156:
interest in activities where more likely to perceive similarity and liking then those who shared similar attitudes. An individual's perceived similarity with another has been proven to show potential for romantic relationships even though actual similarity was reported to be low. These findings explain that individuals are more likely to be attracted to those who they perceive to share similar activities with such as occupation and hobbies. Propinquity also explains the relationship between liking and activities, those with similar interests tend to put themselves into similar types of settings increasing their chances of interaction. As frequency of interaction between 2 or more people increases, the degree of perceived similarity and liking for one another increases eventually leading to long lasting relationships.
105:) were developed to address limitations of the featural account. In particular, featural approaches assume that the commonalities and differences are independent of each other. However, commonalities and differences are not psychologically independent. In fact, determining the differences between a pair requires finding the commonalities. Consider the comparison between a car and a motorcycle. Both have wheels. That is a commonality. However, cars have four wheels, while motorcycles have two wheels. That is a difference. Because this difference required first finding a commonality between the pair, it is called an
130:) were developed to evaluate similarity independently of the type of mental representation. On this view, any mental representation can be transformed into another mental representation through some series of steps. For any representation system and set of transformations, it is possible to define the shortest set of steps (i.e., the shortest program) that will transform one representation into another. The shorter this minimal program, the more similarity the pair of concepts.
48:) assume that mental representations can be conceptualized as some kind of mental space. Concepts are represented as points within the space. Similarity between concepts is a function of the distance between the concepts in space. Concepts represented by points that are near to each other are more psychologically similar than are points that are conceptually distant. A strength of this approach is there are many mathematical techniques for deriving spaces from data such as
76:) were developed to address limitations of the mental distance approaches. For example, spaces are symmetric. The distance between two points is the same regardless of which point you start from. However, psychological similarity is not symmetric. For example, we often prefer to state similarity in one direction. For example, it feels more natural to say that 101 is like 100 than to say that 100 is like 101. Furthermore, many
151:(how our environment and situation play a role in determining how often and to what degree we come in contact), need for affiliation, overt stimulus characteristics (refers to the observable attributes of an individual that serve to elicit positive or negative responses from others), and similarity. In short we determine our attraction or liking of another by positive and negative
167:). Another explanation is that we notice similar people, and expect a relationship to be interpersonally validating and beneficial because of similar attitudes, behaviours and values. People are susceptible to making negative judgements about those who are 'out of group' than 'in group' from them socially, behaviorally or of different
23:. It is fundamental to human cognition since it provides the basis for categorization of entities into kinds and for various other cognitive processes. It underpins our ability to interact with unknown entities by predicting how they will behave based on their similarity to entities we are familiar with. Research in
92:
of the pair. It is possible to account for people's intuitions or ratings of the similarities between concepts by assuming that judgments of similarity increase with the number of commonalities (weighted by the salience of those commonalities) and decreases with the number of differences (weighted by
155:
and our emotions concerning the matter. When
Individual A receives positive reinforcement from individual B, A's attraction toward B, increases the reverse is also true. Attitude similarity has also been found to serve as a strong foundation for long lasting friendship. Friends who share a similar
113:
which are aspects of one concept that have no correspondence in the other. For example, cars have seatbelts and motorcycles do not. Research suggests that alignable differences have a larger impact on people's judgments of similarity than do nonalignable differences. Thus, the relationship between
142:
In social psychology large amounts of empirical evidence indicate that similarity breeds liking; this is known as the similarity effect. Similarity refers to personality, attitudes, values, interests, and attraction shared between to individuals. Similarity is closely related to Bryne's social
83:
Featural approaches assumed that people represent concepts by lists of features that describe properties of the items. A similarity comparison involves comparing the feature lists that represent the concepts. Features that are shared in the feature lists are
163:). First, people with similar interests tend to put themselves into similar types of settings. For example, two people interested in literature are likely to run into each other in the library and form a relationship (involving the
134:
found some evidence against this view, showing that the number of steps to transform the colors and shapes of geometric objects does not predict people's similarity judgments for those objects.
1029:
919:
867:
809:
282:
Montoya, R. Matthew; Horton, Robert S.; Kirchner, Jeffrey (December 2008). "Is actual similarity necessary for attraction? A meta-analysis of actual and perceived similarity".
114:
the commonalities of a pair and the differences is important for understanding people's assessments of similarity. Structural approaches to similarity emerged from research on
996:
766:
876:
818:
688:"Ingroup bias and the 'black sheep' effect: Assessing the impact of social identification and perceived variability on group judgements"
495:
Werner, Carol; Parmelee, Pat (March 1979). "Similarity of
Activity Preferences Among Friends: Those Who Play Together Stay Together".
453:
Byrne, Donn; Clore, Gerald L. Jr.; Worchel, Philip (1966). "Effect of economic similarity-dissimilarity on interpersonal attraction".
369:
Rand, Thomas M.; Wexley, Kenneth N. (April 1975). "Demonstration of the Effect, "Similar to Me," in
Simulated Employment Interviews".
80:
are also directional. Saying "That surgeon is a butcher" means something quite different from saying "That butcher is a surgeon."
580:
Liberman, Zoe; Shaw, Alex (2019-08-01). "Children use similarity, propinquity, and loyalty to predict which people are friends".
27:
has taken a number of approaches to the concept of similarity. Each of them is related to a particular set of assumptions about
877:"A solution to Plato's problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge"
176:
966:
Shepard, Roger N. (1962). "The analysis of proximities: Multidimensional scaling with an unknown distance function. I.".
172:
160:
144:
57:
49:
28:
159:
Several explanations have been offered to explain in what way similarity increases interpersonal attraction (
205:
936:
891:
781:
1023:
913:
861:
803:
20:
633:"A meta-analytic investigation of the relation between interpersonal attraction and enacted behavior"
24:
941:
896:
786:
1046:
983:
849:
748:
668:
613:
542:
520:
394:
307:
164:
327:"Attraction as a function of attitude similarity-dissimilarity: the effect of topic importance"
954:
841:
740:
687:
660:
652:
605:
597:
562:
512:
470:
432:
386:
348:
299:
180:
1011:
975:
946:
901:
833:
791:
730:
699:
644:
589:
554:
504:
462:
424:
378:
338:
291:
238:
191:) are behavioural traits often used to assess similarity or dissimilarity in relationships.
543:"Interpersonal Similarity and the Social and Intellectual Dimensions of First Impressions"
632:
837:
717:
Buecker, Susanne; Maes, Marlies; Denissen, Jaap J. A.; Luhmann, Maike (January 2020).
1040:
987:
752:
617:
398:
311:
152:
88:
of the pair and features that are contained in one feature set but not the other are
672:
853:
950:
927:
Larkey, Levi B.; Markman, Arthur B. (2005). "Processes of
Similarity Judgment".
905:
188:
148:
1015:
593:
795:
558:
382:
744:
656:
601:
566:
516:
474:
436:
390:
352:
303:
295:
703:
958:
845:
664:
609:
415:
Newcomb, Theodore M. (1956). "The prediction of interpersonal attraction".
77:
631:
Montoya, R. Matthew; Kershaw, Christine; Prosser, Julie L. (July 2018).
979:
648:
524:
343:
326:
242:
200:
115:
686:
Marques, JosΓ© M.; Robalo, Elisabete M.; Rocha, Susana A. (July 1992).
735:
718:
466:
428:
184:
168:
508:
257:
226:
719:"Loneliness and the Big Five Personality Traits: A MetaβAnalysis"
541:
Lydon, John E.; Jamieson, David W.; Zanna, Mark P. (1988-12-01).
179:, agreeableness and disagreeableness, openness and closeness,
817:
Hahn, Ulrike; Chater, Nick; Richardson, Lucy B (2003).
19:
refers to the psychological degree of identity of two
127:
256:Holyoak, K.; Morrison, B. (2005). "2. Similarity".
1028:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
918:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
866:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
808:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
259:The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning
875:Landauer, Thomas K.; Dumais, Susan T. (1997).
147:(1961) which is determined by four variables:
102:
61:
767:"Structure mapping in analogy and similarity"
131:
8:
455:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
284:Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
1018:. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06.
908:. Archived from the original on 2016-04-06.
856:. Archived from the original on 2015-09-04.
798:. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24.
765:Gentner, Dedre; Markman, Arthur B. (1997).
940:
895:
785:
734:
342:
325:Byrne, Donn; Nelson, Don (January 1964).
126:Transformational accounts of similarity (
582:Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
217:
73:
53:
45:
1021:
911:
859:
801:
109:. Alignable differences contrast with
692:European Journal of Social Psychology
101:Structural approaches to similarity (
7:
536:
534:
490:
488:
486:
484:
448:
446:
410:
408:
364:
362:
277:
275:
273:
271:
269:
187:, as well as mental stability and
128:Hahn, Chater & Richardson 2003
93:the salience of the differences).
35:Cognitive psychological approaches
14:
723:European Journal of Personality
138:Social psychological approaches
819:"Similarity as transformation"
171:and values. Specifically, the
1:
838:10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00184-1
262:. Cambridge University Press.
177:extroversion and introversion
173:'Big Five' personality trait
44:Mental distance approaches (
951:10.1207/s15516709cog0000_30
906:10.1037/0033-295X.104.2.211
497:Social Psychology Quarterly
132:Larkey & Markman (2005)
122:Transformational approaches
1063:
1016:10.1037/0033-295X.84.4.327
594:10.1016/j.jecp.2019.03.002
103:Gentner & Markman 1997
62:Landauer & Dumais 1997
40:Mental distance approaches
796:10.1037/0003-066X.52.1.45
559:10.1521/soco.1988.6.4.269
383:10.2466/pr0.1975.36.2.535
997:"Features of similarity"
296:10.1177/0265407508096700
145:interpersonal attraction
111:nonalignable differences
58:latent semantic analysis
50:multidimensional scaling
29:knowledge representation
704:10.1002/ejsp.2420220403
206:Similarity (philosophy)
995:Tversky, Amos (1977).
637:Psychological Bulletin
21:mental representations
774:American Psychologist
417:American Psychologist
371:Psychological Reports
225:Cowling, Sam (2017).
97:Structural approaches
72:Featural approaches (
1004:Psychological Review
884:Psychological Review
143:psychology model of
107:alignable difference
25:cognitive psychology
331:Psychonomic Science
68:Featural approaches
980:10.1007/BF02289630
649:10.1037/bul0000148
344:10.3758/bf03342806
243:10.1111/phc3.12401
231:Philosophy Compass
165:propinquity effect
929:Cognitive Science
181:conscientiousness
161:like-prefers-like
1054:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1001:
991:
962:
944:
935:(6): 1061β1076.
923:
917:
909:
899:
881:
871:
865:
857:
823:
813:
807:
799:
789:
771:
757:
756:
738:
736:10.1002/per.2229
714:
708:
707:
683:
677:
676:
628:
622:
621:
577:
571:
570:
547:Social Cognition
538:
529:
528:
492:
479:
478:
467:10.1037/h0023559
450:
441:
440:
429:10.1037/h0046141
412:
403:
402:
366:
357:
356:
346:
322:
316:
315:
279:
264:
263:
253:
247:
246:
222:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1037:
1036:
1020:
999:
994:
965:
942:10.1.1.666.1693
926:
910:
897:10.1.1.184.4759
879:
874:
858:
821:
816:
800:
769:
764:
761:
760:
716:
715:
711:
685:
684:
680:
630:
629:
625:
579:
578:
574:
540:
539:
532:
509:10.2307/3033874
494:
493:
482:
452:
451:
444:
423:(11): 575β586.
414:
413:
406:
368:
367:
360:
337:(1β12): 93β94.
324:
323:
319:
281:
280:
267:
255:
254:
250:
224:
223:
219:
214:
197:
140:
124:
99:
70:
42:
37:
12:
11:
5:
1060:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1010:(4): 327β352.
992:
974:(2): 125β140.
963:
924:
890:(2): 211β240.
872:
814:
787:10.1.1.87.5696
759:
758:
709:
698:(4): 331β352.
678:
643:(7): 673β709.
623:
572:
553:(4): 269β286.
530:
480:
461:(2): 220β224.
442:
404:
377:(2): 535β544.
358:
317:
290:(6): 889β922.
265:
248:
216:
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
203:
196:
193:
153:reinforcements
139:
136:
123:
120:
98:
95:
69:
66:
41:
38:
36:
33:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1059:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1031:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
968:Psychometrika
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
938:
934:
930:
925:
921:
915:
907:
903:
898:
893:
889:
885:
878:
873:
869:
863:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
820:
815:
811:
805:
797:
793:
788:
783:
779:
775:
768:
763:
762:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
713:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
682:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
627:
624:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
576:
573:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
537:
535:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
491:
489:
487:
485:
481:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
449:
447:
443:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
411:
409:
405:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
365:
363:
359:
354:
350:
345:
340:
336:
332:
328:
321:
318:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
278:
276:
274:
272:
270:
266:
261:
260:
252:
249:
244:
240:
237:(4): e12401.
236:
232:
228:
227:"Resemblance"
221:
218:
211:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
194:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
154:
150:
146:
137:
135:
133:
129:
121:
119:
117:
112:
108:
104:
96:
94:
91:
87:
86:commonalities
81:
79:
75:
67:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
34:
32:
30:
26:
22:
18:
1024:cite journal
1007:
1003:
971:
967:
932:
928:
914:cite journal
887:
883:
862:cite journal
829:
825:
804:cite journal
780:(1): 45β56.
777:
773:
726:
722:
712:
695:
691:
681:
640:
636:
626:
585:
581:
575:
550:
546:
500:
496:
458:
454:
420:
416:
374:
370:
334:
330:
320:
287:
283:
258:
251:
234:
230:
220:
175:dimensions (
158:
141:
125:
110:
106:
100:
89:
85:
82:
74:Tversky 1977
71:
54:Shepard 1962
46:Shepard 1962
43:
16:
15:
832:(1): 1β32.
729:(1): 8β28.
189:neuroticism
149:propinquity
90:differences
212:References
17:Similarity
1047:Cognition
988:186222646
937:CiteSeerX
892:CiteSeerX
826:Cognition
782:CiteSeerX
753:214301960
745:0890-2070
657:1939-1455
618:109941102
602:1096-0457
567:0278-016X
517:0190-2725
503:(1): 62.
475:0022-3514
437:0003-066X
399:145715659
391:0033-2941
353:0033-3131
312:145590102
304:0265-4075
185:apathetic
78:metaphors
1041:Category
959:21702803
846:12499105
673:13685509
665:29733622
610:30974289
588:: 1β17.
195:See also
854:5743682
525:3033874
201:Rapport
116:analogy
986:
957:
939:
894:
852:
844:
784:
751:
743:
671:
663:
655:
616:
608:
600:
565:
523:
515:
473:
435:
397:
389:
351:
310:
302:
169:morals
56:) and
1000:(PDF)
984:S2CID
880:(PDF)
850:S2CID
822:(PDF)
770:(PDF)
749:S2CID
669:S2CID
614:S2CID
521:JSTOR
395:S2CID
308:S2CID
1030:link
955:PMID
920:link
868:link
842:PMID
810:link
741:ISSN
661:PMID
653:ISSN
606:PMID
598:ISSN
563:ISSN
513:ISSN
471:ISSN
433:ISSN
387:ISSN
349:ISSN
300:ISSN
183:and
1012:doi
976:doi
947:doi
902:doi
888:104
834:doi
792:doi
731:doi
700:doi
645:doi
641:144
590:doi
586:184
555:doi
505:doi
463:doi
425:doi
379:doi
339:doi
292:doi
239:doi
64:).
1043::
1026:}}
1022:{{
1008:84
1006:.
1002:.
982:.
972:27
970:.
953:.
945:.
933:29
931:.
916:}}
912:{{
900:.
886:.
882:.
864:}}
860:{{
848:.
840:.
830:87
828:.
824:.
806:}}
802:{{
790:.
778:52
776:.
772:.
747:.
739:.
727:34
725:.
721:.
696:22
694:.
690:.
667:.
659:.
651:.
639:.
635:.
612:.
604:.
596:.
584:.
561:.
549:.
545:.
533:^
519:.
511:.
501:42
499:.
483:^
469:.
457:.
445:^
431:.
421:11
419:.
407:^
393:.
385:.
375:36
373:.
361:^
347:.
333:.
329:.
306:.
298:.
288:25
286:.
268:^
235:12
233:.
229:.
118:.
31:.
1032:)
1014::
990:.
978::
961:.
949::
922:)
904::
870:)
836::
812:)
794::
755:.
733::
706:.
702::
675:.
647::
620:.
592::
569:.
557::
551:6
527:.
507::
477:.
465::
459:4
439:.
427::
401:.
381::
355:.
341::
335:1
314:.
294::
245:.
241::
60:(
52:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.