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on it that is passed under the door. With the paper, the man is to use a series of provided rule books to return paper containing different symbols. Unknown to the man in the room, these symbols are of a
Chinese language, and this process generates a conversation that a Chinese speaker outside of the room can actually understand. Searle contends that the man in the room does not understand the Chinese conversation. This is essentially what the computational theory of mind presents us—a model in which the mind simply decodes symbols and outputs more symbols. Searle argues that this is not real understanding or intentionality. This was originally written as a repudiation of the idea that computers work like minds.
132:, are computational. That is to say, CTM entails CTC. While phenomenal consciousness could fulfill some other functional role, computational theory of cognition leaves open the possibility that some aspects of the mind could be non-computational. CTC, therefore, provides an important explanatory framework for understanding neural networks, while avoiding counter-arguments that center around phenomenal consciousness.
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computation could be implemented either by silicon chips or biological neural networks, so long as there is a series of outputs based on manipulations of inputs and internal states, performed according to a rule. CTM therefore holds that the mind is not simply analogous to a computer program, but that it is literally a computational system.
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Computational theory of mind is not the same as the computer metaphor, comparing the mind to a modern-day digital computer. Computational theory just uses some of the same principles as those found in digital computing. While the computer metaphor draws an analogy between the mind as software and the
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and that these systems, because they can be said to be minds themselves, are sufficient for the study of the human mind. Searle asks us to imagine that there is a man in a room with no way of communicating with anyone or anything outside of the room except for a piece of paper with symbols written
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argues that mental states, such as beliefs and desires, are relations between individuals and mental representations. He maintains that these representations can only be correctly explained in terms of a language of thought (LOT) in the mind. Further, this language of thought itself is codified in
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CTM raises a question that remains a subject of debate: what does it take for a physical system (such as a mind, or an artificial computer) to perform computations? A very straightforward account is based on a simple mapping between abstract mathematical computations and physical systems: a system
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In response to the trivialization criticism, and to restrict SMA, philosophers of mind have offered different accounts of computational systems. These typically include causal account, semantic account, syntactic account, and mechanistic account. Instead of a semantic restriction, the syntactic
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in that they both require that mental states are representations. However, the representational theory of mind shifts the focus to the symbols being manipulated. This approach better accounts for systematicity and productivity. In Fodor's original views, the computational theory of mind is also
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which manipulate symbols according to a rule, in combination with the internal state of the machine. The critical aspect of such a computational model is that we can abstract away from particular physical details of the machine that is implementing the computation. For example, the appropriate
622:
Putnam, Hilary, 1961. "Brains and
Behavior", originally read as part of the program of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Section L (History and Philosophy of Science), December 27, 1961, reprinted in Block (1983), and also along with other papers on the topic in Putnam,
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The computational theory of mind holds that the mind is a computational system that is realized (i.e. physically implemented) by neural activity in the brain. The theory can be elaborated in many ways and varies largely based on how the term computation is understood. Computation is commonly
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because 'input' into a computation comes in the form of symbols or representations of other objects. A computer cannot compute an actual object but must interpret and represent the object in some form and then compute the representation. The computational theory of mind is related to the
272:(1992) argue that this simple mapping account (SMA) trivializes the empirical import of computational descriptions. As Putnam put it, "everything is a Probabilistic Automaton under some Description". Even rocks, walls, and buckets of water—contrary to appearances—are computing systems.
987:"Hilary Putnam. Minds and machines. Minds and machines, edited by Alan Ross Anderson, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1964, pp. 72–97. (Reprinted from Dimensions of mind, A symposium, edited by Sidney Hook, New York University Press, New York 1960, pp. 148–179.)"
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implement computational states is not relevant to the question of the nature of mind, because "every ordinary open system realizes every abstract finite automaton." Computationalists have responded by aiming to develop criteria describing what exactly counts as an implementation.
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the brain, not just a useful explanatory tool. Fodor adheres to a species of functionalism, maintaining that thinking and other mental processes consist primarily of computations operating on the syntax of the representations that make up the language of thought. In later work (
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program, because there is some pattern of molecule movements that is isomorphic with the formal structure of WordStar. But if the wall is implementing WordStar, if it is a big enough wall it is implementing any program, including any program implemented in the brain.
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Various philosophers and logicians have answered the critique, arguing that existing formulations suffer from fallacies, question-begging assumptions, and even outright mathematical errors . There is a wide consensus that this criticism of CCTM lacks any
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brain as hardware, CTM is the claim that the mind is a computational system. More specifically, it states that a computational simulation of a mind is sufficient for the actual presence of a mind, and that a mind truly can be simulated computationally.
200:
Objections like Searle's might be called insufficiency objections. They claim that computational theories of mind fail because computation is insufficient to account for some capacity of the mind. Arguments from qualia, such as Frank
Jackson's
144:'Computational system' is not meant to mean a modern-day electronic computer. Rather, a computational system is a symbol manipulator that follows step-by-step functions to compute input and form output.
230:) became a prominent critic of computationalism for a variety of reasons, including ones related to Searle's Chinese room arguments, questions of world-word reference relations, and thoughts about the
205:, can be understood as objections to computational theories of mind in this way—though they take aim at physicalist conceptions of the mind in general, and not computational theories specifically.
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Jerry Fodor himself argues that the mind is still a very long way from having been explained by the computational theory of mind. The main reason for this shortcoming is that most cognition is
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but is actually blurry and gappy, distributed over space and time in the brain. Consciousness is the computation, there is no extra step in which you become conscious of the computation.
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in his book with that title published in 1967. Neisser characterizes people as dynamic information-processing systems whose mental operations might be described in computational terms.
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performs computation C if and only if there is a mapping between a sequence of states individuated by C and a sequence of states individuated by a physical description of the system.
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has proposed the idea that the human mind does not use a knowably sound calculation procedure to understand and discover mathematical intricacies. This would mean that a normal
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to describe consciousness, asserting that it is the computation that equates to consciousness, regardless of whether the computation is operating in a brain or in a computer.
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234:. Regarding functionalism in particular, Putnam has claimed along lines similar to, but more general than Searle's arguments, that the question of whether the human mind
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128:(CTC) states that neural computations explain cognition. The computational theory of mind asserts that not only cognition, but also phenomenal consciousness or
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Recent work has suggested that we make a distinction between the mind and cognition. Building from the tradition of McCulloch and Pitts, the
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and global, hence sensitive to all possibly relevant background beliefs to (dis)confirm a belief. This creates, among other problems, the
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for the computational theory, because the relevance of a belief is not one of its local, syntactic properties but context-dependent.
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Piccinini, Gualtierro & Bahar, Sonya, 2012. "Neural
Computation and the Computational Theory of Cognition" in Cognitive Science.
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computer would not be able to ascertain certain mathematical truths that human minds can. However, the application of
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121:. The language of thought theory allows the mind to process more complex representations with the help of semantics.
79:(1943) were the first to suggest that neural activity is computational. They argued that neural computations explain
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A range of arguments have been proposed against physicalist conceptions used in computational theories of mind.
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described language instinct as an evolved, built-in capacity to learn language (if not writing). His 1997 book
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Vision: A Computational
Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information
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1034:"The Rediscovery of the Mind. By J. R. Searle. (Pp. 286; $ 22.50.) MIT Press: Cambridge, Mass.1992"
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An early, though indirect, criticism of the computational theory of mind comes from philosopher
69:, a broader theory that defines mental states by what they do rather than what they're made of.
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is an information processing system and that cognition and consciousness together are a form of
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The
Mechanical Mind: A Philosophical Introduction to Minds, Machines, and Mental Representation
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There are also objections which are directly tailored for computational theories of mind.
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account imposes a syntactic restriction. The mechanistic account was first introduced by
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in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. It was later criticized in the 1990s by Putnam himself,
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953:, chapter 5, pages 107-136. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1994
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1378:(1994). "Computation Is Just Interpretable Symbol Manipulation: Cognition Isn't".
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395:, which describes that computational problem solved by the cognitive process; the
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Searle has further raised questions about what exactly constitutes a computation:
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by
Penrose to demonstrate it was widely criticized, and is considered erroneous.
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The Mind Doesn't Work That Way: The Scope and Limits of
Computational Psychology
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in 1967, and developed by his PhD student, philosopher, and cognitive scientist
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The Mind Doesn't Work That Way:The Scope and Limits of
Computational Psychology
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2004:
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sought to popularize the computational theory of mind for wide audiences.
192:
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proposed that cognitive processes have three levels of description: the
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2019:
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1170:(Summer 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
986:
129:
1188:
1002:
949:
Roger
Penrose, "Mathematical Intelligence," in Jean Khalfa, editor,
1204:
1781:
1293:. Vol. 1. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
639:
637:
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633:
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Online papers on consciousness, part 2: Other Philosophy of Mind
58:
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291:
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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.12012
606:
604:
107:
Computational theories of mind are often said to require
1300:"A computational foundation for the study of cognition"
1260:
471:
276:
identifies different versions of Pancomputationalism.
191:
the wall behind my back is right now implementing the
1469:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1458:
Philosophical Papers: Mathematics, Matter, and Method
801:"Does a rock implement every finite-state automaton?"
860:"On the Nature of Minds, or: Truth and Consequences"
148:
describes this type of computer in his concept of a
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2318:
2160:
1987:
1857:
1587:
1460:. Vol. 1. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1341:
The Elm and the Expert: Mentalese and Its Semantics
83:. The theory was proposed in its modern form by
57:, is a family of views that hold that the human
1370:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1352:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
2239:
1565:
1125:, Oxford University Press, pp. 118–151,
8:
1350:Concepts: Where Cognitive Science Went Wrong
761:
759:
757:
171:, Searle attempts to refute the claims that
1424:Physical Computation: A Mechanistic Account
326:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3193:
2459:
2246:
2232:
2224:
1572:
1558:
1550:
867:Journal of Experimental and Theoretical AI
167:. In his thought experiment known as the
1131:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199658855.003.0008
915:Blackmon, James (2012). "Searle's Wall".
878:
816:
346:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Family of views in the philosophy of mind
3410:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
1368:LOT2: The Language of Thought Revisited
1168:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
770:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
649:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
582:
1493:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1481:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1414:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1343:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1334:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
3608:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
2902:Psychological effects of Internet use
2173:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
1187:Piccinini, Gualtiero (October 2007).
1157:
1155:
7:
1291:Readings in Philosophy of Psychology
658:
656:
324:adding citations to reliable sources
2882:Digital media use and mental health
1527:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
1508:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1117:Piccinini, Gualtiero (2015-06-01),
968:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
595:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2513:Automatic and controlled processes
1503:"The Computational Theory of Mind"
1096:10.1111/j.1468-0149.1967.tb02995.x
964:"The Computational Theory of Mind"
645:"The Computational Theory of Mind"
222:Putnam himself (see in particular
25:
2922:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
1164:"Computation in Physical Systems"
1032:Smythies, J. R. (November 1993).
688:The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
126:computational theory of cognition
3573:
3560:
3548:
3547:
2947:Mobile phones and driving safety
1240:
985:Ullian, Joseph S. (March 1971).
448:
296:
2850:Computer-mediated communication
366:, in which consciousness seems
173:artificially intelligent agents
114:representational theory of mind
3127:Empathising–systemising theory
2430:female intrasexual competition
2367:Evolutionarily stable strategy
625:Mathematics, Matter and Method
463:format but may read better as
1:
3487:Standard social science model
2540:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
2030:Hard problem of consciousness
1166:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1162:Piccinini, Gualtiero (2017),
681:"Minds, brains, and programs"
3335:Missing heritability problem
2927:Social aspects of television
2550:Evolution of nervous systems
2518:Computational theory of mind
1532:Computational theory of mind
1523:Computational theory of mind
1304:Journal of Cognitive Science
47:computational theory of mind
3581:Evolutionary biology portal
1491:The Rediscovery of the Mind
1361:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
722:The Rediscovery of the Mind
550:Constructivist epistemology
517:Memory-prediction framework
65:. It is closely related to
3634:
3542:Evolutionary psychologists
3415:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
3330:Human–animal communication
3042:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
2892:Imprinted brain hypothesis
2860:Human–computer interaction
1426:. Oxford University Press.
768:Representation and Reality
224:Representation and Reality
29:
3536:
3462:Environmental determinism
3433:Cultural selection theory
3320:Evolutionary epistemology
3234:evolutionary neuroscience
2907:Rank theory of depression
2409:Parent–offspring conflict
2261:
2193:
1752:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1742:David Lewis (philosopher)
1479:Computation and Cognition
1119:"The Mechanistic Account"
1080:"ART, MIND, and RELIGION"
1050:10.1017/s0033291700026507
991:Journal of Symbolic Logic
929:10.1007/s10670-012-9405-4
889:10.1080/09528130802319086
700:10.1017/S0140525X00005756
669:. New York: Penguin. 2002
522:Perceptual control theory
3355:Cultural group selection
3239:Biocultural anthropology
2932:Societal impacts of cars
2865:Media naturalness theory
2555:Fight-or-flight response
1298:Chalmers, David (2011).
858:Edelman, Shimon (2008),
545:Cognitivism (psychology)
540:Artificial consciousness
30:Not to be confused with
3555:Evolutionary psychology
3519:Sociocultural evolution
3360:Dual inheritance theory
2817:Personality development
2278:Theoretical foundations
2255:Evolutionary psychology
1880:Eliminative materialism
1465:Putnam, Hilary (1995).
1332:The Language of Thought
1189:"Computing Mechanisms*"
1090:(3): 32. October 1967.
799:Chalmers, D.J. (1996),
565:Stimulus–response model
472:converting this article
99:understood in terms of
3477:Social constructionism
3472:Psychological nativism
3447:Biological determinism
3395:Recent human evolution
3390:Punctuated equilibrium
3213:Behavioral epigenetics
3208:evolutionary economics
3177:Variability hypothesis
3122:Emotional intelligence
2855:Engineering psychology
2545:Evolution of the brain
2132:Propositional attitude
2127:Problem of other minds
2035:Hypostatic abstraction
1322:. New York: Routledge.
1038:Psychological Medicine
643:Horst, Steven, (2005)
401:implementational level
383:The Elm and the Expert
226:and the first part of
198:
3504:Multilineal evolution
3467:Nature versus nurture
3426:Theoretical positions
3274:Functional psychology
3269:Evolutionary medicine
3244:Biological psychiatry
2952:Texting while driving
2942:Lead–crime hypothesis
2802:Cognitive development
2787:Caregiver deprivation
2298:Gene selection theory
2203:Philosophers category
2107:Mental representation
1870:Biological naturalism
1757:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
1732:Frank Cameron Jackson
1366:Fodor, Jerry (2010).
1357:Fodor, Jerry (2000).
1348:Fodor, Jerry (1998).
1339:Fodor, Jerry (1995).
1193:Philosophy of Science
951:What is Intelligence?
720:Searle, J.R. (1992),
679:Searle, J.R. (1980),
364:multiple drafts model
189:
109:mental representation
32:Theory of computation
3613:Cognitive psychology
3457:Cultural determinism
3264:Evolutionary biology
3249:Cognitive psychology
3197:Academic disciplines
2845:Cognitive ergonomics
2812:Language acquisition
2792:Childhood attachment
2605:Wason selection task
2499:Behavioral modernity
2288:Cognitive revolution
2271:Evolutionary thought
1885:Emergent materialism
1420:Piccinini, Gualtiero
1255:for the books listed
1123:Physical Computation
440:Alternative theories
411:cognitive psychology
320:improve this section
175:can be said to have
3524:Unilineal evolution
3289:Population genetics
3074:Sexy son hypothesis
3012:Hormonal motivation
2992:Concealed ovulation
2533:Dual process theory
2404:Parental investment
2082:Language of thought
1832:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1662:Patricia Churchland
1467:Renewing Philosophy
1084:Philosophical Books
766:Putnam, H. (1988).
393:computational level
282:Gualtiero Piccinini
274:Gualtiero Piccinini
257:Pancomputationalism
228:Renewing Philosophy
136:"Computer metaphor"
119:language of thought
36:Pancomputationalism
3482:Social determinism
3365:Fisher's principle
3325:Great ape language
3315:Cultural evolution
3284:Philosophy of mind
3117:Division of labour
3079:Westermarck effect
3027:Mating preferences
2937:Distracted driving
2671:Literary criticism
2528:Domain specificity
2508:modularity of mind
1910:Neurophenomenology
1581:Philosophy of mind
1436:How the Mind Works
1392:10.1007/bf00974165
1380:Minds and Machines
827:10.1007/BF00413692
734:Fodor, J. (2000).
527:Situated cognition
474:, if appropriate.
422:How the Mind Works
203:knowledge argument
43:philosophy of mind
18:Sentient computers
3603:Cognitive science
3590:
3589:
3568:Psychology portal
3532:
3531:
3375:Hologenome theory
3345:Unit of selection
3340:Primate cognition
3254:Cognitive science
3185:
3184:
3056:Sexual attraction
3032:Mating strategies
2797:Cinderella effect
2727:Moral foundations
2631:Visual perception
2523:Domain generality
2492:Facial expression
2440:Sexual dimorphism
2399:Natural selection
2345:Hamiltonian spite
2221:
2220:
2117:Mind–body problem
2015:Cognitive closure
1979:Substance dualism
1597:G. E. M. Anscombe
1282:
1281:
1140:978-0-19-965885-5
777:978-0-262-66074-7
747:978-0-262-56146-4
570:Stochastic parrot
560:Simulated reality
493:
492:
397:algorithmic level
356:
355:
348:
288:Notable theorists
232:mind-body problem
53:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
3625:
3577:
3564:
3551:
3550:
3194:
3190:Related subjects
2977:Adult attachment
2504:Cognitive module
2460:
2447:Social selection
2421:Costly signaling
2416:Sexual selection
2303:Modern synthesis
2248:
2241:
2234:
2225:
1969:Representational
1964:Property dualism
1957:Type physicalism
1922:New mysterianism
1890:Epiphenomenalism
1712:Martin Heidegger
1574:
1567:
1560:
1551:
1512:
1499:Zalta, Edward N.
1494:
1482:
1470:
1461:
1449:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1294:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1244:
1236:
1225:
1224:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1044:(4): 1043–1046.
1029:
1023:
1022:
982:
976:
975:
960:
954:
947:
941:
940:
912:
906:
905:
904:
903:
882:
864:
855:
849:
848:
847:
846:
837:, archived from
820:
796:
790:
789:
763:
752:
751:
731:
725:
724:
717:
711:
710:
685:
676:
670:
660:
651:
641:
628:
620:
614:
608:
599:
598:
587:
497:Adaptive systems
488:
485:
479:
470:You can help by
452:
451:
444:
409:coined the term
351:
344:
340:
337:
331:
300:
292:
73:Warren McCulloch
55:computationalism
21:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3528:
3514:Neoevolutionism
3421:
3405:Species complex
3370:Group selection
3308:Research topics
3303:
3279:Neuropsychology
3181:
3167:Substance abuse
3089:Sex differences
3083:
2997:Coolidge effect
2958:
2870:Neuroergonomics
2835:
2826:
2750:
2652:
2586:Folk psychology
2467:
2451:
2321:
2314:
2257:
2252:
2222:
2217:
2189:
2156:
2102:Mental property
1995:Abstract object
1983:
1853:
1807:Wilfrid Sellars
1682:Donald Davidson
1667:Paul Churchland
1627:George Berkeley
1583:
1578:
1519:
1497:
1485:
1475:Pylyshyn, Zenon
1473:
1464:
1452:
1446:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1297:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1258:
1245:
1234:
1232:Further reading
1229:
1228:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1171:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1003:10.2307/2271581
984:
983:
979:
962:
961:
957:
948:
944:
914:
913:
909:
901:
899:
880:10.1.1.140.2280
862:
857:
856:
852:
844:
842:
798:
797:
793:
778:
765:
764:
755:
748:
733:
732:
728:
719:
718:
714:
683:
678:
677:
673:
667:The Blank Slate
661:
654:
642:
631:
621:
617:
609:
602:
591:"Functionalism"
589:
588:
584:
579:
574:
535:
489:
483:
480:
469:
453:
449:
442:
352:
341:
335:
332:
317:
301:
290:
259:
251:Gödel's theorem
247:Turing complete
158:
138:
117:related to the
101:Turing machines
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3631:
3629:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3571:
3558:
3545:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3219:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3058:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2897:Mind-blindness
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2841:
2839:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2592:
2590:theory of mind
2583:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2473:
2471:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2357:Baldwin effect
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2097:Mental process
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2067:Intentionality
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1917:Neutral monism
1914:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1900:Interactionism
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1812:Baruch Spinoza
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1722:Edmund Husserl
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1692:René Descartes
1689:
1687:Daniel Dennett
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1657:David Chalmers
1654:
1649:
1644:
1642:Franz Brentano
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1622:Alexander Bain
1619:
1614:
1612:Thomas Aquinas
1609:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:David Chalmers
1543:, compiled by
1538:
1529:
1518:
1517:External links
1515:
1514:
1513:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1462:
1454:Putnam, Hilary
1450:
1445:978-0393045352
1444:
1432:Pinker, Steven
1428:
1416:
1404:
1386:(4): 379–390.
1376:Harnad, Stevan
1372:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1324:
1312:
1295:
1289:, ed. (1983).
1280:
1279:
1248:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1205:10.1086/522851
1199:(4): 501–526.
1179:
1151:
1139:
1109:
1071:
1024:
977:
955:
942:
907:
873:(3): 181–196,
850:
818:10.1.1.33.5266
811:(3): 309–333,
791:
776:
753:
746:
726:
712:
694:(3): 417–457,
671:
663:Pinker, Steven
652:
629:
615:
600:
581:
580:
578:
575:
573:
572:
567:
562:
557:
555:Enchanted loom
552:
547:
542:
536:
534:
531:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
502:Associationism
499:
491:
490:
456:
454:
447:
441:
438:
437:
436:
426:
414:
404:
386:
371:
360:Daniel Dennett
354:
353:
304:
302:
295:
289:
286:
258:
255:
177:intentionality
157:
154:
150:Turing machine
137:
134:
95:, and others.
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3630:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3583:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3509:Neo-Darwinism
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Functionalism
3492:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:Connectionism
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3442:indeterminism
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:Schizophrenia
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:Mental health
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:Mate guarding
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:Age disparity
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:Schizophrenia
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2837:Mental health
2833:
2832:Human factors
2829:
2823:
2822:Socialization
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:paternal bond
2779:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2646:NaĂŻve physics
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2612:Motor control
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2570:Ophidiophobia
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:Arachnophobia
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Display rules
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:Kin selection
2387:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:Adaptationism
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Understanding
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
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2087:Mental event
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1767:Thomas Nagel
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1617:J. L. Austin
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2756:Development
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2142:Tabula rasa
1952:Physicalism
1937:Parallelism
1865:Behaviorism
1822:Michael Tye
1817:Alan Turing
1802:John Searle
1677:Dharmakirti
1652:Tyler Burge
1647:C. D. Broad
1408:Marr, David
1263:or run the
923:: 109–117.
374:Jerry Fodor
268:(1988) and
165:John Searle
146:Alan Turing
93:John Searle
89:Jerry Fodor
63:computation
3597:Categories
3385:Population
3380:Lamarckism
3226:behavioral
3204:Behavioral
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3097:Aggression
2887:Hypophobia
2877:Depression
2764:Attachment
2746:Universals
2710:Psychology
2688:Biological
2676:Musicology
2666:Aesthetics
2565:Basophobia
2372:Exaptation
2350:Reciprocal
2213:Task Force
2181:perception
2055:Artificial
2005:Creativity
1927:Nondualism
1827:Vasubandhu
1747:John Locke
1717:David Hume
1672:Andy Clark
1536:PhilPapers
1438:. Norton.
1316:Crane, Tim
1287:Block, Ned
1174:2020-12-12
1146:2020-12-12
997:(1): 177.
917:Erkenntnis
902:2009-06-12
845:2009-05-27
577:References
512:Enactivism
389:David Marr
3230:cognitive
3222:Affective
3107:Cognition
3061:Sexuality
3047:Pair bond
2807:Education
2464:Cognition
2382:Inclusive
2322:processes
2310:Criticism
2077:Intuition
2010:Cognition
1974:Solipsism
1637:Ned Block
1607:Armstrong
1602:Aristotle
1273:July 2023
1213:0031-8248
1104:0031-8051
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1058:0033-2917
1011:0022-4812
937:121512443
875:CiteSeerX
813:CiteSeerX
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484:July 2023
431:proposed
336:July 2023
307:does not
284:in 2007.
213:abductive
156:Criticism
81:cognition
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1988:Concepts
1858:Theories
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1772:Alva Noë
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3007:Fantasy
2987:Arousal
2769:Bonding
2658:Culture
2482:Display
2469:Emotion
2377:Fitness
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2020:Concept
1875:Dualism
1848:more...
1707:Goldman
1525:at the
1501:(ed.).
1019:2271581
328:removed
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2616:skill
2456:Areas
2060:Human
1782:Plato
1702:Fodor
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