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tuned in. The bushing in line with the wheel can be kept relatively stiff to effectively handle cornering loads while the off-line joint can be softer to allow the wheel to recess under fore-aft impact loads. For a rear suspension, a pair of joints can be used at both ends of the arm, making them more H-shaped in plan view. Alternatively, a fixed-length
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from 1935, and advertised it as a safety feature. During that time MacPherson strut was still in the area of aviation technology and was derived from aircraft landing mechanisms. Later on, in 1951, Ford
Company decided to use the MacPherson strut on small production cars, the English Ford Consul and
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of the suspension can be tuned easily and wheel motion can be optimized. It is also easy to work out the loads that different parts will be subjected to which allows more optimized lightweight parts to be designed. They also provide increasing negative camber gain all the way to full jounce travel,
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to transfer the forces at the knuckle end of the suspension to the internal spring and damper. This is then known as a "push rod" if bump travel "pushes" on the rod (and subsequently the rod must be joined to the bottom of the upright and angled upward). As the wheel rises, the push rod compresses
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for horizontal radial movement in older designs, and rubber or trunnion bushings for vertical hinged movement. In newer designs, a ball joint at each end allows for all movement. Attached to the knuckle at its center is a bearing hub, or in many older designs, a spindle to which the wheel bearings
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At the knuckle end, single ball joints are typically used, in which case the steering loads have to be taken via a steering arm, and the wishbones look A- or L-shaped. An L-shaped arm is generally preferred on passenger vehicles because it allows a better compromise of handling and comfort to be
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Double wishbones have traditionally been considered to have superior dynamic characteristics as well as load-handling capabilities and are therefore commonly found on sports cars and racing cars throughout automotive history . Examples of cars with double wishbone suspension include the
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as the suspension jounces (rises), and often this arrangement is titled an "SLA" or "short, long arms" suspension. When the vehicle is in a turn, body roll results in positive camber gain on the lightly loaded inside wheel, while the heavily loaded outer wheel gains negative camber.
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mechanism formed by the unequal arm lengths causes a change in the camber of the vehicle as it rolls, which helps to keep the contact patch square on the ground, increasing the ultimate cornering capacity of the vehicle. It also reduces the wear on the outer edge of the tire.
276:) and other parameters for a given set of bushing or ball-joint locations. The various bushings or ball joints do not have to be on horizontal axes, parallel to the vehicle center line. If they are set at an angle, then anti-dive and anti-squat geometry can be dialed in.
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Long spindle SLAs tend to have better kingpin geometry, but the proximity of the spindle to the tire restricts fitting oversized tires or snow chains. The location of the upper balljoint may have styling implications in the design of the sheet metal above it.
570:. Due to the increased number of components within the suspension setup, it takes much longer to service and is heavier than an equivalent MacPherson design. At the other end of the scale, it offers less design choice than the more costly and complex
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Short spindle SLAs tend to require stiffer bushings at the body, as the braking and cornering forces are higher. Also, they tend to have poorer kingpin geometry, due to the difficulty of packaging the upper ball joint and the brakes inside the wheel.
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the internal spring via a pivot or pivoting system. The opposite arrangement, a "pull rod", will pull on the rod during bump travel, and the rod must be attached to the top of the upright, angled downward. Locating the spring and
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SLAs can be classified as short spindle, in which the upper ball joint on the spindle is inside the wheel, or long spindle, in which the spindle tucks around the tire and the upper ball joint sits above the tire.
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mount to the wishbones to control vertical movement. Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel, controlling such parameters as
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and is shorter than the lower link, which is an A-arm or an L-arm, or sometimes a pair of tension/compression arms. In the latter case, the suspension can be called a multi-link, or
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The double wishbone suspension provides the engineer with more design choices than some other types do. It is fairly easy to work out the effect of moving each joint, so the
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Ford Zephyr. Thus, the double wishbone was applied early in automobile history and there is no genetic relationship between MacPherson strut and double wishbone suspension.
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can perform the function of a wishbone as long as the shape of the other wishbone provides control of the upright. This arrangement has been successfully used in the
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Double wishbone suspensions are more complex, impose more difficult packaging constraints, and are thus often more expensive than other systems like a
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397:. Short long arms suspension, a type of double wishbone suspension, is very common on front suspensions for medium-to-large cars such as the
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In many racing cars, the springs and dampers are relocated inside the bodywork. The suspension uses a
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characteristic, as it is easy to end up with excessive, or curved, bump steer curves.
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Double wishbone suspension in action, displayed at the Toyota Museum in Nagoya, Japan
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can also be used in various other suspension types, such as variations of the
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The double wishbone suspension was introduced in the 1930s. French car maker
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652:"PEUGEOT TECHNOLOGY: Double Wishbone: Derivation and History"
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The double-wishbone suspension can also be referred to as "
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design for automobiles using two (occasionally parallel)
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658:"The MacPherson Strut - Ate Up With Motor"
554:Learn how and when to remove this message
471:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
654:. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
201:Double wishbone suspension (front) on a
27:Automotive independent suspension design
405:, and the first two generations of the
660:. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
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532:adding citations to reliable sources
449:adding citations to reliable sources
136:Wishbones and upright painted yellow
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1402:Automotive suspension technologies
1097:Continuously variable transmission
156:and one joint at the knuckle. The
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45:needs additional citations for
671:Suspension Geometry Calculator
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1132:Automated manual transmission
360:began using it in their 1934
739:Electronic Stability Control
69:"Double wishbone suspension"
1207:Semi-automatic transmission
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1044:Internal combustion engine
634:Twist-beam rear suspension
594:Dual ball joint suspension
314:dual-ball joint suspension
302:short long arms suspension
296:Short long arms suspension
142:double wishbone suspension
18:Short Long Arms Suspension
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1343:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
1232:Transmission control unit
1172:Limited-slip differential
1137:Electrorheological clutch
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370:Packard Motor Car Company
1122:Dual-clutch transmission
1092:Constant-velocity joint
624:Trailing-arm suspension
619:Torsion beam suspension
240:, the arms require two
1072:Automatic transmission
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146:independent suspension
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609:Multi-link suspension
572:multi-link suspension
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1177:Locking differential
1112:Direct-shift gearbox
589:Corvette leaf spring
528:improve this section
445:improve this section
54:improve this article
1202:Preselector gearbox
1182:Manual transmission
706:Automotive handling
187:mechanical abrasion
1348:Electric generator
1253:Wheel hub assembly
629:Twin-Traction Beam
378:Packard One-Twenty
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1217:Torque converter
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868:Semi-independent
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513:This section
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496:Disadvantages
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430:This section
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407:Mazda6/Atenza
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1290:Racing slick
1227:Transfer box
1197:Park-by-wire
1192:Parking pawl
1107:Differential
1082:Direct-drive
1064:Transmission
1054:Steam engine
999:Part of the
998:
937:Trailing arm
892:
859:De Dion tube
719:Car handling
565:
550:
541:
526:Please help
514:
482:
467:
458:
443:Please help
431:
395:Honda Accord
383:
355:
343:
339:
335:
326:
318:
305:
301:
299:
278:
274:camber angle
258:
235:
227:
209:
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183:scrub radius
171:caster angle
167:camber angle
141:
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116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1268:Alloy wheel
1127:Drive wheel
1117:Drive shaft
1077:Chain drive
885:Independent
769:Tire / Tyre
744:Fishtailing
712:Main topics
599:Leaf spring
488:unlike the
399:Peugeot 407
246:ball joints
179:roll center
162:coil spring
1353:Alternator
1001:Automobile
990:Powertrain
932:Swing axle
922:Multi-link
898:Jaguar IRS
875:Twist beam
838:Suspension
779:Understeer
764:Suspension
646:References
544:March 2022
485:kinematics
461:March 2022
413:Advantages
403:Citroën C5
391:Mazda MX-5
346:bump steer
266:Jaguar IRS
262:driveshaft
80:newspapers
1222:Transaxle
1187:Manumatic
1157:Gearshift
1029:Fuel cell
854:Beam axle
847:Dependent
823:Pneumatic
774:Transaxle
754:Oversteer
729:Downforce
614:Strut bar
515:does not
432:does not
332:Drawbacks
281:bellcrank
185:, scuff (
177:pattern,
1396:Category
1381:Category
1320:Tubeless
1305:Run-flat
1285:Off-road
1102:Coupling
1024:Electric
905:Dubonnet
759:Steering
734:Drifting
578:See also
574:system.
368:models.
242:bushings
181:height,
150:wishbone
110:May 2012
828:Torsion
536:removed
521:sources
453:removed
438:sources
362:Rosalie
358:Citroën
352:History
238:braking
230:kingpin
154:chassis
94:scholar
1371:Portal
1331:Hybrid
1295:Radial
1273:Hubcap
1087:Clutch
1034:Hybrid
1003:series
804:Spring
389:, the
286:damper
144:is an
96:
89:
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