829:(GDC). The GDC defines oral medicine as: " oral health care of patients with chronic recurrent and medically related disorders of the mouth and with their diagnosis and non-surgical management." Unlike many other countries, oral medicine physicians in the UK do not usually partake in the dental management of their patients. Some UK oral medicine specialists have dual qualification with both medical and dental degrees. However, in 2010 the GDC approved a new curriculum for oral medicine, and a medical degree is no longer a prerequisite for entry into specialist training. Specialist training is normally 5 years, although this may be reduced to a minimum of 3 years in recognition of previous training, such as a medical degree. In the UK, oral medicine is one of the smallest dental specialties. According to the GDC, as of December 2014 there were 69 clinicians registered as specialists in oral medicine. As of 2012, there were 16 oral medicine units across the UK, mostly based in
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paroxysmal neuralgias, continuous neuralgias, myofascial pain, atypical facial pain, autonomic cephalalgias, headaches and migraines. Another aspect of the field is managing the dental and oral condition of medically compromised patients such as cancer patients with related oral mucositis, bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws or oral pathology related to radiation therapy. Additionally, it is involved in the diagnosis and management of dry mouth conditions (such as Sjögren's syndrome) and non-dental chronic orofacial pain, such as burning mouth syndrome, trigeminal neuralgia and temporomandibular joint disorder.
118:
2187:
2217:
2227:
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2197:
876:
803:
Indian programs are accredited by the Dental
Council of India (DCI).Oral Medicine is in conjunction with oral radiology in India and it is taught in both graduate and post graduate levels as Oral Medicine and Radiology. They are three years in length and culminate with a master's degree (MDS) in Oral
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It is not uncommon for an individual to experience a lump/swelling in the oral environment. The overall presentation is highly variable and the progression of these lesions can also differ, for example: development of a lesion into a bulla or a malignant neoplasm. Lumps and swellings can occur due to
721:
As described some lumps or swellings can be in close relation to anatomical structures. Commonly, Teeth are associated in a lesion which brings about the question â âare they still vital?â In order to clarify, any tooth that is associated with a lump or swelling is vitality tested, examined for any
555:
If there is any suspect or unknown reason as to why a lump has arisen in an individual's mouth it is important to establish when this first was noticed and the accompanied symptoms if any. On examination ensure that there is not an obvious cause to the swelling/lump via a thorough: medical, social,
697:
Once the surrounding tissues and the immediate management of any lumps/swellings are taken care of, an image of the full extent of the lesion is needed. This is done to establish what the lump/swelling is associated with and to ensure that any damaging probability is kept to a minimum. There are a
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Example conditions that oral medicine is concerned with are lichen planus, Behçet's disease and pemphigus vulgaris. Moreover, it involves the diagnosis and follow-up of pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity, such as leukoplakias or erythroplakias and of chronic and acute pain conditions such as
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So as seen above the list is extensive and by no means is this a complete and comprehensive representation of all the possible lumps/swellings that can occur in the mouth as to the means of acquiring a swelling in the mouth. When considering what a lump might be caused by the site of which it has
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recognized speciality, and many oral medicine specialists fulfil a very important role by teaching at dental schools and graduate programs to ensure dentists and other dental specialists receive excellent training in medical topics pertinent to the dental practice. The ADA has recently started a
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currently offers a 5-year intercalated clinical doctorate/medical degree (DClinDent/MBChB) program. On 9 July 2013, the dental council of New
Zealand proposed that the prescribed qualifications for oral medicine be changed to include the new DClinDent in addition to a medical degree, with no
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Finally, a particularly vital means of diagnosis is a biopsy. These tend to be regularly done in the cases of singular, chronic lesions and are carried out in an urgent manner as lesions of this category have a significant malignant potential. The indications to carry out a biopsy include:
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Many systemic diseases have signs or symptoms that manifest in the orofacial region. Pathologically, the mouth may be affected by many cutaneous and gastrointestinal conditions. There is also the unique situation of hard tissues penetrating the epithelial continuity (hair and nails are
45:
doctor/dentist (or stomatologist) has received additional specialized training and experience in the diagnosis and management of oral mucosal abnormalities (growths, ulcers, infection, allergies, immune-mediated and autoimmune disorders) including oral cancer, salivary gland disorders,
100:
Oral medicine grew from a group of New York dentists (primarily periodontists), who were interested in the interactions between medicine and dentistry in the 1940s. Before becoming its own specialty in the United States, oral medicine was historically once a subset of the specialty of
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offer programs leading to the specialty. Most residents combine oral medicine programs with oral and maxillofacial pathology programs leading to a dual specialty. Graduates are then eligible to sit for the
Fellowship exams with the Royal College of Dentists of Canada (FRCD(C)).
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dental and family history, followed by an oral examination. Whilst examining the suspected lesion there are some diagnostic aids to note which can be used to formulate a provisional diagnosis. There are many factors taken into consideration in this diagnosis, such as:
46:
temporomandibular disorders (e.g.: problems with the TMJ) and facial pain (due to musculoskeletal or neurologic conditions), taste and smell disorders; and recognition of the oral manifestations of systemic and infectious diseases. It lies at the interface between
837:
has suggested that there are not enough oral medicine specialists, and that there should be one consultant per million population. Competition for the few training posts is keen, although new posts are being created and the number of trainees increased.
219:: This is an uncommon condition but is seen to be increasing in prevalence. This condition presents with facial/labial swellings commonly accompanied with angular stomatitis or cracked lips, ulcers, mucosal tags, cobblestone mucosea or gingival swellings
760:
Australian programs are accredited by the
Australian Dental Council (ADC). They are three years in length and culminate with either a master's degree (MDS) or a Doctor of Clinical Dentistry degree (DClinDent). Fellowship can then be obtained with the
225:: This is a disease affecting the bowel but commonly has oral lesions associated. Examples of some oral presentations are: raised gingival lesions, hyperplastic folds/cobble-stone mucosa, ulcers, facial swelling and/or angular cheilitis
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Canadian programs are accredited by the
Canadian Commission on Dental Accreditation (CDAC). They are a minimum of three years in length and usually culminate with a master's (MSc) degree. Currently, only the
74:" of health, and emphasized the diagnostic and prognostic importance of the tongue. However, oral medicine as a specialization is a relatively new subject area. It used to be termed "stomatology" (-
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authored the first book on oral and maxillofacial pathology in 1848, entitled "A Practical
Treatise on Dental Medicine". The term "oral medicine" was not used again until 1868.
1355:
129:
Oral medicine is concerned with clinical diagnosis and non-surgical management of non-dental pathologies affecting the orofacial region (the mouth and the lower face).
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pathology or restorative deficiencies in order to determine the long term prognosis of this tooth and how this might affect treatment of the lump/swelling at hand.
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Alongside any radiographs which may be justified, Blood tests may be needed in order to obtain a definitive diagnosis if there is a suspicion of potential
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variety of imaging technique options which are chosen based on the lesion: size, location, growth pattern etc. Some examples of images used are: DPT,
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813:
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appeared can be of significance. Below are some examples of swellings/lumps which usually are present as specific locations in the oral cavity:
1956:
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New
Zealand has traditionally followed the UK system of dual training (dentistry and medicine) as a requisite for specialty practice; the
231:: Sarcoidosis is a multi-system condition which may lead to gingival enlargement or salivary gland swelling which may result in xerostomia
998:
1041:
Shephard, Martina K.; MacGregor, E. Anne; Zakrzewska, Joanna M. (December 2013). "Orofacial Pain: A Guide for the
Headache Physician".
834:
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intra-epithelial tissues). The biofilm that covers teeth therefore causes unique pathologic entities known as plaque-induced diseases.
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1434:
161:: This is a hook-shaped structure protruding postero-laterally from the inferior boundary of the medial plate of the pterygoid process
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167:: This is the exiting duct from the parotid gland which is commonly found adjacent to the upper second molar on the buccal mucosa
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1222:
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370:
190:: Commonly due to a bacterial infection spreading to the deeper layers of the skin leading to a multitude of complications
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Purple or red pigmentation may occur due to conditions such as: haemangioma, kaposi's sarcoma or a giant cell lesion
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The importance of the mouth in medicine has been recognized since the earliest known medical writings. For example,
1686:
711:
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If a lesion is palpated and a crackling, âegg shellâ sound occurs this tends to be a swelling overlying a bony cyst
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Once a small piece of tissue is removed for the biopsy, it is then microscopically histopathologically examined.
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The lesion should be tested to determine whether it is attached to adjacent structures or the overlying mucosa
1143:
Felix, David H; Luker, Jane; Scully, Crispian (2013-10-02). "Oral medicine: 11. lumps and swellings: mouth".
54:. An oral medicine doctor is trained to diagnose and manage patients with disorders of the orofacial region.
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The orofacial pain region: "pain localized to the region above the neck, in front of the ears and below the
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This article is about the dental and medical specialty. For the method of administering a medicine, see
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In some institutions, it is termed "oral medicine and oral diagnosis". American physician and dentist,
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If the lesion is warm it is thought an inflammatory cause is most likely (e.g. abscess or haemangioma)
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1977:
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Squamous cell carcinoma is an example of a malignancy which can present with superficial ulceration
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125:, as well as pain within the oral cavity; pain of dental origin and temporomandibular disorders".
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If a lesion is significantly tender on palpation the origin is usually thought to be inflammatory
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208:: Is a relatively common, tumor-like, exuberant tissue response to localized irritation or trauma
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196:: A cyst is an epithelial lined sac of tissue that has either fluid or semi-fluid content inside
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1223:"Proposed prescribed qualification for the Dental Specialty: Oral Medicine Scope of Practice"
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Are there any secretions associated with the lesion upon palpation or spontaneously occurring
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Diagrams or photographs are usually recorded alongside the actual measurement of the lesion
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Brown and black pigmentation may occur from a variety of aetiologies s such as: tattoo,
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850:(CODA) accredited programs are a minimum of two years in length. Oral medicine, is an
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Midline associated lesions tend to be of a developmental origin (e.g. torus palatinus)
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In the UK, oral medicine is one of the 13 specialties of dentistry recognized by the
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184:: An abscess is a painful collection of pus, usually caused by a bacterial infection
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1344:. Medical and Dental Defence Union of Scotland. p. Soundbite; Issue 06 pp 8â9.
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275:: this is an abnormal mass of ectopic thyroid tissue seen at the base of tongue
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Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment
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achieving board certification in oral medicine as well as periodontics.
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1001:. The Maxillofacial Center for Education & Research. Archived from
707:
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Lesions that have neoplastic or premalignant features or are enlarging
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Multiple lesions might suggest an infective or developmental aetiology
82:
510:
286:
593:
116:
67:
1085:"Oral Pyogenic Granuloma: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology"
1416:
1385:
642:
Carcinoma is usually suggested by a hard/indurated consistency
502:
Most commonly salivary calculi and denture-induced hyperplasia
855:
dental practice parameters for world-class quality services.
659:
Papillomas are usually comparative to a wart-like appearance
573:
Consider associations with surrounding anatomical structures
151:
a variety of conditions, both benign and malignant such as:
1412:
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Persistent lesions that are failing to respond to treatment
1375:
269:: formation of new bone upon the surface of a present bone
97:
is also considered the father of oral medicine by some.
1407:
1356:"Facts and figures from the GDC register December 2014"
1308:
1306:
1304:
934:
494:
Developmental swellings associated with Paget's disease
1395:
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Malignant lesions tend to be nodular and may ulcerate
678:
Benign lesions tend to have a clearly defined margin
675:
Malignant lesions tend to have an ill-defined margin
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1802:
1730:
1685:
1594:
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1450:
1386:Oral Medicine Society of Australia and New Zealand
1193:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
740:Persistent lesions that are of uncertain aetiology
1314:"Specialty Training Curriculum for Oral Medicine"
835:The British & Irish Society for Oral Medicine
1184:
1182:
930:"Odd Tongues: The Prevalence of Lingual Disease"
1120:"Dental cysts | Cambridge University Hospitals"
1337:Clare Marney; Jim Killgore (7 December 2012).
1428:
1408:Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology
1376:British & Irish Society for Oral Medicine
763:Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons
8:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
767:Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia
551:Diagnosis of the cause of a lump or swelling
1043:Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain
653:Abnormal vascular changes suggests neoplasm
1717:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
1462:
1435:
1421:
1413:
993:
991:
817:requirement for a standard dental degree.
566:Bilateral lesions tend to be benign (e.g.
70:and others considered the tongue to be a "
2058:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1264:. General Dental Council. Archived from
833:, and around 40 practising consultants.
814:University of Otago Faculty of Dentistry
576:Malignant lesions are usually unilateral
173:: Seen covering the dorsum of the tongue
1017:"Career Paths of Oral Medicine Doctors"
921:
560:The anatomical position & symmetry
486:Invasive carcinoma from maxillary sinus
1391:International Academy of Oral Medicine
1101:
1090:
1396:European Association of Oral Medicine
7:
2196:
1957:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
1319:. General Dental Council. July 2010.
2206:
1289:. British Society for Oral Medicine
729:or any endocrinopathy involvement.
2093:Medical Scientist Training Program
202:: Infection of the salivary glands
25:
1381:American Academy of Oral Medicine
1021:American Academy of Oral Medicine
2225:
2215:
2205:
2195:
2186:
2185:
1339:"Where dentistry meets medicine"
974:(3rd ed.). JP Medical Ltd.
874:
213:Chronic granulomatous disorders
141:Lumps and swellings of the mouth
27:Medicine pertaining to the mouth
2226:
765:, FRACDS (Oral Med) and or the
2252:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2083:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1517:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
890:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
792:University of British Columbia
1:
1228:. Dental Council, New Zealand
999:"Bond's Book of Oral Disease"
2063:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
1830:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
1157:10.12968/denu.2013.40.8.683
852:American Dental Association
848:American Dental Association
283:Denture-induced hyperplasia
146:Types of lumps and swelling
2278:
1189:Crispian., Scully (2008).
712:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
29:
2181:
1361:. General Dental Council.
1250:. General Dental Council.
971:Textbook of oral medicine
831:dental teaching hospitals
520:Tongue and buccal mucosa
155:Normal variation lesions
2017:Transplantation medicine
1908:Clinical neurophysiology
1825:Obstetric anesthesiology
1745:Interventional radiology
1505:Digestive system surgery
1287:"What is Oral Medicine?"
804:Medicine and Radiology.
457:Drug-induced hyperplasia
346:Calcium channel blockers
319:Oral contraceptive pill
217:Orofacial granulomatosis
1888:Intensive care medicine
1862:Mass gathering medicine
1707:Maternalâfetal medicine
1262:"Look for a specialist"
534:Vesiculobullous lesions
527:Congenital macroglossia
1480:Cardiothoracic surgery
1100:Cite journal requires
827:General Dental Council
523:Congenital haemangioma
442:Congenital hyperplasia
427:salivary gland tumours
126:
2131:Personalized medicine
1990:Reproductive medicine
1915:Occupational medicine
1869:Evolutionary medicine
968:John, Pramod (2014).
788:University of Alberta
780:University of Toronto
751:Training and practice
292:Fibroepithelial polyp
120:
2151:Traditional medicine
2111:Alternative medicine
1978:Addiction psychiatry
1792:Transfusion medicine
1787:Medical microbiology
1702:Gynecologic oncology
1554:Reproductive surgery
481:Pleomorphic adenomas
2262:Dentistry education
2173:History of medicine
2156:Veterinary medicine
1963:Preventive medicine
1815:Adolescent medicine
1657:Infectious diseases
708:Computed Tomography
483:/salivary neoplasms
421:Odontogenic tumours
95:Jonathan Hutchinson
32:Oral administration
2257:Dentistry branches
2121:Molecular oncology
2078:Doctor of Medicine
2068:Master of Medicine
1985:Radiation oncology
1857:Emergency medicine
1810:Addiction medicine
1777:Clinical chemistry
1772:Clinical pathology
1564:Transplant surgery
1522:Orthopedic surgery
1500:Colorectal surgery
1401:2018-11-01 at the
1248:"Specialist lists"
1055:10.1111/head.12272
940:on 11 October 2013
861:2014-05-07 at the
683:Number of lesions
448:Pyogenic granuloma
307:Surgical emphysema
206:Pyogenic granuloma
127:
2239:
2238:
2073:Master of Surgery
2037:
2036:
2022:Tropical medicine
1968:Prison healthcare
1883:Hospital medicine
1847:Disaster medicine
1837:Aviation medicine
1652:Hospital medicine
1559:Surgical oncology
1544:Pediatric surgery
1538:
1485:Endocrine surgery
784:McGill University
386:Fibrous dysplasia
316:Pregenancy epulis
243:Odontogenic cysts
159:Pterygoid hamulus
123:orbitomeatal line
16:(Redirected from
2269:
2229:
2228:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2199:
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1893:Medical genetics
1878:General practice
1755:Nuclear medicine
1630:Gastroenterology
1586:Vascular surgery
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936:. Archived from
926:
884:
879:
878:
877:
727:blood dyscrasias
650:Surface texture
570:, diabetes etc.)
490:Kaposi's sarcoma
454:Pregnancy epulis
171:Lingual papillae
165:Parotid papillae
21:
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2166:Chief physician
2099:
2044:
2033:
2027:Travel medicine
2012:Sports medicine
1995:Sexual medicine
1935:Palliative care
1930:Pain management
1874:Family medicine
1852:Diving medicine
1798:
1726:
1688:
1681:
1597:
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1549:Plastic surgery
1495:General surgery
1475:Cardiac surgery
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1403:Wayback Machine
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905:Tooth pathology
882:Medicine portal
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863:Wayback Machine
844:
823:
810:
801:
775:
758:
753:
695:
581:Size and shape
553:
515:Mandibular tori
477:Unerupted teeth
471:Torus palatinus
463:Papilloma/warts
391:Paget's disease
273:Lingual thyroid
267:mandibular tori
239:Unerupted teeth
223:Crohn's disease
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91:Thomas E Bond
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39:oral medicine
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2141:Rural health
2126:Nanomedicine
1924:
1677:Rheumatology
1608: /
1527:Hand surgery
1512:Neurosurgery
1350:
1291:. Retrieved
1281:
1270:. Retrieved
1266:the original
1256:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1217:
1190:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1127:. Retrieved
1123:
1114:
1093:cite journal
1079:
1049:(1): 22â39.
1046:
1042:
1036:
1024:. Retrieved
1020:
1011:
1003:the original
970:
944:11 September
942:. Retrieved
938:the original
933:
924:
895:Oral surgery
845:
824:
811:
802:
776:
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731:
724:
720:
700:Scintigraphy
696:
639:Consistency
607:Temperature
554:
433:
263:Palatal tori
258:Lymphangioma
200:Sialadenitis
149:
135:
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128:
105:, with many
103:periodontics
99:
88:
81:
75:
61:
42:
38:
36:
2211:Wikiproject
2000:Venereology
1945:Neonatology
1842:Dermatology
1697:Gynaecology
1689:gynaecology
1672:Pulmonology
1490:Eye surgery
1452:Specialties
808:New Zealand
704:Sialography
664:Ulceration
615:Tenderness
543:Hyperplasia
351:Ciclosporin
331:Amyloidosis
253:Haemangioma
229:Sarcoidosis
64:Hippocrates
43:stomatology
18:Stomatology
2246:Categories
1973:Psychiatry
1959:(PM&R)
1952:Phlebology
1940:Pediatrics
1767:Anatomical
1732:Diagnostic
1712:Obstetrics
1662:Nephrology
1647:Hematology
1642:Geriatrics
1635:Hepatology
1620:Cardiology
1610:Immunology
1293:7 December
1272:2014-12-07
1129:2019-02-12
1026:2 February
916:References
790:, and the
716:Ultrasound
623:Discharge
460:Angioedema
451:Neoplastic
397:Neoplasms
367:Infective
361:Angioedema
327:Metabolic
321:gingivitis
280:Traumatic
188:Cellulitis
2161:Physician
2045:education
1903:Neurology
1898:Narcology
1762:Pathology
1740:Radiology
1615:Angiology
1579:Andrology
1209:123962943
1165:0305-5000
756:Australia
631:Movement
474:Abscesses
445:Abscesses
406:Leukeamia
401:Carcinoma
381:Cherubism
341:Phenytoin
313:Hormonal
297:Haematoma
72:barometer
52:dentistry
2191:Category
1667:Oncology
1598:medicine
1596:Internal
1444:Medicine
1399:Archived
1232:2 August
1173:24279221
1071:44571343
1063:24261452
868:See also
859:Archived
769:, RCPA.
598:melanoma
568:sialosis
531:Mucocele
506:Mucocele
439:Gingiva
411:Lymphoma
357:Allergy
302:Mucocele
77:stomato-
48:medicine
2231:Outline
2201:Commons
2146:Therapy
2043:Medical
1606:Allergy
1574:Urology
1467:Surgery
672:Margin
594:naeuvus
589:Colour
468:Palate
416:Myeloma
182:Abscess
58:History
2221:Portal
2088:MDâPhD
1207:
1197:
1171:
1163:
1069:
1061:
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786:, the
773:Canada
538:Ulcers
511:Ranula
425:Minor
337:Drugs
287:Epulis
83:-ology
1803:Other
1359:(PDF)
1342:(PDF)
1317:(PDF)
1226:(PDF)
1067:S2CID
799:India
194:Cysts
113:Scope
68:Galen
1295:2014
1234:2013
1205:OCLC
1195:ISBN
1169:PMID
1161:ISSN
1106:help
1059:PMID
1028:2018
976:ISBN
946:2013
846:The
714:and
499:FOM
265:and
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1537:ENT
1455:and
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371:HPV
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
