28:
2768:(April 1623). Jews were admitted as students at the university, where they studied medicine as the only branch of science which was of practical use to them, for they were not permitted to practise law, and the oath they would be compelled to take excluded them from the professorships. Neither were Jews taken into the trade guilds: a resolution passed by the city of Amsterdam in 1632 excluded them. Exceptions, however, were made in the case of trades which stood in peculiar relations to their religion: printing, bookselling, the selling of meat, poultry, groceries, and drugs. Jews tended to involve themselves in newer industries in Amsterdam, like the importation of colonial products, that just so happened to not have as many guild restrictions attached to them. In 1655, a Jew was permitted to establish a sugar refinery. Jews also became heavily involved in the jewelry and tobacco industries. While occupational status did not differ greatly between Jews and the rest of the Amsterdam population, Jews were far more concentrated in particular lines of commerce.
2540:. Despite voiced challenges toward the loose legislation tolerating Jews, Burgomasters continued to enact laws tailored to their own pragmatic vision of society, even if they were contrary to popular opinion disfavoring Jews. Much of the toleration expressed by the Amsterdam officials was rooted in the economic assets the new Portuguese Jewish community could provide, as well as the officials’ lack of prior experience with Jewish residents. These factors made Amsterdam officials and even residents less susceptible to labeling the entire Jewish community by their negatively perceived history in Christian tradition. While the Jews of Amsterdam enjoyed greater freedoms in the religious and economic spheres of everyday life, which helped them assimilate more quickly and efficiently into Amsterdam society, they were denied certain political privileges, like participation in municipal government.
3034:
3437:"In practice, those areas of industrial initiative to which the Portuguese Jews were most attracted were relatively new fields not restricted by existing guild regulations, and these entrepreneurs pursued particular industrial initiatives not because they happened to be free of guild exclusivism but because their commercial concentration on the importation of colonial products suggested specific industries which by their very nature were of relatively recent vintage and, therefore, free of guild traditions.
2549:
2475:, descendants of Jews who had converted to Catholicism dating back to a forced conversion in Spain in 1391 through the Portuguese forced conversion, were looked upon with suspicion by Old Christians. In search of greater religious and economic freedoms, many crypto-Jews left Portugal for places with more lenient religious legislation and opportunities where their unique skill sets could thrive. Many left for
2803:, which was inaugurated in 1675. With the Netherlands experiencing economic difficulty (in part due to loss of New World colonies) some Jews left and immigration slowed. The Ashkenazic community became the larger Jewish community in Amsterdam, even as the Sephardic Jews kept positions of power and remained the significantly wealthier community. The process of
2844:
3376:
2682:
The migration of Jews from
Portugal and Spain to many places other than Amsterdam allowed them to build a strong international trading network that was unique to diaspora members. Because of the business and family relations many Amsterdam Jews had in light of their former community’s dispersal, they
2535:
Many types of discriminatory laws commonplace in Europe and previously in medieval times were no longer in place in
Amsterdam starting ca. 1600; to the extent such laws were on the books, they weren't always followed strictly. In part, such general religious toleration arose before Jews came to
2579:
also closely controlled the process of rejudaization, helping those who were outwardly
Catholic return to a Jewish life. In this process, several individuals rejected Rabbinic Judaism or advanced ideas outside of the norms of Judaism at that time and were disciplined by the
3302:
Freedom of conscience, as defined by
Article XIII of the Union of Utrecht - namely, as the absence of persecution - required no greater degree of explicitness on the part of Amsterdam's burgomasters than this resolution exhibited, and the subject was never taken up
2498:
became one of the most favored destinations in the
Netherlands for Sephardic Jews. Because many were merchants and traders, Amsterdam benefited economically from their arrival. However, the reason to settle in Amsterdam was not merely voluntary; many crypto-Jews or
27:
2866:"Portuguese-Israelite Religious Community" (PIK), has a membership of some 270 families (approximately 600 persons), and is concentrated in Amsterdam. They constitute now some 2% of the Dutch Jewish community. The PIK also has a youth movement, J-PIG (
2574:
was self-sustaining, with members appointing their successors, thus keeping the communal power in the hands of the merchant elite among the
Portuguese Jews. Besides providing for and overseeing the institutions of Portuguese Jewry in Amsterdam, the
2438:
at the end of the 15th century and throughout the 16th century, in search of religious freedom. Some migrated to the newly independent Dutch provinces which allowed Jews to become residents. Many Jews who left for the Dutch provinces were
3331:
Their introduction into
Amsterdam at this juncture, in a form altogether milder than in previous centuries, does not seem to have been prompted by any awareness of their history in Christian tradition but rather by specific contemporary
2668:
upon Ḥayyun and his heretical book. Ayllon was no doubt the rabbi who laid charges against Tzvi
Ashkenazi before the Amsterdam magistrates, and thus made an internal dissension of the Jewish community a matter of public discussion.
2735:
and Moses
Raphael de Aguilar. In the struggle between Holland and Portugal for the possession of Brazil, the Dutch were supported by the Jews. The Jews of Amsterdam also established commercial relations with various countries in
2515:. There were three struggling congregations. In 1638 a reconciliation was achieved, whereby one synagogue was sold, one remained in existence and the third continued to be used as a schoolroom which merged to
4192:
2471:
in 1492. In 1497, the
Portuguese forcibly converted all Jews in Portugal, including many who had returned to Judaism after fleeing Spain and its Inquisition. Following the establishment in 1536 of the
1049:
2892:, in a village on the outskirts of Amsterdam, has been in use since 1614 and is the oldest Jewish cemetery in the Netherlands. Another reminder of the Sephardic community in Amsterdam is the
2731:. After the Dutch in Brazil appealed to Holland for craftsmen of all kinds, many Jews went to Brazil; about 600 Jews left Amsterdam in 1642, accompanied by two distinguished scholars —
3671:
2423:
1627:
3274:
1282:
977:
1169:
4306:
4126:
2780:
from Spain in 1634. One generation later, several waves of migrant Jewish and Protestant families from the Netherlands had established a shipping and trading settlement in
4276:
3465:"The sugar refineries, tobacco workshops, and diamond-processing ateliers established by Portuguese Jews were a direct offshoot of Portuguese Jewish commercial activities.
2377:
141:
1164:
4281:
3616:
1412:
3033:
4301:
3750:
1666:
2564:
The Jewish community of Amsterdam was self-governing, with the Imposta board overseeing communal and individual conduct until the establishment of the unified
4026:
2776:
The migration of Portuguese Jews from the Netherlands to the Caribbean Antilles began in the mid-17th century, after the Dutch fleet captured the island of
651:
614:
4296:
2827:, the Sephardic community had declined to some 800 people, 20% of the prewar population. The Holocaust ended the existence of the Sephardic community in
2664:
of the Esnoga and was also from Salonica, not to accord patronage to Hayyun, who was unfavorably known to him. On 23 July Tzvi Ashkenazi pronounced the
3806:
2862:
1590:
4222:
1613:
4311:
3898:
3649:
963:
2447:, who, despite their conversion, were targeted by Old Christians as suspect. Some of these sought to return to the religion of their ancestors.
3945:
3794:
3198:
2391:
2370:
1540:
1475:
1357:
4011:
3654:
3513:
661:
4215:
2889:
1099:
2408:
did not refer to themselves as "Sephardim", but rather as "Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation." The Portuguese-speaking community grew from
3841:
3609:
2765:
1367:
1184:
1174:
414:
2799:
By the 1680s, the Portuguese Jewish community of Amsterdam went into decline, in spite of having built a new synagogue, the monumental
4316:
4161:
3935:
3073:
2984:
1763:
1713:
1678:
1372:
1237:
1104:
2756:
Besides merchants, a great number of physicians were among the Spanish and Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam, including Samuel Abravanel,
3782:
3458:
3430:
3324:
3295:
2363:
1455:
1417:
1392:
1312:
1297:
1144:
1084:
1039:
3918:
3344:
Sorkin, David (2010). "Beyond the east-west divide: rethinking the narrative of the Jews' political status in Europe, 1600–1750".
3862:
3193:
2849:
2800:
2649:
2395:
1748:
1730:
1636:
1530:
1382:
1377:
1302:
1267:
1134:
32:
2823:, approximately 4300 Sephardic Jews were living in the Netherlands out of a total Jewish population of some 140,000 (3%). After
3988:
3928:
3923:
3799:
3755:
3730:
2266:
2165:
1720:
1703:
1656:
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1074:
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1054:
1034:
1029:
4016:
3967:
3884:
3857:
3760:
3745:
3602:
2692:
1739:
1725:
1693:
1673:
1641:
1585:
1560:
1535:
1515:
1505:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1460:
1450:
1445:
1422:
1337:
1322:
1242:
1201:
1154:
1149:
1069:
1014:
3903:
3389:
2570:
or governing committee in 1639, seven prominent men who had final say over all that happened in the Jewish community. The
4291:
4286:
4111:
3836:
3831:
3821:
3477:
Tammes, Peter (2012). ""Hack, Pack, Sack": Occupational Structure, Status, and Mobility of Jews in Amsterdam, 1851–1941".
2656:
to circulate his writings, which had been published in Berlin. Tzvi Ashkenazi thought Hayyun was an old enemy of his from
2160:
1698:
1683:
1646:
1608:
1580:
1570:
1565:
1550:
1545:
1525:
1510:
1495:
1470:
1436:
1407:
1307:
1292:
1216:
1206:
1124:
1094:
1019:
1005:
4210:
2792:
to the Portuguese in 1654, which forced many Dutch Sephardic refugees from Brazil to move to Curaçao or to the colony of
641:
4177:
3913:
3867:
3777:
3659:
3057:
2905:
1768:
1688:
1651:
1575:
1520:
1387:
1362:
1287:
1262:
1252:
1191:
1114:
1109:
1089:
1079:
1059:
1044:
937:
405:
400:
3940:
3892:
3018:
2727:
were carried into effect through Francisco Ribeiro, a Portuguese captain, who is said to have had Jewish relations in
2431:
1758:
1753:
1708:
1661:
1347:
1317:
1277:
1272:
1129:
435:
4227:
2451:
began migrating to the Netherlands in the mid-seventeenth century, but Portuguese Jews viewed them with ambivalence.
4182:
4143:
2807:, granting Jews full Dutch citizenship in the late 18th and early 19th century, continued the erosion of power the
2602:, whose intellectual contributions were very important in his time and continue to influence thinkers to this day.
2232:
2077:
1785:
1179:
375:
365:
101:
722:
4121:
3816:
3789:
3119:
3067:
2974:
2785:
2716:
2346:
2039:
1890:
1831:
3556:
Christian Hebraists and Dutch Rabbis: Seventeenth Century Apologetics and the Study of Maimonides' Mishneh Torah
2418:
authority, to create an openly self-identified Portuguese Jewish community. As a result of the expulsions from
4187:
3493:
2888:
was founded in 1616 and it is the oldest functioning Jewish library in the world. Also, the Sephardic cemetery
2832:
2049:
2029:
1139:
619:
160:
4151:
3950:
3851:
3398:
2741:
2190:
2180:
2145:
2024:
2014:
1797:
968:
910:
744:
423:
380:
95:
4054:
3125:
2962:
2947:
2941:
2732:
2472:
2309:
2044:
1958:
1024:
576:
195:
165:
571:
4044:
4021:
3977:
3563:
Beyond the east-west divide: rethinking the narrative of the Jews’ political status in Europe, 1600–1750
3049:
3040:, born and raised in Amsterdam's Portuguese Jewish community, became of the most influential figures of
2200:
2195:
2140:
1928:
843:
558:
453:
170:
4243:
3137:
2271:
2223:
1963:
1821:
634:
499:
488:
446:
4255:
3765:
3012:
2935:
2804:
2548:
2504:
2464:
2460:
2324:
697:
564:
467:
460:
390:
278:
153:
3379: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
3519:
3357:
3041:
2638:
2415:
2175:
2125:
2072:
2067:
1981:
1851:
1119:
948:
707:
627:
481:
47:
3577:“Hack, Pack, Sack”: Occupational Structure, Status, and Mobility of Jews in Amsterdam, 1851–1941
17:
2748:, where, among other privileges, the free exercise of their religion would be assured to them.
4133:
4059:
3739:
3509:
3454:
3426:
3320:
3291:
3150:
3107:
2435:
2319:
2261:
2241:
2058:
1618:
1257:
717:
588:
518:
395:
308:
175:
4086:
4036:
3501:
3349:
3163:
actress, daughter of an Amsterdam-born mother of Portuguese Jewish descent (October 3, 1973)
3104:– merchant and shipowner, co-founder of the Sephardic community of Amsterdam (ca. 1540–1620)
2980:
2968:
2959:
Jacob Israel Belmonte – poet, co-founder of the Sephardic community of Amsterdam (1570–1629)
2911:
2537:
2289:
2170:
2130:
2094:
1792:
1342:
853:
609:
513:
428:
318:
110:
4116:
4049:
3770:
3664:
3176:
3089:
3079:
2919:
2761:
2700:
2696:
2665:
2645:
2586:
2520:
2468:
2419:
2251:
2210:
2205:
2185:
2107:
2101:
2034:
1986:
1826:
1807:
958:
687:
599:
582:
126:
2594:
honors to an outright ban on the individual. The most famous of those to receive a full
2719:
in 1621, and some of them were members of its directorate. The ambitious schemes of the
73:
4103:
4074:
4064:
3983:
3634:
3625:
3393:
3385:
3131:
3113:
3098:– philosopher and optician (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677), excommunicated 1656
3095:
3083:
3037:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2953:
2915:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2557:
2553:
2484:
2448:
2444:
2351:
2150:
2019:
2005:
1885:
1864:
1841:
1836:
1814:
1802:
1397:
878:
812:
777:
755:
692:
530:
508:
370:
349:
325:
91:
36:
2536:
Amsterdam, as city officials adopted a policy of freedom of conscience in joining the
4270:
4248:
3955:
3872:
3719:
3712:
3523:
3380:
3156:
3063:
2893:
2820:
2793:
2745:
2712:
2641:, on the community. This experience became a determining factor in his whole career.
2634:
2404:, particularly in Amsterdam, was of major importance in the seventeenth century. The
2299:
2294:
1500:
1427:
953:
802:
797:
792:
782:
760:
712:
474:
313:
218:
180:
131:
3361:
2414:, Jews forced to convert to Catholicism in Spain and Portugal, who rejudaized under
4081:
3962:
3542:
Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam
3237:
Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam
3166:
3101:
3022:
2824:
2720:
2516:
2329:
2155:
1996:
1991:
1949:
1902:
996:
863:
848:
807:
772:
385:
227:
3505:
2715:
were established by Sephardic Jews; they contributed to the establishment of the
3826:
3691:
2990:
2757:
2512:
2440:
2427:
2314:
2256:
1921:
827:
822:
817:
787:
3551:(History of the Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam 1593-1925): Amsterdam 1925 (Dutch)
3066:– resistance fighter, distinguished officer (July 15, 1916 – February 9, 1945,
3877:
3811:
3705:
3353:
2927:
2896:, a residence for the wealthy Sephardic family de Pinto, constructed in 1680.
2873:
Amsterdam is still home to works of its once vibrant Sephardic community. The
2781:
2777:
2626:
2566:
2524:
1972:
986:
915:
873:
702:
682:
241:
148:
68:
3570:
Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews Of Seventeenth-century Amsterdam
3453:. Portland, Oregon: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. p. 154.
3425:. Portland, Oregon: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. p. 149.
3224:
Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam
3684:
3319:. Portland, Oregon: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. p. 14.
3290:. Portland, Oregon: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. p. 11.
3170:
3160:
3026:
2931:
2923:
2854:
2828:
2708:
2495:
2135:
2120:
1210:
1158:
920:
868:
858:
539:
535:
525:
440:
200:
888:
3015:– rabbi, influential in the readmission of the Jews to England (1604–1657)
3677:
3643:
3594:
2657:
2630:
2618:
2500:
2410:
2304:
1914:
1846:
677:
185:
136:
2877:, which was inaugurated in 1675, is located at the heart of Amsterdam's
2519:, a united Sephardic congregation. Several Sephardic Jews supported the
2483:. A couple of decades later, groups of crypto-Jews started reaching the
4091:
4069:
3698:
2728:
2704:
2688:
2622:
2508:
2280:
2246:
2115:
1909:
898:
893:
765:
656:
551:
547:
543:
292:
287:
264:
246:
121:
116:
106:
84:
59:
3153:– cellist and conductor, Jewish father (May 10, 1904 – April 26, 1995)
2965:– rabbi, kabbalist, scholar, writer (February 1, 1605 – April 4, 1693)
2882:
3180:
3053:
2789:
2764:, and the Bueno family. Joseph Bueno was consulted in the illness of
2737:
2724:
2684:
2661:
2480:
2476:
1940:
1935:
1895:
1880:
991:
883:
303:
269:
255:
190:
3086:, co-founder of the Sephardic community of Amsterdam (ca. 1550–1616)
2843:
2511:
and because of that settled in Amsterdam. Soon many Jews settled at
3169:– particle physicist, science historian, Portuguese Jewish father,
2556:
of the Portuguese Jews, Amsterdam (illustration circa 1733–1739 by
3993:
2842:
2591:
2547:
903:
332:
236:
205:
26:
4156:
55:
4223:
Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
3598:
3003:– American Socialist leader (December 14, 1852 – May 11, 1914)
3589:
2971:– female politician, well-known feminist (b. October 1, 1937)
2660:
and Salonica, and immediately requested Ayllon, who was the
3549:
Geschiedenis der Portugeesche Joden te Amsterdam 1593-1925
3226:. London: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization 2000, xii
2699:(ca. 1550-1616) was sent to the Dutch Republic by Sultan
2648:
arrived at Amsterdam and requested the permission of the
3140:- contemporary rabbi, philosopher and scholar of Judaism
2860:
The Sephardic community in the Netherlands, called the
2455:
State of the community before the large-scale migration
2503:
had been refused admission in trading centers such as
2467:
had been introduced in Spain in 1478, followed by the
2711:. In particular, the relations between the Dutch and
3494:"Displaced Minorities: The Wayuu and Miskito People"
3116:– merchant/banker, political philosopher (1717–1780)
2878:
1919:
1900:
323:
4236:
4203:
4170:
4142:
4102:
4035:
4004:
3729:
3633:
2977:– comedian, actor (July 23, 1918 – August 19, 2005)
3183:politician, Dutch-Sephardic father (July 11, 1961)
3044:after his permanent expulsion by religious leaders
2835:and with no post-war resettlement in any numbers.
2788:. The Dutch troops lost the Brazilian colony of
2479:, where Europeans were Portuguese-speaking, and
3122:– watercolor painter and pastellist (1892–1971)
3390:"Ashkenazi, Zebi Hirsch (Ḥakam Ẓebi) B. Jacob"
2629:, a significant Jewish messianic movement. In
2426:, as well as the religious persecution by the
3610:
3572:: Littman Library of Jewish Civilisation 2004
2544:Religious identity and community in Amsterdam
2371:
8:
4027:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
3590:The Portuguese Jewish Community of Amsterdam
3239:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1997
2881:and it is still in use today. The venerable
2740:. In a letter dated November 25, 1622, King
3579:: Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2012
615:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4307:Sephardi Jewish culture in the Netherlands
3617:
3603:
3595:
3009:– poet (January 14, 1798 – April 28, 1860)
2378:
2364:
2228:
1869:
942:
749:
354:
223:
42:
4277:Dutch people of Portuguese-Jewish descent
2870:- Youth Portuguese-Israelite Community).
2868:Jongeren Portugees-Israëlitische Gemeente
2744:invited Jews from Amsterdam to settle in
2683:established trading connections with the
2590:, which could be anything from denial of
3110:– author, poet and economist (1650–1692)
3032:
2463:, where Spanish Jews had fled after the
3215:
3145:Persons of partial Dutch Jewish descent
2950:– rabbi Amsterdam Synagogue (died 1697)
2279:
2231:
2057:
2004:
1971:
1948:
1872:
1738:
1626:
1600:
1435:
1229:
1004:
976:
835:
669:
598:
498:
413:
357:
277:
254:
226:
54:
4282:Dutch people of Spanish-Jewish descent
3199:History of the Jews in the Netherlands
2863:Portugees-Israëlitisch Kerkgenootschap
2392:History of the Jews in the Netherlands
4012:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
3173:mother (May 19, 1918 – July 28, 2000)
3092:– physician, city planner (1813–1866)
2784:, a natural harbor controlled by the
2752:Commerce and occupations in Amsterdam
2531:Relationship with Amsterdam officials
7:
4302:Portuguese-Jewish diaspora in Europe
3481:. xliii:1: 12 – via EBSCOhost.
3479:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
2890:Beth Haim of Ouderkerk aan de Amstel
2633:, Ashkenazi witnessed the impact of
2523:and were in return protected by the
4211:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
3025:(June 6, 1868 – February 11, 1944,
2997:(December 24, 1946 – July 18, 2016)
2956:– rabbi and philosopher (1630–1695)
2766:Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange
4162:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
3498:The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity
3128:– sculptor and teacher (1863–1939)
3074:Balthazar (Isaac) Orobio de Castro
2993:– sports director and chairman of
2985:Supreme Court of the United States
2617:origins. Ayllon was connected to
2406:Portuguese Jews in the Netherlands
25:
4297:Spanish-Jewish diaspora in Europe
3544:: Indiana University Press 1997.!
3205:Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands
2402:Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands
406:Historical population comparisons
33:Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam
3374:
3263:Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation
3250:Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation
3194:History of the Jews in Amsterdam
2707:in 1608 to be his ambassador at
2469:expulsion of the Jews from Spain
2396:History of the Jews in Amsterdam
1050:Democratic Republic of the Congo
964:Historical population by country
18:Sephardi Jews in the Netherlands
4228:Institute for Sephardic Studies
3558:: Harvard University Press 1985
3402:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls
4312:Religion in the Dutch Republic
4017:Antisemitism in the Arab world
2944:– rabbi and author (1796–1860)
1:
3506:10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_117
3449:Swetschinski, Daniel (2000).
3421:Swetschinski, Daniel (2000).
3388:; J. Vredenburg (1901–1906).
3315:Swetschinski, Daniel (2000).
3286:Swetschinski, Daniel (2000).
2987:(May 24, 1870 – July 9, 1938)
2459:Many Jews migrating from the
621:Christianity and Judaism
4178:American Sephardi Federation
4171:Major communal organizations
3058:Congregation Shearith Israel
3021:– graphic artist, mentor of
2906:Category:Dutch Sephardi Jews
2831:, with its Jews deported to
2625:, and Tzvi Ashkenazi to the
3893:Western Europe and overseas
3134:– mathematician (1797–1866)
3019:Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita
2983:– Associate Justice of the
2432:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
1920:
1901:
1628:Latin America and Caribbean
324:
4333:
4183:Sephardi Community Council
2926:, after whom the towns of
2903:
2443:. Others had been sincere
2389:
2233:Jewish political movements
1930:Conversion to Judaism
4317:Jewish Portuguese history
4188:World Sephardi Federation
3568:Swetschinski, Daniel M.,
3354:10.1007/s10835-010-9113-z
3120:Joseph Teixeira de Mattos
3076:– philosopher (1617–1687)
3068:Dachau concentration camp
2975:Abraham Bueno de Mesquita
2853:(Sephardic synagogue) in
2811:held over the community.
2786:Dutch West Indies Company
2717:Dutch West Indies Company
636:Hinduism and Judaism
3492:Cwik, Christian (2019).
3222:Swetschinski, Daniel M.
3082:– Moroccan envoy to the
2833:Nazi concentration camps
462:Temple in Jerusalem
155:Bar and bat mitzvah
35:, 1675 (Illustration by
3672:Expulsion from Portugal
3451:Reluctant Cosmopolitans
3423:Reluctant Cosmopolitans
3399:The Jewish Encyclopedia
3317:Reluctant Cosmopolitans
3288:Reluctant Cosmopolitans
2900:Notable Portuguese Jews
2879:Jewish Cultural Quarter
2742:Christian IV of Denmark
2650:Portuguese Congregation
2639:Jewish messiah claimant
2621:, a mystical aspect of
2584:through the process of
424:Twelve Tribes of Israel
3547:da Silva Rosa, J. S.,
3500:. pp. 1593–1609.
3396:; et al. (eds.).
3126:Joseph Mendes da Costa
3045:
2963:Isaac Aboab da Fonseca
2948:Abraham Cohen Pimentel
2942:David de Aaron de Sola
2857:
2733:Isaac Aboab da Fonseca
2721:Dutch for the conquest
2678:International commerce
2605:Less influential were
2561:
2491:Migration to Amsterdam
2473:Portuguese Inquisition
40:
4022:Antisemitism in Islam
3740:Eastern Mediterranean
3565:: Jewish History 2000
3348:. 24.3-4 (3–4): 252.
3265:, 4, 125-33, 136, 153
3050:Abraham Lopes Cardozo
3036:
2847:Interior of the 1675
2846:
2551:
1170:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1165:Republic of the Congo
559:Second Temple Judaism
430:Kingdom of Judah
401:Modern historiography
30:
4292:Sephardi Jews topics
4287:Jewish Dutch history
4127:Sephardi chief rabbi
4104:Religion and culture
3660:Expulsion from Spain
3138:Nathan Lopes Cardozo
2691:. For instance, the
2430:that followed, many
2272:World Agudath Israel
1413:United Arab Emirates
500:Second Temple period
490:Babylonian captivity
31:Inauguration of the
3554:Katchen, Aaron L.,
3013:Manasseh ben Israel
2936:Bluefields, Jamaica
2885:Livraria Montezinos
2883:Library Ets Haim -
2465:Spanish Inquisition
2461:Kingdom of Portugal
565:Hellenistic Judaism
143:Land of Israel
102:Principles of faith
3046:
3042:Western philosophy
2858:
2562:
2126:Jewish Koine Greek
1668:Dominican Republic
949:Judaism by country
628:Jews and Christmas
483:Assyrian captivity
41:
4264:
4263:
4060:Judaeo-Portuguese
3515:978-981-13-2897-8
3151:Frieda Belinfante
3108:Joseph de la Vega
2938:, were both named
2914:, a 17th century
2644:On 30 June 1713,
2436:Iberian Peninsula
2400:The community of
2388:
2387:
2337:
2336:
2085:
2084:
1832:Reconstructionist
1776:
1775:
928:
927:
735:
734:
572:Jewish–Roman wars
520:Hasmonean dynasty
436:Kingdom of Israel
340:
339:
16:(Redirected from
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4252:
4219:
4196:
4122:Rite and customs
4095:
3978:Crypto-Sephardim
3619:
3612:
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3596:
3575:Tammes, Peter.,
3540:Bodian, Miriam,
3528:
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3246:
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3235:Bodian, Miriam.
3233:
3227:
3220:
2981:Benjamin Cardozo
2922:and the western
2918:and explorer of
2916:Jewish privateer
2912:Abraham Blauvelt
2666:ban of exclusion
2598:was philosopher
2538:Union of Utrecht
2424:Portugal in 1496
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3080:Samuel Pallache
2920:Central America
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2762:Elijah Montalto
2754:
2701:Zidan Abu Maali
2697:Samuel Pallache
2693:Jewish-Moroccan
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2521:House of Orange
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2186:Judaeo-Georgian
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3584:External links
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3386:Louis Ginzberg
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3275:BARUCH SPINOZA
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2607:Solomon Ayllon
2600:Baruch Spinoza
2558:Bernard Picart
2554:Passover Seder
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2485:Dutch Republic
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2445:New Christians
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3736:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3720:New Christian
3717:
3715:
3714:
3713:Maghrebi Jews
3710:
3708:
3707:
3703:
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3700:
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3466:
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3460:1-874774-46-3
3456:
3452:
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3442:
3438:
3434:
3432:1-874774-46-3
3428:
3424:
3417:
3414:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3381:public domain
3371:
3368:
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3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3326:1-874774-46-3
3322:
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3299:
3297:1-874774-46-3
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3200:
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3192:
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3187:
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3178:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3157:Neve Campbell
3155:
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3149:
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3144:
3139:
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3133:
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3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
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3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
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3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3064:George Maduro
3062:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2969:Hedy d'Ancona
2967:
2964:
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2955:
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2921:
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2910:
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2907:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2894:Huis de Pinto
2891:
2887:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2821:the Holocaust
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2796:(Manhattan).
2795:
2794:New Amsterdam
2791:
2787:
2783:
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2767:
2763:
2759:
2751:
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2722:
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2713:South America
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
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2686:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:Sabbatai Zevi
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
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2462:
2454:
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2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2420:Spain in 1492
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2403:
2397:
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2381:
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2278:
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2265:
2263:
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2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:Judeo-Aramaic
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Judeo-Italian
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2105:
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2100:
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2091:
2090:
2079:
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2063:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
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1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1904:
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1813:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
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1790:
1787:
1786:Denominations
1782:
1781:
1770:
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1765:
1762:
1760:
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1750:
1747:
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1620:
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1614:United States
1612:
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1599:
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1234:
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1200:
1198:
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1190:
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1176:
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1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:Guinea-Bissau
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1003:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
983:
982:
979:
975:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
954:Lists of Jews
952:
950:
947:
946:
945:
944:
939:
934:
933:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
840:
839:
834:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
754:
753:
752:
751:
746:
741:
740:
729:
721:
719:
716:
714:
713:The Holocaust
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
674:
673:
668:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
640:
638:
633:
629:
623:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
605:
601:
597:
590:
584:
578:
573:
570:
566:
560:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
505:
504:
501:
497:
492:
487:
485:
480:
476:
472:
469:
464:
459:
455:
451:
448:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
427:
425:
422:
421:
420:
419:
416:
412:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
362:
361:
356:
351:
346:
345:
334:
331:
328:
327:
322:
320:
317:
315:
314:Mishneh Torah
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
300:
299:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
284:
283:
280:
276:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
261:
260:
257:
253:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
233:
232:
229:
225:
220:
215:
214:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
152:
150:
147:
145:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
112:
108:
105:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
89:
86:
81:
80:
75:
74:Who is a Jew?
72:
70:
67:
66:
65:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:
38:
34:
29:
19:
4082:Judeo-Gascon
4055:Judeo-Arabic
4045:Judeo-Berber
3976:
3908:
3891:
3863:Gibraltarian
3852:North Africa
3850:
3842:Thessalonian
3738:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3650:Roman Empire
3642:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3497:
3487:
3478:
3472:
3464:
3450:
3444:
3436:
3422:
3416:
3404:. Retrieved
3397:
3370:
3345:
3339:
3330:
3316:
3310:
3301:
3287:
3281:
3270:
3262:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3223:
3218:
3204:
3203:
3167:Abraham Pais
3102:Jacob Tirado
3023:M. C. Escher
2884:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2848:
2825:World War II
2818:
2808:
2805:emancipation
2798:
2775:
2755:
2681:
2653:
2643:
2604:
2595:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2534:
2517:Talmud Torah
2494:
2458:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2330:Post-Zionism
2201:Judeo-Berber
2196:Judeo-Arabic
2156:Judeo-Gascon
1903:Pidyon haben
1822:Conservative
1368:Saudi Arabia
1186:South Africa
1175:Sierra Leone
997:Israeli Jews
911:Mosaic Arabs
864:Kaifeng Jews
725:Arab–Israeli
698:Emancipation
577:Great Revolt
386:Anti-Judaism
381:Antisemitism
376:Name "Judea"
171:Baal teshuva
4247: [
4214: [
4191: [
4090: [
3812:Palestinian
3060:(1914–2006)
2991:Uri Coronel
2839:Current era
2758:David Nieto
2513:Vlooienburg
2441:crypto-Jews
2428:Inquisition
2325:Revisionist
2315:Neo-Zionism
1922:Zeved habat
1715:Puerto Rico
1541:Netherlands
1373:South Korea
1358:Philippines
1238:Afghanistan
1105:Ivory Coast
879:Crypto-Jews
844:Bnei Anusim
823:Bene Israel
788:Beta Israel
745:Communities
652:Middle Ages
391:Persecution
166:Bereavement
4271:Categories
3795:Macedonian
3783:Alexandria
3731:Dispersion
3706:Megorashim
3685:Degredados
3655:Golden Age
3332:incidents.
2928:Bluefields
2904:See also:
2782:Willemstad
2746:GlĂĽckstadt
2627:Sabbateans
2613:, who had
2525:stadholder
2505:Middelburg
2416:rabbinical
2390:See also:
2310:Maximalism
2262:Secularism
2242:Autonomism
2059:Literature
1852:Humanistic
1456:Azerbaijan
1418:Uzbekistan
1393:Tajikistan
1313:Kyrgyzstan
1298:Kazakhstan
1145:Mozambique
1120:Madagascar
1040:Cape Verde
992:New Yishuv
987:Old Yishuv
938:Population
916:Subbotniks
874:Samaritans
813:Romanyotim
756:Ashkenazim
703:Old Yishuv
683:Sabbateans
670:Modern era
662:Golden Age
589:Bar Kokhba
309:Beit Yosef
176:Philosophy
4037:Languages
3984:Amazonian
3968:Livornese
3946:Hamburger
3790:Hungarian
3756:Bulgarian
3678:Conversos
3524:239122464
3171:Ashkenazi
3027:Auschwitz
2932:Nicaragua
2924:Caribbean
2855:Amsterdam
2829:The Hague
2815:Holocaust
2709:The Hague
2695:merchant
2615:Romaniote
2496:Amsterdam
2434:left the
2411:conversos
2320:Religious
2176:Zarphatic
2166:Bukharian
2136:Judeo-Tat
2121:Yeshivish
2095:Languages
2050:Sephardic
2040:Israelite
2030:Ethiopian
2020:Ashkenazi
1959:Religious
1749:Australia
1731:Venezuela
1637:Argentina
1619:Greenland
1531:Lithuania
1383:Sri Lanka
1378:Singapore
1303:Kurdistan
1268:Indonesia
1258:Hong Kong
1211:Abayudaya
1135:Mauritius
869:Igbo Jews
859:Krymchaks
778:Sephardim
646:relations
540:Sadducees
536:Pharisees
526:Sanhedrin
441:Jerusalem
201:Synagogue
69:Etymology
4144:Politics
3924:Suriname
3899:American
3885:Tunisian
3873:Moroccan
3858:Algerian
3817:Romanian
3800:Monastir
3778:Egyptian
3771:Splicani
3761:Croatian
3746:Albanian
3699:Marranos
3692:Lançados
3644:Sepharad
3362:55397970
3261:Bodian,
3188:See also
3161:Canadian
2673:Commerce
2658:Sarajevo
2631:Salonica
2619:kabbalah
2501:marranos
2347:Category
2305:Kahanism
2252:Feminism
2224:Politics
2108:Biblical
2078:American
2025:Bukharan
2015:American
1915:Shidduch
1891:Clothing
1847:Haymanot
1793:Orthodox
1721:Suriname
1704:Paraguay
1657:Colombia
1556:Portugal
1466:Bulgaria
1403:Thailand
1353:Pakistan
1333:Mongolia
1328:Malaysia
1248:Cambodia
1222:Zimbabwe
1197:Tanzania
1075:Eswatini
1065:Ethiopia
1055:Djibouti
1035:Cameroon
1030:Botswana
959:Diaspora
921:Noahides
894:Marranos
818:Cochinim
803:Bukharim
793:Gruzinim
783:Teimanim
773:Mizrahim
761:Galician
727:conflict
688:Hasidism
678:Haskalah
583:Diaspora
454:timeline
366:Timeline
279:Rabbinic
186:Kabbalah
161:Marriage
137:Tzedakah
127:Holidays
85:Religion
48:a series
46:Part of
4204:Studies
4134:Haredim
4112:Cuisine
4087:Bagitto
4070:Haketia
3963:Italian
3936:English
3919:Curaçao
3904:Antwerp
3878:Tetuani
3837:Rhodian
3822:Serbian
3807:Ottoman
3766:Ragusan
3751:Bosnian
3635:Origins
3535:Sources
3406:July 1,
3383::
3181:Israeli
2809:Mahamad
2778:Curaçao
2772:Decline
2729:Holland
2705:Morocco
2689:Morocco
2623:Judaism
2582:Ma'amad
2577:Ma'amad
2572:Ma'amad
2567:Ma'amad
2509:Haarlem
2290:General
2281:Zionism
2257:Leftism
2247:Bundism
2171:Knaanic
2131:Yevanic
2116:Yiddish
2073:Yiddish
2068:Israeli
2045:Mizrahi
2035:Israeli
2006:Cuisine
1982:Ancient
1964:Secular
1910:Kashrut
1886:Wedding
1873:Customs
1865:Culture
1842:Science
1837:Renewal
1827:Karaite
1808:Hasidic
1740:Oceania
1726:Uruguay
1694:Jamaica
1674:Ecuador
1642:Bolivia
1586:Ukraine
1561:Romania
1536:Moldova
1516:Hungary
1506:Germany
1501:Georgia
1491:Finland
1486:Estonia
1481:Denmark
1476:Czechia
1461:Belarus
1451:Austria
1446:Armenia
1423:Vietnam
1338:Myanmar
1323:Lebanon
1243:Bahrain
1202:Tunisia
1180:Somalia
1155:Nigeria
1150:Namibia
1140:Morocco
1070:Eritrea
1015:Algeria
899:Neofiti
808:Italkim
798:Juhurim
708:Zionism
657:Khazars
552:Sicarii
548:Zealots
544:Essenes
531:Schisms
396:Leaders
358:General
350:History
293:Tosefta
288:Midrash
265:Mishnah
247:Ketuvim
242:Nevi'im
191:Customs
122:Shabbat
117:Halakha
109: (
107:Mitzvot
94: (
60:Judaism
39:, 1721)
3994:Xuetas
3951:Indian
3941:French
3868:Libyan
3827:Syrian
3628:topics
3522:
3512:
3457:
3429:
3360:
3323:
3303:again.
3294:
3054:hazzan
2934:, and
2875:Esnoga
2850:Esnoga
2801:Esnoga
2790:Recife
2738:Europe
2725:Brazil
2685:Levant
2662:hakham
2654:Esnoga
2637:, the
2481:France
2477:Brazil
2352:Portal
2211:Domari
2141:Shassi
2102:Hebrew
1997:Humour
1941:Hiloni
1936:Aliyah
1896:Niddah
1881:Minyan
1816:Reform
1803:Haredi
1798:Modern
1699:Mexico
1684:Guyana
1647:Brazil
1609:Canada
1581:Sweden
1571:Serbia
1566:Russia
1551:Poland
1546:Norway
1526:Latvia
1511:Greece
1496:France
1471:Cyprus
1437:Europe
1408:Turkey
1398:Taiwan
1308:Kuwait
1293:Jordan
1283:Israel
1217:Zambia
1207:Uganda
1125:Malawi
1095:Guinea
1085:Gambia
1020:Angola
1006:Africa
889:Dönmeh
884:Anusim
828:Berber
766:Litvak
718:Israel
624:
561:
475:Second
443:
304:Targum
270:Gemara
256:Talmud
228:Tanakh
181:Ethics
132:Prayer
4251:]
4237:Other
4218:]
4195:]
4117:Music
4094:]
3914:Aruba
3909:Dutch
3832:Greek
3520:S2CID
3392:. In
3358:S2CID
3210:Notes
2596:ḥerem
2592:Torah
2587:ḥerem
2300:Labor
2295:Green
1992:Dance
1950:Music
1769:Palau
1689:Haiti
1652:Chile
1576:Spain
1521:Italy
1428:Yemen
1388:Syria
1363:Qatar
1343:Nepal
1288:Japan
1263:India
1253:China
1192:Sudan
1115:Libya
1110:Kenya
1090:Ghana
1080:Gabon
1060:Egypt
1045:Benin
904:Xueta
849:Lemba
468:First
333:Zohar
237:Torah
219:Texts
206:Rabbi
196:Rites
96:names
4157:Shas
3510:ISBN
3455:ISBN
3427:ISBN
3408:2013
3321:ISBN
3292:ISBN
2687:and
2609:and
2552:The
2507:and
2422:and
2394:and
1759:Guam
1754:Fiji
1709:Peru
1662:Cuba
1348:Oman
1318:Laos
1278:Iraq
1273:Iran
1230:Asia
1159:Igbo
1130:Mali
149:Brit
58:and
56:Jews
3502:doi
3350:doi
3056:of
2723:of
2703:of
2652:or
1973:Art
319:Tur
111:613
4273::
4249:es
4216:es
4193:he
4092:it
3518:.
3508:.
3496:.
3463:.
3435:.
3356:.
3329:.
3300:.
3179:–
3159:–
3052:–
2930:,
2760:,
2527:.
2487:.
586:,
580:,
550:,
546:,
542:,
538:,
50:on
3618:e
3611:t
3604:v
3526:.
3504::
3410:.
3364:.
3352::
3252:.
3070:)
3029:)
2560:)
2379:e
2372:t
2365:v
1213:)
1209:(
1161:)
1157:(
630:)
626:(
592:)
575:(
568:)
563:(
554:)
534:(
477:)
466:(
456:)
445:(
113:)
98:)
20:)
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