714:, the originator of atomic theory, held that everything is composed of atoms that are indestructible. His claim that atoms are indestructible is not the reason it is superseded—as it was later scientists who identified the concept of atoms with particles, which later science showed are destructible. Democritus' theory is superseded because of his position that several kinds of atoms explain pure materials like water or iron, and characteristics that science now identifies with molecules rather than with indestructible primary particles. Democritus also held that between atoms, an empty space of a different nature than atoms allowed atoms to move. This view on space and matter persisted until Einstein described spacetime as being relative and connected to matter.
5011:
40:
1396:
2090:
1291:
These theories that are no longer considered the most complete representation of reality but remain useful in particular domains or under certain conditions. For some theories, a more complete model is known, but for practical use, the coarser approximation provides good results with much less
213:– a principle regarding the spontaneous generation of complex life from inanimate matter, which held that this process was a commonplace and everyday occurrence, as distinguished from univocal generation, or reproduction from parent(s). Falsified by an
3182:
217:: where apparently spontaneous generation of microorganisms occurred, it did not happen on repeating the process without access to unfiltered air; on then opening the apparatus to the atmosphere, bacterial growth started.
720:'s model of the atom, which held that atoms are indivisible and indestructible (superseded by nuclear physics) and that all atoms of a given element are identical in mass (superseded by discovery of atomic isotopes).
133:, explaining why avoiding the "bad air" near swamps prevented it. Increasing ventilation of fresh air, one of the remedies proposed by miasma theory, does remain useful in some circumstances to expel germs spread by
163:. Thus, it can be a mark of good science if a discipline has a growing list of superseded theories, and conversely, a lack of superseded theories can indicate problems in following the use of the scientific method.
1501:
Antipodes and antichthones do literally exist as opposite points on the Earth and people who live on and around them, but do not have any of the unique properties ascribed to them by ancient or medieval
257:– the theory that living things are alive because of some "vital force" independent of matter, as opposed to because of some appropriate assembly of matter. It was gradually discredited by the rise of
71:, but replaced after more empirical information became available that identified flaws and prompted new theories which better explain the available data. Pre-modern explanations originated before the
1311:, and quantum corrections are usually negligible at atomic or larger scales; Newtonian mechanics is totally satisfactory in engineering and physics under most circumstances. The anomalous
497:– the theory that organic compounds exist as combinations of radicals that can be exchanged in chemical reactions just as chemical elements can be interchanged in inorganic compounds.
173:, either because they never had sufficient empirical support, because they were previously mainstream but later disproven, or because they are preliminary theories also known as
3390:
31:
1351:
on a body was not actually formulated by Newton but by others using a method of calculation used by Newton; it has been found incorrect and not useful except for high-speed
897:, which technically is Antarctica, but the original idea was based on an unproven belief that land in the Northern hemisphere must have a Southern counterpart for balance.
4065:
2243:
2140:
1477:
1340:
4148:
3289:
916:– the theory that human settlement increases rainfall in arid regions (only true to the extent that crop fields evapotranspirate more than barren wilderness)
349:– the theory that an offspring can inherit characteristics from a previous mate of its mother's as well as its actual parents, often associated with racism.
2030:
Aerodynamics: Selected Topics in the Light of Their
Historical Development, book by Theodore Von Karman, 1954, Dover Publications, p10 and following pages
1587:"Environmental Epigenetics and a Unified Theory of the Molecular Aspects of Evolution: A Neo-Lamarckian Concept that Facilitates Neo-Darwinian Evolution"
800:
of most galaxies. Heliocentrism only applies to the selected Solar System, and only approximately, since the Sun's center is not at the Solar System's
3248:
3189:
1524:
3153:
2122:
224:
4462:
356:
5035:
4620:
2347:
2094:
2011:
1981:
1886:
1647:
360:
3408:
2599:
452:
90:
is accurate enough for practical calculations at everyday distances and velocities, and it is still taught in schools. The more complicated
4475:
3798:
820:
384:
805:
4060:
1449:
4480:
4470:
4207:
3413:
3202:
3958:
3404:
1766:
4616:
1706:
812:
446:– All matter was once thought composed of various combinations of classical elements (most famously air, earth, fire, and water).
4713:
4457:
3282:
2577:
2374:
1312:
4018:
3711:
3452:
2702:
600:
3227:
3169:
2885:
2364:
1444:
240:
4974:
4676:
4439:
4434:
4259:
3680:
3364:
2221:
1467:
296:
2032:
Detailed discussion of Newton's sine-square law, invalidity in the general case and applicability at high supersonic speeds.
1856:
468:– The theory that combustible goods contain a substance called "phlogiston" that entered air during combustion. Replaced by
4969:
4752:
4669:
4382:
4313:
4190:
3432:
3022:
1461:
251:
have shown that in some very limited ways, the life experiences of organisms can affect the development of their children.
4040:
5040:
4894:
4720:
4406:
3639:
3234:
2489:
1591:
655:
340:
4045:
1796:
4377:
4116:
3374:
3275:
2845:
2562:
2115:
1582:
1005:
998:– While some petroleum or natural gas is almost certainly abiogenic, the vast majority has origins as living organisms
883:
370:
4772:
4767:
3255:
4701:
4291:
3685:
3653:
3344:
3241:
2972:
2915:
2439:
995:
829:
3418:
4991:
4940:
4837:
4335:
4296:
3773:
2855:
2302:
2042:
Orme, Anthony R. (2007). "The Rise and Fall of the
Davisian Cycle of Erosion: Prelude, Fugue, Coda, and Sequel".
1482:
1322:
1139:
943:
931:
862:
503:
469:
425:
113:
has found that diseases are caused by microorganisms, which can be transmitted by a variety of routes, including
4832:
3447:
4762:
4301:
4153:
4136:
3859:
3339:
2813:
2707:
2673:
2557:
1183:
780:
558:
398:
220:
424:– the theory that a self-repelling fluid called "caloric" was the substance of heat. Rendered obsolete by the
1722:
4664:
4641:
4602:
4488:
4429:
4075:
3995:
3839:
3783:
3396:
3220:
3138:
2890:
2572:
2511:
2282:
1326:
459:
369:– the theory that humanity consists of physically discrete superior or inferior races. Rendered obsolete by
1307:. Relativistic corrections to Newtonian mechanics are immeasurably small at velocities not approaching the
1202:– a theory according to which a disease can be cured by infinitesimal doses of the substance that caused it
4954:
4681:
4659:
4626:
4519:
4365:
4350:
4323:
4274:
4158:
4093:
3918:
3884:
3879:
3753:
3584:
3561:
3052:
2920:
2833:
2808:
2798:
2656:
2359:
2226:
2108:
1376:
1187:
1186:– the theory that diseases are caused by "bad air". No experimental support, and rendered obsolete by the
1131:
1080:
566:
418:– a theory that attempted to reinterpret all chemistry in terms of energy, rejecting the concept of atoms.
214:
210:
130:
110:
91:
4884:
4737:
4529:
4247:
3983:
3889:
3748:
3733:
3614:
3589:
3057:
3042:
2935:
2567:
2506:
2501:
2394:
1419:
913:
789:
352:
336:
134:
86:. Some theories known to be incomplete or in some ways incorrect are still used. For example, Newtonian
5010:
4857:
4819:
4696:
4500:
4340:
4264:
4242:
4070:
4028:
3927:
3894:
3758:
3546:
3457:
3047:
3007:
2678:
2484:
2277:
2206:
2051:
1434:
1300:
1209:
1125:
925:
919:
649:
572:
511:
346:
170:
68:
1178:– a therapeutic method derived from the belief in bodily humour imbalances as the cause of ailments.
1056:
1048:
4986:
4877:
4862:
4842:
4799:
4686:
4636:
4562:
4507:
4444:
4237:
4232:
4180:
3948:
3937:
3609:
3509:
3437:
3428:
3424:
3359:
3354:
3143:
2977:
2287:
1472:
1296:
1147:
1110:
891:
theory, generally known to be false among educated people in various ancient and medieval societies
846:
834:
774:
768:
661:
596:
284:
270:
232:
118:
87:
64:
1826:
5015:
4784:
4747:
4732:
4725:
4708:
4494:
4360:
4286:
4269:
4222:
4035:
3944:
3778:
3763:
3723:
3675:
3660:
3648:
3604:
3579:
3349:
3298:
3213:
3112:
3087:
2925:
2875:
2750:
2584:
2532:
2419:
2399:
2154:
2067:
723:
695:
645:
484:
388:
380:
376:
300:
236:
122:
56:
4512:
3968:
510:(or sometimes compound) in the instance of their liberation or formation. Often encountered are
39:
5045:
4950:
4757:
4567:
4557:
4449:
4330:
4165:
4141:
3922:
3906:
3811:
3788:
3665:
3634:
3599:
3494:
3329:
3175:
3148:
3077:
2745:
2733:
2685:
2641:
2547:
2189:
2179:
2007:
1988:
1977:
1882:
1792:
1747:
1702:
1696:
1643:
1618:
1414:
1366:
1316:
1304:
1205:
1169:
1090:
745:
691:
638:
618:
576:
562:
465:
447:
443:
366:
266:
258:
184:
149:
99:
79:
72:
17:
2029:
2018:
1918:
922:– the theory that California was not part of mainland North America but rather a large island
4964:
4959:
4852:
4809:
4631:
4592:
4587:
4572:
4398:
4355:
4252:
4050:
4000:
3574:
3536:
3117:
2818:
2777:
2739:
2661:
2631:
2626:
2429:
2059:
1637:
1608:
1600:
1568:
1359:
1075:
1009:
935:
764:
729:
665:
586:
519:
507:
488:
394:
278:
44:
4945:
4935:
4889:
4872:
4827:
4789:
4691:
4611:
4418:
4345:
4318:
4306:
4212:
4126:
4100:
4055:
4023:
3824:
3626:
3569:
3519:
3484:
3442:
3133:
3101:
2987:
2962:
2651:
2616:
2611:
2527:
2459:
2379:
2352:
2342:
2337:
2272:
1664:
1551:
1529:
1370:
1352:
1175:
1084:
1069:
1014:
968:
939:
894:
840:
825:
784:
685:
677:
628:
604:
306:
188:
60:
561:– the belief that vision is caused by rays emanating from the eyes was superseded by the
78:
Some scientific theories are discarded in their entirety, such as the replacement of the
2055:
4930:
4909:
4867:
4847:
4742:
4597:
4195:
4185:
4175:
4170:
4104:
3978:
3854:
3743:
3738:
3716:
3317:
3107:
3082:
3072:
3067:
3032:
3027:
3002:
2695:
2636:
2469:
2434:
2232:
2174:
2164:
1945:
1902:
1613:
1586:
1439:
1429:
1401:
1380:
1308:
1106:
1100:
963:
907:
873:
model until evidence supporting the Big Bang and falsifying the steady state was found.
816:
801:
749:
741:
641:'s elementary and limited early formulation of the principle of conservation of energy.
610:
590:
494:
433:
421:
247:
are the primary way parental characteristics are passed to descendants. Discoveries in
191:
have been generated for political rather than empirical reasons and promoted by force.
165:
157:
95:
83:
179:
which go on to become mainstream after empirical confirmation. Some theories, such as
5029:
4904:
4582:
4089:
3874:
3864:
3834:
3819:
3489:
3196:
2992:
2823:
2767:
2646:
2594:
2542:
2389:
2327:
2322:
2184:
2169:
2131:
2071:
1698:
The Nature of
Science: An A-Z Guide to the Laws and Principles Governing Our Universe
1409:
1280:
1271:
1233:
1229:
1135:
1020:
1001:
850:
706:
548:
form of water, the properties of which actually arose from contaminants such as sweat
330:
288:
231:– first theories of evolution. Not supported by experiment, and rendered obsolete by
145:
106:
1315:
was the first observational evidence that relativity was a more accurate model than
313:
contain a miniature but complete preformed individual, and in the case of humans, a
291:. No experimental support (a notion rather than a theory), and rendered obsolete by
169:
includes theories that are not currently supported by a consensus in the mainstream
4804:
4651:
4552:
4544:
4424:
4372:
4281:
4217:
4200:
4131:
3990:
3849:
3551:
3334:
3062:
2982:
2940:
2880:
2772:
2723:
2606:
2537:
2424:
2369:
2317:
2307:
2297:
2267:
2196:
1424:
1395:
1143:
1063:
1059:, the idea that the Earth has gone through several periods of widespread ice cover.
1024:
979:
900:
866:
726:
of the atom—assuming the protons and electrons were mixed together in a single mass
699:
669:
415:
322:
309:– the theory that all organisms have existed since the beginning of life, and that
262:
175:
105:
Some aspects of discarded theories are reused in modern explanations. For example,
2001:
1971:
4914:
4794:
3973:
3963:
3910:
3594:
3514:
3499:
3379:
3324:
2967:
2728:
2454:
2444:
2312:
2262:
1543:
1215:
1095:
983:
854:
717:
622:
476:
363:
hypothesis has much support (which incorporates past evidence of Asian origins).
248:
153:
2063:
1196:– a theory of highly localised brain function popular in 19th century medicine.
3844:
3699:
3670:
3476:
3207:
3037:
3017:
3012:
2900:
2895:
2870:
2865:
2755:
2690:
2621:
2589:
2496:
2464:
2404:
2201:
1852:
1391:
1333:
1276:
1267:
1225:
1219:
1199:
1193:
888:
858:
735:
711:
318:
314:
228:
180:
160:
138:
1973:
From Atoms to
Galaxies: A Conceptual Physics Approach to Scientific Awareness
462:– the theory that all molecules are salts composed of basic and acidic oxides
55:
This list includes well-known general theories in science and pre-scientific
4996:
4899:
3952:
3869:
3829:
3793:
3729:
3541:
3531:
3504:
3183:
An
Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
3092:
2910:
2860:
2828:
2803:
2668:
2474:
2449:
2414:
2216:
2159:
1949:
1569:"Spontaneous generation | Examples & Experiments | Britannica"
1262:
1258:
1253:
1237:
1222:, held that inner character was strongly correlated with physical appearance
1151:
1037:
1033:
1029:
975:
793:
681:
614:
541:
437:
1622:
934:(as explanations for moral behavior, as opposed to modern theories such as
2089:
1017:
craters, now discarded in favour of impact craters and ordinary volcanism.
148:, which claims to be both scientific and factual, but fails to follow the
4981:
4779:
4227:
3932:
3526:
2850:
2409:
2384:
2332:
2292:
2211:
1906:
1604:
1165:
1128:
in infancy, falsified by the study of cognitive adaptations for language.
870:
797:
634:
527:
402:
292:
254:
48:
752:
models derived from the quantum mechanical solution to the hydrogen atom
4577:
3369:
3097:
2997:
2930:
2840:
2793:
2760:
1249:
1052:
1042:
582:
545:
480:
429:
126:
3267:
2905:
1336:
of the atom was extended by the quantum mechanical model of the atom.
387:– first genetic theories. Not invalidated as such, but subsumed into
310:
114:
109:
proposed that all diseases were transmitted by "bad air". The modern
1525:"Revisiting a 19th century medical idea could help address covid-19"
1362:
is now considered one of many possibilities for landscape evolution.
1639:
A Cultural
History of Medical Vitalism in Enlightenment Montpellier
4121:
3467:
3312:
2479:
1348:
1344:
688:
later correctly explained the active agent was chemical reactions.
673:
38:
2100:
274:
3271:
2104:
326:
244:
1932:
An
Introduction to Linguistic Theory and Language Acquisition
732:
of the atom with an impenetrable nucleus orbited by electrons
456:, which contained the first modern list of chemical elements.
2000:
Casimir, H. B. G.; Brugt, Hendrik; Casimir, Gerhard (2010).
1062:
Oscillation theory of land-level rise and subsidence during
1045:, a discredited alternative to a magmatic origin of granites
2552:
94:
must be used for long distances and velocities nearing the
27:
Obsolete theories in natural philosophy and natural history
1879:
The Water
Dreamers: How Water and Silence Shaped Australia
910:, an ice-free sea once supposed to surround the North Pole
339:– the theory that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny". See
281:
was only one step in a long road, not a great refutation.
67:. Many discarded explanations were once supported by a
599:– failed to be detected by the sufficiently sensitive
1550:, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, UK. Reprinted in
792:– made obsolete by discovery of the structure of the
1558:, Mayfield Publishing Company, Mountain View, Calif.
1329:
except at very small scales and low field strengths.
269:, fields that failed to discover any "vital force."
4923:
4818:
4650:
4543:
4395:
4088:
4011:
3905:
3809:
3698:
3625:
3560:
3475:
3466:
3388:
3305:
3162:
3126:
2953:
2786:
2716:
2520:
2255:
2242:
2147:
869:, and had no beginning. It was a competitor of the
658:– another now-obsolete theory of light propagation.
144:Some theories originate in, or are perpetuated by,
32:
List of incomplete or incorrect mathematical proofs
1701:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 309.
1930:Crain, Stephen and Diane C. Lillo-Martin (1999).
1857:"NASA's WFIRST Will Help Uncover Universe's Fate"
1212:, and is no longer considered a scientific theory
1976:(illustrated ed.). CRC Press. p. 387.
1663:Bechtel, William; Williamson, Robert C. (1998).
287:– the theory that the mother's thoughts created
971:as always being made up by hills and mountains.
974:Ancient and medieval concepts surrounding the
450:finally refuted this in his 1789 publication,
75:, with varying degrees of empirical support.
3283:
2141:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
2116:
1478:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
8:
2003:Haphazard Reality: Half a Century of Science
1909:, but not during any period of human history
355:of human origin – The majority view is of a
1464:, including those about scientific subjects
1369:was incorporated into and improved upon by
617:'s successor to phlogiston, discredited by
4109:
3704:
3472:
3290:
3276:
3268:
2252:
2123:
2109:
2101:
2006:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 32.
1341:Newton's sine-square law of air resistance
3249:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
3190:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
1881:. Melbourne: Text Publishing. chapter 7.
1797:"Whatever Happened to the Nascent State?"
1612:
63:that have since been superseded by other
30:For superseded ideas in mathematics, see
631:– a theory on the source of electricity.
405:was encoded in a separate germline gene.
3154:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
1515:
1494:
1051:, the idea that the Earth had a single
321:became available. Rendered obsolete by
225:Inheritance of acquired characteristics
1228:, an erroneous theory of the cause of
565:approach and more complex theories of
479:was rendered obsolete by discovery of
357:recent African origin of modern humans
243:which finds that genes in the form of
102:for very small distances and objects.
1804:Bulletin for the History of Chemistry
1556:Readings in the Philosophy of Science
1523:Melanie A. Kiechle (April 21, 2021).
1483:List of incorrect mathematical proofs
680:generated merely from contact of the
361:multiregional origin of modern humans
7:
1727:American Anthropological Association
1669:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
978:, including the related theories of
668:misunderstood the active agent of a
744:model following the development of
3203:James Randi Educational Foundation
1287:Theories now considered incomplete
1261:, which led to the development of
1252:, which led to the development of
1124:Pure behaviorist explanations for
662:Electromotive force § History
500:Vitalism – See section on Biology.
47:places Earth at the centre of the
25:
1325:is a very close approximation to
1068:The following were superseded by
821:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
813:Dynamics of the celestial spheres
650:generation of voltage differences
5009:
2600:Strauss–Howe generational theory
2578:Moon landing conspiracy theories
2375:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
2088:
1683:Studies in the Psychology of Sex
1636:Williams, Elizabeth Ann (2003).
1394:
1313:perihelion precession of Mercury
3228:The Natural History of Quackery
3170:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
1445:History of evolutionary thought
1023:replaced by modern geology and
982:and the alleged existence of a
385:Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory
1833:. Indiana University Northwest
1468:List of discredited substances
1450:Creation–evolution controversy
483:, and point 3 by discovery of
297:fetal origins of adult disease
115:touching a contaminated object
18:Superseded scientific theories
1:
4970:History of mathematical logic
1462:List of common misconceptions
1138:approach to the treatment of
942:, and theories of the social
200:Discarded scientific theories
5036:Obsolete scientific theories
4895:Primitive recursive function
3235:The Psychology of the Occult
2490:Traditional Chinese medicine
2365:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
2222:Superseded scientific theory
2095:Obsolete scientific theories
1592:Genome Biology and Evolution
1244:Obsolete branches of enquiry
1101:Haarman's Oscillation theory
2846:Electronic voice phenomenon
2703:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
2563:Chemtrail conspiracy theory
1548:Conjectures and Refutations
601:Michelson–Morley experiment
371:Human evolutionary genetics
215:experiment by Louis Pasteur
5062:
3959:Schröder–Bernstein theorem
3686:Monadic predicate calculus
3345:Foundations of mathematics
3242:The Ragged Edge of Science
2973:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff
2916:Pseudoscientific metrology
2440:Miracle Mineral Supplement
2064:10.2747/0272-3646.28.6.474
1877:Cathcart, Michael (2009).
996:Abiogenic petroleum origin
777:– superseded by Copernicus
152:. Scientific theories are
29:
5005:
4992:Philosophy of mathematics
4941:Automated theorem proving
4112:
4066:Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel
3707:
2856:Facilitated communication
2138:
1905:, did exist there in the
1831:Chemistry 101 Class Notes
1773:. Northwestern University
1695:Trefil, James S. (2003).
1323:Classical electrodynamics
1140:intellectual disabilities
944:effects of global warming
932:Environmental determinism
748:in 1925 and the eventual
664:– the original theory by
559:Emission theory of vision
426:mechanical theory of heat
341:Baer's laws of embryology
3256:The Skeptic's Dictionary
2814:Biological transmutation
2734:Faster-than-light travel
2708:Enneagram of Personality
2674:Recovered-memory therapy
2558:9/11 conspiracy theories
1950:"Psychomotor Patterning"
1827:"Dalton's Atomic Theory"
1184:Miasma theory of disease
1004:was largely replaced by
958:Cultural acclimatization
506:refers to the form of a
399:immunoglobulin diversity
373:and modern anthropology.
221:Transmutation of species
4642:Self-verifying theories
4463:Tarski's axiomatization
3414:Tarski's undefinability
3409:incompleteness theorems
3221:The Demon-Haunted World
3139:Bourgeois pseudoscience
2573:COVID-19 misinformation
2512:Young blood transfusion
2283:Anthroposophic medicine
1970:Hassani, Sadri (2010).
1723:"AAA Statement on Race"
1327:quantum electrodynamics
1076:Elevation crater theory
952:Topographic determinism
926:Inland sea of Australia
849:, a model developed by
830:Newton's laws of motion
806:barycentric coordinates
759:Astronomy and cosmology
460:Electrochemical dualism
401:by proposing that each
129:was discovered to be a
5016:Mathematics portal
4627:Proof of impossibility
4275:propositional variable
3585:Propositional calculus
3053:Corentin Louis Kervran
2921:Rapid prompting method
2809:Biodynamic agriculture
2799:Aquatic ape hypothesis
2657:Historical negationism
2360:Doctrine of signatures
2227:True-believer syndrome
1855:(September 13, 2019).
1825:De Leon, Professor N.
1642:. Ashgate. p. 4.
1377:Rational choice theory
1188:germ theory of disease
1132:Psychomotor patterning
1081:Expanding Earth theory
477:Dalton's Atomic Theory
211:Spontaneous generation
131:mosquito-borne disease
111:germ theory of disease
92:relativistic mechanics
52:
4885:Kolmogorov complexity
4838:Computably enumerable
4738:Model complete theory
4530:Principia Mathematica
3590:Propositional formula
3419:Banach–Tarski paradox
3058:The Light (newspaper)
3043:William Donald Kelley
2936:Voice stress analysis
2568:Climate change denial
2507:Wind turbine syndrome
2502:Vertebral subluxation
2395:Germ theory denialism
1667:. In E. Craig (ed.).
1420:Philosophy of science
1339:The formula known as
1148:learning disabilities
914:Rain follows the plow
878:Geography and climate
790:Heliocentric universe
771:' heliocentric model.
738:with quantized orbits
472:'s work on oxidation.
453:Elements of Chemistry
337:Recapitulation theory
135:airborne transmission
42:
4833:Church–Turing thesis
4820:Computability theory
4029:continuum hypothesis
3547:Square of opposition
3405:Gödel's completeness
3048:Robert F. Kennedy Jr
3008:Ignatius L. Donnelly
2679:Past life regression
2538:Arabian Judah theory
2485:Traditional medicine
2278:Alternative medicine
2207:Pathological science
2097:at Wikimedia Commons
1934:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1435:Pathological science
1301:theory of relativity
1299:was extended by the
1210:alternative medicine
1126:language acquisition
949:Climatic determinism
920:Island of California
672:to be a new type of
573:Aristotelian physics
171:scientific community
69:scientific consensus
5041:Mathematical proofs
4987:Mathematical object
4878:P versus NP problem
4843:Computable function
4637:Reverse mathematics
4563:Logical consequence
4440:primitive recursive
4435:elementary function
4208:Free/bound variable
4061:Tarski–Grothendieck
3580:Logical connectives
3510:Logical equivalence
3360:Logical consequence
3144:Demarcation problem
2978:Brigitte Boisselier
2607:Hollow Earth theory
2590:Generational theory
2288:Applied kinesiology
2056:2007PhGeo..28..474O
1989:Extract of page 387
1901:An inland sea, the
1583:Skinner, Michael K.
1473:List of experiments
1297:Newtonian mechanics
1208:– transformed into
1166:four bodily humours
847:Steady state theory
835:Luminiferous aether
775:Geocentric universe
769:Nicolaus Copernicus
603:, made obsolete by
597:Luminiferous aether
485:subatomic particles
285:Maternal impression
233:Darwinian evolution
88:classical mechanics
65:scientific theories
4785:Transfer principle
4748:Semantics of logic
4733:Categorical theory
4709:Non-standard model
4223:Logical connective
3350:Information theory
3299:Mathematical logic
3214:Skeptical Inquirer
3113:Paul Joseph Watson
3088:Hans Alfred Nieper
2926:Statement analysis
2876:Intelligent design
2751:Reactionless drive
2585:Conversion therapy
2533:Ancient astronauts
2420:Leaky gut syndrome
2400:HIV/AIDS denialism
2155:Cargo cult science
2044:Physical Geography
2019:Extract of page 32
1946:Steven Novella, MD
1793:Jensen, William B.
1767:"germ-line theory"
1605:10.1093/gbe/evv073
1096:Geosyncline theory
884:Buenaventura River
863:expanding universe
815:superseded by the
724:Plum pudding model
696:catastrophe theory
648:" theories of the
444:Classical elements
440:in some countries.
389:molecular genetics
381:classical genetics
377:Mendelian genetics
353:Out of Asia theory
317:. No support when
301:genomic imprinting
239:, combined in the
237:Mendelian genetics
123:contaminated water
57:natural philosophy
53:
5023:
5022:
4955:Abstract category
4758:Theories of truth
4568:Rule of inference
4558:Natural deduction
4539:
4538:
4084:
4083:
3789:Cartesian product
3694:
3693:
3600:Many-valued logic
3575:Boolean functions
3458:Russell's paradox
3433:diagonal argument
3330:First-order logic
3265:
3264:
3176:Cults of Unreason
3149:Scientific method
3078:Ministry of Ayush
3023:Nicholas Gonzalez
2949:
2948:
2886:Law of attraction
2866:Flat Earth theory
2746:Quantum mysticism
2686:Scientific racism
2642:Pseudoarchaeology
2548:Conspiracy theory
2246:characterized as
2190:Pseudomathematics
2180:Pseudoarchaeology
2093:Media related to
2013:978-90-8964-200-4
1983:978-1-4398-8284-9
1888:978-1-921520-64-8
1748:"germline theory"
1649:978-0-7546-0881-3
1415:Scientific theory
1367:continental drift
1358:The once-popular
1317:Newtonian gravity
1305:quantum mechanics
1206:Eclectic medicine
1170:Four temperaments
1091:Contracting Earth
1006:uniformitarianism
936:factor endowments
781:Copernican system
746:quantum mechanics
692:Balance of nature
639:Gottfried Leibniz
587:law of refraction
577:Newtonian physics
544:, a hypothesized
489:nuclear reactions
466:Phlogiston theory
448:Antoine Lavoisier
367:Scientific racism
267:molecular biology
259:organic chemistry
150:scientific method
100:quantum mechanics
80:phlogiston theory
73:scientific method
16:(Redirected from
5053:
5014:
5013:
4965:History of logic
4960:Category of sets
4853:Decision problem
4632:Ordinal analysis
4573:Sequent calculus
4471:Boolean algebras
4411:
4410:
4385:
4356:logical/constant
4110:
4096:
4019:Zermelo–Fraenkel
3770:Set operations:
3705:
3642:
3473:
3453:Löwenheim–Skolem
3340:Formal semantics
3292:
3285:
3278:
3269:
3118:Andrew Wakefield
2819:Creation science
2778:Water-fueled car
2740:Perpetual motion
2662:Holocaust denial
2632:Nibiru cataclysm
2627:Nazi archaeology
2430:Macrobiotic diet
2253:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2102:
2092:
2076:
2075:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2017:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1801:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1692:
1686:
1681:Havelock Ellis,
1679:
1673:
1672:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1599:(5): 1296–1302.
1579:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1520:
1503:
1499:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1360:cycle of erosion
1136:pseudoscientific
1010:neocatastrophism
969:Drainage divides
828:– superseded by
804:. Superseded by
783:- superseded by
767:– superseded by
765:Ptolemaic system
730:Rutherford model
694:– superseded by
666:Alessandro Volta
575:– superseded by
534:) or bromine (Br
520:nascent hydrogen
508:chemical element
428:. Origin of the
395:Germ line theory
279:ammonium cyanate
273:'s synthesis of
271:Friedrich Wöhler
241:modern synthesis
45:geocentric model
21:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5008:
5001:
4946:Category theory
4936:Algebraic logic
4919:
4890:Lambda calculus
4828:Church encoding
4814:
4790:Truth predicate
4646:
4612:Complete theory
4535:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4383:
4103: and
4099:
4094:
4080:
4056:New Foundations
4024:axiom of choice
4007:
3969:Gödel numbering
3909: and
3901:
3805:
3690:
3640:
3621:
3570:Boolean algebra
3556:
3520:Equiconsistency
3485:Classical logic
3462:
3443:Halting problem
3431: and
3407: and
3395: and
3394:
3389:Theorems (
3384:
3301:
3296:
3266:
3261:
3158:
3134:Bogdanov affair
3122:
3102:Claude Vorilhon
2988:Robert Charroux
2963:Sucharit Bhakdi
2955:
2945:
2782:
2712:
2652:Genocide denial
2617:Japhetic theory
2612:Indigo children
2528:2012 phenomenon
2516:
2460:Patent medicine
2380:Energy medicine
2353:Colon cleansing
2338:Crystal healing
2273:Adrenal fatigue
2247:
2245:
2238:
2143:
2134:
2129:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2014:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1913:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1685:, vol. 5 p. 218
1680:
1676:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1552:Theodore Schick
1542:
1538:
1530:Washington Post
1522:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1458:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1371:plate tectonics
1353:hypersonic flow
1289:
1246:
1176:Heroic medicine
1161:
1121:
1107:lost landmasses
1083:(superseded by
1070:plate tectonics
1015:Cryptoexplosion
992:
955:Moral geography
940:state formation
895:Terra Australis
880:
841:Static Universe
826:Tychonic system
785:Tychonic system
761:
705:Progression of
686:Michael Faraday
629:Contact tension
555:
537:
533:
525:
517:
436:still used for
412:
325:, discovery of
307:Preformationism
207:
202:
197:
189:female hysteria
61:natural history
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5059:
5057:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5028:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4931:Abstract logic
4927:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4910:Turing machine
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4850:
4848:Computable set
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4743:Satisfiability
4740:
4735:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4660:Interpretation
4656:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4614:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4595:
4590:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4481:minimal axioms
4478:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4414:
4412:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4178:
4173:
4171:Formation rule
4168:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4090:Formal systems
4086:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3979:Large cardinal
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3915:
3913:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3751:
3746:
3744:Extensionality
3741:
3739:Ordinal number
3736:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3631:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3423:Cantor's
3421:
3416:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3127:Related topics
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3108:Randolph Stone
3105:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3083:Theodor Morell
3080:
3075:
3073:Joseph Mercola
3070:
3068:Jenny McCarthy
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3033:Graham Hancock
3030:
3028:Goop (company)
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3003:Vernon Coleman
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2768:Teleportation
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2696:Melanin theory
2693:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2644:
2639:
2637:Parapsychology
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2521:Social science
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2470:Primal therapy
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2435:Magnet therapy
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2348:Detoxification
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2233:Voodoo Science
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2175:Fringe science
2167:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2084:
2083:External links
2081:
2078:
2077:
2050:(6): 474–506.
2034:
2022:
2012:
1992:
1982:
1962:
1937:
1922:
1919:Glacial Theory
1911:
1894:
1887:
1869:
1844:
1817:
1784:
1765:Lefers, Mark.
1757:
1739:
1714:
1707:
1687:
1674:
1655:
1648:
1628:
1574:
1560:
1536:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1493:
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1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1440:Paradigm shift
1437:
1432:
1430:Fringe science
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1402:Science portal
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1381:human behavior
1379:as a model of
1374:
1365:The theory of
1363:
1356:
1337:
1330:
1320:
1309:speed of light
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1223:
1213:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1164:Theory of the
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1129:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1078:
1066:
1060:
1057:polyglaciation
1055:, replaced by
1049:Monoglaciation
1046:
1040:
1027:
1018:
1012:
999:
991:
988:
987:
986:
972:
966:
964:Global cooling
961:
960:
959:
956:
953:
950:
928:
923:
917:
911:
908:Open Polar Sea
904:
898:
892:
886:
879:
876:
875:
874:
844:
838:
832:
823:
817:Elliptic orbit
809:
802:center of mass
787:
778:
772:
760:
757:
756:
755:
754:
753:
750:atomic orbital
742:Electron cloud
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
703:
689:
676:acting on the
659:
656:Emitter theory
653:
642:
632:
626:
611:Caloric theory
608:
594:
589:, replaced by
580:
570:
554:
551:
550:
549:
539:
535:
531:
523:
515:
501:
498:
495:Radical theory
492:
473:
463:
457:
441:
434:unit of energy
422:Caloric theory
419:
411:
408:
407:
406:
392:
374:
364:
350:
344:
334:
304:
293:genetic theory
282:
252:
218:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
166:Fringe science
96:speed of light
84:thermodynamics
82:by energy and
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5058:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4973:
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4968:
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4958:
4956:
4952:
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4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4905:Recursive set
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
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4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
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4817:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
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4781:
4778:
4774:
4771:
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4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
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4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4714:of arithmetic
4712:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4675:
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4655:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4621:from ZFC
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4520:non-Euclidean
4518:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
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4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4397:Example
4394:
4386:
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4380:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
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4329:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
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4262:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
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4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
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4221:
4219:
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4209:
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4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4154:by definition
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4087:
4077:
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4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:Kripke–Platek
4039:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3885:constructible
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
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3851:
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3838:
3836:
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3808:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
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3772:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
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3735:
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3725:
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3710:
3709:
3706:
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3701:
3697:
3687:
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3679:
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3638:
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3601:
3598:
3596:
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3588:
3586:
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3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3562:Propositional
3559:
3553:
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3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
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3517:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3490:Logical truth
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:
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3456:
3454:
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3412:
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3387:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
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3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3197:Fortean Times
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Deepak Chopra
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:pseudoscience
2952:
2942:
2939:
2937:
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2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
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2879:
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2864:
2862:
2859:
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2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:Cryptozoology
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
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2789:
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2779:
2776:
2774:
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2762:
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2753:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:Anti-gravity
2722:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
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2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2647:Pseudohistory
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
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2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Generationism
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:5G conspiracy
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:Catastrophism
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
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2488:
2487:
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2463:
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2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
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2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:FasciaBlaster
2388:
2386:
2383:
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2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
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2350:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Correactology
2326:
2324:
2323:Chromotherapy
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
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2274:
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2258:
2254:
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2249:
2248:pseudoscience
2241:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
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2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:Pseudohistory
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2170:Fringe theory
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2132:Pseudoscience
2126:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2082:
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2065:
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2057:
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2049:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2031:
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2023:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1963:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1926:
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1749:
1743:
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1728:
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1718:
1715:
1710:
1708:0-618-31938-7
1704:
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1557:
1554:(ed., 2000),
1553:
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1410:Pseudoscience
1408:
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1382:
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1364:
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1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1292:calculation.
1286:
1282:
1281:pseudoscience
1278:
1275:
1273:
1272:pseudoscience
1269:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:periodontitis
1231:
1230:dental caries
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:, related to
1217:
1214:
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1043:Granitization
1041:
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1021:Flood geology
1019:
1016:
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1002:Catastrophism
1000:
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994:
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989:
985:
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704:
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646:electrostatic
643:
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512:atomic oxygen
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359:, although a
358:
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331:atomic theory
328:
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107:miasma theory
103:
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43:The obsolete
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4805:Ultraproduct
4652:Model theory
4617:Independence
4553:Formal proof
4545:Proof theory
4528:
4501:
4458:real numbers
4430:second-order
4341:Substitution
4218:Metalanguage
4159:conservative
4132:Axiom schema
4076:Constructive
4046:Morse–Kelley
4012:Set theories
3991:Aleph number
3984:inaccessible
3890:Grothendieck
3774:intersection
3661:Higher-order
3649:Second-order
3595:Truth tables
3552:Venn diagram
3335:Formal proof
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3063:Mike Lindell
2983:Rhonda Byrne
2954:Promoters of
2941:Water memory
2881:Laundry ball
2773:Tractor beam
2729:Cold fusion
2425:Lunar effect
2370:Ear candling
2318:Chiropractic
2308:Bloodletting
2298:Bates method
2268:Aromatherapy
2231:
2197:Junk science
2047:
2043:
2037:
2025:
2002:
1995:
1972:
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1940:
1931:
1925:
1914:
1903:Eromanga Sea
1897:
1878:
1872:
1862:September 3,
1860:. Retrieved
1847:
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1830:
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1803:
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1777:February 28,
1775:. Retrieved
1770:
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1732:December 15,
1730:. Retrieved
1726:
1717:
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1668:
1658:
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1596:
1590:
1577:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1544:Popper, Karl
1539:
1528:
1518:
1497:
1425:Protoscience
1290:
1150:, and other
1144:brain injury
1064:deglaciation
1032:replaced by
1025:stratigraphy
980:antichthones
901:Hollow Earth
867:steady state
861:whereby the
700:chaos theory
670:voltaic cell
451:
416:Energeticism
397:, explained
263:biochemistry
185:race science
176:protoscience
174:
164:
143:
104:
77:
54:
36:
4915:Type theory
4863:undecidable
4795:Truth value
4682:equivalence
4361:non-logical
3974:Enumeration
3964:Isomorphism
3911:cardinality
3895:Von Neumann
3860:Ultrafilter
3825:Uncountable
3759:equivalence
3676:Quantifiers
3666:Fixed-point
3635:First-order
3515:Consistency
3500:Proposition
3477:Traditional
3448:Lindström's
3438:Compactness
3380:Type theory
3325:Cardinality
2968:Del Bigtree
2455:Panchagavya
2445:Naturopathy
2313:Body memory
2263:Acupuncture
2148:Terminology
1955:October 16,
1216:Physiognomy
984:torrid zone
930:Pre-modern
855:Thomas Gold
718:John Dalton
591:Snell's law
475:Point 2 of
432:'s name, a
249:epigenetics
161:predictions
158:falsifiable
5030:Categories
4726:elementary
4419:arithmetic
4287:Quantifier
4265:functional
4137:Expression
3855:Transitive
3799:identities
3784:complement
3717:hereditary
3700:Set theory
3208:Quackwatch
3038:David Icke
3018:Max Gerson
3013:Gaia, Inc.
2901:Numerology
2896:Lysenkoism
2891:Levitation
2871:Graphology
2756:Dean drive
2691:Aryan race
2622:Mediumship
2497:Trepanning
2465:Phrenology
2405:Homeopathy
2303:Biorhythms
2202:Paranormal
1853:Rob Garner
1837:August 26,
1806:(5): 26–36
1665:"Vitalism"
1510:References
1334:Bohr model
1277:Numerology
1268:Phrenology
1238:toothaches
1226:Tooth worm
1220:phrenology
1200:Homeopathy
1194:Phrenology
1168:(see also
1119:Psychology
1109:including
1085:subduction
889:Flat Earth
859:Fred Hoyle
736:Bohr model
712:Democritus
682:electrodes
319:microscopy
315:homunculus
295:(see also
229:Lysenkoism
181:Lysenkoism
139:SARS-CoV-2
137:, such as
4997:Supertask
4900:Recursion
4858:decidable
4692:saturated
4670:of models
4593:deductive
4588:axiomatic
4508:Hilbert's
4495:Euclidean
4476:canonical
4399:axiomatic
4331:Signature
4260:Predicate
4149:Extension
4071:Ackermann
3996:Operation
3875:Universal
3865:Recursive
3840:Singleton
3835:Inhabited
3820:Countable
3810:Types of
3794:power set
3764:partition
3681:Predicate
3627:Predicate
3542:Syllogism
3532:Soundness
3505:Inference
3495:Tautology
3397:paradoxes
3163:Resources
3093:Mehmet Oz
2911:Polygraph
2861:Feng shui
2829:Dianetics
2804:Astrology
2669:Pseudolaw
2475:Radionics
2450:Palmistry
2415:Iridology
2217:Snake oil
2160:Charlatan
2072:128907423
1263:astronomy
1259:Astrology
1254:chemistry
1154:diseases.
1152:cognitive
1038:volcanism
1034:plutonism
1030:Neptunism
976:antipodes
865:was in a
794:Milky Way
615:Lavoisier
542:Polywater
470:Lavoisier
438:nutrition
410:Chemistry
156:and make
5046:Theorems
4982:Logicism
4975:timeline
4951:Concrete
4810:Validity
4780:T-schema
4773:Kripke's
4768:Tarski's
4763:semantic
4753:Strength
4702:submodel
4697:spectrum
4665:function
4513:Tarski's
4502:Elements
4489:geometry
4445:Robinson
4366:variable
4351:function
4324:spectrum
4314:Sentence
4270:variable
4213:Language
4166:Relation
4127:Automata
4117:Alphabet
4101:language
3955:-jection
3933:codomain
3919:Function
3880:Universe
3850:Infinite
3754:Relation
3537:Validity
3527:Argument
3425:theorem,
2851:Eugenics
2834:Auditing
2410:Humorism
2385:Fad diet
2333:Cryonics
2293:Ayurveda
2256:Medicine
2212:Quackery
1907:Mesozoic
1795:(1990).
1771:Glossary
1752:Glossary
1623:25917417
1585:(2015).
1546:(1963),
1502:authors.
1388:See also
1343:for the
1159:Medicine
1105:Various
871:Big Bang
798:redshift
796:and the
644:"Purely
635:Vis viva
625:'s work.
607:'s work.
605:Einstein
528:chlorine
481:isotopes
403:antibody
347:Telegony
323:cytology
255:Vitalism
154:testable
49:Universe
4924:Related
4721:Diagram
4619: (
4598:Hilbert
4583:Systems
4578:Theorem
4456:of the
4401:systems
4181:Formula
4176:Grammar
4092: (
4036:General
3749:Forcing
3734:Element
3654:Monadic
3429:paradox
3370:Theorem
3306:General
2998:Clonaid
2931:Ufology
2841:Dowsing
2794:Alchemy
2761:EMDrive
2717:Physics
2343:Cupping
2244:Topics
2052:Bibcode
1754:. NCBI.
1614:4453068
1303:and by
1250:Alchemy
1111:Lemuria
1053:ice age
990:Geology
678:charges
621:'s and
619:Rumford
583:Ptolemy
553:Physics
546:polymer
526:), and
430:calorie
311:gametes
205:Biology
195:Science
127:Malaria
4687:finite
4450:Skolem
4403:
4378:Theory
4346:Symbol
4336:String
4319:atomic
4196:ground
4191:closed
4186:atomic
4142:ground
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3610:finite
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1810:May 6,
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903:theory
857:, and
843:theory
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567:vision
518:) and
329:, and
265:, and
121:, and
98:, and
4677:Model
4425:Peano
4282:Proof
4122:Arity
4051:Naive
3938:image
3870:Fuzzy
3830:Empty
3779:union
3724:Class
3365:Model
3355:Lemma
3313:Axiom
2787:Other
2480:Reiki
2165:Crank
2068:S2CID
1800:(PDF)
1489:Notes
1456:Lists
1349:fluid
1347:of a
1345:force
674:force
623:Joule
277:from
119:blood
4800:Type
4603:list
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4384:list
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4307:rank
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3812:sets
3671:Free
3641:list
3391:list
3318:list
3098:Raël
2008:ISBN
1978:ISBN
1957:2014
1883:ISBN
1864:2023
1839:2013
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1779:2012
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1644:ISBN
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