, William J.
2514:3 July 2018 at the
2147:on 7 September 2011
1859:Gregoriou Monastery
1464:archdiocese of Bari
1431:Scientific analysis
1386:in 1204 during the
1183:Battle of Manzikert
1058:early modern period
781:Pinacoteca Vaticana
653:Apollonius of Tyana
491:St. Nicholas Church
264:the falsely accused
7726:Christian folklore
7627:Greek crown jewels
7254:Historical symbols
6750:Twelve-dish supper
6600:Jews and Christmas
6550:Christmas Lectures
6279:American Civil War
6014:NORAD Tracks Santa
5390:Saint Nicholas Day
5126:"Nicholas of Myra"
4147:St Nicholas Center
4082:on 12 October 2016
3974:on 8 December 2012
3944:on 9 December 2012
2121:on 10 October 2010
2095:on 8 December 2010
1863:
1824:
1753:calendar of saints
1694:
1667:, the most common
1654:Gregorian calendar
1635:Oriental Orthodoxy
1621:(Eastern Orthodox
1580:
1540:Saint Nicholas Day
1473:University of Bari
1455:
1352:
1319:San Nicolò al Lido
1314:
1310:San Nicolò al Lido
1239:
1179:
1144:Russian government
1120:
1091:
1041:
950:
892:under the Emperor
881:
785:
689:Lycia et Pamphylia
187:Saint Nicholas Day
118:Lycia et Pamphylia
7716:Burials in Turkey
7663:
7662:
7585:Our Lady of Tinos
7468:Dionysios Solomos
7300:
7299:
7221:28 October (1940)
7212:National holidays
7105:
7104:
7081:
7080:
6745:Thirteen desserts
6665:Virginia O'Hanlon
6510:Advent Conspiracy
6424:Films (Christmas,
6416:A Christmas Carol
6361:Carols for Choirs
5904:Cavalcade of Magi
5884:Boar's Head Feast
5553:Star of Bethlehem
5524:Nativity of Jesus
5512:flight into Egypt
5397:St. Stephen's Day
5214:978-1-3500-2830-2
5192:978-1-59555-115-3
5172:978-1-58234-419-5
5095:978-0-226-40700-5
5032:978-1-4982-3933-2
4969:978-90-04-24768-0
4605:978-1-64065-235-4
4549:. 3 December 2020
4489:Theology Overview
4466:978-1-136-81610-9
4402:978-1-4594-0560-8
3733:, pp. 93–94.
3680:. Thomas Nelson.
3400:978-1-84384-043-5
3180:, pp. 40–41.
3153:, pp. 39–40.
3141:, pp. 38–39.
2816:978-1-4165-6746-2
2345:, pp. 14–15.
2328:, pp. vii–x.
2312:978-1-60258-636-9
2229:978-1-4051-1402-8
2204:978-0-571-24692-2
1761:Church of England
1757:Lutheran Churches
1746:St. Nicholas Park
1625:) and during the
1571:Eastern Orthodox
1511:radiocarbon dated
1507:Oxford University
1046:sign of the cross
929:Council of Nicaea
890:Great Persecution
849:Nativity of Jesus
693:Mediterranean Sea
691:), a port on the
365:
364:
352:Duchy of Lorraine
267:repentant thieves
192:22 May [
146:Venerated in
82:sign of the cross
16:(Redirected from
7778:
7731:Myroblyte saints
7653:
7643:
7642:
7251:
7241:
7147:National symbols
7132:
7125:
7118:
7109:
7097:
7093:
7092:
6928:Redcurrant sauce
6717:
6711:
6706:
6680:Winter festivals
6430:Christmas horror
6397:
6308:
6139:
5994:Meals and feasts
5914:Christmas jumper
5861:
5832:Santa's reindeer
5784:
5730:Father Christmas
5694:
5651:Santa's workshop
5572:
5534:in later culture
5412:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5350:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5318:
5253:
5234:
5217:
5195:
5175:
5155:
5144:
5132:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5098:
5080:
5069:
5055:
5044:
5035:
5015:
5003:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4972:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4887:
4878:
4872:
4863:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4693:
4686:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4513:
4507:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4257:. Archived from
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4172:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4139:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4074:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4017:
4011:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3871:
3865:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3822:, June 29, 2017"
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3719:
3713:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3490:"Saint Nicholas"
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3430:
3424:
3405:
3404:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3302:
3296:
3275:
3269:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3231:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3114:
3105:
3089:
3080:
3074:
3049:
3043:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2927:
2921:
2912:
2911:(Chapters 16–18)
2896:
2887:
2886:(Chapters 12–18)
2871:
2865:
2859:
2848:
2832:
2821:
2820:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2752:
2751:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2681:
2665:Greek Immigrants
2660:
2654:
2653:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2606:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2573:
2567:
2518:
2504:Introduction to
2502:
2496:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2437:
2431:
2418:
2412:
2399:
2393:
2376:
2370:
2361:
2355:
2346:
2340:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2255:
2242:
2241:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2055:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2009:Sanctus Nicolaus
2002:
1994:
1986:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1895:Benjamin Britten
1877:, a mitre and a
1765:Episcopal Church
1759:, as well as in
1698:medieval England
1584:Eastern Orthodox
1482:In 2004, at the
1397:votive offerings
1271:capillary action
1191:Greek Christians
1054:Late Middle Ages
778:
758:
750:
749:
744:
736:
735:
730:
722:
721:
716:
708:
707:
673:Life and legends
629:Charles W. Jones
593:
586:In his treatise
577:Nicholas of Sion
565:
507:East–West schism
460:Syria Palaestina
392:Antalya Province
372:Nicholas of Bari
286:unmarried people
166:
131:
70:
60:Nicholas of Myra
50:
43:Nicholas of Lyra
21:
7786:
7785:
7781:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7776:
7775:
7751:Miracle workers
7706:Anglican saints
7666:
7665:
7664:
7659:
7631:
7610:
7569:
7513:
7505:Digenes Akritas
7476:
7443:
7397:
7336:
7296:
7280:
7242:
7233:
7216:25 March (1821)
7204:Grateful Hellas
7174:Hymn to Liberty
7142:
7136:
7106:
7101:
7095:
7077:
7043:Pickled herring
7016:
6985:
6932:
6923:Cranberry sauce
6906:
6885:
6861:Red velvet cake
6846:Poppy seed roll
6764:
6715:
6704:
6702:
6696:
6675:White Christmas
6565:Christmas truce
6560:Christmas seals
6540:Christmas creep
6502:
6500:
6494:
6395:
6389:
6306:
6300:
6137:
6131:
5984:Lord of Misrule
5919:Christmas Peace
5869:Advent calendar
5859:
5853:
5802:Knecht Ruprecht
5782:
5780:
5774:
5696:
5692:
5685:
5574:
5570:
5562:
5487:Herod the Great
5422:
5416:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5294:
5260:
5250:
5237:
5228:
5225:
5223:Further reading
5220:
5215:
5198:
5193:
5178:
5173:
5158:
5147:
5135:
5122:Lendering, Jona
5120:
5112:
5110:
5108:The Independent
5101:
5096:
5083:
5078:
5058:
5047:
5038:
5033:
5018:
5006:
4994:
4986:
4984:
4975:
4970:
4949:
4945:
4940:
4930:
4928:
4927:on 4 March 2016
4919:
4918:
4914:
4904:
4902:
4889:
4888:
4881:
4873:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4847:
4845:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4817:
4815:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4787:
4785:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4757:
4755:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4727:
4725:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4663:
4661:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4633:
4631:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4575:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4526:
4524:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4505:Wayback Machine
4487:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4437:
4430:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4403:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4374:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4346:
4344:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4290:
4288:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4262:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4231:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4209:
4196:
4185:
4183:
4174:
4173:
4166:
4156:
4154:
4141:
4140:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4053:
4051:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4029:
4020:
4012:
3999:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3919:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3895:
3891:
3883:
3874:
3866:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3741:
3737:
3729:
3722:
3714:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3554:Todayszaman.com
3548:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3462:
3458:
3450:
3433:
3425:
3408:
3401:
3393:. D.S. Brewer.
3388:
3387:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3316:
3305:
3297:
3278:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3127:Wayback Machine
3115:
3108:
3102:Wayback Machine
3090:
3083:
3075:
3052:
3044:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3004:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2930:
2922:
2915:
2909:Wayback Machine
2897:
2890:
2884:Wayback Machine
2872:
2868:
2860:
2851:
2844:Wayback Machine
2833:
2824:
2817:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2755:
2745:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2682:
2675:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2576:
2568:
2521:
2516:Wayback Machine
2503:
2499:
2491:
2484:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2440:
2432:
2421:
2413:
2402:
2394:
2379:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2281:
2279:
2272:
2257:
2256:
2245:
2230:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2183:, pp. 2–3.
2179:
2175:
2167:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2075:Book of Martyrs
2073:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2014:
1999:Hágios Nikólaos
1987:
1983:
1978:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1891:
1830:, particularly
1813:
1773:
1767:on 6 December.
1650:Julian calendar
1627:All-Night Vigil
1577:Kuopio, Finland
1542:
1536:
1433:
1417:County Kilkenny
1357:William Pantulf
1341:
1335:
1333:Other locations
1323:Lido di Venezia
1302:
1269:to the tomb by
1223:Orderic Vitalis
1212:in the church.
1160:
1108:
1079:
1074:
1027:
931:
865:
769:
717:) and Johanna (
680:
675:
531:
390:(in modern-day
376:early Christian
203:
161:
155:venerate saints
139:Diocese of Asia
133:
129:
112:
85:
74:Jaroslav Čermák
61:
58:
57:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7784:
7782:
7774:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7676:Saint Nicholas
7668:
7667:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7657:
7647:
7636:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7624:
7618:
7616:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7603:
7601:Saint Nicholas
7598:
7593:
7588:
7577:
7575:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7521:
7519:
7515:
7514:
7512:
7511:
7498:
7484:
7482:
7481:National epics
7478:
7477:
7475:
7474:
7472:Kostis Palamas
7461:
7451:
7449:
7448:National poets
7445:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7405:
7403:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7344:
7342:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7308:
7306:
7302:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7257:
7255:
7248:
7244:
7243:
7236:
7234:
7232:
7231:
7229:Blue and white
7226:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7210:
7201:
7190:
7187:
7180:
7177:
7170:
7166:
7165:
7158:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7143:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7127:
7120:
7112:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7070:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6993:
6991:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6974:Smoking Bishop
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6940:
6938:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6914:
6912:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6899:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6721:
6719:
6708:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6662:
6657:
6655:Super Saturday
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6585:Giving Tuesday
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6535:Christmas club
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6506:
6504:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6450:
6443:
6433:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6412:
6401:
6399:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6382:Piae Cantiones
6378:
6371:
6364:
6354:
6348:Music charts (
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6312:
6310:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6143:
6141:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6033:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5865:
5863:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5817:Père Fouettard
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5788:
5786:
5783:Saint Nicholas
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5735:Grandpa Indian
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5703:Saint Nicholas
5699:
5697:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5641:Old Man Winter
5638:
5633:
5628:
5626:Miner's figure
5623:
5618:
5613:
5611:Kallikantzaros
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5577:
5575:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5541:Nativity scene
5538:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5521:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5426:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5376:Children's Day
5372:
5365:
5362:Blue Christmas
5357:
5354:
5353:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5306:Saint Nicholas
5302:
5296:Saint Nicholas
5278:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5259:
5258:External links
5256:
5255:
5254:
5248:
5235:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5196:
5191:
5182:Saint Nicholas
5176:
5171:
5156:
5145:
5133:
5118:
5099:
5094:
5081:
5076:
5056:
5045:
5036:
5031:
5016:
5004:
4992:
4973:
4968:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4912:
4891:"St. Nicholas"
4879:
4877:, p. 111.
4864:
4855:
4825:
4795:
4765:
4735:
4705:
4671:
4641:
4611:
4604:
4585:
4569:"The Calendar"
4560:
4534:
4508:
4497:Theology Today
4481:
4472:
4465:
4447:
4429:978-1115125055
4428:
4408:
4401:
4383:
4372:
4354:
4328:
4298:
4272:
4255:OrthoChristian
4241:
4215:
4194:
4164:
4131:
4105:
4093:
4061:
4035:
4033:, p. 133.
4018:
4016:, p. 137.
3997:
3985:
3955:
3925:
3913:
3911:, p. 127.
3901:
3889:
3887:, p. 136.
3872:
3845:
3809:
3783:
3781:, p. 117.
3771:
3759:
3747:
3735:
3720:
3718:, p. 131.
3705:
3693:
3686:
3668:
3665:. Vol. 2.
3653:
3636:
3634:, p. 101.
3624:
3597:
3571:
3541:
3511:
3481:
3469:
3456:
3431:
3406:
3399:
3381:
3369:
3367:, p. 132.
3352:
3322:
3303:
3299:Greydanus 2016
3276:
3261:
3259:, p. xii.
3249:
3242:
3216:
3210:978-0965355742
3209:
3191:
3182:
3170:
3155:
3143:
3131:
3106:
3081:
3077:Lendering 2006
3050:
3048:, p. 163.
3046:Wilkinson 2018
3025:
3013:
3002:
2984:
2970:
2945:
2928:
2913:
2888:
2866:
2849:
2847:Chapters 10–11
2822:
2815:
2794:
2792:, p. 136.
2753:
2743:
2725:
2715:
2697:
2673:
2655:
2645:
2627:
2617:
2591:
2589:, p. 249.
2574:
2570:Lendering 2006
2519:
2497:
2482:
2467:
2455:
2438:
2436:, p. 251.
2419:
2400:
2398:, p. 250.
2377:
2362:
2347:
2330:
2318:
2311:
2293:
2270:
2243:
2237:Greek Orthodox
2228:
2210:
2203:
2185:
2173:
2158:
2141:"St. Nicholas"
2132:
2106:
2080:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2043:
2022:
2012:
1993:Ἅγιος Νικόλαος
1980:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1920:
1917:
1890:
1887:
1842:and holding a
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1719:Nicholas fairs
1619:Divine Liturgy
1535:
1532:
1432:
1429:
1425:Jerpoint Abbey
1388:Fourth Crusade
1355:Norman knight
1334:
1331:
1308:The church of
1301:
1298:
1159:
1156:
1107:
1104:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1026:
1023:
993:
992:
985:
962:Trinitarianism
939:Greek Orthodox
930:
927:
864:
863:Bishop of Myra
861:
768:
765:
679:
676:
674:
671:
649:Neopythagorean
637:Jona Lendering
556:Constantinople
530:
527:
464:Bishop of Myra
363:
362:
361:
360:
357:
354:
345:
340:
335:
332:
327:
322:
317:
314:
309:
306:
303:
300:
295:
292:
287:
284:
279:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
237:
232:
226:
225:
220:and holding a
211:
205:
204:
202:
201:
190:
182:
180:
174:
173:
167:
158:
157:
147:
143:
142:
141:, Roman Empire
132:(aged 73)
126:
122:
121:
120:, Roman Empire
109:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:Bishop of Myra
99:
96:
93:
87:
86:
84:with his right
71:
63:
62:
59:
53:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7783:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7646:
7638:
7637:
7634:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7619:
7617:
7613:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7586:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7572:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7516:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7479:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7400:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7322:Mount Olympus
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7303:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7283:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7252:
7249:
7247:Other symbols
7245:
7240:
7230:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7196:
7195:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7133:
7128:
7126:
7121:
7119:
7114:
7113:
7110:
7098:
7088:
7087:
7084:
7074:
7071:
7068:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7021:Meat and fish
7019:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6988:
6982:
6979:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6959:Hot chocolate
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6935:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6888:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6767:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6699:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6670:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6660:Ugly sweaters
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6570:Controversies
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6497:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6474:
6469:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6444:
6441:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6405:In literature
6403:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6392:
6384:
6383:
6379:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6303:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6274:United States
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6004:Moravian star
6002:
6000:
5999:Midnight Mass
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5889:Candle arches
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5879:Advent wreath
5877:
5875:
5874:Advent candle
5872:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5856:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5781:Companions of
5777:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:Gift-bringers
5688:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5565:
5559:
5558:Twelfth Night
5556:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5519:Nativity Fast
5517:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5477:Christmastide
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5452:Angel Gabriel
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5430:Biblical Magi
5428:
5427:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5408:
5406:
5401:
5399:
5394:
5392:
5387:
5385:
5383:Christmas Eve
5380:
5378:
5373:
5371:
5366:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5342:
5337:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5249:9781418504076
5245:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5197:
5194:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5157:
5153:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5097:
5091:
5087:
5082:
5079:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5034:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4993:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4971:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4826:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4690:
4683:
4682:
4675:
4672:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4607:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4589:
4586:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4459:. Routledge.
4458:
4451:
4448:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4412:
4409:
4404:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4373:9780835608138
4369:
4365:
4358:
4355:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4242:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4211:Coughlan 2017
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4094:
4078:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3986:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3813:
3810:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3694:
3689:
3687:9781418504076
3683:
3679:
3672:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3320:, p. 35.
3319:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3274:, p. 93.
3273:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3243:0-8146-5616-1
3239:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3171:
3168:, p. 40.
3167:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3003:9789068324372
2999:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2864:, p. 38.
2863:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2790:Ferguson 1976
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2744:0-8146-2970-9
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2716:0-8146-2970-9
2712:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2680:
2676:
2674:9780816056897
2670:
2666:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2646:0-09-469490-7
2642:
2638:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2618:0-313-30733-4
2614:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2498:
2495:, p. xi.
2494:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2465:, p. 15.
2464:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2417:, p. ix.
2416:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2360:, p. 14.
2359:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2277:
2273:
2271:9780310564560
2267:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2026:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1933:Saints portal
1923:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1907:on a text by
1906:
1905:
1904:Saint Nicolas
1900:
1896:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:, Mount Athos
1860:
1856:
1853:15th century
1851:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:Hudson Valley
1739:
1738:New Amsterdam
1735:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1715:Low Countries
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:Christmastide
1699:
1692:
1691:book of hours
1687:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1639:Coptic Church
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1562:Hellenic Navy
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:18th-century
1437:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1251:First Crusade
1248:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1218:Pope Urban II
1213:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
990:
986:
983:
979:
978:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
948:
944:
940:
935:
928:
926:
924:
918:
916:
911:
907:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
879:
875:
874:
869:
862:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
830:
828:
822:
820:
816:
812:
806:
803:
798:
794:
790:
782:
773:
766:
764:
762:
757:
756:
745:) and Nonna (
743:
742:
729:
728:
715:
714:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
677:
672:
670:
668:
664:
660:
659:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
601:
597:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
573:
567:
561:
560:Saint Priscus
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:Theodosius II
537:
528:
526:
524:
523:First Crusade
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:Theodosius II
492:
487:
485:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
448:
444:
440:
434:
432:
428:
424:
423:
418:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:Greek descent
377:
373:
369:
358:
355:
353:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
315:
313:
312:Hellenic Navy
310:
307:
304:
301:
299:
296:
293:
291:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
241:
238:
235:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
212:
210:
206:
199:
195:
191:
188:
184:
183:
181:
179:
175:
172:, Bari, Italy
171:
168:
165:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
106:
100:
98:Holy Hierarch
97:
94:
91:
88:
83:
79:
75:
69:
64:
56:
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
7600:
7596:Saint George
7591:Saint Andrew
7500:
7487:
7463:
7454:
7203:
7192:
7182:
7172:
7162:Coat of arms
7160:
7153:
7033:Gefilte fish
6981:Ponche crema
6816:Melomakarono
6684:
6575:Cyber Monday
6480:
6445:
6414:
6380:
6373:
6366:
6359:
6356:Music books
6349:
6187:Nazi Germany
6079:
6075:Secret Santa
6062:
5949:Flying Santa
5702:
5656:Tió de Nadal
5606:Korvatunturi
5457:Annunciation
5423:Christianity
5404:Sol Invictus
5309:
5284:
5239:
5230:
5204:
5181:
5161:
5150:
5141:
5129:
5111:, retrieved
5107:
5085:
5065:
5050:
5040:
5021:
5012:
5001:The Atlantic
5000:
4985:, retrieved
4981:
4959:
4955:
4929:. Retrieved
4925:the original
4915:
4903:. Retrieved
4894:
4858:
4846:. Retrieved
4837:
4828:
4816:. Retrieved
4807:
4798:
4786:. Retrieved
4777:
4768:
4756:. Retrieved
4747:
4738:
4726:. Retrieved
4720:(in Greek).
4718:Synaxaristis
4717:
4708:
4696:. Retrieved
4680:
4674:
4662:. Retrieved
4656:(in Greek).
4654:Synaxaristis
4653:
4644:
4632:. Retrieved
4623:
4614:
4594:
4588:
4576:. Retrieved
4572:
4563:
4551:. Retrieved
4537:
4525:. Retrieved
4511:
4496:
4492:
4484:
4475:
4456:
4450:
4438:. Retrieved
4418:
4411:
4392:
4386:
4377:
4363:
4357:
4345:. Retrieved
4331:
4319:. Retrieved
4310:
4301:
4289:. Retrieved
4275:
4263:. Retrieved
4259:the original
4254:
4244:
4232:. Retrieved
4218:
4184:. Retrieved
4155:. Retrieved
4146:
4122:. Retrieved
4108:
4096:
4084:. Retrieved
4077:the original
4064:
4052:. Retrieved
4038:
4031:English 2016
3988:
3976:. Retrieved
3972:the original
3967:
3958:
3946:. Retrieved
3942:the original
3937:
3928:
3916:
3904:
3892:
3836:. Retrieved
3825:
3819:
3812:
3800:. Retrieved
3786:
3774:
3762:
3750:
3738:
3701:Medrano 2017
3696:
3677:
3671:
3662:
3656:
3645:
3639:
3627:
3588:. Retrieved
3574:
3562:. Retrieved
3558:the original
3553:
3544:
3532:. Retrieved
3523:
3514:
3502:. Retrieved
3493:
3484:
3472:
3464:
3459:
3390:
3384:
3377:English 2016
3372:
3365:English 2016
3343:. Retrieved
3334:
3325:
3318:Wheeler 2010
3257:Wheeler 2010
3252:
3227:
3219:
3200:
3194:
3185:
3178:Wheeler 2010
3173:
3166:Wheeler 2010
3151:Wheeler 2010
3146:
3139:Wheeler 2010
3134:
3129:(Chapter 33)
3118:
3104:(Chapter 31)
3093:
3016:
3007:
2993:
2987:
2973:
2961:. Retrieved
2957:
2948:
2926:, p. 1.
2900:
2875:
2869:
2862:Wheeler 2010
2835:
2806:
2797:
2748:
2734:
2728:
2720:
2706:
2700:
2678:
2664:
2658:
2650:
2636:
2630:
2622:
2602:
2594:
2507:
2500:
2493:Wheeler 2010
2476:
2470:
2458:
2453:, p. x.
2451:Wheeler 2010
2415:Wheeler 2010
2373:Wheeler 2010
2326:Wheeler 2010
2321:
2302:
2296:
2287:
2280:. Retrieved
2260:
2233:
2219:
2213:
2194:
2188:
2176:
2171:, p. 2.
2149:. Retrieved
2145:the original
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:the original
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:the original
2083:
2074:
2069:
2052:Holy Trinity
2046:
2037:
2025:
2015:
1998:
1984:
1950:
1909:Eric Crozier
1902:
1897:completed a
1892:
1883:
1867:dark-skinned
1864:
1825:
1821:Lipno Church
1750:
1728:
1718:
1695:
1673:
1662:
1643:
1611:intercession
1600:
1581:
1543:
1520:
1515:Lyon, France
1504:
1495:
1487:
1481:
1456:
1441:Russian icon
1410:
1381:
1353:
1315:
1293:Pope Francis
1290:
1286:Great Schism
1275:
1255:
1240:
1214:
1203:
1195:Greek church
1187:Seljuk Turks
1180:
1152:
1149:
1141:
1125:
1121:
1100:
1092:
1066:
1062:
1049:
1042:
1034:
994:
988:
981:
966:Nicene Creed
951:
919:
905:
902:
882:
871:
857:Patron saint
847:, where the
838:
831:
826:
823:
807:
788:
786:
754:
740:
726:
712:
681:
663:Philostratus
656:
651:philosopher
640:
632:
621:
619:
610:
606:
602:
587:
585:
580:
570:
568:
532:
503:Seljuk Turks
488:
476:
435:
426:
420:
412:patron saint
407:
404:intercession
400:Roman Empire
371:
367:
366:
359:Russian Navy
261:broadcasters
196:9 May] (
95:Wonderworker
47:
7746:Sinterklaas
7741:Santa Claus
7545:Greek salad
7509:Erotokritos
7378:Mount Athos
7292:Vergina Sun
7138:Symbols of
7048:Roast goose
6969:Mulled wine
6949:Champurrado
6944:Apple cider
6918:Bread sauce
6871:Szaloncukor
6851:Pumpkin pie
6801:Gingerbread
6755:Smörgåsbord
6396:Other media
6234:Philippines
6224:New Zealand
6107:Twelve Days
6064:Räuchermann
6019:Nutcrackers
5969:Las Posadas
5929:Decorations
5909:Christingle
5849:Zwarte Piet
5844:Snegurochka
5765:Sinterklaas
5715:Santa Claus
5279:‹ The
5113:19 December
4553:22 December
4347:13 December
4321:13 December
4234:12 December
4186:12 November
4157:15 December
4054:11 February
3620:Cullen 2017
3564:12 December
3345:22 December
2282:28 November
1955:, 1823 poem
1871:iconography
1844:Gospel Book
1811:Iconography
1763:and in the
1734:Sinterklaas
1730:Santa Claus
1617:during the
1601:Devotional
1488:ante mortem
1402:Ventimiglia
1278:iconostasis
888:during the
626:medievalist
552:Justinian I
521:during the
472:Constantine
431:Sinterklaas
429:") through
422:Santa Claus
282:pawnbrokers
273:pharmacists
222:Gospel Book
130:(343-12-06)
32:Santa Claus
18:St. Nicolas
7686:343 deaths
7681:270 births
7670:Categories
7419:Tambourine
7332:Bay Laurel
7327:Olive Tree
6776:Candy cane
6725:Joulupöytä
6625:Pikkujoulu
6289:New Mexico
6138:By country
6112:Wassailing
6053:Poinsettia
5860:Traditions
5812:Mrs. Claus
5792:Belsnickel
5745:Julemanden
5740:Joulupukki
5671:Wenceslaus
5636:North Pole
5601:Jack Frost
5591:Christkind
5546:Neapolitan
5369:Boxing Day
5130:Livius.org
5077:085667012X
5060:Hunt, John
4987:7 December
4931:5 December
4527:6 December
4124:6 December
3838:6 December
3802:6 December
3452:Jones 1978
2151:7 December
2125:7 December
2062:References
1964:Belznickel
1840:omophorion
1706:boy bishop
1413:Thomastown
1337:See also:
1181:After the
1136:miraculous
894:Diocletian
878:Ilya Repin
876:(1888) by
741:Theophánēs
713:Epiphánios
697:Asia Minor
427:Saint Nick
378:bishop of
218:omophorion
209:Attributes
7581:Theotokos
7555:Olive oil
7363:Epidaurus
7341:Monuments
7199:Delacroix
7063:Tourtière
7053:Romeritos
6990:Dumplings
6937:Beverages
6841:Pecan pie
6831:Panettone
6826:Pampushka
6821:Mince pie
6796:Fruitcake
6740:Réveillon
6620:NFL games
6615:NBA games
6610:In August
6580:Economics
6350:Billboard
6204:Indonesia
6147:Australia
6122:Yule goat
6097:Stockings
6031:Ornaments
5760:Père Noël
5755:Olentzero
5750:Noel Baba
5725:Ded Moroz
5681:Yule Lads
5621:Mari Lwyd
5472:Bethlehem
5349:Christmas
5308:" in the
4905:25 August
4875:Seal 2005
4440:25 August
4101:Hunt 1974
4014:Seal 2005
3993:Seal 2005
3921:Seal 2005
3909:Seal 2005
3897:Seal 2005
3885:Seal 2005
3779:Seal 2005
3767:Seal 2005
3755:Seal 2005
3743:Seal 2005
3731:Seal 2005
3716:Seal 2005
3632:Seal 2005
3590:7 October
3504:25 August
3477:Seal 2005
3427:Keys 1993
3272:Seal 2005
2963:26 August
2924:Seal 2005
2686:cite book
2463:Seal 2005
2358:Seal 2005
2343:Seal 2005
2181:Seal 2005
2169:Seal 2005
1893:In 1948,
1875:vestments
1785:Zakynthos
1646:feast day
1623:Eucharist
1603:akathists
1592:Octoechos
1546:fishermen
1477:arthritis
1448:monastery
1421:John Hunt
1288:in 1054.
1263:sea level
1259:feast day
1189:, and so
987:Nicholas
980:Nicholas
853:Beit Jala
845:Bethlehem
841:Palestine
839:While in
834:Holy Land
706:Ἐπιφάνιος
590:(written
548:Procopius
374:, was an
338:Amsterdam
316:Liverpool
257:toymakers
253:merchants
250:fishermen
244:travelers
230:Patronage
7645:Category
7535:Souvlaki
7439:Rebetiko
7429:Bouzouki
7208:Vryzakis
7096:Category
7067:meat pie
7058:Stuffing
7012:Varenyky
6881:Yule log
6856:Qurabiya
6730:Julebord
6703:Food and
6630:SantaCon
6595:El Gordo
6482:Yule Log
6254:Scotland
6167:Ethiopia
6152:Colombia
6127:Yule log
6081:Spanbaum
6058:Pyramids
5924:Crackers
5822:Sack Man
5708:folklore
5676:Yule cat
5581:Badalisc
5571:folklore
5482:Epiphany
5281:template
5124:(2006),
5062:(1974),
4899:Archived
4842:Archived
4812:Archived
4782:Archived
4752:Archived
4722:Archived
4689:Archived
4658:Archived
4628:Archived
4578:27 March
4521:Archived
4501:Archived
4434:Archived
4341:Archived
4315:Archived
4285:Archived
4228:Archived
4224:"Greece"
4180:Archived
4151:Archived
4118:Archived
4048:Archived
3832:Archived
3796:Archived
3584:Archived
3528:Archived
3524:BBC News
3498:Archived
3339:Archived
3123:Archived
3098:Archived
3009:people".
2905:Archived
2880:Archived
2840:Archived
2805:(2009).
2512:Archived
2479:: 44–45.
2276:Archived
2089:"Serbia"
1919:See also
1696:In late
1588:Apostles
1558:Poseidon
1554:folklore
1550:harbours
1361:Flanders
1267:seawater
1247:Frankish
1056:and the
974:Eusebius
958:Arianism
910:Ablabius
734:Θεοφάνης
388:Anatolia
343:Lorraine
330:Siggiewi
294:Aberdeen
236:Children
7560:Retsina
7525:Taverna
7518:Cuisine
7496:Odyssey
7488:Ancient
7455:Ancient
7393:Vergina
7388:Olympia
7383:Mycenae
7373:Meteora
7368:Knossos
7312:Dolphin
7305:Natural
7276:Meander
7271:Drachma
7266:Phoenix
7225:Colours
7002:Pierogi
6997:Hallaca
6902:Borscht
6866:Stollen
6836:Pavlova
6811:Makówki
6791:Cozonac
6760:Wigilia
6645:Scrooge
6605:In July
6503:society
6435:Poetry
6269:Ukraine
6244:Romania
6209:Ireland
6199:Iceland
6194:Hungary
6182:Germany
6172:Finland
6162:England
6157:Denmark
6117:Windows
6048:Piñatas
6036:Parades
5989:Markets
5974:Letters
5964:Hampers
5807:Krampus
5646:Perchta
5586:Caganer
5283:below (
4943:Sources
4848:24 July
4818:24 July
4788:24 July
4758:24 July
4728:24 July
4698:24 July
4664:24 July
4634:24 July
4291:4 April
4086:2 March
3978:2 March
3968:enec.it
3948:2 March
3938:enec.it
3465:Nuncius
2099:4 April
1899:cantata
1879:crozier
1836:Serbian
1832:Russian
1755:of the
1582:In the
1452:Karelia
1406:Liguria
1371:, near
1002:pallium
982:did not
945:at the
923:Phrygia
815:cypress
797:dowries
783:, Rome)
655:in the
302:Albania
277:archers
270:brewers
247:sailors
240:coopers
7655:Portal
7501:Modern
7464:Modern
7424:Laouto
7353:Delphi
7194:Greece
7169:Anthem
7140:Greece
7073:Turkey
7007:Tamale
6964:Kissel
6954:Eggnog
6911:Sauces
6897:Menudo
6876:Turrón
6786:Cookie
6769:Sweets
6735:Kūčios
6716:Dinner
6590:Grinch
6501:modern
6468:Tomten
6427:Santa,
6410:novels
6328:Operas
6316:Carols
6284:Hawaii
6264:Sweden
6259:Serbia
6249:Russia
6239:Poland
6229:Norway
6219:Mexico
6177:France
6092:Stamps
6087:Szopka
5979:Lights
5934:Didukh
5770:Others
5720:Befana
5666:Vertep
5529:in art
5497:Joseph
5447:Advent
5300:Curlie
5286:Curlie
5246:
5211:
5189:
5169:
5092:
5074:
5029:
4966:
4602:
4463:
4426:
4399:
4370:
4265:1 June
3684:
3534:23 May
3397:
3240:
3207:
3000:
2813:
2741:
2713:
2671:
2643:
2615:
2309:
2268:
2226:
2201:
1781:relics
1678:, the
1676:Monaco
1665:Serbia
1637:, the
1607:canons
1459:relics
1365:Watten
1327:Venice
1300:Venice
1243:Norman
1206:Apulia
1199:schism
1175:relics
1096:Gemile
1087:Gemile
1077:Gemile
1072:Relics
819:cupola
779:1425,
727:Iōánna
720:Ἰωάννα
685:Patara
519:Venice
439:Patara
396:Turkey
384:Patara
334:Moscow
325:Čilipi
308:Greece
305:Russia
298:Galway
290:Prilep
214:Vested
164:shrine
162:Major
153:which
114:Patara
7492:Iliad
7459:Homer
7409:Aulos
7402:Music
7358:Delos
7179:Motto
6806:Kutia
6705:drink
6333:Songs
6307:Music
6214:Italy
6070:Seals
6024:dolls
5954:Gifts
5894:Cards
5797:Elves
5661:Turoń
5631:Nisse
5596:Grýla
5492:Jesus
4692:(PDF)
4685:(PDF)
4080:(PDF)
4073:(PDF)
2005:Latin
1989:Greek
1976:Notes
1913:tenor
1889:Music
1828:icons
1724:foyer
1669:Slava
1528:ilium
1524:pubis
1468:crypt
1445:Kizhi
1373:Nancy
1210:monks
1132:myrrh
1130:, or
1128:manna
1050:Lives
1010:Arius
998:miter
943:Arius
802:purse
793:Satan
755:Nónna
748:Νόννα
701:Greek
695:, in
667:Tyana
566:490.
484:Arius
456:Egypt
451:dowry
443:Lycia
178:Feast
55:Saint
7565:Ouzo
7550:Pita
7540:Feta
7530:Wine
7434:Folk
7414:Lyre
7155:Flag
7028:Carp
6890:Soup
6781:Cake
6692:Xmas
6321:list
6102:Tree
6041:list
5502:Mary
5411:Yule
5244:ISBN
5209:ISBN
5187:ISBN
5167:ISBN
5115:2011
5090:ISBN
5072:ISBN
5027:ISBN
4989:2017
4964:ISBN
4933:2018
4907:2016
4850:2023
4820:2023
4790:2023
4760:2023
4730:2023
4700:2023
4666:2023
4636:2023
4600:ISBN
4580:2021
4555:2022
4529:2017
4461:ISBN
4442:2016
4424:ISBN
4397:ISBN
4368:ISBN
4349:2013
4323:2013
4293:2012
4267:2024
4236:2013
4188:2014
4159:2016
4126:2013
4088:2017
4056:2014
3980:2017
3950:2017
3840:2017
3804:2017
3682:ISBN
3592:2017
3566:2013
3536:2010
3506:2016
3395:ISBN
3347:2009
3238:ISBN
3205:ISBN
2998:ISBN
2965:2023
2811:ISBN
2739:ISBN
2711:ISBN
2692:link
2669:ISBN
2641:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2284:2015
2266:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2199:ISBN
2153:2010
2127:2010
2101:2012
1855:icon
1834:and
1789:Bari
1710:nuns
1656:and
1631:icon
1605:and
1596:Life
1369:Port
1245:and
1235:Bari
1171:Bari
1158:Bari
1106:Myra
1019:Bari
1000:and
915:Hell
811:cowl
761:Myra
641:Life
633:Life
600:lost
511:Bari
458:and
350:and
320:Bari
194:O.S.
149:All
135:Myra
125:Died
108:Born
78:halo
7317:Owl
7206:by
7197:by
7038:Ham
5568:In
5298:at
4495:",
1674:In
1663:In
1575:in
1443:at
1404:in
1169:in
1017:in
989:did
433:.
386:in
7672::
7507:,
7503::
7494:,
7490::
7470:,
7466::
7457::
6671:")
6667:("
6499:In
5421:In
5140:,
5128:,
5106:,
5011:,
4999:,
4980:,
4954:,
4897:.
4893:.
4882:^
4867:^
4840:.
4836:.
4810:.
4806:.
4780:.
4776:.
4750:.
4746:.
4716:.
4652:.
4626:.
4622:.
4571:.
4545:.
4519:.
4432:.
4376:.
4309:.
4253:.
4197:^
4178:.
4167:^
4149:.
4145:.
4134:^
4021:^
4000:^
3875:^
3848:^
3830:.
3824:.
3794:.
3723:^
3708:^
3600:^
3552:.
3522:.
3496:.
3492:.
3434:^
3409:^
3355:^
3337:.
3333:.
3306:^
3279:^
3264:^
3236:.
3234:58
3158:^
3109:^
3084:^
3053:^
3028:^
3006:.
2956:.
2931:^
2916:^
2891:^
2852:^
2825:^
2756:^
2747:.
2719:.
2688:}}
2684:{{
2677:.
2649:.
2621:.
2611:.
2609:21
2577:^
2522:^
2485:^
2441:^
2422:^
2403:^
2380:^
2365:^
2350:^
2333:^
2286:.
2274:.
2246:^
2232:.
2161:^
2034:,
2007::
2003:;
1995:,
1991::
1901:,
1660:.
1564:.
1450:,
1427:.
1415:,
1273:.
1021:.
917:.
859:.
821:.
777:c.
751:,
737:,
723:,
709:,
592:c.
564:c.
525:.
474:.
441:,
425:("
394:,
137:,
116:,
7587:)
7583:(
7131:e
7124:t
7117:v
7069:)
7065:(
6470:"
6466:"
6463:"
6459:"
6456:"
6452:"
6442:"
6438:"
6432:)
6352:)
5340:e
5333:t
5326:v
5304:"
5252:.
4935:.
4909:.
4852:.
4822:.
4792:.
4762:.
4732:.
4702:.
4668:.
4638:.
4608:.
4582:.
4557:.
4531:.
4469:.
4444:.
4405:.
4351:.
4325:.
4295:.
4269:.
4238:.
4213:.
4190:.
4161:.
4128:.
4103:.
4090:.
4058:.
3982:.
3952:.
3870:.
3842:.
3806:.
3703:.
3690:.
3622:.
3594:.
3568:.
3538:.
3508:.
3429:.
3403:.
3349:.
3301:.
3246:.
3213:.
2981:.
2967:.
2943:.
2819:.
2694:)
2315:.
2207:.
2155:.
2129:.
2103:.
2054:.
1791:.
1704:"
1237:.
687:(
224:.
200:)
189:)
45:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.