391:, although foot or leg is a common location of such an infection. A typical cause could be an open wound or surgery and both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients can develop the infection. Eumycetoma grows in a granular fashion, is usually painless at first and grows steadily, causing complications and even disability if left untreated.
509:
Effective treatment against scedosporiosis continues to present a challenge to modern medicine – as do many other fungal infections. It is still being researched and can vary depending on the localization and type of infection. Factors like immunodeficiency can significantly hinder the chances of a
457:
Disseminated infections present a significant challenge to manage and result in consistently high mortality. Some studies suggest overall mortality rates for disseminated infections to be within 58-75%. A review of 25 cases published in 2006 reported mortality rates of disseminated infections with
551:
infection found no association with antifungal treatment (using then-currently available medications) and reduced risk of death. One study, however, argued for the efficiency of combination therapy using voriconazole and terbinafine to cure an orthopedic infection in a non-immunocompromised host
258:
The risk of misidentification of the fungi for other infecting agents is, as previously mentioned, extant and significant as a given treatment will be differently applicable to different fungal infections, especially considering resistance patterns. In 2002, a corneal disease case was reported
484:
The culmination of disseminated scedosporiosis would be a highly fatal infection (>90% mortality rate) of the central nervous system. This development is possible in both immunocompromised and immunodeficient individuals. Studies report the former group develops the condition after a
179:, it is the second most common fungal infection. Moreover, a certain difficulty has been reported with correctly identifying the pathogen as, for example, scedosporal infections are in some cases almost indistinguishable from infections with other
1848:
1608:
Rogasi PG, Zanazzi M, Nocentini J, Fantoni E, Trotta M, Faggi E, et al. (2007). "Disseminated
Scedosporium apiospermum infection in renal transplant recipient: long-term successful treatment with voriconazole: a case report".
1736:
Gosbell IB, Toumasatos V, Yong J, Kuo RS, Ellis DH, Perrie RC (June 2003). "Cure of orthopaedic infection with
Scedosporium prolificans, using voriconazole plus terbinafine, without the need for radical surgery".
496:
Reported as "most catastrophic", a systematic disseminated scedosporal infection happens after its infiltration of blood vessel and subsequent growth in tissues. In neutropenic patients and patients with
132:
to be among the most common infecting agents from the genus, although infections caused by other members thereof are not unheard of. The latter is an asexual form (anamorph) of another fungus,
450:, have a risk of developing an infection that would constitute a spread of the extant localized infection throughout the organism. Additional and highly significant risk factor is
348:
are capable of causing a wide range of infections, both in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Infections arising therefrom can be both localized and disseminated.
375:
and limbs. It can commonly be found on the surface of the skin in a form of white and yellow papules. Among the other most common manifestations would be mycetoma, specifically,
537:
was reported to be effective in 2017. An immunocompromised patient suffering from an intense subcutaneous infection in his right leg was successfully treated using this method.
789:"Infections due to Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans in transplant recipients: clinical characteristics and impact of antifungal agent therapy on outcome"
1284:
Chen SC, Patel S, Meyer W, Chapman B, Yu H, Byth K, et al. (February 2018). "Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Inhibits the Growth of Scedosporium and Lomentospora In Vitro".
187:– this difficulty could have potentially contributed to the "underrating" of the pathogen. All of this, along with the wide resistance possessed by the pathogens to the
543:
treatment presents a more significant challenge due to its wider array of antifungal resistance. Localized limb infections might require extensive surgery or even
1094:
Lackner M, De Hoog GS, Yang L, Moreno LF, Ahmed SA, Andreas F, et al. (2014). "Proposed nomenclature for
Pseudallescheria, Scedosporium and related genera".
1646:"Recurrent Scedosporium apiospermum mycetoma successfully treated by surgical excision and terbinafine treatment: a case report and review of the literature"
273:
was shown to be erroneous. In the correction to that particular case, a distinction was suggested based on the arrangement of cells and shape and color of
641:"Population-based surveillance for scedosporiosis in Australia: epidemiology, disease manifestations and emergence of Scedosporium aurantiacum infection"
191:
therapies currently in medical use, presents the increased interest for researchers to further study the scedoporal infections and develop treatments.
514:. A study of 107 patients with saw the treatment successfully working in 57% in patients infected with scedosporiosis with best effects in localized
352:
32:
161:
and even an "underrated" opportunistic pathogen. It was reported in a 2003 US study that
Scedosporiosis had been associated with 25% of all non-
489:
experience in water contaminated with the pathogen's conidia. An extreme manifestation of this highly lethal case of scedosporiosis would be a
1591:
Klimko, N.N; Veselov, A.V. (2003) New
Antifungals for the treatment of Invasive Mycoses. Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
1455:
Gelabert-González M, Arcos-Algaba A, Serramito-García R, García-Allut A, Llovo-Taboada J, Peñalver-Barral MD, Reyes-Santías R (2010).
526:. A 2007 case report likewise shows the effectiveness of voriconazole in a renal transplant patient with disseminated scedosporiosis.
1412:
Katragkou A, Dotis J, Kotsiou M, Tamiolaki M, Roilides E (September 2007). "Scedosporium apiospermum infection after near-drowning".
211:
is, indeed, not a recently discovered human pathogen and data about it have been aggregated over a period of more than 120 years.
284:
830:"Opportunistic mycelial fungal infections in organ transplant recipients: emerging importance of non-Aspergillus mycelial fungi"
1900:
1596:
1456:
580:
158:
697:
Ramirez-Garcia A, Pellon A, Rementeria A, Buldain I, Barreto-Bergter E, Rollin-Pinheiro R, et al. (April 2018).
1139:"Scedosporium prolificans keratouveitis in association with a contact lens retained intraocularly over a long term"
1695:
Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Berenguer J, Guarro J, Kantarcioglu AS, Horre R, de Hoog GS, Cuenca-Estrella M (June 2009).
973:
Guarro J, Kantarcioglu AS, Horré R, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Cuenca
Estrella M, Berenguer J, de Hoog GS (June 2006).
261:
510:
successful outcome. Studies suggest
Voriconazole to be effective as clinical treatment for infections caused by
1905:
128:
118:
58:
54:
315:
was found to be consistently resistant to all of these drugs and the effectiveness of voriconazole against it
555:
More resent medical advances show hope for more efficient antifungal therapies, however, as novel drugs like
584:
231:
134:
1878:
1059:
Antachopoulos C, Katragkou A, Roilides E (January 2012). "Immunotherapy against invasive mold infections".
478:
with the overall mortality being 79% among all patients, with a likewise 100% mortality for infections by
328:
143:
1015:"Immunoproteomics-Based Analysis of the Immunocompetent Serological Response to Lomentospora prolificans"
1032:
230:. It has also been reported that at different timepoints, both, at some point, have been referred to as
168:
1457:"Absceso cerebral por Scedosporium apiospermum. Presentación de un caso con revisión de la literatura"
270:
1235:
Lackner M, de Hoog GS, Verweij PE, Najafzadeh MJ, Curfs-Breuker I, Klaassen CH, Meis JF (May 2012).
518:
skin and bone infections. A 2003 review confirms its effectiveness for treating invasive mycosis of
380:
1237:"Species-specific antifungal susceptibility patterns of Scedosporium and Pseudallescheria species"
1762:
1437:
1309:
1119:
1811:
1754:
1718:
1677:
1626:
1574:
1525:
1476:
1429:
1394:
1373:"Voriconazole MICs are predictive for the outcome of experimental disseminated scedosporiosis"
1350:
1301:
1266:
1217:
1168:
1111:
1076:
996:
952:
903:
851:
810:
764:
720:
662:
467:
443:
27:
787:
Husain S, Muñoz P, Forrest G, Alexander BD, Somani J, Brennan K, et al. (January 2005).
426:
are known to be able to cause it. It presents itself in a form of painful lesions within the
251:, likewise, went through a name change, and in the most recent literature, the original name
1801:
1793:
1746:
1708:
1667:
1657:
1618:
1564:
1556:
1515:
1507:
1468:
1421:
1384:
1340:
1293:
1256:
1248:
1207:
1199:
1158:
1150:
1103:
1068:
1018:
986:
942:
934:
893:
885:
841:
800:
754:
710:
652:
619:
70:
269:. The identification performed by the researchers based on the specifics of the pathogen’s
142:
fungus), currently not characterized as well, although both of them have been described as
1597:
https://cmac-journal.ru/publication/2003/4/cmac-2003-t05-n4-p342/cmac-2003-t05-n4-p342.pdf
1543:
Troke P, Aguirrebengoa K, Arteaga C, Ellis D, Heath CH, Lutsar I, et al. (May 2008).
1371:
Martin-Vicente A, Guarro J, González GM, Lass-Flörl C, Lackner M, Capilla J (April 2017).
1045:
975:"Scedosporium apiospermum: changing clinical spectrum of a therapy-refractory opportunist"
872:
Denton EJ, Smibert O, Gooi J, Morrissey CO, Snell G, McGiffin D, Paraskeva M (June 2016).
595:
as well as other fungi known to be universally resistant to known antifungal medications.
368:
292:
176:
828:
Husain S, Alexander BD, Munoz P, Avery RK, Houston S, Pruett T, et al. (July 2003).
639:
Heath CH, Slavin MA, Sorrell TC, Handke R, Harun A, Phillips M, et al. (July 2009).
283:
was found to be resistant to a wide range of the known antifungal drugs, displaying high
1806:
1781:
1697:"Epidemiology and outcome of Scedosporium prolificans infection, a review of 162 cases"
1672:
1645:
1622:
1569:
1544:
1520:
1495:
1261:
1236:
1023:
1014:
947:
922:
898:
873:
471:
288:
172:
1545:"Treatment of scedosporiosis with voriconazole: clinical experience with 107 patients"
1494:
Box H, Negri C, Livermore J, Whalley S, Johnson A, McEntee L, et al. (May 2018).
1472:
1212:
1187:
1894:
1750:
1425:
1163:
1154:
1138:
657:
640:
604:
556:
490:
486:
392:
308:
1766:
1441:
1345:
1328:
1313:
1203:
1123:
564:
523:
300:
296:
113:
1137:
Arthur S, Steed LL, Apple DJ, Peng Q, Howard G, Escobar-Gomez M (December 2001).
587:– is also deserving of the reader's attention as it showed efficacy against both
921:
Nagano Y, Cherie MB, Goldsmith CE, Stuart EJ, Rendall J, Moore JE (2009-01-08).
534:
451:
431:
163:
139:
74:
65:
889:
699:"Scedosporium and Lomentospora: an updated overview of underrated opportunists"
1713:
1696:
1662:
1644:
Tóth EJ, Nagy GR, Homa M, Ábrók M, Kiss IÉ, Nagy G, et al. (April 2017).
1297:
1107:
991:
974:
874:"Invasive Scedosporium sternal osteomyelitis following lung transplant: Cured"
544:
376:
304:
188:
88:
1480:
1115:
938:
741:
Revankar SG, Patterson JE, Sutton DA, Pullen R, Rinaldi MG (February 2002).
411:
1815:
1797:
1758:
1722:
1681:
1630:
1578:
1529:
1433:
1398:
1354:
1305:
1270:
1221:
1172:
1080:
1000:
956:
907:
855:
814:
768:
724:
666:
466:
to be 70 and 100%, respectively. A 2002 review of 72 cases of disseminated
215:, on the other hand, was discovered more recently, in 1974, under the name
199:
First detectable description of a scedosporal disease arises in 1911 where
1840:
1873:
1560:
1511:
1389:
1372:
1252:
715:
698:
609:
576:
447:
274:
204:
1496:"Pharmacodynamics of Voriconazole for Invasive Pulmonary Scedosporiosis"
923:"Emergence of Scedosporium apiospermum in patients with cystic fibrosis"
533:-caused mycetoma, a treatment constituting a combination of surgery and
1072:
614:
396:
101:
36:
407:
was reported in a successfully cured lung transplant patient in 2016.
171:
patients. In a similar 2005 study scedosporal infections caused a 58%
1852:
1188:"Acrophialophora fusispora misidentified as Scedosporium prolificans"
427:
415:
384:
109:
78:
175:
for transplant recipients affected with it. Among the patients with
846:
829:
805:
788:
759:
742:
559:– a glucan synthase inhibitor – is somewhat effective in treating
372:
150:
501:, this produces most severe case of the infection and fatality.
388:
277:, however, in practice, difficulties therein still can persist.
180:
743:"Disseminated phaeohyphomycosis: review of an emerging mycosis"
498:
400:
255:
is generally preferred as proposed by
Lackner et al. in 2014.
1782:"Hope on the Horizon: Novel Fungal Treatments in Development"
1780:
Rauseo AM, Coler-Reilly A, Larson L, Spec A (February 2020).
1333:
Hematology. American
Society of Hematology. Education Program
153:
are more and more recognized as significant human pathogens.
1329:"Treatment of fungal disease in the setting of neutropenia"
322:
Interestingly, it was recently established that the growth
470:
reported poor outcomes for the antifungal treatment using
355:
patients are a significant proportion of those at risk of
367:
Localized scedosporiosis can occur in a vast range of
122:(also known and recently more commonly referred to as
1366:
1364:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
1830:
571:
efficacy as treatment for scedosporiosis (including
446:, as well as those suffering from cancers including
1864:
1834:
84:
64:
50:
42:
26:
21:
1650:Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials
442:Severely immunocompromised patients, patients on
222:There has been a series of name changes for both
351:It was reported that solid organ transplant and
736:
734:
299:, and is, to different extents, susceptible to
968:
966:
867:
865:
782:
780:
778:
8:
522:while also citing evidence for efficacy of
379:(a mycetoma caused by a fungus), affecting
116:. Current population-based studies suggest
1831:
567:, another fungal enzyme inhibitor, showed
326:can be inhibited by non-mucoid strains of
18:
1805:
1712:
1671:
1661:
1568:
1519:
1388:
1377:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
1344:
1260:
1211:
1162:
1022:
990:
946:
897:
845:
804:
758:
714:
656:
454:, found especially in leukemia patients.
410:Scedosporal eye infection, specifically,
552:without the need for a radical surgery.
414:, arises usually after an injury of the
207:– a deep fungal subcutaneous infection.
631:
1327:Walsh TJ, Gamaletsou MN (2013-12-06).
1041:
1030:
1549:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
1500:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
1241:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
138:. The former is a "black yeast" (aka
7:
1186:Guarro J, Gené J (September 2002).
645:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
203:was identified as a cause of human
1623:10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.05.044
1024:10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00978.s001
353:hematopoietic stem cell transplant
14:
1751:10.1046/j.1439-0507.2003.00878.x
1426:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01388.x
1192:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1155:10.1128/jcm.39.12.4579-4582.2001
1143:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
658:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02802.x
285:minimal inhibitory concentration
1346:10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.423
1204:10.1128/JCM.40.9.3544-3545.2002
1786:Open Forum Infectious Diseases
1:
1473:10.1016/s1130-1473(10)70068-3
878:Medical Mycology Case Reports
430:accompanied by symptoms like
183:, like the already-mentioned
834:Clinical Infectious Diseases
793:Clinical Infectious Diseases
747:Clinical Infectious Diseases
581:dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
100:is the general name for any
1611:Transplantation Proceedings
583:inhibitor – which disrupts
547:. A review of 162 cases of
1922:
933:(jan08 1): bcr2007119503.
890:10.1016/j.mmcr.2016.07.001
563:infections. Another drug,
403:bone infection, caused by
1714:10.1080/13693780802524506
1663:10.1186/s12941-017-0195-z
1298:10.1007/s11046-017-0140-x
1108:10.1007/s13225-014-0295-4
992:10.1080/13693780600752507
444:immunosuppressive therapy
262:Acrophialophora fusispora
129:Scedosporium apiospermum
124:Lomentospora prolificans
119:Scedosporium prolificans
104:– i.e., fungal infection
59:Scedosporium apiospermum
55:Scedosporium prolificans
939:10.1136/bcr.2007.119503
585:pyrimidine biosynthesis
246:Monosporium apiospermum
242:Pseudallescheria sheari
135:Pseudallescheria boydii
46:localized, disseminated
1901:Animal fungal diseases
1040:Cite journal requires
329:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
167:fungal infections for
249:. S. prolificans
1798:10.1093/ofid/ofaa016
1561:10.1128/aac.01388-07
1512:10.1128/AAC.02516-17
1253:10.1128/AAC.05910-11
709:(suppl_1): 102–125.
480:S. prolificans.
438:Disseminated mycosis
434:and blurred vision.
233:Petriellidium boydii
593:S. apiospermum
589:S. prolificans
573:S. prolificans
561:S. prolificans
549:S. prolificans
531:S. apiospermum
520:S. apiospermum
516:S. apiospermum
512:S. apiospermum
464:S. prolificans
460:S. apiospermum
424:S. prolificans
420:S. apiospermum
405:S. apiospermum
381:subcutaneous tissue
346:S. prolificans
342:S. apiospermum
324:S. prolificans
313:S. prolificans
281:S. apiospermum
253:L. prolificans
226:and its teleomorph
224:S. apiospermum
209:S. apiospermum
201:S. apiospermum
157:is described as an
155:S. apiospermum
1865:External resources
1390:10.1093/jac/dkw532
1073:10.2217/imt.11.159
716:10.1093/mmy/myx113
383:, joints and even
238:Allescheria boydii
149:The fungi of this
33:Infectious disease
1888:
1887:
468:phaeohyphomycosis
363:Localized mycosis
265:was mistaken for
185:Aspergillus
181:filamentous fungi
95:
94:
16:Medical condition
1913:
1832:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1701:Medical Mycology
1692:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1665:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1605:
1599:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1506:(5): e02516–17.
1491:
1485:
1484:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1383:(4): 1118–1122.
1368:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1198:(9): 3544–3545.
1183:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1096:Fungal Diversity
1091:
1085:
1084:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1011:
1005:
1004:
994:
979:Medical Mycology
970:
961:
960:
950:
927:BMJ Case Reports
918:
912:
911:
901:
869:
860:
859:
849:
825:
819:
818:
808:
784:
773:
772:
762:
738:
729:
728:
718:
703:Medical Mycology
694:
671:
670:
660:
636:
620:Immunodeficiency
395:, particularly,
169:organ transplant
71:immunodeficiency
19:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1906:Fungal diseases
1891:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1860:
1859:
1843:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1590:
1586:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1149:(12): 4579–82.
1136:
1135:
1131:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1039:
1029:
1013:
1012:
1008:
972:
971:
964:
920:
919:
915:
871:
870:
863:
827:
826:
822:
786:
785:
776:
740:
739:
732:
696:
695:
674:
638:
637:
633:
628:
601:
507:
440:
369:internal organs
365:
338:
197:
177:cystic fibrosis
112:from the genus
17:
12:
11:
5:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:Classification
1828:
1827:External links
1825:
1822:
1821:
1792:(2): ofaa016.
1772:
1745:(5–6): 233–6.
1728:
1687:
1636:
1600:
1584:
1555:(5): 1743–50.
1535:
1486:
1467:(2): 125–131.
1447:
1404:
1360:
1319:
1292:(1): 251–261.
1286:Mycopathologia
1276:
1247:(5): 2635–42.
1227:
1178:
1129:
1086:
1051:
1042:|journal=
1006:
985:(4): 295–327.
962:
913:
861:
847:10.1086/375822
820:
806:10.1086/426445
774:
760:10.1086/338636
730:
672:
630:
629:
627:
624:
623:
622:
617:
612:
607:
600:
597:
541:S. prolificans
506:
503:
439:
436:
364:
361:
337:
334:
289:amphotericin B
228:P. boydii
217:L. prolificans
213:S. prolificans
196:
193:
173:mortality rate
108:– caused by a
98:Scedosporiosis
93:
92:
91:drugs, surgery
86:
82:
81:
68:
62:
61:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
30:
24:
23:
22:Scedosporiosis
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1918:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1707:(4): 359–70.
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:(6): 2033–5.
1616:
1612:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:(5): 412–21.
1419:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:(1): 107–20.
1066:
1062:
1061:Immunotherapy
1055:
1052:
1047:
1034:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1002:
998:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
969:
967:
963:
958:
954:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
917:
914:
909:
905:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
866:
862:
857:
853:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
821:
816:
812:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
783:
781:
779:
775:
770:
766:
761:
756:
753:(4): 467–76.
752:
748:
744:
737:
735:
731:
726:
722:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
673:
668:
664:
659:
654:
651:(7): 689–93.
650:
646:
642:
635:
632:
625:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
605:Aspergillosis
603:
602:
598:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
557:Ibrexafungerp
553:
550:
546:
542:
538:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
504:
502:
500:
494:
492:
491:brain abscess
488:
487:near-drowning
482:
481:
477:
475:
469:
465:
461:
455:
453:
449:
445:
437:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:Osteomyelitis
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
362:
360:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
335:
333:
331:
330:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
309:anidulafungin
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:isavuconazole
290:
286:
282:
278:
276:
272:
268:
267:S. prolifcans
264:
263:
256:
254:
250:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
194:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
136:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
72:
69:
67:
63:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
38:
34:
31:
29:
25:
20:
1872:
1847:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1592:
1587:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1464:
1461:Neurocirugía
1460:
1450:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1380:
1376:
1339:(1): 423–7.
1336:
1332:
1322:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1033:cite journal
1009:
982:
978:
930:
926:
916:
881:
877:
840:(2): 221–9.
837:
833:
823:
799:(1): 89–99.
796:
792:
750:
746:
706:
702:
648:
644:
634:
592:
588:
572:
568:
565:fosmanogepix
560:
554:
548:
540:
539:
530:
529:In cases of
528:
524:ravuconazole
519:
515:
511:
508:
495:
483:
479:
473:
472:amphotericin
463:
459:
456:
441:
423:
419:
409:
404:
366:
357:Scedosporium
356:
350:
345:
341:
339:
327:
323:
321:
319:is limited.
316:
312:
301:voriconazole
297:posaconazole
280:
279:
266:
260:
257:
252:
248:
245:
241:
237:
232:
227:
223:
221:
216:
212:
208:
200:
198:
184:
162:
154:
148:
140:dematiaceous
133:
127:
123:
117:
114:Scedosporium
105:
97:
96:
66:Risk factors
1102:(1): 1–10.
535:terbinafine
452:neutropenia
432:photophobia
164:Aspergillus
144:saprophytes
75:neutropenia
1895:Categories
626:References
545:amputation
399:and lower
377:eumycetoma
305:micafungin
287:values to
271:morphology
195:Background
189:antifungal
89:antifungal
1656:(1): 31.
1481:1130-1473
1116:1560-2745
505:Treatment
412:keratitis
359:mycoses.
336:Infection
85:Treatment
28:Specialty
1874:Orphanet
1816:32099843
1767:30626011
1759:12801370
1723:19031336
1682:28410611
1631:17692684
1579:18212110
1530:29439967
1442:42935146
1434:17714363
1399:28031271
1355:24319214
1314:26000119
1306:28512704
1271:22290955
1222:12202618
1173:11724890
1124:14284012
1081:22150004
1001:16772225
957:21687279
908:27595059
884:: 14–6.
856:12856215
815:15614697
769:11797173
725:29538735
667:19549223
610:Mycetoma
599:See also
579:, a new
577:Olorofim
569:in vitro
448:leukemia
317:in vitro
259:wherein
205:mycetoma
159:emerging
1856:: B48.7
1807:7031074
1739:Mycoses
1673:5391591
1570:2346616
1521:5923149
1414:Mycoses
1262:3346635
948:3034750
899:4995602
615:Mycosis
418:, both
397:sternal
385:muscles
371:and in
275:conidia
102:mycosis
37:mycosis
1879:449280
1814:
1804:
1765:
1757:
1721:
1680:
1670:
1629:
1577:
1567:
1528:
1518:
1479:
1440:
1432:
1397:
1353:
1312:
1304:
1269:
1259:
1220:
1213:130777
1210:
1171:
1161:
1122:
1114:
1079:
999:
955:
945:
906:
896:
854:
813:
767:
723:
665:
474:
428:retina
416:cornea
373:joints
126:) and
110:fungus
106:
79:cancer
51:Causes
1763:S2CID
1438:S2CID
1310:S2CID
1164:88594
1120:S2CID
389:bones
340:Both
151:genus
43:Types
1812:PMID
1755:PMID
1719:PMID
1678:PMID
1627:PMID
1595:(4)
1575:PMID
1526:PMID
1477:ISSN
1430:PMID
1395:PMID
1351:PMID
1337:2013
1302:PMID
1267:PMID
1218:PMID
1169:PMID
1112:ISSN
1077:PMID
1046:help
997:PMID
953:PMID
931:2009
904:PMID
852:PMID
811:PMID
765:PMID
721:PMID
663:PMID
591:and
462:and
422:and
387:and
344:and
307:and
295:and
244:and
1849:ICD
1802:PMC
1794:doi
1747:doi
1709:doi
1668:PMC
1658:doi
1619:doi
1565:PMC
1557:doi
1516:PMC
1508:doi
1469:doi
1422:doi
1385:doi
1341:doi
1294:doi
1290:183
1257:PMC
1249:doi
1208:PMC
1200:doi
1159:PMC
1151:doi
1104:doi
1069:doi
1019:doi
987:doi
943:PMC
935:doi
894:PMC
886:doi
842:doi
801:doi
755:doi
711:doi
653:doi
575:).
499:HIV
401:rib
1897::
1877::
1853:10
1810:.
1800:.
1788:.
1784:.
1761:.
1753:.
1743:46
1741:.
1717:.
1705:47
1703:.
1699:.
1676:.
1666:.
1654:16
1652:.
1648:.
1625:.
1615:39
1613:.
1573:.
1563:.
1553:52
1551:.
1547:.
1524:.
1514:.
1504:62
1502:.
1498:.
1475:.
1465:21
1463:.
1459:.
1436:.
1428:.
1418:50
1416:.
1393:.
1381:72
1379:.
1375:.
1363:^
1349:.
1335:.
1331:.
1308:.
1300:.
1288:.
1265:.
1255:.
1245:56
1243:.
1239:.
1216:.
1206:.
1196:40
1194:.
1190:.
1167:.
1157:.
1147:39
1145:.
1141:.
1118:.
1110:.
1100:67
1098:.
1075:.
1063:.
1037::
1035:}}
1031:{{
1017:.
995:.
983:44
981:.
977:.
965:^
951:.
941:.
929:.
925:.
902:.
892:.
882:12
880:.
876:.
864:^
850:.
838:37
836:.
832:.
809:.
797:40
795:.
791:.
777:^
763:.
751:34
749:.
745:.
733:^
719:.
707:56
705:.
701:.
675:^
661:.
649:15
647:.
643:.
493:.
332:.
311:.
303:,
291:,
240:,
236:,
219:.
146:.
77:,
73:,
57:,
35:,
1851:-
1841:D
1818:.
1796::
1790:7
1769:.
1749::
1725:.
1711::
1684:.
1660::
1633:.
1621::
1593:5
1581:.
1559::
1532:.
1510::
1483:.
1471::
1444:.
1424::
1401:.
1387::
1357:.
1343::
1316:.
1296::
1273:.
1251::
1224:.
1202::
1175:.
1153::
1126:.
1106::
1083:.
1071::
1065:4
1048:)
1044:(
1027:.
1021::
1003:.
989::
959:.
937::
910:.
888::
858:.
844::
817:.
803::
771:.
757::
727:.
713::
669:.
655::
476:B
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.