461:." In particular, musicians, public speakers, actors, and professional dancers, have been known to use beta blockers to avoid stage fright and tremor during public performance and especially auditions. The physiological symptoms of the fight/flight response associated with performance anxiety and panic (pounding heart, cold/clammy hands, increased respiration, sweating, etc.) are significantly reduced, thus enabling anxious individuals to concentrate on the task at hand. Stutterers also use beta blockers to avoid fight/flight responses, hence reducing the tendency to stutter.
554:. Raskind and colleagues studied the efficacy of prazosin for PTSD among Vietnam combat veterans in a 20-week double-blind crossover protocol with a two-week drug washout to allow for return to baseline. The CAPS and the Clinical Global Impressions-Change scale (CGI-C) were the primary outcome measures. Patients who were taking
471:(PTSD) is theorized to be the result of neurological patterns caused by adrenaline and fear in the brain. By administering beta blockers which can cross the blood brain barrier immediately following a traumatic event, as well as over the next couple weeks, the formation of PTSD has been reduced in clinical studies.
464:
Since they promote a lower heart rate and reduce tremor, beta blockers have been used by some
Olympic marksmen to enhance performance, though beta blockers are banned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Although they have no recognizable benefit to most sports, it is acknowledged that they
558:
had a robust improvement in overall sleep quality (effect size, 1.6) and recurrent distressing dreams (effect size, 1.9). In each of the PTSD symptom clusters the effect size was medium to large: 0.7 for reexperiencing or intrusion, and 0.6 for avoidance and numbing, and 0.9 for hyperarousal. The
502:
has shown promise among patients with anxiety, panic and PTSD in clinical trials and was used to treat severely and chronically abused and neglected preschool children. It improved disturbed behavior by reducing aggression, impulsivity, emotional outbursts, and oppositionality. Insomnia and
465:
are beneficial to sports such as archery and shooting. A recent, high-profile transgression took place in the 2008 Summer
Olympics, where 50 meter pistol silver medalist and 10 meter air pistol bronze medalist Kim Jong-su tested positive for propranolol and was stripped of his medal.
559:
reduction in CGI-C scores (overall PTSD severity and function at endpoint) also reflected a large effect size (1.4). Prazosin appears to have promise as an effective treatment for PTSD-related sleep disturbance, including trauma-related nightmares, as well as overall anxiety and
139:
Other drugs are preferentially toxic to sympathetic neurons. One method of obtaining such specificity is to exploit drugs that are substrates for a transporter preferentially expressed on sympathetic terminals, such as the
106:; since this receptor is located presynaptically, agonism at this receptor inhibits the presynaptic release of adrenaline and noradrenaline, preventing postsynaptic adrenergic receptor activation and downstream signaling.
136:, preventing the storage of neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles. If VMAT is inhibited, neurotransmitters won't be released into the synaptic cleft, thereby inhibiting their downstream effect.
1676:
514:
to severely traumatized
Cambodian refugees with anxiety, panic and PTSD. Global symptoms of PTSD were reduced among sixty-six percent and nightmares among seventy-seven percent.
450:
There is clear evidence from many controlled trials in the past 25 years that beta blockers are effective in anxiety disorders, though the mechanism of action is not known.
1669:
904:
Murray A. Raskind; et al. (February 2003). "Reduction of
Nightmares and Other PTSD Symptoms in Combat Veterans by Prazosin: A Placebo-Controlled Study".
974:
592:
144:. Such transports allows the drugs to accumulate within sympathetic neurones, where they can act to inhibit sympathetic function. Such drugs include
1662:
1428:
606:
Brock, JA; Cunnane, TC (November 1988). "Studies on the mode of action of bretylium and guanethidine in post-ganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres".
2191:
1581:
1525:
494:, act at noradrenergic autoreceptors to inhibit the firing of cells in the locus ceruleus, effectively reducing the release of brain
1234:
235:
2235:
1418:
967:
430:-adrenergic receptor antagonist - No known clinical applications, but used in experiments due to its strong receptor specificity.
1600:
1514:
2112:
1973:
1586:
878:
2089:
1408:
1062:
1056:
468:
90:(alpha and beta adrenergic receptor antagonists, or "blockers"), inhibiting the downstream cellular signaling pathways of
1775:
1575:
1347:
51:
2208:
1917:
1490:
1263:
960:
547:
804:
Kinzie, J David; Leung, Paul (September 1989). "Clonidine in
Cambodian Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder".
769:
Robert J. Harmon; et al. (September 1996). "Clonidine for
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Preschool Children".
1329:
1168:
1155:
1126:
1071:
141:
43:
1625:
1142:
1728:
1519:
1465:
1450:
1422:
1203:
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1150:
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110:
2164:
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1307:
248:
1889:
1632:
1476:
1209:
1096:
87:
482:
can also be used to treat anxiety and panic, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, or
2146:
1866:
1833:
1637:
1481:
1334:
1287:
652:
Tyrer, Peter (January 1992). "Anxiolytics not acting at the benzodiazepine receptor: Beta blockers".
572:
218:
118:
2080:
1707:
1258:
1046:
91:
1862:
1485:
1454:
1185:
1081:
829:
677:
631:
479:
238:
226:
99:
27:
Drug that opposes downstream effects of postganglionic nerve firing in sympathetic nervous system
1808:
420:(weak α-adrenergic agonist activity) - No common clinical applications, but used in experiments.
1554:
1459:
1282:
1075:
921:
860:
821:
786:
736:
718:
669:
623:
153:
1711:
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1338:
1253:
1007:
913:
813:
778:
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661:
615:
273:
263:
170:
125:
47:
2002:
1472:
1384:
1222:
1217:
1087:
1051:
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1024:
942:
543:
535:
184:
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1164:
1019:
1002:
731:
696:
495:
454:
114:
103:
83:
55:
39:
2229:
2049:
1963:
1874:
1400:
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1291:
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1213:
817:
782:
665:
287:
198:
833:
681:
2134:
2057:
1943:
1879:
1813:
1793:
1693:
1379:
1245:
1228:
983:
458:
259:
244:
231:
194:
149:
46:(SNS). They are indicated for various functions; for example, they may be used as
848:
635:
2172:
2160:
1948:
1884:
1847:
1803:
1783:
1765:
1755:
1536:
1509:
1442:
1135:
1015:
423:
343:
214:
79:
917:
2168:
2142:
2102:
2097:
2034:
2019:
1981:
1852:
1842:
1760:
1750:
1362:
1177:
713:
523:
515:
511:
491:
417:
398:
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383:
367:
331:
314:
304:
299:
63:
17:
722:
697:"Primary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder: drugs and implications"
2150:
2024:
2014:
1958:
1925:
1818:
1798:
1788:
1745:
1740:
1371:
1321:
519:
507:
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403:
378:
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283:
269:
204:
145:
129:
95:
925:
740:
864:
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673:
627:
2138:
2039:
2029:
1823:
1412:
555:
373:
337:
180:
1036:
619:
393:
353:
348:
326:
1549:
1118:
998:
952:
771:
Journal of the
American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
109:
Another way to inhibit adrenergic receptor signaling is by blocking
124:
For neurotransmitters to be released, they first must be stored in
560:
483:
208:
133:
117:, for example, inhibits one of the key enzymes in the pathway:
67:
59:
1658:
956:
654:
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and
Biological Psychiatry
38:) drug is a medication that opposes the downstream effects of
758:(8th ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
66:, they have also shown to be beneficial in the treatment of
453:
Some people have used beta blockers for performance type
885:. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
847:
Horrigan, Joseph P.; Barnhill, L. Jarrett (Aug 1996).
2111:
2088:
2078:
2048:
2001:
1994:
1972:
1934:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1861:
1832:
1774:
1727:
1720:
1701:
1613:
1568:
1535:
1500:
1441:
1399:
1370:
1361:
1320:
1273:
1244:
1176:
1163:
1149:
1134:
1117:
1110:
990:
42:nerve firing in effector organs innervated by the
849:"The suppression of nightmares with guanfacine"
506:Kinzie and Leung prescribed the combination of
486:. Alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists, such as
50:. They are also used to treat anxiety, such as
2117:
608:Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology
1670:
968:
503:nightmares were also reported to be reduced.
78:Antiadrenergic agents inhibit the signals of
8:
2050:Non-selective α-adrenergic receptor blockers
593:"Dorlands Medical Dictionary:sympatholytic"
2085:
1998:
1913:
1906:
1724:
1717:
1677:
1663:
1655:
1367:
1173:
1160:
1114:
975:
961:
953:
756:Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry
945:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
730:
712:
370:(has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)
340:(has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)
334:(has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)
806:Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease
647:
645:
584:
526:reduced the trauma-related nightmares.
7:
323:(has additional α-blocking activity)
317:(has additional α-blocking activity)
169:Many antiadrenergic agents used as
1582:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
1526:Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor
906:The American Journal of Psychiatry
695:Burbiel, Joachim C. (2015-10-26).
522:and thus may be better tolerated.
86:. They are primarily postsynaptic
25:
1473:Acetylcholine receptor antagonist
1235:Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
94:. However, there are exceptions:
818:10.1097/00005053-198909000-00005
783:10.1097/00004583-199609000-00022
2113:Endothelin receptor antagonists
1974:Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors
1601:Vasopressin receptor antagonist
1515:Cannabinoid receptor antagonist
879:"Prazosin: Biological activity"
111:the synthesis of catecholamines
88:adrenergic receptor antagonists
2122:Tooltip Pulmonary hypertension
2090:Serotonin receptor antagonists
1587:Endothelin receptor antagonist
1451:Acetylcholine receptor agonist
1210:Adrenergic receptor antagonist
853:Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
62:. In some cases, such as with
1:
2007:-Adrenergic receptor blockers
1776:Adrenergic release inhibitors
1733:-Adrenergic receptor agonists
1419:Glutamate receptor antagonist
1335:Serotonin receptor antagonist
1288:Histamine receptor antagonist
1063:Negative allosteric modulator
1057:Positive allosteric modulator
469:Posttraumatic stress disorder
1918:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
1576:Adenosine reuptake inhibitor
1510:Cannabinoid receptor agonist
1429:Glutamate reuptake inhibitor
1348:Serotonin reuptake inhibitor
1259:Dopamine receptor antagonist
754:Kaplan HI, Sadock B (1998).
666:10.1016/0278-5846(92)90004-X
518:produces less sedation than
52:generalized anxiety disorder
1264:Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
1186:Adrenergic receptor agonist
2252:
1555:Opioid receptor antagonist
1409:Glutamate receptor agonist
1330:Serotonin receptor agonist
1283:Histamine receptor agonist
918:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.371
480:Alpha2 adrenergic agonists
142:norepinephrine transporter
44:sympathetic nervous system
2186:
1254:Dopamine receptor agonist
714:10.1186/s40779-015-0053-2
701:Military Medical Research
475:Alpha2 adrenergic agonist
1520:Endocannabinoid enhancer
1466:Cholinesterase inhibitor
1385:GABA receptor antagonist
947:Medical Subject Headings
2236:Antihypertensive agents
1560:Enkephalinase inhibitor
1550:Opioid receptor agonist
1390:GABA reuptake inhibitor
1095:♦ Miscellaneous:
1688:(and closely related)
1143:Ion channel modulators
249:ganglion type receptor
1867:nicotinic antagonists
1380:GABA receptor agonist
552:-adrenergic receptors
296:Non-selective agents
1834:Imidazoline receptor
573:Sympathomimetic drug
256:Peripherally acting
219:imidazoline receptor
132:works by inhibiting
119:tyrosine hydroxylase
92:adrenergic receptors
74:Mechanisms of action
1596:receptor antagonist
2213:Never to phase III
984:Pharmacomodulation
620:10.1007/bf00179321
426:Highly selective β
414:-selective agents
364:-selective agents
239:nicotinic receptor
100:adrenergic agonist
2223:
2222:
2182:
2181:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
1990:
1989:
1898:
1897:
1863:Ganglion-blocking
1690:antihypertensives
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1609:
1608:
1437:
1436:
1357:
1356:
1127:Enzyme inhibition
227:Ganglion-blocking
177:Centrally acting
171:antihypertensives
154:6-hydroxydopamine
126:synaptic vesicles
48:antihypertensives
16:(Redirected from
2243:
2123:
2119:
2086:
1999:
1914:
1907:
1725:
1718:
1712:vasoconstriction
1679:
1672:
1665:
1656:
1626:Enzyme cofactors
1545:Opioid modulator
1502:Cannabinoidergic
1368:
1174:
1161:
1115:
977:
970:
963:
954:
930:
929:
901:
895:
894:
892:
890:
875:
869:
868:
844:
838:
837:
801:
795:
794:
777:(9): 1247–1249.
766:
760:
759:
751:
745:
744:
734:
716:
692:
686:
685:
649:
640:
639:
603:
597:
596:
589:
542:that acts as an
264:Magnesium-ATPase
21:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2203:Clinical trials
2178:
2121:
2107:
2062:
2044:
2006:
1986:
1968:
1936:VMAT inhibitors
1930:
1894:
1857:
1828:
1770:
1732:
1710:
1705:
1697:
1683:
1653:
1644:
1605:
1595:
1564:
1531:
1496:
1433:
1395:
1353:
1342:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1295:
1269:
1240:
1154:
1145:
1130:
1106:
1052:Inverse agonist
1042:Partial agonist
986:
981:
939:
934:
933:
903:
902:
898:
888:
886:
877:
876:
872:
846:
845:
841:
803:
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798:
768:
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763:
753:
752:
748:
694:
693:
689:
651:
650:
643:
605:
604:
600:
591:
590:
586:
581:
569:
551:
544:inverse agonist
539:
534:Prazosin is an
532:
477:
448:
443:
429:
413:
363:
277:
189:inverse agonist
188:
167:
162:
76:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2249:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2228:
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2217:
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2215:
2214:
2211:
2200:
2194:
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2179:
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2154:
2127:
2125:
2109:
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2106:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1954:Methoserpidine
1951:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
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1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1722:
1715:
1703:Sympatholytics
1699:
1698:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
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1504:
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1232:
1226:
1220:
1207:
1201:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1158:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1121:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1011:
1010:
1005:
994:
992:
988:
987:
982:
980:
979:
972:
965:
957:
951:
950:
943:Sympatholytics
938:
937:External links
935:
932:
931:
912:(2): 371–373.
896:
870:
839:
812:(9): 546–550.
796:
761:
746:
687:
641:
598:
583:
582:
580:
577:
576:
575:
568:
565:
549:
537:
531:
530:Alpha blockers
528:
496:norepinephrine
476:
473:
455:social anxiety
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
436:
435:
434:
433:
432:
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427:
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361:
358:
357:
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351:
346:
341:
335:
329:
324:
318:
312:
307:
302:
293:Beta blockers
291:
281:
275:
267:
254:
253:
252:
242:
224:
223:
222:
212:
202:
192:
186:
166:
163:
161:
158:
115:Methyltyrosine
84:norepinephrine
75:
72:
56:panic disorder
40:postganglionic
36:sympathoplegic
26:
24:
18:Sympatholytics
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2248:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
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2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2152:
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2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
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2087:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2059:
2056:
2055:
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2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1964:Syrosingopine
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:Hexamethonium
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
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1835:
1831:
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1807:
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1800:
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1734:
1726:
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1716:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:Sympatholytic
1680:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:Miscellaneous
1612:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1401:Glutamatergic
1398:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1275:Histaminergic
1272:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:
993:
989:
985:
978:
973:
971:
966:
964:
959:
958:
955:
948:
944:
941:
940:
936:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
900:
897:
884:
880:
874:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
843:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
765:
762:
757:
750:
747:
742:
738:
733:
728:
724:
720:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
646:
642:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
602:
599:
594:
588:
585:
578:
574:
571:
570:
566:
564:
562:
557:
553:
545:
541:
529:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
474:
472:
470:
466:
462:
460:
456:
451:
446:Beta blockers
445:
440:
425:
422:
419:
416:
415:
409:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
369:
366:
365:
359:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
295:
294:
292:
289:
288:alpha blocker
285:
282:
279:
271:
268:
265:
261:
258:
257:
255:
250:
246:
243:
240:
237:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
220:
216:
213:
210:
206:
203:
200:
199:ACE inhibitor
196:
193:
190:
182:
179:
178:
176:
175:
174:
172:
164:
159:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
137:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
73:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:sympatholytic
19:
2156:
2135:Aprocitentan
2130:
2058:Phentolamine
1944:Bietaserpine
1890:Trimethaphan
1880:Mecamylamine
1814:Guanethidine
1794:Debrisoquine
1708:α-adrenergic
1706:(antagonize
1702:
1685:
1636:
1624:
1322:Serotonergic
1246:Dopaminergic
1125:
909:
905:
899:
887:. Retrieved
882:
873:
856:
852:
842:
809:
805:
799:
774:
770:
764:
755:
749:
704:
700:
690:
660:(1): 17–26.
657:
653:
614:(5): 504–9.
611:
607:
601:
587:
533:
505:
478:
467:
463:
459:stage fright
452:
449:
260:Guanethidine
245:Trimethaphan
232:Mecamylamine
195:Rescinnamine
168:
165:Hypertension
160:Medical uses
150:guanethidine
138:
123:
108:
77:
35:
31:
29:
2199:from market
2173:Sotatercept
2161:Ambrisentan
2081:antagonists
1949:Deserpidine
1885:Pentolinium
1848:Rilmenidine
1804:Guanazodine
1784:Bethanidine
1766:Tiamenidine
1756:Guanoxabenz
1638:Amino acids
1537:Opioidergic
1443:Cholinergic
1156:transporter
1136:Ion channel
1072:Transporter
1016:Ion channel
424:ICI-118,551
344:Propranolol
251:antagonist)
241:antagonist)
215:Rilmenidine
104:α2 receptor
80:epinephrine
2169:Sitaxentan
2165:+tadalafil
2147:+tadalafil
2143:Macitentan
2103:Lidanserin
2098:Ketanserin
2035:Trimazosin
2020:Ketanserin
1982:Metirosine
1903:Peripheral
1853:Tolonidine
1843:Moxonidine
1809:Guancydine
1761:Methyldopa
1751:Guanfacine
1486:Ganglionic
1477:Muscarinic
1455:Muscarinic
1178:Adrenergic
1047:Antagonist
859:(8): 371.
579:References
563:symptoms.
524:Guanfacine
516:Guanfacine
512:imipramine
492:guanfacine
418:Butaxamine
399:Metoprolol
389:Celiprolol
384:Bisoprolol
368:Acebutolol
332:Penbutolol
315:Carvedilol
305:Bucindolol
300:Alprenolol
278:antagonist
266:inhibitor)
211:inhibitor)
64:guanfacine
2209:Phase III
2197:Withdrawn
2157:selective
2151:Riociguat
2025:Indoramin
2015:Doxazosin
1959:Reserpine
1926:Pargyline
1819:Guanoclor
1799:Guanadrel
1789:Bretylium
1746:Guanabenz
1741:Clonidine
1633:Precursor
1482:Nicotinic
1460:Nicotinic
1372:GABAergic
1097:Precursor
1082:Inhibitor
1008:Inhibitor
723:2095-7467
520:clonidine
508:clonidine
500:Clonidine
488:clonidine
404:Nebivolol
379:Betaxolol
321:Labetalol
310:Carteolol
284:Doxazosin
270:Indoramin
205:Reserpine
173:include:
146:bretylium
130:Reserpine
96:clonidine
2230:Category
2139:Bosentan
2040:Urapidil
2030:Prazosin
1910:Indirect
1836:agonists
1824:Guanoxan
1621:Cofactor
1491:Muscular
1151:Receptor
1102:Cofactor
1088:Releaser
1076:Enhancer
1070:♦
1033:Receptor
1031:♦
1014:♦
997:♦
926:12562588
834:38938044
741:26504586
682:24742562
567:See also
556:prazosin
540:-blocker
374:Atenolol
338:Pindolol
221:agonist)
181:Prazosin
1721:Central
1578:(AdoRI)
1528:(eCBRI)
1111:Classes
1037:Agonist
1025:Blocker
1003:Inducer
865:8752021
826:2769247
791:8824068
732:4620711
674:1348368
628:3244392
441:Anxiety
394:Esmolol
354:Timolol
349:Sotalol
327:Nadolol
102:at the
2192:WHO-EM
2079:Other
1995:Direct
1522:(eCBE)
1119:Enzyme
1020:Opener
999:Enzyme
949:(MeSH)
924:
889:3 June
883:IUPHAR
863:
832:
824:
789:
739:
729:
721:
707:: 24.
680:
672:
634:
626:
457:, or "
98:is an
2115:(for
1635:(see
1623:(see
1569:Other
1392:(GRI)
1350:(SRI)
1266:(DRI)
1237:(NRI)
1153:&
1065:(NAM)
1059:(PAM)
991:Types
830:S2CID
678:S2CID
636:31949
632:S2CID
2131:dual
1423:NMDA
1413:AMPA
1339:5-HT
1141:See
1124:see
1090:(RA)
1084:(RI)
1078:(RE)
922:PMID
891:2016
861:PMID
822:PMID
787:PMID
737:PMID
719:ISSN
670:PMID
624:PMID
561:PTSD
510:and
490:and
484:PTSD
236:α3β4
209:VMAT
152:and
134:VMAT
82:and
68:ADHD
60:PTSD
58:and
2167:),
2149:),
1694:C02
914:doi
910:160
814:doi
810:177
779:doi
727:PMC
709:doi
662:doi
616:doi
612:338
546:at
2232::
2205::
2171:,
2141:,
2137:,
2118:PH
1592:NK
1493:))
1462:)
1363:AA
1206:))
1165:BA
1074::
1035::
1018::
1001::
920:.
908:.
881:.
857:57
855:.
851:.
828:.
820:.
808:.
785:.
775:35
773:.
735:.
725:.
717:.
703:.
699:.
676:.
668:.
658:16
656:.
644:^
630:.
622:.
610:.
498:.
156:.
148:,
128:.
121:.
113:.
70:.
54:,
30:A
2175:)
2163:(
2159:(
2153:)
2145:(
2133:(
2124:)
2005:1
2003:α
1865:/
1731:2
1729:α
1714:)
1696:)
1692:(
1678:e
1671:t
1664:v
1641:)
1629:)
1594:1
1484:(
1475:(
1453:(
1425:)
1421:(
1415:)
1411:(
1344:)
1341:3
1337:(
1313:)
1310:3
1308:H
1302:2
1300:H
1294:1
1292:H
1290:(
1231:)
1229:β
1225:)
1223:2
1218:1
1216:(
1214:α
1212:(
1204:2
1199:1
1197:(
1195:β
1190:α
1188:(
1169:M
1167:/
976:e
969:t
962:v
928:.
916::
893:.
867:.
836:.
816::
793:.
781::
743:.
711::
705:2
684:.
664::
638:.
618::
595:.
550:1
548:α
538:1
536:α
428:2
412:2
410:β
362:1
360:β
290:)
286:(
280:)
276:1
274:α
272:(
262:(
247:(
234:(
217:(
207:(
201:)
197:(
191:)
187:1
185:α
183:(
34:(
20:)
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