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2356:(FTP). This was (and still is) a system that specified a common way for computers to exchange files over the Internet. It works like this: Some administrator decides that he wants to make files available from his computer. He sets up a program on his computer, called an FTP server. When someone on the Internet wants to retrieve a file from this computer, he or she connects to it via another program called an FTP client. Any FTP client program can connect with any FTP server program as long as the client and server programs both fully follow the specifications set forth in the FTP protocol.
2380:. It was created as a type of searching device similar to Archie but for Gopher files. Another Gopher search service, called Jughead, appeared a little later, probably for the sole purpose of rounding out the comic-strip triumvirate. Jughead is an acronym for Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation and Display, although, like Veronica, it is probably safe to assume that the creator backed into the acronym. Jughead's functionality was pretty much identical to Veronica's, although it appears to be a little rougher around the edges.
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of ALIWEB are more of a problem today. The primary disadvantage is that a special indexing file must be submitted. Most users do not understand how to create such a file, and therefore they do not submit their pages. This leads to a relatively small database, which meant that users are less likely to search ALIWEB than one of the large bot-based sites. This Catch-22 has been somewhat offset by incorporating other databases into the ALIWEB search, but it still does not have the mass appeal of search engines such as Yahoo! or Lycos.
2415:, initially called Architext, was started by six Stanford undergraduates in February 1993. Their idea was to use statistical analysis of word relationships in order to provide more efficient searches through the large amount of information on the Internet. Their project was fully funded by mid-1993. Once funding was secured. they released a version of their search software for webmasters to use on their own web sites. At the time, the software was called Architext, but it now goes by the name of Excite for Web Servers.
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1773:. After a certain number of pages crawled, amount of data indexed, or time spent on the website, the spider stops crawling and moves on. "o web crawler may actually crawl the entire reachable web. Due to infinite websites, spider traps, spam, and other exigencies of the real web, crawlers instead apply a crawl policy to determine when the crawling of a site should be deemed sufficient. Some websites are crawled exhaustively, while others are crawled only partially".
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1360:. Like Archie, they searched the file names and titles stored in Gopher index systems. Veronica (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized Archives) provided a keyword search of most Gopher menu titles in the entire Gopher listings. Jughead (Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation And Display) was a tool for obtaining menu information from specific Gopher servers. While the name of the search engine "
2154:. However many scholars have questioned Pariser's view, finding that there is little evidence for the filter bubble. On the contrary, a number of studies trying to verify the existence of filter bubbles have found only minor levels of personalisation in search, that most people encounter a range of views when browsing online, and that Google news tends to promote mainstream established news outlets.
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explains why sometimes a search on a commercial search engine, such as Yahoo! or Google, will return results that are, in fact, dead links. Since the search results are based on the index, if the index has not been updated since a Web page became invalid the search engine treats the page as still an active link even though it no longer is. It will remain that way until the index is updated.
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2392:, developed by Matthew Gray in 1993 was the first robot on the Web and was designed to track the Web's growth. Initially, the Wanderer counted only Web servers, but shortly after its introduction, it started to capture URLs as it went along. The database of captured URLs became the Wandex, the first web database.
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entries were entered and categorized manually, Yahoo! was not really classified as a search engine. Instead, it was generally considered to be a searchable directory. Yahoo! has since automated some aspects of the gathering and classification process, blurring the distinction between engine and directory.
2226:, a Muslim lifestyle site, did receive millions of dollars from investors like Rite Internet Ventures, and it also faltered. Other religion-oriented search engines are Jewogle, the Jewish version of Google, and SeekFind.org, which is Christian. SeekFind filters sites that attack or degrade their faith.
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ALIWEB does not have a web-searching robot. Instead, webmasters of participating sites post their own index information for each page they want listed. The advantage to this method is that users get to describe their own site, and a robot does not run about eating up Net bandwidth. The disadvantages
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Matthew Gray's
Wanderer created quite a controversy at the time, partially because early versions of the software ran rampant through the Net and caused a noticeable netwide performance degradation. This degradation occurred because the Wanderer would access the same page hundreds of times a day. The
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Another category of search engines is scientific search engines. These are search engines which search scientific literature. The best known example is Google
Scholar. Researchers are working on improving search engine technology by making them understand the content element of the articles, such as
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Archie changed all that. It combined a script-based data gatherer, which fetched site listings of anonymous FTP files, with a regular expression matcher for retrieving file names matching a user query. (4) In other words, Archie's gatherer scoured FTP sites across the
Internet and indexed all of the
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Web search engine submission is a process in which a webmaster submits a website directly to a search engine. While search engine submission is sometimes presented as a way to promote a website, it generally is not necessary because the major search engines use web crawlers that will eventually find
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are the most popular avenues for
Internet searches in Japan and Taiwan, respectively. China is one of few countries where Google is not in the top three web search engines for market share. Google was previously a top search engine in China, but withdrew after a disagreement with the government over
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the results to provide the "best" results first. How a search engine decides which pages are the best matches, and what order the results should be shown in, varies widely from one engine to another. The methods also change over time as
Internet usage changes and new techniques evolve. There are two
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instead. In this case, the page may differ from the search terms indexed. The cached page holds the appearance of the version whose words were previously indexed, so a cached version of a page can be useful to the website when the actual page has been lost, but this problem is also considered a mild
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was looking to give a single search engine an exclusive deal as the featured search engine on
Netscape's web browser. There was so much interest that instead, Netscape struck deals with five of the major search engines: for $ 5 million a year, each search engine would be in rotation on the Netscape
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So why will the same search on different search engines produce different results? Part of the answer to that question is because not all indices are going to be exactly the same. It depends on what the spiders find or what the humans submitted. But more important, not every search engine uses the
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In both cases, when you query a search engine to locate information, you're actually searching through the index that the search engine has created —you are not actually searching the Web. These indices are giant databases of information that is collected and stored and subsequently searched. This
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Crawler-based search engines are those that use automated software agents (called crawlers) that visit a Web site, read the information on the actual site, read the site's meta tags and also follow the links that the site connects to performing indexing on all linked Web sites as well. The crawler
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resource-discovery tool to combine the three essential features of a web search engine (crawling, indexing, and searching) as described below. Because of the limited resources available on the platform it ran on, its indexing and hence searching were limited to the titles and headings found in the
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Another common element that algorithms analyze is the way that pages link to other pages in the Web. By analyzing how pages link to each other, an engine can both determine what a page is about (if the keywords of the linked pages are similar to the keywords on the original page) and whether that
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Although search engines are programmed to rank websites based on some combination of their popularity and relevancy, empirical studies indicate various political, economic, and social biases in the information they provide and the underlying assumptions about the technology. These biases can be a
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As the number of links grew and their pages began to receive thousands of hits a day, the team created ways to better organize the data. In order to aid in data retrieval, Yahoo! (www.yahoo.com) became a searchable directory. The search feature was a simple database search engine. Because Yahoo!
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One of the elements that a search engine algorithm scans for is the frequency and location of keywords on a Web page. Those with higher frequency are typically considered more relevant. But search engine technology is becoming sophisticated in its attempt to discourage what is known as keyword
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Biases can also be a result of social processes, as search engine algorithms are frequently designed to exclude non-normative viewpoints in favor of more "popular" results. Indexing algorithms of major search engines skew towards coverage of U.S.-based sites, rather than websites from non-U.S.
1780:-based fields. The associations are made in a public database, made available for web search queries. A query from a user can be a single word, multiple words or a sentence. The index helps find information relating to the query as quickly as possible. Some of the techniques for indexing, and
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The
Wanderer captured only URLs, which made it difficult to find things that were not explicitly described by their URL. Because URLs are rather cryptic to begin with, this did not help the average user. Searching Yahoo! or the Galaxy was much more effective because they contained additional
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of a web site as search engines are able to crawl a well designed website. There are two remaining reasons to submit a web site or web page to a search engine: to add an entirely new web site without waiting for a search engine to discover it, and to have a web site's record updated after a
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page is considered "important" and deserving of a boost in ranking. Just as the technology is becoming increasingly sophisticated to ignore keyword stuffing, it is also becoming more savvy to Web masters who build artificial links into their sites in order to build an artificial ranking.
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Modern web search engines are highly intricate software systems that employ technology that has evolved over the years. There are a number of sub-categories of search engine software that are separately applicable to specific 'browsing' needs. These include web search engines (e.g.
1230:. The memex was intended to give a user the capability to overcome the ever-increasing difficulty of locating information in ever-growing centralized indices of scientific work. Vannevar Bush envisioned libraries of research with connected annotations, which are similar to modern
2638:, utilize hundreds of thousands computers to process trillions of web pages in order to return fairly well-aimed results. Due to this high volume of queries and text processing, the software is required to run in a highly dispersed environment with a high degree of superfluity.
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returns all that information back to a central depository, where the data is indexed. The crawler will periodically return to the sites to check for any information that has changed. The frequency with which this happens is determined by the administrators of the search engine.
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Even with archive sites, many important files were still scattered on small FTP servers. These files could be located only by the
Internet equivalent of word of mouth: Somebody would post an e-mail to a message list or a discussion forum announcing the availability of a file.
2276:. All tag-based classification of Internet resources (such as web sites) is done by human beings, who understand the content of the resource, as opposed to software, which algorithmically attempts to determine the meaning and quality of a resource. Also, people can find and
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users get less exposure to conflicting viewpoints and are isolated intellectually in their own informational bubble. Since this problem has been identified, competing search engines have emerged that seek to avoid this problem by not tracking or "bubbling" users, such as
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to selectively guess what information a user would like to see, based on information about the user (such as location, past click behaviour and search history). As a result, websites tend to show only information that agrees with the user's past viewpoint. According to
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1499:. In 1995, a search function was added, allowing users to search Yahoo! Directory. It became one of the most popular ways for people to find web pages of interest, but its search function operated on its web directory, rather than its full-text copies of web pages.
1753:, addressed to it. The robots.txt file contains directives for search spiders, telling it which pages to crawl and which pages not to crawl. After checking for robots.txt and either finding it or not, the spider sends certain information back to be
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in
Montreal. The author originally wanted to call the program "archives", but had to shorten it to comply with the Unix world standard of assigning programs and files short, cryptic names such as grep, cat, troff, sed, awk, perl, and so on.
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already has the names of the sites containing the keywords, and these are instantly obtained from the index. The real processing load is in generating the web pages that are the search results list: Every page in the entire list must be
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is the process that optimizes the efforts of local businesses. They focus on change to make sure all searches are consistent. It is important because many people determine where they plan to go and what to buy based on their searches.
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has a market share of 62.6%, compared to Google's 28.3%. And Yandex is the second most used search engine on smartphones in Asia and Europe. In China, Baidu is the most popular search engine. South Korea's homegrown search portal,
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In response to the
Wanderer, Martijn Koster created Archie-Like Indexing of the Web, or ALIWEB, in October 1993. As the name implies, ALIWEB was the HTTP equivalent of Archie, and because of this, it is still unique in many ways.
1869:. Boolean operators are for literal searches that allow the user to refine and extend the terms of the search. The engine looks for the words or phrases exactly as entered. Some search engines provide an advanced feature called
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Initially, anyone who wanted to share a file had to set up an FTP server in order to make the file available to others. Later, "anonymous" FTP sites became repositories for files, allowing all users to post and retrieve them.
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Search engines were also known as some of the brightest stars in the Internet investing frenzy that occurred in the late 1990s. Several companies entered the market spectacularly, receiving record gains during their
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While lack of investment and slow pace in technologies in the Muslim World has hindered progress and thwarted success of an Islamic search engine, targeting as the main consumers Islamic adherents, projects like
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ranks web pages based on the number and PageRank of other web sites and pages that link there, on the premise that good or desirable pages are linked to more than others. Larry Page's patent for PageRank cites
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it gives back. While there may be millions of web pages that include a particular word or phrase, some pages may be more relevant, popular, or authoritative than others. Most search engines employ methods to
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Search engines on the web are sites enriched with facility to search the content stored on other sites. There is difference in the way various search engines work, but they all perform three basic tasks.
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that have not yet been noticed or indexed by web spiders. Additionally, a social bookmarking system can rank a resource based on how many times it has been bookmarked by users, which may be a more useful
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version of the page (some or all the content needed to render it) stored in the search engine working memory is quickly sent to an inquirer. If a visit is overdue, the search engine can just act as a
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Some search engine submission software not only submits websites to multiple search engines, but also adds links to websites from their own pages. This could appear helpful in increasing a website's
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Excite was the first serious commercial search engine which launched in 1995. It was developed in Stanford and was purchased for $ 6.5 billion by @Home. In 2001 Excite and @Home went bankrupt and
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showing the context of the keywords matched. These are only part of the processing each search results web page requires, and further pages (next to the top) require more of this post-processing.
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main types of search engine that have evolved: one is a system of predefined and hierarchically ordered keywords that humans have programmed extensively. The other is a system that generates an "
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are often a list of hyperlinks, accompanied by textual summaries and images. Users also have the option of limiting the search to a specific type of results, such as images, videos, or news.
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There has been concern raised that search engines such as Google and Bing provide customized results based on the user's activity history, leading to what has been termed echo chambers or
1414:, and used it to generate an index called "Wandex". The purpose of the Wanderer was to measure the size of the World Wide Web, which it did until late 1995. The web's second search engine
1845:- or command-driven operators and search parameters to refine the search results. These provide the necessary controls for the user engaged in the feedback loop users create by
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and AltaVista) in 2003. Yahoo! switched to Google's search engine until 2004, when it launched its own search engine based on the combined technologies of its acquisitions.
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Human-powered search engines rely on humans to submit information that is subsequently indexed and catalogued. Only information that is submitted is put into the index.
1583:. Some have taken down their public search engine and are marketing enterprise-only editions, such as Northern Light. Many search engine companies were caught up in the
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Reilly, P. (2008-01-01). "'Googling' Terrorists: Are Northern Irish Terrorists Visible on Internet Search Engines?". In Spink, Prof Dr Amanda; Zimmer, Michael (eds.).
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In comparison to search engines, a social bookmarking system has several advantages over traditional automated resource location and classification software, such as
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by date by clicking "Show search tools" in the leftmost column of the initial search results page, and then selecting the desired date range. It is also possible to
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Several scholars have studied the cultural changes triggered by search engines, and the representation of certain controversial topics in their results, such as
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while refining the search results, given the initial pages of the first search results. For example, from 2007 the Google.com search engine has allowed one to
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patent as an influence. Google also maintained a minimalist interface to its search engine. In contrast, many of its competitors embedded a search engine in a
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1575:. This move had a significant effect on the search engine business, which went from struggling to one of the most profitable businesses in the Internet.
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1464:, which has become the standard for all major search engines since. It was also the search engine that was widely known by the public. Also, in 1994,
4387:"What kind of news gatekeepers do we want machines to be? Filter bubbles, fragmentation, and the normative dimensions of algorithmic recommendations"
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than systems that rank resources based on the number of external links pointing to it. However, both types of ranking are vulnerable to fraud, (see
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Ross, Nancy; Wolfram, Dietmar (2000). "End user searching on the Internet: An analysis of term pair topics submitted to the Excite search engine".
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censorship and a cyberattack. But Bing is in top three web search engine with a market share of 14.95%. Baidu is on top with 49.1% market share.
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described an information retrieval system that would allow a user to access a great expanse of information, all at a single desk. He called it a
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results), and political processes (e.g., the removal of search results to comply with local laws). For example, Google will not surface certain
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most web sites on the Internet without assistance. They can either submit one web page at a time, or they can submit the entire site using a
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direct result of economic and commercial processes (e.g., companies that advertise with a search engine can become also more popular in its
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1294:. One snapshot of the list in 1992 remains, but as more and more web servers went online the central list could no longer keep up. On the
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first launched MSN Search in the fall of 1998 using search results from Inktomi. In early 1999, the site began to display listings from
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multi-network user search was first implemented in 1989. The first well documented search engine that searched content files, namely
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is by far the world's most used search engine, with a market share of 90.6%, and the world's other most used search engines were
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has stated that this "can lead to a tremendous number of unnatural links for your site" with a negative impact on site ranking.
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according to information in the indexes. Then the top search result item requires the lookup, reconstruction, and markup of the
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Real life, real users, and real needs: A study and analysis of user queries on the web. Information Processing & Management
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for search engines results page ranking and received a US patent for the technology. It was the first search engine that used
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1898:" by analyzing texts it locates. This first form relies much more heavily on the computer itself to do the bulk of the work.
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In the summer of 1993, no search engine existed for the web, though numerous specialized catalogs were maintained by hand.
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alongside the regular search engine results. The search engines make money every time someone clicks on one of these ads.
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did not index the contents of these sites since the amount of data was so limited it could be readily searched manually.
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became the dominant one in the 2000s and has remained so. It currently has a 91% global market share. The business of
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Wanderer soon amended its ways, but the controversy over whether robots were good or bad for the Internet remained.
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in search results for a fee. Search engines that do not accept money for their search results make money by running
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4475:"Halalgoogling: Muslims Get Their Own "sin free" Google; Should Christians Have Christian Google? - Christian Blog"
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are trade secrets, whereas web crawling is a straightforward process of visiting all sites on a systematic basis.
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scripts that periodically mirrored these pages and rewrote them into a standard format. This formed the basis for
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where the research involves using statistical analysis on pages containing the words or phrases you search for.
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throughout the world. The speed and accuracy of an engine's response to a query is based on a complex system of
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4093:. Information Science and Knowledge Management. Vol. 14. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 151–175.
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same algorithm to search through the indices. The algorithm is what the search engines use to determine the
2595:; ants or spiders) and those that are powered by human submissions; and those that are a hybrid of the two.
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2178:, to attempt their own search engines, their own filtered search portals that would enable users to perform
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referenced Li's work in some of his U.S. patents for PageRank. Li later used his Rankdex technology for the
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Their official explanation for the name choice was that they considered themselves to be a pair of yahoos.
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Dasgupta, Anirban; Ghosh, Arpita; Kumar, Ravi; Olston, Christopher; Pandey, Sandeep; and Tomkins, Andrew.
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Indexing means associating words and other definable tokens found on web pages to their domain names and
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to measure the quality of websites it was indexing, predating the very similar algorithm patent filed by
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The process begins when a user enters a query statement into the system through the interface provided.
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is one example of an attempt to manipulate search results for political, social or commercial reasons.
4746:"TheoryOn: A Design Framework and System for Unlocking Behavioral Knowledge Through Ontology Learning"
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was providing search services based on Inktomi's search engine. Yahoo! acquired Inktomi in 2002, and
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Vaughan, Liwen; Mike Thelwall (2004). "Search engine coverage bias: evidence and possible causes".
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rose to prominence. The company achieved better results for many searches with an algorithm called
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At Carnegie Mellon University during July 1994, Michael Mauldin, on leave from CMU, developed the
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3999:"Replacement of Google with Alternative Search Systems in China: Documentation and Screen Shots"
3113:"Meet Alan Emtage, the Black Technologist Who Invented ARCHIE, the First Internet Search Engine"
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https://www.npr.org/2024/05/02/1248152695/google-doj-monopoly-trial-antitrust-closing-arguments
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by date because each page has a modification time. Most search engines support the use of the
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3988:. Journal of the American Society for Information Sciences and Technology. 61(8), 1517–1534.
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There are basically three types of search engines: Those that are powered by robots (called
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Inventing the Cloud Century: How Cloudiness Keeps Changing Our Life, Economy and Technology
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files it found. Its regular expression matcher provided users with access to its database.
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4859:(2004). The use of Web search engines in information science research. ARIST, 38, 231–288.
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3164:"Alan Emtage: The Man Who Invented The World's First Search Engine (But Didn't Patent It)"
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adopted the idea of selling search terms in 1998 from a small search engine company named
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1632:. In fact, the Google search engine became so popular that spoof engines emerged such as
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search engine page. The five engines were Yahoo!, Magellan, Lycos, Infoseek, and Excite.
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2012:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Soon after, a number of search engines appeared and vied for popularity. These included
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4856:
4137:
4062:
3986:
The Seventeen Theoretical Constructs of Information Searching and Information Retrieval
3167:
2744:
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1938:
1906:
1895:
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1824:
1807:
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211:
133:
66:
4911:
4698:
Real life, real users, and real needs: A study and analysis of user queries on the web
3963:
3535:
2055:
Most countries' markets in the European Union are dominated by Google, except for the
5818:
5685:
5580:
5517:
5512:
5482:
5442:
5329:
5245:
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4371:
4319:
2707:
2662:
2657:
2441:, created some pages that became rather popular. They called the collection of pages
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Some of the first analysis of web searching was conducted on search logs from Excite
2203:
2133:
2043:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1681:
1644:
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1365:
1345:
1237:
1215:
973:
520:
346:
203:
184:
4961:
4410:
4257:
4156:"Google chemtrails: A methodology to analyze topic representation in search engines"
4124:
3971:
5570:
5487:
5422:
5220:
5135:
4832:
4046:
2920:
2702:
2527:
2039:
1727:
1241:
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eventually became a crucial component of search engines through algorithms such as
1227:
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817:
4994:
4354:
4337:
1974:
4841:
4761:
4106:
3087:
1256:
The first internet search engines predate the debut of the Web in December 1990:
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1744:
1666:
1608:
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827:
784:
399:
280:
202:
There have been many search engines since the dawn of the Web in the 1990s, but
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176:
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145:
4953:
3519:
5655:
5507:
5457:
5427:
5293:
4940:
Xie, M.; et al. (1998). "Quality dimensions of Internet search engines".
4402:
4038:
3443:
3373:
3239:
2484:
Allowing users to look for words or combinations of words found in that index.
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2151:
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17:
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4533:
Heymann, Paul; Koutrika, Georgia; Garcia-Molina, Hector (February 12, 2008).
4363:
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4249:
4208:
3543:
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Finding and selecting full or partial content based on the keywords provided.
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5660:
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5620:
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5502:
5492:
5255:
2717:
2419:
2376:
In 1993, the University of Nevada System Computing Services group developed
2240:
2186:
filters, these Islamic web portals categorizing websites into being either "
2141:
2140:
in 2011. The argument is that search engines and social media platforms use
1873:, which allows users to define the distance between keywords. There is also
1829:
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2725:, for a tutorial on using search engines for researching Knowledge articles
4188:
4172:
2481:
Maintaining index of the content and referencing to the location they find
2078:, where it attracts most of its 50 million monthly registered users from.
1395:, the web's first primitive search engine, released on September 2, 1993.
5770:
5755:
5725:
5720:
5710:
5695:
5675:
5650:
5550:
5477:
4292:
2917:
Proceedings of the Seventh International World Wide Web Conference (WWW7)
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3343:
578:
Inactive, rebranded Yellowee (was redirecting to justlocalbusiness.com)
30:
This article is about searching the World Wide Web. For other uses, see
5760:
5680:
5635:
5575:
5565:
5540:
5417:
5402:
4015:(2000). "Shaping the Web: Why the Politics of Search Engines Matters".
2886:
Proceedings of the Sixth International World Wide Web Conference (WWW6)
2677:
2236:
2199:
2195:
1801:
1625:
1557:
search engine, which was founded by him in China and launched in 2000.
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1426:
of the existence at each site of an index file in a particular format.
1301:
The first tool used for searching content (as opposed to users) on the
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870:
807:
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616:
530:
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436:
422:
207:
4275:
2827:
2772:
2535:
Search by keywords. Limited search using queries in natural language.
2522:
Search by keywords. Limited search using queries in natural language.
1973:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
5750:
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5610:
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5278:
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2945:
2635:
2627:
2442:
2293:), and both need technical countermeasures to try to deal with this.
2252:
2223:
2211:
2167:
2075:
2060:
2030:
1723:
A search engine maintains the following processes in near real time:
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1415:
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986:
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639:
507:
446:
414:
Inactive, acquired by Yahoo! in 2003, since 2013 redirects to Yahoo!
313:
270:
3357:
3296:
2882:"The Quest for Correct Information on the Web: Hyper Search Engines"
1665:
began a transition to its own search technology, powered by its own
1376:" are characters in the series, thus referencing their predecessor.
4975:
4685:
Real life information retrieval: A study of user queries on the web
2993:"[next] An Internet archive server server (was about Lisp)"
2614:
of the information in the index to what the user is searching for.
1687:
As of 2019, active search engine crawlers include those of Google,
1309:. The name stands for "archive" without the "v". It was created by
5780:
5775:
5745:
5730:
5700:
5645:
5585:
5497:
5472:
5462:
5407:
5397:
5015:
4933:
10.1002/1097-4571(2000)51:10<949::AID-ASI70>3.0.CO;2-5
4815:
4788:
4144:", The New York Times, Dec. 29, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
3626:, New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education Private Ltd, p. 278,
3520:"The dynamics of competition in the internet search engine market"
3091:
2462:
2207:
2191:
2187:
2071:
2067:
2035:
1946:
1806:
1688:
1554:
1465:
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1219:
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737:
675:
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593:
583:
550:
428:
323:
96:
4971:
Information Retrieval: Implementing and Evaluating Search Engines
2745:"Search Engine Market Share Worldwide | StatCounter Global Stats"
2170:
World during the last decade has encouraged Islamic adherents in
1747:
from site to site. The "spider" checks for the standard filename
5785:
5640:
4539:
First ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining
2163:
1777:
1407:
1388:
1298:
site, new servers were announced under the title "What's New!".
1288:
1105:
1030:
996:
5344:
5019:
4683:
Jansen, B. J., Spink, A., Bateman, J., and Saracevic, T. 1998.
3817:"The Chinese technology companies poised to dominate the world"
2352:
The primary method of storing and retrieving files was via the
5392:
4991:
Behind the Search Box: Google and the Global Internet Industry
4888:
Javed Mostafa (February 2005). "Seeking Better Web Searches".
4842:
Web Data Mining: Exploring Hyperlinks, Contents and Usage Data
4453:
3755:
2300:
2162:
The global growth of the Internet and electronic media in the
1992:
1959:
1841:
Beyond simple keyword lookups, search engines offer their own
1587:, a speculation-driven market boom that peaked in March 2000.
1265:
38:
4190:
The filter bubble : what the Internet is hiding from you
4142:
How Climate Change Deniers Rise to the Top in Google Searches
3925:
Google and the Digital Divide: The Biases of Online Knowledge
2910:"The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine"
1901:
Most Web search engines are commercial ventures supported by
1757:
depending on many factors, such as the titles, page content,
1456:
One of the first "all text" crawler-based search engines was
1444:
as the interface to its query program. It was thus the first
2642:
extracting theoretical constructs or key research findings.
4556:
4554:
27:
Software system for finding relevant information on the Web
4700:. Information Processing & Management. 36(2), 207–227.
4508:"Google: Search Engine Submission Services Can Be Harmful"
4336:
Haim, Mario; Graefe, Andreas; Brosius, Hans-Bernd (2018).
4060:
Hillis, Ken; Petit, Michael; Jarrett, Kylie (2012-10-12).
3470:"Yahoo! And Netscape Ink International Distribution Deal"
2433:
In April 1994, two Stanford University Ph.D. candidates,
4921:
Journal of the American Society for Information Science
4744:
Li, Jingjing; Larsen, Kai; Abbasi, Ahmed (2020-12-01).
3731:"What Is Local SEO & Why Local Search Is Important"
2974:"Knowbot programming: System support for mobile agents"
2038:, is used for 62.8% of online searches in the country.
1472:) was launched and became a major commercial endeavor.
3658:
http://www.arpitaghosh.com/papers/discoverability.pdf
1440:
to find web pages and to build its index, and used a
4865:
An Introduction to Search Engines and Web Navigation
3193:"Searchable Catalog of WWW Resources (experimental)"
2630:), database or structured data search engines (e.g.
5598:
5531:
5385:
5378:
5312:
5269:
5144:
5053:
3935:
3933:
1905:revenue and thus some of them allow advertisers to
4696:Jansen, B. J., Spink, A., and Saracevic, T. 2000.
4061:
3997:Berkman Center for Internet & Society (2002),
3668:Jansen, B. J., Spink, A., and Saracevic, T. 2000.
3334:Yanhong Li, "Toward a Qualitative Search Engine",
3207:"Archive of NCSA what's new in December 1993 page"
3082:
3080:
3069:. Netherlands: Universiteit Leiden. Archived from
2239:, but it is normally only necessary to submit the
1279:was entirely indexed by hand. There was a list of
3889:"Why Google Quit China—and Why It's Heading Back"
2903:
2901:
2453:descriptive information about the indexed sites.
1880:The usefulness of a search engine depends on the
1811:High-level architecture of a standard Web crawler
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3524:International Journal of Industrial Organization
3374:"Hypertext Document Retrieval System and Method"
1418:appeared in November 1993. Aliweb did not use a
1222:. He described the system in an article titled "
4993:(U of Illinois Press, 2023) ISBN 10:0252087127
4710:Priti Srinivas Sajja; Rajendra Akerkar (2012).
4624:Priti Srinivas Sajja; Rajendra Akerkar (2012).
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4561:Priti Srinivas Sajja; Rajendra Akerkar (2012).
3620:"8. Knowledge Management: Tools and Technology"
3387:"Baidu Vs Google: The Twins Of Search Compared"
1684:would be powered by Microsoft Bing technology.
1475:The first popular search engine on the Web was
4425:"New Islam-approved search engine for Muslims"
3444:"Method for node ranking in a linked database"
5356:
5031:
4713:Intelligent technologies for web applications
4627:Intelligent technologies for web applications
4564:Intelligent technologies for web applications
1865:AND, OR and NOT to help end users refine the
8:
4535:"Can Social Bookmarking Improve Web Search?"
3912:Seznam Takes on Google in the Czech Republic
3338:, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 24–29, July/Aug. 1998,
1743:Web search engines get their information by
1422:, but instead depended on being notified by
3501:"Browser Deals Push Netscape Stock Up 7.8%"
2321:Search engine technology#Web search engines
5382:
5363:
5349:
5341:
5038:
5024:
5016:
4385:Nechushtai, Efrat; Lewis, Seth C. (2019).
3353:
3351:
3138:"Alan Emtage- a Barbadian you should know"
235:
175:that is continuously updated by automated
4814:
4789:"Accessibility of information on the web"
4353:
4301:
4291:
4239:
4171:
4028:
3953:
3841:"How Naver Hurts Companies' Productivity"
3438:
3436:
3162:Dino Grandoni, Alan Emtage (April 2013).
2957:
85:Learn how and when to remove this message
69:so that sources are clearly identifiable.
2565:Search in (restricted) natural language
2490:
1260:user search dates back to 1982, and the
351:Active, initially a search function for
5845:Internet properties established in 1993
3942:Information Processing & Management
2736:
2511:Search by keyword, title, author, etc.
2316:may need to be cleaned up or summarized
1402:, produced what was probably the first
3776:
3765:
3624:Knowledge Management: Text & Cases
3140:. loopnewsbarbados.com. Archived from
2773:"Search Engine Market Share Worldwide"
2673:Use of web search engines in libraries
2095:websites in France and Germany, where
1272:, which debuted on 10 September 1990.
222:, has thus largely focused on Google.
4787:Steve Lawrence; C. Lee Giles (1999).
4716:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 85.
4630:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 86.
4567:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 87.
4331:
4329:
4269:
4267:
3261:Oppitz, Marcus; Tomsu, Peter (2017).
3111:Alexandra Samuel (21 February 2017).
2991:Deutsch, Peter (September 11, 1990).
2767:
2765:
2128:Customized results and filter bubbles
1676:Microsoft's rebranded search engine,
1615:, the later founders of Google. This
789:Active as Bing, rebranded MSN Search
7:
5152:Cross-language information retrieval
3450:from the original on 15 October 2015
3040:. Mosaic Communications Corporation!
2206:came online in July 2013. These use
1398:In June 1993, Matthew Gray, then at
568:Inactive (URL redirected to Yahoo!)
3684:"Easy Way to Find Recent Web Pages"
2944:Harrenstien, K.; White, V. (1982).
2852:"Penn State WebAccess Secure Login"
3984:Jansen, B. J. and Rieh, S. (2010)
3412:Altucher, James (March 18, 2011).
3295:. 28 November 1996. Archived from
2908:Brin, Sergey; Page, Larry (1998).
2318:because it has been split from/to
1591:2000s–present: Post dot-com bubble
1352:) led to two new search programs,
680:Inactive (redirect to DuckDuckGo)
132:and other relevant information on
25:
4974:. MIT Press. 2010. Archived from
4912:10.1038/scientificamerican0205-66
4661:. 21 January 2014. Archived from
3795:"Live Internet - Site Statistics"
2693:Search engine manipulation effect
1907:have their listings ranked higher
1819:into a search engine it is a few
978:Active, sister engine of Ixquick
4064:Google and the Culture of Search
3414:"10 Unusual Things About Google"
2653:Comparison of web search engines
2422:bought Excite for $ 10 million.
2336:The first web search engine was
2305:
2259:Comparison to social bookmarking
2210:filters on the collections from
1997:
1964:
1603:, as was explained in the paper
67:add missing citation information
43:
5299:Representational State Transfer
4874:The Extreme Searcher's Handbook
3682:Chitu, Alex (August 30, 2007).
2202:came online in September 2011.
1815:Typically when a user enters a
1329:) sites, creating a searchable
895:Inactive (redirects to Ecosia)
598:Inactive (redirect to Ask.com)
167:system that can encompass many
108:when the user is typing in the
5131:Natural language search engine
4942:Journal of Information Science
4427:. News.msn.com. Archived from
3815:Arthur, Charles (2014-06-03).
3654:The Discoverability of the Web
3319:"The Man Who's Beating Google"
2194:", based on interpretation of
1252:1990s: Birth of search engines
928:Active, rebranded Live Search
338:Inactive, redirects to Disney
318:Inactive, redirects to Disney
232:Timeline of web search engines
210:improving their visibility in
32:Search engine (disambiguation)
1:
4603:"A History of Search Engines"
4355:10.1080/21670811.2017.1338145
4338:"Burst of the Filter Bubble?"
3964:10.1016/S0306-4573(03)00063-3
3927:, Oxford: Chandos Publishing.
3887:Waddell, Kaveh (2016-01-19).
3536:10.1016/S0167-7187(01)00065-0
2797:Bush, Vannevar (1945-07-01).
2777:Similarweb Top search engines
1432:(created in December 1993 by
1364:" was not a reference to the
1275:Prior to September 1993, the
845:Inactive (redirects to Bing)
5304:Wide area information server
5177:Search oriented architecture
4687:. SIGIR Forum, 32(1), 5 -17.
4481:. 2013-07-25. Archived from
4107:10.1007/978-3-540-75829-7_10
3583:"Definition – search engine"
3209:. 2001-06-20. Archived from
2723:Knowledge:Search engine test
555:Inactive (merged with NATE)
427:Inactive, incorporated into
5284:Search/Retrieve Web Service
5081:Collaborative search engine
4391:Computers in Human Behavior
4193:. New York: Penguin Press.
3868:. Oxford Internet Institute
3618:Jawadekar, Waman S (2011),
3038:"What's New! February 1994"
2880:Marchiori, Massimo (1997).
2832:www.searchenginehistory.com
2828:"Search Engine History.com"
2549:Search by visual appearance
2469:Types of web search engines
1262:Knowbot Information Service
465:Active (rebranded ask.com)
159:For a search provider, its
5866:
5251:Website mirroring software
5167:Search engine optimization
4954:10.1177/016555159802400509
4659:"The Major Search Engines"
4274:Bruns, Axel (2019-11-29).
3709:"how search engine works?"
2262:
1716:
1605:Anatomy of a Search Engine
1470:Carnegie Mellon University
229:
29:
5794:
5236:Robots exclusion standard
4403:10.1016/j.chb.2018.07.043
4222:O'Hara, K. (2014-07-01).
4039:10.1080/01972240050133634
3866:"Age of Internet Empires"
3325:magazine, October 5, 2009
3267:. Springer. p. 238.
2946:"RFC 812 - NICNAME/WHOIS"
2618:stuffing, or spamdexing.
2265:Social media optimization
2006:This section needs to be
1933:As of January 2022,
1549:two years later in 1998.
1479:. The first product from
1453:the crawler encountered.
1176:
1101:
1077:Active, Kurdish / Sorani
1068:
982:
919:
836:
793:
727:
704:
661:
648:
602:
559:
516:
469:
418:
342:
299:
256:
251:
248:
245:
5261:Web query classification
5241:Distributed web crawling
4762:10.25300/MISQ/2020/15323
4513:Search Engine Roundtable
3017:"World-Wide Web Servers"
2314:This article or section
2230:Search engine submission
2158:Religious search engines
2063:is a strong competitor.
1765:(CSS), headings, or its
1719:Search engine technology
1581:initial public offerings
1333:of file names; however,
1226:" that was published in
535:Active as Startpage.com
136:in response to a user's
5835:History of the Internet
5825:Internet search engines
5289:Search/Retrieve via URL
5162:Search engine marketing
4989:Yeo, ShinJoung. (2023)
4872:Hock, Randolph (2007).
4228:IEEE Internet Computing
4224:"In Worship of an Echo"
4017:The Information Society
3845:The Wall Street Journal
3688:Google Operating System
3336:IEEE Internet Computing
2390:World Wide Web Wanderer
1875:concept-based searching
1491:in January 1994, was a
1412:World Wide Web Wanderer
1350:University of Minnesota
5830:Search engine software
5182:Selection-based search
4280:Internet Policy Review
3558:"Our history in depth"
3232:"What is first mover?"
2683:List of search engines
2354:File Transfer Protocol
2244:substantial redesign.
1812:
1787:Between visits by the
1763:Cascading Style Sheets
1597:Google's search engine
1424:website administrators
1327:File Transfer Protocol
1133:Active, Google Search
991:Inactive, sold to IBM
832:Active, Google Search
736:Inactive, merged with
723:Active, Google Search
195:, but some content is
113:
5086:Cross-language search
4863:Levene, Mark (2005).
4187:Pariser, Eli (2011).
4173:10.5210/fm.v20i7.5597
4154:Ballatore, A (2015).
4001:, Harvard Law School.
3735:Search Engine Journal
3518:Gandal, Neil (2001).
2713:Web development tools
2698:Search engine privacy
2668:Information retrieval
2532:Google, Bing, Yahoo!
2519:Google, Bing, Yahoo!
2340:, created in 1990 by
2118:climate change denial
1810:
230:Further information:
165:distributed computing
100:
5840:Internet terminology
4293:10.14763/2019.4.1426
3191:(2 September 1993).
3136:loop news barbados.
2551:(shapes, colors,..)
2545:QBIC, WebSeek, SaFe
2114:terrorism in Ireland
1989:Russia and East Asia
1385:University of Geneva
1362:Archie Search Engine
1344:(created in 1991 by
1335:Archie Search Engine
1228:The Atlantic Monthly
54:needs more complete
5850:Canadian inventions
5172:Evaluation measures
5116:Video search engine
4904:2005SciAm.292b..66M
4891:Scientific American
4807:1999Natur.400..107L
4241:10.1109/MIC.2014.71
4099:2008wsis.book..151R
3564:on November 1, 2012
3393:. 18 September 2018
3344:10.1109/4236.707687
3299:on 28 November 1996
3059:Search Engine Watch
2570:Clustering Systems
2176:Asian sub-continent
2122:conspiracy theories
1617:iterative algorithm
455:search technology)
242:
179:. This can include
5533:Metasearch engines
5372:Web search engines
5187:Document retrieval
4342:Digital Journalism
3923:Segev, El (2010).
3633:978-0-07-07-0086-4
3446:. Google Patents.
3061:(September 2001).
2688:Question answering
2278:bookmark web pages
2196:the "Law of Islam"
2182:. More than usual
2082:Search engine bias
2066:The search engine
1911:search related ads
1813:
1468:(which started at
1387:wrote a series of
1287:and hosted on the
478:Active (rebranded
236:
114:
5812:
5811:
5594:
5593:
5338:
5337:
5212:Search aggregator
5121:Enterprise search
5076:Multimedia search
5071:Metasearch engine
5061:Web search engine
4883:978-0-910965-76-7
4839:Bing Liu (2007),
4723:978-1-4398-7162-1
4637:978-1-4398-7162-1
4574:978-1-4398-7162-1
4200:978-1-59420-300-8
4116:978-3-540-75828-0
3775:Missing or empty
3672:. 36(2), 207–227.
3505:Los Angeles Times
3317:Greenberg, Andy,
2997:groups.google.com
2978:cnri.reston.va.us
2856:webaccess.psu.edu
2799:"As We May Think"
2589:
2588:
2580:Research Systems
2573:Vivisimo, Clusty
2541:Multimedia search
2384:The Lone Wanderer
2346:McGill University
2329:
2328:
2291:Gaming the system
2027:
2026:
1986:
1985:
1863:Boolean operators
1434:Jonathon Fletcher
1366:Archie comic book
1319:McGill University
1207:
1206:
144:a query within a
95:
94:
87:
16:(Redirected from
5857:
5383:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5342:
5207:Federated search
5040:
5033:
5026:
5017:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4965:
4936:
4915:
4877:
4868:
4836:
4818:
4774:
4773:
4756:(4): 1733–1772.
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4707:
4701:
4694:
4688:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4599:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4558:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4452:. Archived from
4446:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4357:
4333:
4324:
4323:
4305:
4295:
4271:
4262:
4261:
4243:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4151:
4145:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4067:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4032:
4013:Helen Nissenbaum
4011:Introna, Lucas;
4008:
4002:
3995:
3989:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3957:
3937:
3928:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3773:
3771:
3763:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3679:
3673:
3666:
3660:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3615:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3560:. Archived from
3554:
3548:
3547:
3530:(7): 1103–1117.
3515:
3509:
3508:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3481:
3475:. Archived from
3474:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3383:
3377:
3370:
3364:
3358:"About: RankDex"
3355:
3346:
3332:
3326:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3242:. September 2005
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3189:Oscar Nierstrasz
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3067:Internet History
3063:"Search Engines"
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:10.17487/RFC0812
2950:Ietf Datatracker
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2919:. Archived from
2914:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2858:. Archived from
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2805:. Archived from
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2741:
2491:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2097:Holocaust denial
2022:
2019:
2013:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1871:proximity search
1497:Yahoo! Directory
1381:Oscar Nierstrasz
1323:Montreal, Quebec
1315:computer science
353:Yahoo! Directory
243:
90:
83:
79:
76:
70:
47:
46:
39:
21:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5790:
5590:
5527:
5374:
5369:
5339:
5334:
5308:
5271:
5265:
5226:Focused crawler
5157:Search by sound
5140:
5126:Semantic search
5096:Vertical search
5049:
5047:Internet search
5044:
5003:
4981:
4979:
4968:
4939:
4927:(10): 949–958.
4918:
4887:
4871:
4862:
4801:(6740): 107–9.
4786:
4783:
4781:Further reading
4778:
4777:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4695:
4691:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4589:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4543:
4541:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4518:
4516:
4504:Schwartz, Barry
4502:
4501:
4497:
4488:
4486:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4459:
4457:
4450:"Jewogle - FAQ"
4448:
4447:
4443:
4434:
4432:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4335:
4334:
4327:
4276:"Filter bubble"
4273:
4272:
4265:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4201:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4136:
4132:
4117:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4010:
4009:
4005:
3996:
3992:
3983:
3979:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3922:
3918:
3910:
3906:
3897:
3895:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3850:
3848:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3825:
3823:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3800:
3798:
3797:. Live Internet
3793:
3792:
3788:
3774:
3764:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3739:
3737:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3667:
3663:
3651:
3647:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3617:
3616:
3601:
3591:
3589:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3567:
3565:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3507:. 1 April 1996.
3499:
3498:
3494:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3371:
3367:
3356:
3349:
3333:
3329:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3289:"Yahoo! Search"
3287:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3216:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3173:
3171:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3147:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3001:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2648:
2508:librarycatalog
2471:
2465:search engine.
2459:
2431:
2410:
2386:
2374:
2344:, a student at
2334:
2325:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2267:
2261:
2232:
2172:the Middle East
2160:
2130:
2084:
2053:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1982:
1969:
1965:
1931:
1919:
1721:
1713:
1691:, Baidu, Bing,
1593:
1285:Tim Berners-Lee
1254:
1224:As We May Think
1212:
545:Active as Bing
451:Inactive (used
252:Current status
234:
228:
122:software system
91:
80:
74:
71:
64:
48:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5863:
5861:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5817:
5816:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5706:Northern Light
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5537:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5389:
5387:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5345:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5325:Desktop search
5322:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5275:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5007:Search Engines
5002:
5001:External links
4999:
4998:
4997:
4987:
4966:
4948:(5): 365–372.
4937:
4916:
4885:
4869:
4860:
4854:
4837:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4736:
4722:
4702:
4689:
4676:
4665:on 5 June 2014
4650:
4636:
4616:
4587:
4573:
4550:
4525:
4506:(2012-10-29).
4495:
4479:Christian Blog
4466:
4441:
4416:
4377:
4348:(3): 330–343.
4325:
4263:
4214:
4199:
4179:
4146:
4138:Hiroko Tabuchi
4130:
4115:
4081:
4074:
4052:
4030:10.1.1.24.8051
4023:(3): 169–185.
4003:
3990:
3977:
3955:10.1.1.65.5130
3948:(4): 693–707.
3929:
3916:
3904:
3879:
3857:
3832:
3807:
3786:
3746:
3722:
3700:
3674:
3661:
3645:
3632:
3599:
3574:
3549:
3510:
3492:
3461:
3432:
3404:
3378:
3365:
3347:
3327:
3310:
3280:
3273:
3253:
3223:
3198:
3180:
3168:huffingtonpost
3154:
3128:
3103:
3076:
3073:on 2009-04-13.
3050:
3029:
3008:
2983:
2965:
2936:
2897:
2872:
2843:
2819:
2789:
2761:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:Stack Exchange
2557:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2470:
2467:
2458:
2455:
2430:
2427:
2409:
2406:
2385:
2382:
2373:
2370:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2313:
2311:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2260:
2257:
2231:
2228:
2218:(and others).
2159:
2156:
2134:filter bubbles
2129:
2126:
2107:Google Bombing
2089:organic search
2083:
2080:
2057:Czech Republic
2052:
2049:
2025:
2024:
2005:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1972:
1970:
1963:
1930:
1927:
1918:
1915:
1896:inverted index
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1717:Main article:
1712:
1709:
1634:Mystery Seeker
1592:
1589:
1585:dot-com bubble
1533:developed the
1520:Northern Light
1277:World Wide Web
1253:
1250:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1003:
1002:
999:
993:
992:
989:
984:
980:
979:
976:
970:
969:
966:
960:
959:
956:
950:
949:
946:
940:
939:
936:
930:
929:
926:
921:
917:
916:
913:
907:
906:
903:
897:
896:
893:
887:
886:
883:
877:
876:
873:
867:
866:
863:
857:
856:
853:
847:
846:
843:
838:
834:
833:
830:
824:
823:
820:
814:
813:
810:
804:
803:
800:
795:
791:
790:
787:
781:
780:
777:
771:
770:
767:
761:
760:
757:
751:
750:
747:
741:
740:
734:
729:
725:
724:
721:
715:
714:
711:
706:
702:
701:
698:
692:
691:
688:
682:
681:
678:
672:
671:
668:
663:
659:
658:
655:
650:
646:
645:
642:
637:
633:
632:
629:
623:
622:
619:
613:
612:
609:
604:
600:
599:
596:
590:
589:
586:
580:
579:
576:
570:
569:
566:
561:
557:
556:
553:
547:
546:
543:
537:
536:
533:
527:
526:
523:
518:
514:
513:
510:
504:
503:
500:
498:Northern Light
494:
493:
490:
484:
483:
476:
471:
467:
466:
463:
457:
456:
449:
443:
442:
439:
433:
432:
425:
420:
416:
415:
412:
406:
405:
402:
396:
395:
392:
386:
385:
382:
376:
375:
372:
366:
365:
362:
356:
355:
349:
344:
340:
339:
336:
330:
329:
326:
320:
319:
316:
310:
309:
306:
301:
297:
296:
293:
287:
286:
283:
277:
276:
273:
267:
266:
263:
258:
254:
253:
250:
247:
227:
224:
212:search results
197:not accessible
154:search results
124:that provides
93:
92:
51:
49:
42:
26:
24:
18:Search Engines
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5862:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5805:
5804:Complete list
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
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5787:
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5782:
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5769:
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5749:
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5712:
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5699:
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5597:
5587:
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5569:
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5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5483:Perplexity.ai
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
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5439:
5436:
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5409:
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5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5366:
5361:
5359:
5354:
5352:
5347:
5346:
5343:
5331:
5330:Online search
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5320:Search engine
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:and standards
5268:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5246:Web archiving
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
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5224:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5213:
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5155:
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5150:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5101:Social search
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5036:
5034:
5029:
5027:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4978:on 2020-10-05
4977:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4938:
4934:
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4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:3-540-37881-2
4849:
4845:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4816:10.1038/21987
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4750:MIS Quarterly
4747:
4740:
4737:
4725:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4639:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4620:
4617:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4576:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4540:
4536:
4529:
4526:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4496:
4485:on 2014-09-13
4484:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4456:on 2019-02-07
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4431:on 2013-07-12
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4404:
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4388:
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4299:
4294:
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4285:
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4270:
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4264:
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4229:
4225:
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4126:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4082:
4077:
4075:9781136933066
4071:
4068:. Routledge.
4066:
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4031:
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4018:
4014:
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3808:
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3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3482:on 2013-11-16
3478:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3408:
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3392:
3388:
3382:
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3359:
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3348:
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3341:
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3331:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3274:9783319611617
3270:
3266:
3265:
3257:
3254:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3213:on 2001-06-20
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3144:on 2020-09-23
3143:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3018:
3012:
3009:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2937:
2926:on 2017-07-13
2922:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2862:on 2022-01-22
2861:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2809:on 2012-08-22
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Spell checker
2706:
2704:
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2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:Google effect
2661:
2659:
2658:Filter bubble
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2603:
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2594:
2585:
2583:Lemur, Nutch
2582:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
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2539:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:Conventional
2504:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2468:
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2331:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2271:search engine
2266:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:Halalgoogling
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:safe searches
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2127:
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2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
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2064:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:Yahoo! Taiwan
2041:
2037:
2032:
2021:
2018:December 2023
2009:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1980:
1979:MediaWiki.org
1976:
1971:
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1956:
1952:
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1698:
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1690:
1685:
1683:
1682:Yahoo! Search
1679:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1647:(which owned
1646:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:Around 2000,
1590:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:site-scoring
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1493:Web directory
1490:
1486:
1483:, founded by
1482:
1478:
1477:Yahoo! Search
1473:
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1459:
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1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
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1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:Mark McCahill
1343:
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1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:Link analysis
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:Vannevar Bush
1209:
1202:
1200:
1197:
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1008:
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990:
988:
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975:
974:Startpage.com
972:
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742:
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733:
730:
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712:
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707:
703:
699:
697:
694:
693:
689:
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684:
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679:
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673:
669:
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664:
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647:
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641:
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477:
475:
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373:
371:
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363:
361:
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354:
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348:
347:Yahoo! Search
345:
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331:
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233:
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217:
213:
209:
205:
204:Google Search
200:
199:to crawlers.
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:is part of a
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:search engine
111:
107:
104:
101:Some engines
99:
89:
86:
78:
68:
62:
61:
57:
52:This article
50:
41:
40:
37:
33:
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5571:Mullvad Leta
5371:
5221:Web indexing
5136:Voice search
5111:Audio search
5106:Image search
5091:Local search
4990:
4980:. Retrieved
4976:the original
4970:
4945:
4941:
4924:
4920:
4898:(2): 66–73.
4895:
4889:
4873:
4864:
4857:Bar-Ilan, J.
4840:
4798:
4792:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4727:. Retrieved
4712:
4705:
4692:
4679:
4667:. Retrieved
4663:the original
4653:
4641:. Retrieved
4626:
4619:
4607:. Retrieved
4578:. Retrieved
4563:
4542:. Retrieved
4538:
4528:
4517:. Retrieved
4511:
4498:
4487:. Retrieved
4483:the original
4478:
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1630:web portal
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1543:hyperlinks
1489:David Filo
1485:Jerry Yang
1458:WebCrawler
1283:edited by
1281:webservers
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