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Historically, it is common that a community was built around the ironworks where the people living there were dependent on the ironworks to provide jobs and housing. As the ironworks closed down (or was industrialised) these villages quite often went into decline and experienced negative economic
373:
that can survive a 2,850 °F (1,570 °C) to produce decarbonized iron and 2/3 of a ton of industrial-quality oxygen per ton of iron. A thin film of metal oxide forms on the anode in the intense heat. The oxide forms a protective layer that prevents excess consumption of the base
326:
Ironworks is used as an omnibus term covering works undertaking one or more iron-producing processes. Such processes or species of ironworks where they were undertaken include the following:
693:
442:
as fuel. It was usually necessary for there to be a preliminary refining process in a coke refinery (also called running out furnace). After puddling, the puddled ball needed
1826:
1184:
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The notable ironworks of the world are described here by country. See above for the largest producers and the notable ironworks in the alphabetical order.
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After bar iron had been produced in a finery forge or in the forge train of a rolling mill, it might undergo further processes in one of the following:
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replaced former methods. An integrated ironworks in the 19th century usually included one or more blast furnaces and a number of
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1636:. Experimental ironworks established in 1818 and designated an 'Industrial Archaeological Site of International Importance'
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The mills operating converters of any type are better called steelworks, ironworks referring to former processes, like
2255:
577:, a lighter hammer with a rapid stroke rate, enabling the production of thinner iron, suitable for the manufacture of
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1687:"In the wake of the ironworks - entrepreneurship and the spatial connections to empowerment and emancipation"
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Most of these processes did not produce finished goods. Further processes were often manual, including
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The processes carried at ironworks are usually described as ferrous metallurgy, but the term
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1783:"U.S. Steel to cut 1,545 Michigan jobs as weakness overwhelms Trump's protection"
1622:. Ancient iron extraction site consisting of mines and three clay built furnaces.
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was remelted in an air furnace or in a foundry cupola to produce cast iron goods;
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products are made. The term is both singular and plural, i.e. the singular of
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259:- work. This is an unusual term in English, and it is best regarded as an
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1662:"Reproducing gender - The spatial context of gender in entrepreneurship"
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with or without other kinds of ironworks. After the invention of the
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The largest
Japanese steel companies' main works are as follows:
488:
From the 1850s, pig iron might be partly decarburised to produce
1835:
1732:
Ironmaking: History and
Archaeology of the British Iron Industry
421:
396:
in a finery (hearth) and coal or charcoal in a chafery (hearth);
393:
186:
1808:
1420:
Acciaieria di
Taranto (biggest Integrated steel mill in Europe)
1395:
Cogne acciai speciali, Aosta (example of a mountain steel meel)
563:
547:- which cut a flat bar into rod iron suitable for making into
412:
forges with melting fineries using the first process in which
36:
1691:
558:
works - where rolling mills made sheets of iron (later of
600:, either as an end in itself or as the raw material for
243:
is also occasionally used. This is derived from the
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2117:
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2046:
2006:
1991:
1933:
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1865:
1398:
Ferreira di
Servola, Trieste (operating since 1896)
588:A cementation furnace might be used to convert the
438:— a later process for the same purpose, again with
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1768:Ironmaking and Steelmaking: Theory and Practice
632:In the context of the iron industry, the term
1820:
8:
1685:Roos, Annie; Gaddefors, Johan (2022-04-07).
1512:Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Plant (of TMK),
2114:
2003:
1875:
1827:
1813:
1805:
164:From Fra Burmeister og Wain's Iron Foundry
1766:Ghosh, Ahindra; Chatterjee, Amit (2008).
1698:
1366:Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Co. Ltd
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1652:
1405:Società Italiana Acciaierie Cornigliano
636:is best reserved for this final stage.
232:became widespread, and the appellation
1315:Coalbrookdale Ironworks, Coalbrookdale
851:, etc.), near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
27:Building or site where iron is smelted
894:, in various locations, for example:
7:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1640:Royal Ironworks of St John, Ipanema
679:Cape Town Iron and Steel Works in
25:
1500:Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works
1491:Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works
1101:Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal
621:or more specialist kind of smith.
507:The Siemens-Martin process in an
1982:
859:in Pennsylvania and other places
41:
302:A South Wales iron mill in 1798
52:needs additional citations for
1481:Chelyabinsk Tube Rolling Plant
1071:(from former Kawasaki Steel),
1035:(from former Kawasaki Steel),
446:and then to be drawn out into
1:
1852:History of ferrous metallurgy
1417:Acciaieria di Bagnoli, Napoli
1347:, a shipbuilding firm on the
1187:, of former Sumitomo Metal),
1174:, of former Sumitomo Metal),
978:Steel Authority of India, Ltd
932:Zhanjiang Iron & Steel,
592:(if it was pure enough) into
477:The ironworks of Dalsbruk in
2095:Argon oxygen decarburization
1642:, in São Paulo state, Brazil
1385:at Bradford and other places
492:using one of the following:
162:Casting at an iron foundry:
2256:Differential heat treatment
1748:. The Why Files. 2013-05-09
1410:Acciai speciali Termi, now
1267:Třinec Iron and Steel Works
1152:, of former Nippon Steel),
1134:, of former Nippon Steel),
1121:, of former Nippon Steel),
1112:, of former Nippon Steel),
312:Třinec Iron and Steel Works
2375:
1571:Volzhsky, Volgograd Oblast
1300:List of ironworks in Wales
1297:
1161:(of former Nippon Steel),
697:Schofield's Iron Works in
658:
562:), which were coated with
496:The Bessemer process in a
462:
291:
32:Ironworks (disambiguation)
29:
2231:
2180:Ferritic nitrocarburizing
1980:
1847:
1781:Deaux, Joe (2019-12-20).
1770:. Prentice-Hall of India.
1700:10.1177/14657503221089802
1368:, a shipbuilding firm at
690:Mittal Steel South Africa
193:and where heavy iron and
2271:Post weld heat treatment
1730:Hayman, Richard (2005).
1565:Volzhsky Pipe Plant (of
920:Meishan Iron & Steel
521:Basic oxygen steelmaking
502:Gilchrist–Thomas process
1857:List of steel producers
1583:Altos Hornos de Vizcaya
1312:(Blaenafon) South Wales
892:China Baowu Steel Group
755:Falling Creek Ironworks
750:Johnstown, Pennsylvania
661:List of steel producers
652:("city of ironworks"),
337:(or sometimes finished
2085:Electro-slag remelting
1458:Forsbacka Ironworks km
1407:di Cornigliano, Genova
1401:Acciaieria di Piombino
1246:Formosa Plastics Group
1229:Steelworks, west coast
1079:, of JFE Western Works
1052:, of JFE Eastern Works
974:Five major steel works
702:
656:
485:
323:
315:
303:
283:Varieties of ironworks
170:
155:
2354:Industrial Revolution
2295:Production by country
1449:Storbrohyttan Gjuteri
1242:Formosa Ha Tinh Steel
849:Homestead Steel Works
765:Saugus, Massachusetts
723:Hyattsville, Maryland
696:
647:
523:, introduced in 1952.
517:, introduced in 1907;
476:
428:, without the use of
365:smelting — Employs a
322:Toronto rolling mills
321:
309:
301:
161:
144:The Iron Rolling Mill
142:
2359:Iron and steel mills
2281:Superplastic forming
2200:Quench polish quench
2090:Vacuum arc remelting
2069:Basic oxygen process
2064:Electric arc furnace
1660:Roos, Annie (2021).
1487:, Chelyabinsk Oblast
1437:Engelsberg Ironworks
1287:Völklingen Ironworks
1208:Gwangyang Steelworks
1090:Kakogawa Steel Works
746:Cambria Iron Company
624:It might be used in
515:Electric arc furnace
410:Potting and stamping
359:by direct reduction;
236:replaced ironworks.
208:Ironworks succeeded
168:Peder Severin Krøyer
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2236:Cryogenic treatment
2059:Open hearth furnace
2047:Primary (Post-1850)
2038:Cementation process
1925:Direct reduced iron
1693:: 146575032210898.
1455:Galtström Ironworks
1430:Lummelunda Järnbruk
1319:Cyfarthfa Ironworks
1306:Blaenavon Ironworks
1119:Kimitsu Steel Works
1060:Fukuyama, Hiroshima
1058:(from former NKK),
1048:(from former NKK),
779:Tredegar Iron Works
719:American Iron Works
598:cementation process
509:Open hearth furnace
2007:Primary (Pre-1850)
1666:pub.epsilon.slu.se
1626:Darkhill Ironworks
1495:Chelyabinsk Oblast
1445:Västmanland County
1345:Millwall Ironworks
1189:Wakayama, Wakayama
1159:Yahata Steel Works
1050:Kawasaki, Kanagawa
984:Kalinganagar Works
819:Granite City Works
783:Richmond, Virginia
703:
657:
535:Further processing
500:, improved by the
498:Bessemer converter
486:
459:Modern steelmaking
355:was produced from
324:
316:
310:Blast furnaces of
304:
294:Ferrous metallurgy
288:Primary ironmaking
263:of a term used in
171:
156:
2341:
2340:
2289:
2288:
2103:
2102:
1978:
1977:
1969:Induction furnace
1788:Los Angeles Times
1746:"A new iron age?"
1523:Novolipetsk Steel
1508:Sverdlovsk Oblast
1470:Gysinge Ironworks
1383:Vulcan Iron Works
1336:Dowlais Ironworks
1214:Pohang Steelworks
1064:JFE Western Works
1041:JFE Eastern Works
1001:Vijayanagar Works
857:Vulcan Iron Works
832:Great Lakes Works
770:Toledo Iron Works
761:Saugus Iron Works
737:Burden Iron Works
640:Notable ironworks
617:Manufacturing by
436:Puddling furnaces
273:Romance languages
218:puddling furnaces
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
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2054:Bessemer process
2004:
1986:
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1734:. History Press.
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1493:, Magnitogorsk,
1250:Ha Tinh Province
1176:Kashima, Ibaraki
845:Mon Valley Works
650:Eisenhüttenstadt
648:Coat of arms of
226:Bessemer process
183:industrial plant
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2261:Decarburization
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2014:Pattern welding
1995:
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1918:Anthracite iron
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1866:Iron production
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1561:Orenburg Oblast
1518:Kemerovo Oblast
1477:
1464:Trångfors Forge
1427:
1392:
1308:Heritage Site.
1302:
1296:
1283:
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1238:
1199:
1094:Kakogawa, Hyogo
1069:Kurashiki Works
1021:
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793:Fairfield Works
728:Bath Iron Works
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2147:Case-hardening
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2109:Heat treatment
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2033:Tatara furnace
2030:
2023:Damascus steel
2019:Crucible steel
2016:
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1965:Cupola furnace
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1630:Forest of Dean
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1594:facilities in
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1544:Vologda Oblast
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1531:Lipetsk Oblast
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1467:Motjärnshyttan
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1323:Merthyr Tydfil
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1275:Czech Republic
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1261:Czech Republic
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1181:Wakayama Works
1178:
1165:
1163:Kimitsu, Chiba
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1123:Kimitsu, Chiba
1116:
1106:Hirohata Works
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1056:Fukuyama Works
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958:Shougang Group
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953:Inner Mongolia
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774:Miami, Florida
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758:
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743:
741:Troy, New York
734:
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714:
711:
709:
706:
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701:, circa 1877.
699:Macon, Georgia
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659:Main article:
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602:crucible steel
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416:was made from
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380:— which fined
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346:
331:Blast furnaces
292:Main article:
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214:blast furnaces
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2195:Precipitation
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2150:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2132:Short circuit
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
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2057:
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2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1949:Reverberatory
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1898:Blast furnace
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1747:
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1738:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
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1678:
1667:
1663:
1656:
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1646:
1641:
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1635:
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1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1609:
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1601:
1597:
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1590:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:Metalloinvest
1550:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
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1474:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
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1438:
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1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
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1400:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1294:Great Britain
1293:
1289:Heritage Site
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:Hyundai Steel
1220:
1215:
1212:
1210:, south coast
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:Kashima Works
1166:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:Himeji, Hyogo
1111:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
982:
979:
975:
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971:
967:
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959:
956:
954:
950:
946:
943:
939:
935:
931:
929:
925:
921:
918:
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912:
908:
905:
903:
899:
896:
895:
893:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:
872:
868:
863:
858:
855:
850:
846:
843:
841:
837:
833:
830:
828:
824:
820:
817:
815:
811:
807:
804:
802:
798:
794:
791:
790:
789:
786:
784:
780:
777:
775:
771:
768:
766:
762:
759:
756:
753:
751:
747:
744:
742:
738:
735:
733:
729:
726:
724:
720:
717:
716:
713:United States
712:
707:
700:
695:
691:
688:
686:
682:
678:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
655:
651:
646:
639:
637:
635:
627:
623:
620:
616:
615:
614:
608:
603:
599:
595:
594:blister steel
591:
587:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:plating forge
568:
565:
561:
557:
553:
550:
546:
545:slitting mill
542:
541:
540:
534:
532:
530:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
506:
503:
499:
495:
494:
493:
491:
484:
480:
475:
470:
466:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
431:
427:
423:
420:with mineral
419:
415:
411:
408:
405:
401:
398:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:Finery forges
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
358:
354:
350:
347:
344:
340:
336:
333:— which made
332:
329:
328:
327:
320:
313:
308:
300:
295:
287:
282:
280:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:anglicisation
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
169:
165:
160:
153:
152:Adolph Menzel
150:), 1870s, by
149:
148:Eisenwalzwerk
145:
141:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2223:Martempering
2218:Austempering
2127:Low hydrogen
1945:Finery forge
1941:Wrought iron
1869:
1792:. Retrieved
1786:
1776:
1767:
1761:
1750:. Retrieved
1740:
1731:
1725:
1690:
1680:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:
1655:
1620:Burkina Faso
1514:Novokuznetsk
1504:Nizhny Tagil
1461:Kengis Forge
1412:ThyssenKrupp
1374:River Thames
1353:River Thames
1349:Isle of Dogs
1216:, east coast
1136:Tokai, Aichi
1128:Nagoya Works
1046:Keihin Works
1037:Chiba, Chiba
1022:
992:Kalinganagar
945:Baotou Steel
685:Western Cape
674:South Africa
664:
633:
631:
626:shipbuilding
612:
585:, and so on.
538:
526:
487:
452:rolling mill
363:Electrolytic
341:goods) from
325:
277:
271:, and other
256:
252:
251:- iron and
248:
240:
238:
207:
202:
198:
178:
174:
172:
163:
147:
143:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2266:Forming gas
2170:Carburizing
2027:Wootz steel
1993:Steelmaking
1892:sponge iron
1602:, formerly
1557:Novotroitsk
1540:Cherepovets
1485:Chelyabinsk
1433:Österbybruk
1033:Chiba Works
875:Anben Group
757:, Virginia.
681:Kuilsrivier
634:manufacture
619:blacksmiths
609:Manufacture
575:tilt hammer
469:Steelmaking
384:to produce
76:"Ironworks"
2348:Categories
2323:Luxembourg
2303:Bangladesh
2245:Deflashing
2155:Ausforming
1998:Steel mill
1908:Cold blast
1900:(produces
1890:(produces
1842:production
1794:2019-12-21
1752:2014-02-06
1671:2022-04-21
1647:References
1610:Historical
1549:Ural Steel
1452:Pershyttan
1441:Ängelsberg
1298:See also:
1154:Ōita, Ōita
1146:Ōita Works
1085:Kobe Steel
988:Tata Steel
806:Gary Works
797:Birmingham
788:U.S. Steel
490:mild steel
465:Steel mill
349:Bloomeries
234:steelworks
230:converters
210:bloomeries
179:iron works
166:, 1885 by
117:April 2013
87:newspapers
2276:Quenching
2250:Hardening
2240:Deburring
2210:Tempering
2190:Nitriding
2185:Induction
2175:Cryogenic
2142:Hardening
2119:Annealing
2078:Secondary
1961:Cast iron
1934:Secondary
1913:Hot blast
1870:Ironworks
1717:248043339
1709:1465-7503
1628:, in the
1536:Severstal
1351:, on the
1327:Glamorgan
1310:Blaenavon
1073:Kurashiki
1028:JFE Steel
1013:Karnataka
1005:JSW Steel
938:Guangdong
934:Zhanjiang
823:St. Louis
444:shingling
400:Foundries
339:cast iron
279:growth.
241:siderurgy
203:ironworks
199:ironworks
175:ironworks
18:Siderurgy
2160:Boriding
1952:Puddling
1902:pig iron
1888:Bloomery
1880:Smelting
1604:Ensidesa
1370:Leamouth
1338:also at
1329:, South
902:Shanghai
898:Baosteel
887:Liaoning
840:Michigan
827:Missouri
814:Illinois
708:Americas
590:bar iron
581:, other
556:tinplate
529:puddling
479:Kimitoön
448:bar iron
430:charcoal
418:pig iron
414:bar iron
404:pig iron
402:— where
390:charcoal
388:, using
386:bar iron
382:pig iron
367:chromium
357:iron ore
353:bar iron
351:— where
343:iron ore
335:pig iron
2328:Nigeria
2111:methods
1955:Furnace
1634:England
1616:Kindiba
1592:Arcelor
1567:OAO TMK
1527:Lipetsk
1378:England
1372:on the
1361:England
1281:Germany
1236:Vietnam
1227:Incheon
1077:Okayama
1009:Bellary
962:Beijing
928:Jiangsu
924:Nanjing
836:Detroit
834:, near
821:, near
810:Chicago
808:, near
801:Alabama
795:, near
654:Germany
596:by the
583:cutlery
573:with a
483:Finland
269:Spanish
249:sideros
222:foundry
191:smelted
101:scholar
1715:
1707:
1596:Avilés
1587:Bilbao
1475:Russia
1425:Sweden
1357:London
1271:Třinec
1256:Europe
1185:和歌山製鐵所
1140:Nagoya
1138:(near
1132:名古屋製鐵所
996:Odisha
980:(SAIL)
949:Baotou
881:&
879:Anshan
669:Africa
579:knives
374:metal.
369:/iron
265:French
247:words
185:where
181:is an
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2318:Italy
2313:India
2308:China
1963:(via
1943:(via
1840:steel
1713:S2CID
1618:, in
1600:Gijón
1577:Spain
1414:Terni
1390:Italy
1331:Wales
1203:POSCO
1197:Korea
1172:鹿島製鐵所
1150:大分製鐵所
1110:広畑製鐵所
1062:, of
1039:, of
1019:Japan
968:India
915:Hebei
911:Wuhan
907:WISCO
883:Benxi
869:China
732:Maine
560:steel
549:nails
450:in a
371:anode
257:ergos
253:ergon
245:Greek
220:or a
212:when
195:steel
108:JSTOR
94:books
1947:or
1838:and
1836:Iron
1705:ISSN
1598:and
1551:(of
864:Asia
467:and
440:coke
426:coke
422:coal
394:fuel
187:iron
80:news
1967:or
1695:doi
1585:in
1569:),
1555:),
1321:at
1269:in
1248:in
1244:of
1007:in
1003:of
990:in
986:of
976:of
781:at
772:in
763:in
748:in
739:in
730:in
721:in
564:tin
424:or
392:as
255:or
201:is
189:is
177:or
173:An
63:by
2350::
2144:/
2025:,
1904:)
1785:.
1711:.
1703:.
1689:.
1664:.
1632:,
1559:,
1542:,
1538:,
1529:,
1525:,
1516:,
1506:,
1502:,
1483:,
1443:,
1439:,
1376:,
1359:,
1355:,
1325:,
1273:,
1092:,
1075:,
1011:,
994:,
960:,
951:,
947:,
936:,
926:,
922:,
913:,
909:,
900:,
885:,
877:,
838:,
825:,
812:,
799:,
683:,
569:A
554:A
543:A
531:.
481:,
275:.
267:,
228:,
205:.
2252:)
2238:(
2029:)
2021:(
2000:)
1996:(
1971:)
1957:)
1894:)
1872:)
1868:(
1828:e
1821:t
1814:v
1797:.
1755:.
1719:.
1697::
1674:.
1183:(
1170:(
1148:(
1142:)
1130:(
1108:(
847:(
628:.
604:.
566:.
551:.
511:;
504:;
454:.
432:;
345:;
314:.
154:.
146:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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