317:
340:
360:
181:
316:
339:
248:
224:
235:
usually begins as a spot of flickering light near or in the center of the visual field, which prevents vision within the scotoma area. It typically affects both eyes, as it is not a problem specific to one eye. The affected area flickers but is not dark. It then gradually expands outward from the
240:, which means that objects may be seen better by not looking directly at them in the early stages when the spot is in or near the center. The scotoma area may expand to occupy one half of the visual area of one eye, or it may be bilateral. It may occur as an isolated symptom without headache in
359:
259:
As the scotoma area expands, some people perceive only a bright flickering area that obstructs normal vision, while others describe seeing various patterns. Some describe seeing one or more shimmering arcs of white or colored flashing lights. An arc of light may gradually enlarge, become more
1238:
1223:
397:, published in 1998, surveyed 5,070 people between ages 30 and 62 and found that scintillating scotomas without other symptoms occurred in 1.23% of the group. The study did not find a link between late-life onset scintillating scotoma and
421:
to migraine, then without migraine later in life. Typically the scotoma resolves spontaneously within the stated time frame, leaving no subsequent symptoms, though some report fatigue, nausea, and dizziness as sequelae.
532:
382:, a pattern of changes in the behavior of nerves in the brain during a migraine. Migraines, in turn, may be caused by genetic influences and hormones. People with migraines often
298:
It may be difficult to read and dangerous to drive a vehicle while the scotoma is present. Normal central vision may return several minutes before the scotoma disappears from
543:
2318:
1715:
305:
Sufferers can keep a diary of dates on which the episodes occur to show to their physician, plus a small sketch of the anomaly, which may vary between episodes.
2387:
2313:
365:
A depiction of a scintillating scotoma that was almost spiral-shaped, with distortion of shapes but otherwise melting into the background similarly to the
345:
A depiction of a scintillating scotoma that was almost spiral-shaped, with distortion of shapes but otherwise melting into the background similarly to the
236:
initial spot. Vision remains normal beyond the borders of the expanding scotoma(s), with objects melting into the scotoma area background similarly to the
3018:
2880:
1327:
2335:
2330:
2155:
46:
1190:
823:
2195:
2308:
1253:
694:
2303:
2190:
1757:
1097:
Gardner-Medwin AR (December 1981). "Possible roles of vertebrate neuroglia in potassium dynamics, spreading depression and migraine".
147:
409:
Symptoms typically appear gradually over 5 to 20 minutes and generally last less than 60 minutes, leading to the headache in classic
1918:
592:
2058:
460:
2023:
3013:
2598:
2116:
2028:
2936:
2873:
2018:
1747:
291:
at the back of the brain, not in the eyes nor any component thereof, such as the retinas. This is a different disease from
2111:
2002:
1868:
650:
379:
125:
54:
623:
2509:
2200:
2185:
2987:
1397:
1355:
1320:
431:
3023:
2325:
2121:
2095:
2053:
2048:
1913:
1786:
1774:
1730:
2392:
1791:
2866:
2504:
2298:
2145:
1990:
1737:
651:"'It starts as a line of light, then works its way across my vision': the disorienting mystery of migraine auras"
2992:
2043:
2014:
1638:
1603:
1264:
568:
350:
281:
180:
3033:
2514:
2268:
2068:
1588:
1581:
576:
101:
2783:
2753:
2688:
2683:
2410:
1688:
1553:
1313:
876:
394:
142:
867:
Sun-Edelstein C, Mauskop A (June 2009). "Foods and supplements in the management of migraine headaches".
2402:
505:
809:
390:(MSG) is frequently reported as a dietary trigger, other scientific studies do not support this claim.
670:
2931:
2926:
2499:
2085:
2080:
2038:
1853:
1769:
1139:
387:
920:
Freeman M (October 2006). "Reconsidering the effects of monosodium glutamate: a literature review".
881:
2906:
2898:
2804:
2678:
2478:
2361:
2353:
2141:
2105:
2090:
1945:
1725:
1505:
1242:
842:
414:
366:
346:
331:
277:
241:
237:
208:
70:
827:
2415:
2165:
2073:
1997:
1950:
1762:
1698:
1683:
1543:
1492:
1035:
945:
902:
790:
77:
184:
Artist's depiction of a scintillating scotoma, exhibiting a flashing visual pattern similar to
3028:
2758:
2655:
2420:
2280:
2063:
1720:
1626:
1186:
1167:
1114:
1027:
992:
937:
894:
782:
747:
739:
588:
299:
273:
211:(without headache), also known as visual migraine or migraine aura. It is often confused with
185:
61:
276:
patterns used on ships in World War I. Others describe patterns within the arc as resembling
2546:
2536:
2382:
2357:
2290:
2256:
2175:
1806:
1796:
1693:
1548:
1435:
1425:
1157:
1147:
1106:
1019:
982:
973:
929:
886:
774:
731:
580:
292:
288:
212:
151:
719:
584:
2941:
2613:
2577:
2541:
2160:
1985:
1972:
1906:
1863:
1781:
1593:
1525:
1445:
1430:
1023:
330:
area with distortion of shapes but otherwise melting into the background similarly to the
718:
Maggioni, Ferdinando; Toldo, Giulia; Terrin, Alberto; Mainardi, Federico (January 2019).
1143:
2957:
2843:
2695:
2640:
2483:
2251:
2180:
1962:
1932:
1878:
1832:
1703:
1576:
1510:
1500:
1247:
447:
196:
82:
45:
3007:
2962:
2890:
2763:
2618:
2558:
2275:
2223:
2170:
2100:
2009:
1896:
1873:
1801:
1710:
1515:
1420:
1162:
1127:
933:
765:
Grosberg, Brian M.; Solomon, Seymour; Lipton, Richard B. (2005). "Retinal migraine".
456:
349:. This depiction shows the type of patterning that some have described as similar to
1293:
1039:
949:
794:
451:
322:
Flickering animation of a scintillating scotoma, where the scintillations were of a
2628:
2456:
1837:
1752:
1660:
1538:
1533:
1478:
1473:
964:
906:
655:
969:"Migrainous Visual Accompaniments Are Not Rare in Late Life: the Framingham Study"
2858:
1269:
1180:
890:
2977:
2827:
2778:
2721:
2716:
2673:
2651:
2562:
2553:
2473:
2451:
2263:
2235:
2033:
1901:
1742:
1563:
1440:
1392:
1339:
439:
383:
200:
132:
1128:"Mechanisms of migraine aura revealed by functional MRI in human visual cortex"
2982:
2972:
2921:
2748:
2711:
2635:
2623:
2567:
2528:
2434:
2370:
2349:
2239:
1598:
1463:
1232:
963:
Christine A. C. Wijman; Philip A. Wolf; Carlos S. Kase; Margaret Kelly-Hayes;
778:
627:
251:
In teichopsia, migraine sufferers see patterns in the shape of the walls of a
987:
968:
743:
735:
2911:
2799:
2773:
2647:
2593:
2581:
2466:
2461:
2446:
2442:
1980:
1678:
1655:
1468:
1415:
1410:
1387:
1305:
1288:
510:
269:
252:
169:
94:
90:
66:
1171:
1152:
941:
898:
786:
751:
247:
1118:
1031:
996:
386:
triggers for migraines involving stress or foods, or bright lights. While
326:
pattern starting in the center of vision, surrounded by a somewhat larger
2838:
2603:
2137:
1940:
1571:
1110:
418:
410:
204:
162:
106:
1215:
287:
The visual anomaly results from abnormal functioning of portions of the
2916:
2665:
2608:
2150:
1957:
1888:
1858:
1848:
1455:
1010:
Ekbom, Karl (July 1974). "Migraine in
Patients with Cluster Headache".
327:
232:
417:. For many sufferers, scintillating scotoma is first experienced as a
2768:
1670:
1647:
1367:
1227:
398:
323:
261:
227:
An artist's depiction of a scintillating scotoma with a bilateral arc
86:
1126:
Hadjikhani N, Sanchez Del Rio M, Wu O, et al. (10 April 2001).
268:, from Greek τεῖχος, town wall), because of its resemblance to the
223:
2740:
246:
222:
179:
1820:
1382:
1258:
2862:
2825:
2221:
1624:
1353:
1309:
272:
of a castle or fort seen from above. It also can resemble the
671:"Scintillating Scotoma: The Strange World of Migraine Auras"
434:
described the condition in the 18th century and called it
203:(1838–1903). Originating from the brain, it may precede a
624:"Neuro-Ophthalmology (4th edition): Genetics in Migraine"
264:
pattern, sometimes called a fortification spectrum (i.e.
53:
Example of a scintillating scotoma, as may be caused by
1051:
1049:
922:
Journal of the
American Academy of Nurse Practitioners
1205:
720:"Simultaneous bilateral visual auras: A case report"
2950:
2897:
2792:
2739:
2704:
2664:
2576:
2527:
2492:
2433:
2401:
2369:
2348:
2289:
2234:
2130:
1971:
1931:
1887:
1828:
1819:
1669:
1646:
1637:
1562:
1524:
1491:
1454:
1375:
1366:
1279:
1209:
464:"darkness". Other terms for the condition include
378:Scintillating scotomas are most commonly caused by
199:that was first described by 19th-century physician
168:
157:
141:
131:
121:
113:
100:
76:
60:
29:
24:
2314:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
622:Troost, B. Todd (2004). Glaser, Joel S. (ed.).
413:with aura, or resolving without consequence in
2874:
1321:
260:obvious, and may take the form of a definite
215:, which originates in the eyeball or socket.
8:
2388:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
1716:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
1012:Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain
843:"Loud Noises, Bright Lights, and Migraines"
617:
615:
613:
611:
2881:
2867:
2859:
2822:
2586:
2375:
2366:
2244:
2231:
2218:
1825:
1643:
1634:
1621:
1372:
1363:
1350:
1328:
1314:
1306:
1206:
824:"Scintillating Scotoma (Migraine Scotoma)"
810:"Scintillating Scotoma (Migraine Scotoma)"
44:
21:
1185:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1161:
1151:
986:
880:
231:Many variations occur, but scintillating
542:. Harvard Medical School. Archived from
523:
446:for it by 1870; he derived it from the
312:
1024:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1974.hed1402069.x
695:"Scintillating Scotoma - an overview"
295:, which is monocular (only one eye).
7:
2196:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
1079:
1067:
1055:
841:Newman, Lawrence C. (19 July 2017).
585:10.1093/acref/9780199557141.001.0001
16:Visual aura associated with migraine
2319:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
2156:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
2191:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
148:Persistent aura without infarction
14:
3019:Visual disturbances and blindness
1919:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
767:Current Pain and Headache Reports
2024:Central retinal artery occlusion
934:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2006.00160.x
604:– via oxfordreference.com.
358:
338:
315:
2029:Branch retinal artery occlusion
1758:Terrien's marginal degeneration
2937:Blue field entoptic phenomenon
2059:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
2019:Central retinal vein occlusion
1748:Pellucid marginal degeneration
1182:A Dictionary of Hallucinations
1:
2112:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
2003:Posterior vitreous detachment
1869:Persistent pupillary membrane
380:cortical spreading depression
126:Cortical spreading depression
55:cortical spreading depression
2599:Leber's congenital amaurosis
2510:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
2201:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
2186:Persistent fetal vasculature
2117:Leber's congenital amaurosis
1179:Blom, Jan Dirk, ed. (2009).
1132:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
891:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31819a6f65
869:The Clinical Journal of Pain
540:Brigham and Women's Hospital
2988:Cosmic ray visual phenomena
1398:Meibomian gland dysfunction
3050:
2122:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
2096:Central serous retinopathy
1914:Focal choroidal excavation
1787:Corneal neovascularization
1604:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
573:Concise Medical Dictionary
2983:Afterimage on empty shape
2834:
2821:
2589:
2505:Convergence insufficiency
2378:
2247:
2230:
2217:
2146:Primary juvenile glaucoma
1991:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
1633:
1620:
1406:
1362:
1349:
1340:Diseases of the human eye
779:10.1007/s11916-005-0035-2
649:Lee, Ann (11 July 2022).
438:. The British physician
52:
43:
2993:Closed-eye hallucination
2015:Ocular ischemic syndrome
988:10.1161/01.STR.29.8.1539
736:10.1177/0333102418761046
367:physiological blind spot
347:physiological blind spot
332:physiological blind spot
238:physiological blind spot
2515:One and a half syndrome
2269:Foster Kennedy syndrome
577:Oxford University Press
513: – Visual illusion
474:fortification of Vauban
3014:Neurological disorders
2754:Argyll Robertson pupil
1554:Periorbital cellulitis
1153:10.1073/pnas.071582498
436:fortification spectrum
430:The British physician
395:Framingham Heart Study
351:Widmanstätten patterns
282:Widmanstätten patterns
256:
228:
189:
143:Differential diagnosis
2968:Scintillating scotoma
2727:Scintillating scotoma
2393:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
2336:Toxic and nutritional
2309:posterior (PION)
1792:Kayser–Fleischer ring
699:www.sciencedirect.com
506:Anomalous experiences
444:scintillating scotoma
250:
226:
207:, but can also occur
193:Scintillating scotoma
183:
25:Scintillating scotoma
2500:Conjugate gaze palsy
2371:Paralytic strabismus
2304:anterior (AION)
2086:Retinitis pigmentosa
2081:Macular degeneration
1854:Intermediate uveitis
1770:Keratoconjunctivitis
1111:10.1242/jeb.95.1.111
478:geometrical spectrum
470:fortification figure
388:monosodium glutamate
117:Less than 60 minutes
2805:Childhood blindness
2784:Parinaud's syndrome
2354:Extraocular muscles
2142:Ocular hypertension
2106:Epiretinal membrane
2091:Retinal haemorrhage
1946:Congenital cataract
1144:2001PNAS...98.4687H
1082:, pp. 463–464.
830:on 20 October 2012.
821:Alternate version:
426:Names and etymology
415:acephalgic migraine
309:Animated depictions
242:acephalgic migraine
195:is a common visual
71:Neuro-ophthalmology
2899:Entoptic phenomena
2331:Leber's hereditary
1998:Retinal detachment
1951:Childhood cataract
1763:Post-LASIK ectasia
1544:Orbital cellulitis
1493:Lacrimal apparatus
1280:External resources
466:flittering scotoma
257:
229:
219:Signs and symptoms
190:
3024:Visual perception
3001:
3000:
2932:Prisoner's cinema
2927:Haidinger's brush
2889:Phenomena of the
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2759:Marcus Gunn pupil
2735:
2734:
2656:Visual impairment
2523:
2522:
2429:
2428:
2416:Fourth-nerve (IV)
2344:
2343:
2281:Optic disc drusen
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
1927:
1926:
1815:
1814:
1721:Corneal dystrophy
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1487:
1486:
1303:
1302:
1192:978-1-4419-1223-7
675:MigraineAgain.com
533:"Visual Migraine"
531:Prasad, Sashank.
300:peripheral vision
274:dazzle camouflage
205:migraine headache
186:dazzle camouflage
178:
177:
163:migraine triggers
137:Migraine sufferer
19:Medical condition
3041:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2860:
2823:
2587:
2578:Vision disorders
2537:Refractive error
2479:Brown's syndrome
2435:Other strabismus
2421:Sixth-nerve (VI)
2411:Oculomotor (III)
2383:Ophthalmoparesis
2376:
2367:
2358:Binocular vision
2291:Optic neuropathy
2257:optic papillitis
2245:
2232:
2219:
2108:(Macular pucker)
1826:
1807:Band keratopathy
1644:
1635:
1622:
1549:Orbital lymphoma
1436:Blepharophimosis
1426:Blepharochalasis
1373:
1364:
1351:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1207:
1196:
1175:
1165:
1155:
1138:(8): 4687–4692.
1122:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1007:
1001:
1000:
990:
981:(8): 1539–1543.
960:
954:
953:
917:
911:
910:
884:
864:
858:
857:
855:
853:
838:
832:
831:
826:. Archived from
820:
818:
816:
805:
799:
798:
762:
756:
755:
715:
709:
708:
706:
705:
691:
685:
684:
682:
681:
667:
661:
660:
646:
640:
639:
637:
635:
626:. Archived from
619:
606:
605:
603:
601:
575:(8th ed.).
565:
559:
558:
556:
554:
549:on 18 March 2015
548:
537:
528:
455:"spark" and the
442:coined the term
362:
342:
319:
293:retinal migraine
289:occipital cortex
213:retinal migraine
188:used during WWI.
152:Retinal migraine
48:
22:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2951:Other phenomena
2946:
2942:Purkinje images
2893:
2887:
2857:
2848:
2830:
2809:
2788:
2731:
2700:
2660:
2614:Color blindness
2580:
2572:
2519:
2493:Other binocular
2488:
2425:
2397:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2340:
2285:
2238:
2226:
2205:
2161:Ocular hypotony
2126:
1986:Chorioretinitis
1967:
1923:
1907:Chorioretinitis
1883:
1864:Rubeosis iridis
1842:
1811:
1782:Corneal opacity
1738:Corneal ectasia
1665:
1629:
1608:
1594:Pseudopterygium
1558:
1520:
1483:
1450:
1446:Ankyloblepharon
1402:
1358:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1275:
1274:
1218:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1178:
1125:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1047:
1009:
1008:
1004:
967:(August 1998).
965:Alexa S. Beiser
962:
961:
957:
919:
918:
914:
882:10.1.1.530.1223
866:
865:
861:
851:
849:
840:
839:
835:
822:
814:
812:
808:Scott, Paul M.
807:
806:
802:
764:
763:
759:
717:
716:
712:
703:
701:
693:
692:
688:
679:
677:
669:
668:
664:
648:
647:
643:
633:
631:
630:on 19 July 2009
621:
620:
609:
599:
597:
595:
567:
566:
562:
552:
550:
546:
535:
530:
529:
525:
520:
502:
432:John Fothergill
428:
407:
376:
369:
363:
354:
343:
334:
320:
221:
36:
34:Visual migraine
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3047:
3045:
3037:
3036:
3034:Hallucinations
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2844:Onchocerciasis
2841:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2696:Quadrantanopia
2693:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2641:Oguchi disease
2633:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2484:Duane syndrome
2481:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2454:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2364:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2295:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2252:Optic neuritis
2248:
2242:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2181:Phthisis bulbi
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Coats' disease
2061:
2056:
2054:of prematurity
2051:
2046:
2041:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1963:Ectopia lentis
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1821:Vascular tunic
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1704:Photokeratitis
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1577:Conjunctivitis
1574:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1511:Dacryocystitis
1508:
1503:
1501:Dacryoadenitis
1497:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1370:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1261:
1250:
1235:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:Classification
1203:
1202:External links
1200:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1176:
1123:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1072:
1070:, p. 464.
1060:
1058:, p. 199.
1045:
1002:
955:
912:
859:
833:
800:
773:(4): 268–271.
757:
730:(1): 162–163.
710:
686:
662:
641:
607:
593:
560:
522:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
508:
501:
498:
427:
424:
406:
403:
375:
372:
371:
370:
364:
357:
355:
344:
337:
335:
321:
314:
270:fortifications
220:
217:
209:acephalgically
176:
175:
172:
166:
165:
159:
155:
154:
145:
139:
138:
135:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
104:
98:
97:
80:
74:
73:
64:
58:
57:
50:
49:
41:
40:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3046:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Form constant
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2891:visual system
2884:
2879:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:Adie syndrome
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:Achromatopsia
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:Anisometropia
2557:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:Accommodation
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:Optic atrophy
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:Keratomycosis
2174:
2172:
2171:Globe rupture
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Macular edema
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Retinoschisis
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:Choroideremia
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1874:Iridodialysis
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:Arcus senilis
1800:
1798:
1797:Haab's striae
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:Corneal ulcer
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:acanthamoebic
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:Fibrous tunic
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1516:Xerophthalmia
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:Lagophthalmos
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
984:
980:
976:
975:
970:
966:
959:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
928:(10): 482–6.
927:
923:
916:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
878:
875:(5): 446–52.
874:
870:
863:
860:
848:
844:
837:
834:
829:
825:
811:
804:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
761:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
714:
711:
700:
696:
690:
687:
676:
672:
666:
663:
658:
657:
652:
645:
642:
629:
625:
618:
616:
614:
612:
608:
596:
594:9780199557141
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
564:
561:
545:
541:
534:
527:
524:
517:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
499:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:
458:
457:Ancient Greek
454:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
425:
423:
420:
416:
412:
404:
402:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
373:
368:
361:
356:
352:
348:
341:
336:
333:
329:
325:
318:
313:
311:
310:
306:
303:
301:
296:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
254:
249:
245:
243:
239:
234:
225:
218:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
187:
182:
174:Self-limiting
173:
171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
153:
149:
146:
144:
140:
136:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
103:
102:Complications
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65:
63:
59:
56:
51:
47:
42:
39:
35:
32:
28:
23:
2967:
2726:
2654: /
2650: /
2629:Monochromacy
2561: /
2457:Heterophoria
2445: /
2144: /
2140: /
2044:hypertensive
2017: /
1838:Ciliary body
1753:Keratoglobus
1661:Episcleritis
1539:Enophthalmos
1534:Exophthalmos
1479:Trichomegaly
1474:Distichiasis
1376:Inflammation
1287:
1263:
1252:
1237:
1222:
1181:
1135:
1131:
1102:
1099:J. Exp. Biol
1098:
1075:
1063:
1018:(2): 69–72.
1015:
1011:
1005:
978:
972:
958:
925:
921:
915:
872:
868:
862:
850:. Retrieved
846:
836:
828:the original
813:. Retrieved
803:
770:
766:
760:
727:
723:
713:
702:. Retrieved
698:
689:
678:. Retrieved
674:
665:
656:The Guardian
654:
644:
632:. Retrieved
628:the original
598:. Retrieved
572:
569:"teichopsia"
563:
551:. Retrieved
544:the original
539:
526:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
459:
450:
443:
435:
429:
408:
392:
377:
308:
307:
304:
297:
286:
265:
258:
230:
192:
191:
133:Risk factors
37:
33:
2978:Visual snow
2779:Cycloplegia
2722:Photophobia
2717:Hemeralopia
2674:Hemianopsia
2652:Vision loss
2563:Aniseikonia
2554:Astigmatism
2474:Cyclotropia
2452:Hypertropia
2264:Papilledema
2236:Optic nerve
2069:Sickle cell
2049:Purtscher's
2034:Retinopathy
1902:Choroiditis
1743:Keratoconus
1564:Conjunctiva
1441:Xanthelasma
1393:Blepharitis
1090:Works cited
724:Cephalalgia
600:15 December
486:Norman arch
482:herringbone
440:Hubert Airy
384:self-report
278:herringbone
201:Hubert Airy
85:in vision,
30:Other names
3008:Categories
2973:Palinopsia
2922:Afterimage
2907:Blind spot
2828:Infections
2749:Anisocoria
2712:Asthenopia
2705:subjective
2689:homonymous
2684:bitemporal
2636:Nyctalopia
2624:Dichromacy
2568:Presbyopia
2529:Refraction
2350:Strabismus
2240:Optic disc
1599:Pinguecula
1464:Trichiasis
1105:: 111–27.
704:2023-11-07
680:2023-11-07
518:References
490:teichopsia
266:teichopsia
158:Prevention
38:Teichopsia
2912:Phosphene
2800:Nystagmus
2774:Mydriasis
2648:Blindness
2594:Amblyopia
2582:Blindness
2542:Hyperopia
2467:Exophoria
2462:Esophoria
2447:Exotropia
2443:Esotropia
1981:Retinitis
1679:Keratitis
1656:Scleritis
1589:Pterygium
1469:Madarosis
1416:Ectropion
1411:Entropion
1388:Chalazion
1294:neuro/480
1289:eMedicine
1080:Blom 2009
1068:Blom 2009
1056:Blom 2009
877:CiteSeerX
744:0333-1024
553:4 October
511:Phosphene
494:teleopsia
452:scintilla
405:Prognosis
253:star fort
170:Prognosis
161:Avoiding
95:brain fog
91:dizziness
67:Neurology
62:Specialty
3029:Migraine
2839:Trachoma
2604:Diplopia
2299:Ischemic
2224:Pathways
2138:Glaucoma
2039:diabetic
1941:Cataract
1879:Synechia
1731:Meesmann
1699:Exposure
1684:herpetic
1582:allergic
1572:Chemosis
1506:Epiphora
1172:11287655
1040:29918087
950:21084909
942:16999713
899:19454881
795:22376278
787:16004843
752:29463134
579:. 2010.
500:See also
419:prodrome
411:migraine
114:Duration
107:Migraine
78:Symptoms
2917:Floater
2679:binasal
2666:Anopsia
2609:Scotoma
2403:palsies
2166:Red eye
2151:Floater
1958:Aphakia
1889:Choroid
1859:Hyphema
1849:Uveitis
1456:Eyelash
1270:D012607
1140:Bibcode
1119:7334315
1032:4853218
997:9707189
907:3042635
852:22 June
815:22 June
634:24 June
328:scotoma
233:scotoma
2769:Miosis
2547:Myopia
2326:Kjer's
2074:photic
1973:Retina
1726:Fuchs'
1694:fungal
1671:Cornea
1648:Sclera
1431:Ptosis
1368:Eyelid
1356:Adnexa
1259:613656
1248:368.12
1189:
1170:
1160:
1117:
1038:
1030:
995:
974:Stroke
948:
940:
905:
897:
879:
793:
785:
750:
742:
591:
492:, and
461:skotos
399:stroke
374:Causes
324:zigzag
262:zigzag
122:Causes
87:nausea
2793:Other
2741:Pupil
2131:Other
1775:sicca
1627:Globe
1526:Orbit
1233:H53.1
1163:31895
1036:S2CID
946:S2CID
903:S2CID
847:WebMD
791:S2CID
547:(PDF)
536:(PDF)
448:Latin
109:onset
2958:Aura
1933:Lens
1833:Iris
1383:Stye
1265:MeSH
1254:OMIM
1243:9-CM
1187:ISBN
1168:PMID
1115:PMID
1028:PMID
993:PMID
938:PMID
895:PMID
854:2020
817:2020
783:PMID
748:PMID
740:ISSN
636:2015
602:2020
589:ISBN
555:2016
393:The
197:aura
83:Aura
1239:ICD
1224:ICD
1158:PMC
1148:doi
1107:doi
1020:doi
983:doi
930:doi
887:doi
775:doi
732:doi
581:doi
280:or
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1228:10
1166:.
1156:.
1146:.
1136:98
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1103:95
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1026:.
1016:14
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991:.
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926:18
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150:,
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