173:). However, the importance of this toxin is unknown and its effects are not considered a direct symptom of dollar spot. The disease is a common concern on golf courses on intensely managed putting greens, fairways and bowling greens. It is also common on less rigorously maintained lawns and recreational fields. Disease symptoms commonly result in poor turf quality and appearance. The disease occurs from late spring through late fall, but is most active under conditions of high humidity and warm daytime temperatures 59–86 °F (15–30 °C) and cool nights in the spring, early summer and fall. The disease infects by producing a
302:
Dollar spot is readily distinguished from other turf disease by light-tan lesions with a reddish-brown border on the leaf blades of live plants near the edge of the affected area. Older lesions may take on a characteristic hourglass shape. On fine bladed grasses, the lesions usually girdle the leaf blade. Early in the day or in periods of extended dew, cobweb-like mycelium of the fungus can be seen growing on affected areas. During early stages of the disease, affected plants may appear water-soaked and wilted, but spots quickly fade to a characteristic straw color. The mycelium found on foliage is often confused with that of
469:
golf course per year. This works out to about 10 fungicide treatments annually. The disease affects the majority of turfgrass species, and is active under a wide range of temperatures. Dollar spot is the most common turfgrass disease in North
America, with the exception of the Pacific Northwestern United States and Western Canada. When left untreated, dollar spot can reach 90% disease severity and more money is spent per year to manage dollar spot than any other fungal disease.
420:
require large commercial sprayers equipped with the appropriate nozzles. Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is necessary for applying most fungicides and includes coveralls over short-sleeved shirts and pants, chemical resistant gloves, chemical resistant footwear, and protective eyewear. Always follow label precautions, including restricted entry intervals (REI) and first aid, when applying any pesticide.
416:(dicarboxamide). Preventative fungicide programs should be implemented when conditions are favorable for disease development (i.e., in the Spring when nighttime temperatures reach 50 °F (10 °C)). While preventative applications are most effective, curative applications are also successful, but often require high rates and short application intervals.
352:
formation, which is driven by warm temperatures and high humidity levels during the day, followed by cool nights, enhances disease development. Dollar spot is more severe in dry soils, yet the disease requires high moisture in the turf canopy to thrive. Low nitrogen fertility can increase dollar spot
301:
On fine textured and close-cut turf, the disease appears as round, brown to straw-colored and somewhat sunken spots approximately the size of a silver dollar. In coarse textured grasses maintained at taller cutting heights, the dead spots are larger and more diffuse. Spots are often seen in clusters.
468:
Dollar spot is one of the most economically important turfgrass diseases. In
Wisconsin, golf course superintendents typically spend 60–75% of their chemical budgets spraying for dollar spot. The average cost of controlling foliar diseases, including dollar spot, on golf courses is about $ 15,000 per
423:
Some biotypes of the pathogen have developed resistance to chemical groups including the benzimidazoles, dicarboximides, and sterol biosynthesis inhibitors. To slow or avoid the development of resistance, chemical classes should be rotated with each application. As of 2023 insufficient research is
338:
Dissemination of the pathogen is restricted to the movements of infected leaf debris via equipment, people, animals, wind, or water. When environmental conditions become favorable for pathogen activity (warm, humid, high moisture in canopy), the dormant mycelia and stromata on the infected debris
197:
due to its lack of apothecia-producing tuberoid sclerotia. Sexual spores have never been observed in culture of North
American isolates, and only infertile apothecia have been documented. The absence of fruiting bodies made the taxonomic classification of the fungus extremely difficult until the
380:
and thatch removal are valuable tools; relieving compaction and thatch buildup allows the soil and canopy to dry more quickly. Light, frequent applications of nitrogen enhance the recuperative ability of the plant, allowing the turf to hide the symptoms of dollar spot and recover from any damage
370:
via sound irrigation practices, the environment becomes less favorable for the pathogen to infect. Irrigation should be applied deeply and infrequently. Irrigation events should not occur in the late afternoon or evening, as this prolongs leaf wetness and may intensify disease. Removing dew and
419:
Adequate coverage of fungicides will maximize fungicide performance. Adequate coverage can be achieved by applying fungicides in 2 gallons of water per 1000 ft2 through an air induction or flat fan nozzle producing fine to medium size droplets. Fungicide applications on golf courses normally
347:
Prolonged periods of high humidity are required for the disease to infect, and infection may occur from late spring through late autumn. Conducive temperatures for dollar spot range anywhere between 59 and 86 °F (15 and 30 °C); different biotypes of the pathogen infect at different
381:
sustained. N-supplemented grasses grow more quickly and display vigorous growth and robust, healthy tissue. Quicker growth results in more frequent mowing, which removes necrotic tissue and improved the appearance of turf affected by dollar spot.
353:
susceptibility of the turfgrass. Nitrogen stress can contribute to disease severity because plants that lack nitrogen are more likely to develop weakened, senescent foliagethat is more vulnerable to infection than plants with adequate N levels.
169:. The pathogen blights leaf tissues but does not affect turf grass roots or crowns. There is evidence that a fungal mycotoxin produced by the pathogen may cause root damage, including necrosis of the apical meristem in creeping bentgrass (
318:
375:
fluids from the canopy can help lessen disease severity. This can be accomplished by mowing, rolling, "dew-whipping," or dragging a rope across the turf. Provide adequate air circulation by removing trees or installing large fans.
330:
The pathogen overwinters and survives unfavorable periods as dormant mycelium on infected plants and plant debris. In addition to mycelium, dollar spot survives harsh environments in stromata on leaf surfaces.
185:
The official taxonomic designation of the causal agent of dollar spot has been controversial since it was first described in 1932. In 1946, it was found that the pathogen previously known as
591:
Salgado-Salazar, Catalina; Beirn, Lisa A.; Ismaiel, Adnan; Boehm, Michael J.; Carbone, Ignazio; Putman, Alexander I.; Tredway, Lane P.; Clarke, Bruce B.; Crouch, Jo Anne (2018).
778:
Sapkota, Suraj; Catching, Katherine; Raymer, Paul L.; Martinez-Espinoza, Alfredo D.; Bahri, Bochra A. (2021). "New
Approaches to an Old Problem: Dollar Spot of Turfgrass".
388:) have been bred for dollar spot resistance. The National Turfgrass Evaluation Program conducts disease susceptibility trials, and results can be found on their website.
961:
576:
Smiley, Richard W., Peter H. Dernoeden, and Bruce B. Clarke. Compendium of
Turfgrass Diseases. 3rd ed. N.p.: The American Phytopathological Society, 2007. Print.
396:
Chemical control is an option for practitioners who need to maintain high quality, visually pleasing turfgrass. There are many fungicides labeled for control of
1000:
797:
Couch, H.B.; Boom J.R. (1960). "The influence of environment on disease of turfgrass. II. Effect of nitrogen, pH and soil moisture on
Sclerotinia dollar spot".
339:
resume growing on the plant tissues. If moisture is sufficient in the turf canopy, mycelium can begin to penetrate new leaves and new host, causing infection.
870:
486:
245:
Dollar spot is most commonly found on closely mowed turfgrasses. The pathogen infects most cool and warm-season grasses throughout the world, including
586:
584:
582:
935:
400:, including benzimidazoles, carboxamides, nitriles, dicarboxamides, and demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). Some common fungicides used include
205:, was created to accommodate the pathogen within the family Rutstroemiaceae based on their findings. This genus now includes four species:
987:
457:
663:
335:
occasionally are formed by the pathogen, but are sterile. Sexual spores have not yet been discovered in North
America.
1069:
593:"Clarireedia: A new fungal genus comprising four pathogenic species responsible for dollar spot disease of turfgrass"
201:
In 2018, Salgado-Salazar et al. used DNA sequencing data to analyze the causal agent of dollar spot and a new genus,
761:
1005:
712:
Sapkota, Suraj; Catching, Katherine E.; Raymer, Paul L.; Martinez-Espinoza, Alfredo D.; Bahri, Bochra A. (2022).
1064:
425:
838:
135:
1015:
927:
896:
819:
516:"Biology and management of dollar spot (Sclerotinia Homoeocarpa); an important disease of turfgrass"
743:
622:
366:
Dollar spot's occurrence and severity can be minimized through cultural practices. By minimizing
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262:
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40:
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occur on cool-season and warm-season grasses, respectively, and are distributed globally.
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99:
922:
826:
433:
401:
17:
1058:
875:
747:
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Allen, T.W.; Martinez-Espinoza, A.; Burpee, L.L. (2005). "Dollar spot of turfgrass".
405:
626:
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are only known to occur on cool-season grass hosts and are only known from the UK.
730:
713:
609:
592:
992:
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112:
75:
861:
649:
87:
63:
532:
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909:
413:
372:
332:
739:
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1028:
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409:
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is a fungal disease of turfgrass caused by the four species in the genus
940:
317:
953:
979:
51:
832:
914:
901:
836:
349:
177:, which can be spread mechanically from one area to another.
714:"New Approaches to an Old Problem: Dollar Spot of Turfgrass"
547:
http://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/BP/BP-105-W.pdf
677:
412:(carboxamide), thiophanate-methyl (benzamidazole), and
514:
Walsh, Brenda; Ikeda, Stephanie; Boland, Greg (1999).
845:
773:
771:
198:introduction of DNA sequencing and analysis.
8:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
509:
507:
505:
503:
321:Dollar spot symptoms on creeping bentgrass.
833:
31:
729:
608:
531:
316:
478:
384:Newer cultivars of creeping bentgrass (
696:"TurfFiles | NC State Extension"
428:responsible. A few are known: Hulvey
7:
1016:b1b329ce-c9bf-4617-860a-d3eb55e91a06
458:demethylation inhibitor resistance
25:
487:"USGA: New Dollar Spot Pathogens"
489:. United States Golf Association
279:Cynodon dactylon x tranvaalensis
1:
731:10.1094/PHYTO-11-20-0505-RVW
610:10.1016/j.funbio.2018.04.004
762:"REAL SCIENCE: Dollar days"
642:The Plant Health Instructor
277:), hybrid bermudagrasses (
1086:
650:10.1094/PHI-I-2005-0217-02
424:available specifying the
189:is not part of the genus
141:
134:
41:Scientific classification
39:
34:
533:10.21273/HORTSCI.34.1.13
219:Clarireedia monteithiana
847:Sclerotinia homoeocarpa
821:Sclerotinia homoeocarpa
398:Sclerotinia homoeocarpa
223:Clarireedia homoeocarpa
215:Clarireedia homoeocarpa
187:Sclerotinia homoeocarpa
145:Clarireedia homoeocarpa
127:Clarireedia homoeocarpa
18:Sclerotinia homoeocarpa
456:– are responsible for
322:
281:), seashore paspalum (
320:
231:Clarireedia jacksonii
211:Clarireedia jacksonii
207:Clarireedia bennettii
386:Agrostis stolonifera
251:Agrostis stolonifera
171:Agrostis stolonifera
27:Plant fungal disease
426:resistance genetics
362:Cultural Management
1070:Turfgrass diseases
323:
283:Paspalum vaginatum
271:perennial ryegrass
263:Kentucky bluegrass
247:creeping bentgrass
1052:
1051:
1037:Open Tree of Life
839:Taxon identifiers
432:, 2012 find that
156:
155:
16:(Redirected from
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993:BMSSYS0000016748
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392:Chemical Control
255:annual bluegrass
165:, in the family
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32:
21:
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1080:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
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1065:Sclerotiniaceae
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1027:
1024:Observation.org
1022:
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345:
328:
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193:nor the family
183:
167:Rutstroemiaceae
152:
149:
143:
130:
116:
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100:Rutstroemiaceae
90:
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66:
54:
28:
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5:
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827:Index Fungorum
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814:External links
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809:
808:
799:Phytopathology
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780:Phytopathology
767:
753:
724:(3): 469–480.
718:Phytopathology
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632:
603:(8): 761–773.
597:Fungal Biology
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434:overexpression
402:chlorothalonil
358:
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348:temperatures.
344:
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275:Lolium perenne
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195:Sclerotinaceae
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406:propiconazole
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326:Disease cycle
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267:Poa pratensis
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217:sp.nov., and
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136:Binomial name
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491:. Retrieved
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378:Aerification
368:leaf wetness
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235:monteithiana
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126:
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35:Dollar Spot
29:
949:iNaturalist
664:"Turfgrass"
520:HortScience
438:Clarireedia
404:(nitrile),
343:Environment
312:Rhizoctonia
291:Zoysia spp.
287:zoysiagrass
203:Clarireedia
191:Sclerotinia
181:Designation
163:Clarireedia
159:Dollar spot
113:Clarireedia
76:Ascomycetes
1059:Categories
805:: 761–763.
786:: 469–480.
716:. Review.
493:2019-02-28
464:Importance
357:Management
308:Nigrospora
213:sp. nov.,
209:sp. nov.,
151:comb. nov.
88:Helotiales
64:Ascomycota
59:Division:
748:237215241
526:: 13–21.
414:iprodione
373:guttation
333:Apothecia
259:Poa annua
227:bennettii
121:Species:
47:Kingdom:
975:MycoBank
967:10920357
923:Fungorum
876:60019836
871:AusFungi
862:Q1235677
856:Wikidata
740:34406790
682:ntep.org
627:51628021
619:30007427
444:ShCYP51B
440:genes –
410:boscalid
297:Symptoms
221:sp.nov.
175:mycelium
95:Family:
941:2583162
902:1017145
473:Sources
436:of two
408:(DMI),
304:Pythium
285:), and
233:and C.
225:and C.
107:Genus:
83:Order:
71:Class:
1042:314769
1013:NZOR:
980:267316
954:409588
928:267316
915:SCLEHO
746:
738:
678:"Home"
625:
617:
452:ShatrD
430:et al.
310:, and
1029:28773
1006:38483
962:IRMNG
889:6XY7P
744:S2CID
623:S2CID
241:Hosts
52:Fungi
1001:NCBI
936:GBIF
910:EPPO
736:PMID
615:PMID
448:and
988:NBN
897:EoL
884:CoL
824:in
784:121
726:doi
722:112
646:doi
605:doi
601:122
528:doi
350:Dew
269:),
261:),
253:),
1061::
1039::
1026::
1003::
990::
977::
964::
951::
938::
925::
912::
899::
886::
873::
858::
803:50
801:.
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770:^
742:.
734:.
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704:^
680:.
644:.
621:.
613:.
599:.
595:.
581:^
553:^
524:34
522:.
518:.
502:^
460:.
314:.
306:,
293:)
764:.
750:.
728::
698:.
684:.
666:.
652:.
648::
629:.
607::
536:.
530::
496:.
289:(
273:(
265:(
257:(
249:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
