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581:. Cytology can be used to diagnose a condition and spare a patient from surgery to obtain a larger specimen. An example is thyroid FNAC; many benign conditions can be diagnosed with a superficial biopsy and the patient can go back to normal activities right away. If a malignant condition is diagnosed, the patient may be able to start radiation/chemotherapy, or may need to have surgery to remove and/or stage the cancer.
2270:
392:. Because needles as small as 27 gauge can almost always yield diagnostic material, FNAC is often the least injurious way to obtain diagnostic tissue from a lesion. Sometimes a syringe holder may be used to facilitate using one hand to perform the biopsy while the other hand is immobilizing the mass. Imaging equipment such as a CT scanner or ultrasound may be used to assist in locating the region to be biopsied.
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of the cell is very important in evaluating the cellular sample. In cancerous cells, altered DNA activity can be seen as a physical change in the nuclear qualities. Since more DNA is unfolded and being expressed, the nucleus will be darker and less uniform, larger than in normal cells, and often show
375:
to collect cells from lesions or masses in various body organs by microcoring, often with the application of negative pressure (suction) to increase yield. FNAC can be performed under palpation guidance (i.e., the clinician can feel the lesion) on a mass in superficial regions like the neck, thyroid
591:
Proper cytopathology technique takes time to master. Cytotechnologists and cytopathologists can assist clinicians by assisting with sample collection. A "quick read" is a peek under the microscope and can tell the clinician whether enough diagnostic material was obtained. Cytological specimens must
403:
For cytology of sediment, the sample is collected from the fixative that was used for processing the biopsy or autopsy specimen. The fixative is mixed properly and taken into a centrifuge tube and is centrifuged. The sediment is used for smearing. These sediments are the cells that are shed by the
384:
for sampling of deep-seated lesions within the body that cannot be localized via palpation. FNAC is widely used in many countries, but success rate is dependent on the skill of the practitioner. If performed by a pathologist alone, or as team with pathologist-cytotechnologist, the success rate of
226:
Cytopathology is commonly used to investigate diseases involving a wide range of body sites, often to aid in the diagnosis of cancer but also in the diagnosis of some infectious diseases and other inflammatory conditions. For example, a common application of cytopathology is the
316:
In this method, cells are collected after they have been either spontaneously shed by the body ("spontaneous exfoliation"), or manually scraped/brushed off of a surface in the body ("mechanical exfoliation"). An example of spontaneous exfoliation is when cells of the
595:
Further information about the specimen may be gained by immunohistochemical stains and molecular testing, particularly if the sample is prepared using liquid based cytology. Often "reflex" testing is performed, such as HPV testing on an abnormal pap test or
464:
385:
proper diagnosis is higher than when performed by a non-pathologist. This may be due to the pathologist's ability to immediately evaluate specimens under a microscope and immediately repeat the procedure if sampling was inadequate.
412:
Imprint cytology is a preparation wherein the tissue of interest touches a glass slide, leaving behind its imprint in the form of cells on the slide. The imprint can subsequently be stained and studied.
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While the cytologist's primary responsibility is to discern whether cancerous or precancerous pathology is present in the cellular sample analysed, other pathologies may be seen such as:
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are shed into the pleural or peritoneal fluid. This fluid can be collected via various methods for examination. Examples of mechanical exfoliation include
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846:(4th ed.). Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2004.
588:. In general, a fine-needle aspiration can be done anywhere it is safe to put a needle, including liver, lung, kidney, and superficial masses.
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of a pilocytic astrocytoma, showing characteristic bipolar cells with long pilocytic (hair-like) processes. Smear preparation.
959:"Causation of cornflake artifacts: Possible association of poor dehydration with drying before mounting in Papanicolaou stain"
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and used to evaluate a visible lesion by brushing cells from its surface and subjecting them to cytopathologic analysis.
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There are two methods of collecting cells for cytopathologic analysis: exfoliative cytology, and intervention cytology.
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for subsequent staining and microscopic examination. However, cytology samples may be prepared in other ways, including
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Some tumors may be difficult to biopsy, such as sarcomas. Other rare tumors may be dangerous to biopsy, such as
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Cytopathology is best used as one of three tools, the second and third being the physical examination and
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1997:
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in 1928. Cytopathology is generally used on samples of free cells or tissue fragments, in contrast to
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434:. With the latter, the sample is placed in a liquid that is then processed for further investigation.
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329:, where cells are scraped from the cervix with a cervical spatula, or bronchial brushings, where a
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458:, such as the nuclear smearing of this monocyte, shown as tail-like extension of nuclear material.
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For better visualization of cells and their components, specimens are inked, such as by the
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In intervention cytology the pathologist intervenes into the body for sample collection.
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that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level. The discipline was founded by
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Fine-needle aspiration, or fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), involves use of a
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Mitchell, Richard
Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007).
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of a cytopathology specimen showing a 3-dimensional cluster of cancerous cells (
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A branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level
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Cytopathologic techniques are used in the examination of virtually all body
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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947:
Orell, S., et al. 2005. Fine Needle
Aspiration Cytology. 4th Edition
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Collection development manual of the
National Library of Medicine
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After sampling, two main techniques for processing are used:
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474:, when some mounting medium evaporates before coverslipping.
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901:(27th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006.
592:
be properly prepared so that the cells are not damaged.
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can fail or work in abnormal ways and lead to diseases.
535:
microbial infections: parasitic, viral, and/or bacterial
651:– concerning fluids collections, especially within the
395:
FNAC has become synonymous to interventional cytology.
61:
1052:
E-Learning for
Medical Students | cellnetpathology.com
258:. Different types of smear tests may also be used for
161:
with typical features as can be seen on cytopathology
957:
Okayama K, Ishii Y, Fujii M, Oda M, Okodo M (2022).
921:
Chapter 13, section of squamous cell carcinomas, in
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250:because the samples may be smeared across a glass
454:Smearing of cells across a glass plate may cause
404:autopsy and biopsy specimen during processing.
60:Please review the contents of the article and
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349:Brushes used to collect samples for cytology.
8:
1014:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1800:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
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824:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
677:- principally concerning non-human mammals
623:– concerning the female reproductive tract
304:of an exfoliative cytopathology specimen (
246:Cytopathologic tests are sometimes called
2141:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
927:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
792:
444:
1007:
875:from the original on 26 September 2020
817:
802:The Cassell Concise English Dictionary
438:Processing of specimens may result in
428:of sample directly onto a glass slide.
2350:Diagnostic obstetrics and gynaecology
1067:The International Academy of Cytology
1047:Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology
1037:British Association for Cytopathology
869:"Cytopathology Specialty Description"
7:
2279:
2040:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
668:– principally concerning the female
2289:
718:Soft tissue, bone and skin cytology
376:or breast; FNAC may be assisted by
2176:Medical Scientist Training Program
1405:Fluorescence in situ hybridization
239:cervical lesions that may lead to
25:
1032:International Academy of Cytology
800:Kirkpatrick; et al. (1989).
755:American Society of Cytopathology
2308:
2298:
2288:
2278:
2269:
2268:
1373:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
871:. American Medical Association.
463:
447:
262:. In this sense, it is termed a
126:
34:
2309:
997:from the original on 2023-02-10
850:from the original on 2017-10-20
733:Central nervous system cytology
2166:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1600:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1042:Australian Society of Cytology
62:add the appropriate references
1:
470:Cervical squamous cells with
219:", which means "the study of
2146:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
1913:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
897:Stedman's medical dictionary
562:Various normal functions of
2355:Infectious causes of cancer
728:Liver and pancreas cytology
723:Kidney and adrenal cytology
209:George Nicolas Papanicolaou
47:reliable medical references
2371:
487:derivatives which include
388:Fine needles are 23 to 27
360:
193:
183:
173:
2264:
709:Gastrointestinal cytology
53:or relies too heavily on
2100:Transplantation medicine
1991:Clinical neurophysiology
1908:Obstetric anesthesiology
1828:Interventional radiology
1588:Digestive system surgery
600:on a lymphoma specimen.
1971:Intensive care medicine
1945:Mass gathering medicine
1790:Maternal–fetal medicine
1480:Microbiological culture
1110:Principles of pathology
925:Robbins Basic Pathology
804:. London. p. 324.
743:Salivary gland cytology
1563:Cardiothoracic surgery
627:Urinary tract cytology
363:Fine-needle aspiration
357:Fine-needle aspiration
350:
313:
280:
162:
150:
2214:Personalized medicine
2073:Reproductive medicine
1998:Occupational medicine
1952:Evolutionary medicine
1443:Diagnostic immunology
1268:Programmed cell death
1236:Liquefactive necrosis
432:Liquid-based cytology
348:
341:Intervention cytology
333:is inserted into the
299:
272:
156:
140:
2340:Anatomical pathology
2234:Traditional medicine
2194:Alternative medicine
2061:Addiction psychiatry
1875:Transfusion medicine
1870:Medical microbiology
1785:Gynecologic oncology
1637:Reproductive surgery
1438:Medical microbiology
1433:Transfusion medicine
1390:Immunohistochemistry
1340:Anatomical pathology
1231:Coagulative necrosis
788:Notes and references
766:Cancer Cytopathology
760:Anatomical pathology
699:Respiratory cytology
621:Gynecologic cytology
292:Exfoliative cytology
235:tool used to detect
191:, "fate, harm"; and
2256:History of medicine
2239:Veterinary medicine
2046:Preventive medicine
1898:Adolescent medicine
1740:Infectious diseases
1395:Electron microscopy
1363:Molecular pathology
1241:Gangrenous necrosis
1173:Cellular adaptation
1062:asct.com (archived)
690:Lymph node cytology
2204:Molecular oncology
2161:Doctor of Medicine
2151:Master of Medicine
2068:Radiation oncology
1940:Emergency medicine
1893:Addiction medicine
1860:Clinical chemistry
1855:Clinical pathology
1647:Transplant surgery
1605:Orthopedic surgery
1583:Colorectal surgery
1423:Clinical chemistry
1415:Clinical pathology
1400:Immunofluorescence
1368:Forensic pathology
1348:Surgical pathology
1256:Fibrinoid necrosis
777:Clinical pathology
481:Papanicolaou stain
472:cornflake artifact
456:smearing artifacts
351:
314:
281:
256:cytocentrifugation
163:
151:
2322:
2321:
2156:Master of Surgery
2120:
2119:
2105:Tropical medicine
2051:Prison healthcare
1966:Hospital medicine
1930:Disaster medicine
1920:Aviation medicine
1735:Hospital medicine
1642:Surgical oncology
1627:Pediatric surgery
1621:
1568:Endocrine surgery
1493:
1492:
1460:Mass spectrometry
969:(10): E301–E305.
934:978-1-4160-2973-1
711:– concerning the
701:– concerning the
683:– concerning the
649:Effusion cytology
629:– concerning the
399:Sediment cytology
323:peritoneal cavity
203:) is a branch of
135:
134:
111:
16:(Redirected from
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1976:Medical genetics
1961:General practice
1838:Nuclear medicine
1713:Gastroenterology
1669:Vascular surgery
1619:
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1506:
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1380:Gross processing
1246:Caseous necrosis
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975:10.1002/dc.25002
963:Diagn Cytopathol
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713:alimentary tract
681:Thyroid cytology
675:Vaginal cytology
586:pheochromocytoma
541:immune reactions
538:reactive changes
485:Romanowsky stain
467:
451:
440:visual artifacts
408:Imprint cytology
260:cancer diagnosis
252:microscope slide
196:
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147:serous carcinoma
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2249:Chief physician
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2110:Travel medicine
2095:Sports medicine
2078:Sexual medicine
2018:Palliative care
2013:Pain management
1957:Family medicine
1935:Diving medicine
1881:
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1632:Plastic surgery
1578:General surgery
1558:Cardiac surgery
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1448:Immunopathology
1428:Hematopathology
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666:Breast cytology
635:urinary bladder
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284:Cell collection
264:cytologic smear
241:cervical cancer
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908:978-0683400076
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643:Urine cytology
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602:
598:flow cytometry
560:
559:
553:
548:
542:
539:
536:
516:
513:
477:
476:
469:
462:
460:
453:
446:
436:
435:
429:
418:
415:
409:
406:
400:
397:
371:attached to a
361:Main article:
358:
355:
342:
339:
319:pleural cavity
293:
290:
285:
282:
213:histopathology
181:, "a hollow";
159:adenocarcinoma
133:
132:
125:
123:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2367:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:Cytopathology
2333:
2332:
2330:
2315:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2285:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
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2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Public health
2217:
2215:
2212:
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2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:Allied health
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2174:
2173:
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2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
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2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
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2123:
2111:
2108:
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2101:
2098:
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2076:
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2062:
2059:
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2049:
2047:
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2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Oral medicine
2006:
2004:
2003:Ophthalmology
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
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1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:Cytopathology
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1805:Urogynecology
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
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1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:Endocrinology
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1676:
1670:
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1663:
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1601:
1598:
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1576:
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1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1353:Cytopathology
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1297:Accumulations
1295:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
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1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:Wound healing
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1011:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
950:
944:
941:
936:
930:
926:
918:
915:
910:
904:
899:
898:
890:
887:
874:
870:
864:
861:
849:
845:
841:
835:
832:
827:
821:
813:
811:0-304-31806-X
807:
803:
796:
793:
787:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
767:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
748:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
710:
707:
704:
700:
697:
695:
692:– concerning
691:
688:
686:
685:thyroid gland
682:
679:
676:
673:
671:
667:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
647:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
625:
622:
619:
618:
617:
615:
611:
603:
601:
599:
593:
589:
587:
582:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
543:
540:
537:
534:
533:
532:
529:
527:
524:a bright-red
522:
514:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
473:
466:
461:
457:
450:
445:
443:
441:
433:
430:
427:
424:
423:
422:
416:
414:
407:
405:
398:
396:
393:
391:
386:
383:
379:
374:
370:
364:
356:
354:
347:
340:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
311:
307:
303:
298:
291:
289:
283:
279:
278:H&E stain
275:
271:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:
190:
180:
171:
167:
166:Cytopathology
160:
155:
148:
144:
139:
124:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
67:
63:
57:
56:
52:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
2345:Cell biology
2224:Rural health
2209:Nanomedicine
1864:
1760:Rheumatology
1691: /
1610:Hand surgery
1595:Neurosurgery
1455:Enzyme assay
1352:
1301:
1296:
1285:Karyorrhexis
1261:Myocytolysis
1251:Fat necrosis
1156:Inflammation
1144:Hemodynamics
1137:Pathogenesis
1057:www.ascp.org
1010:cite journal
999:. Retrieved
966:
962:
952:
943:
924:
917:
896:
889:
877:. Retrieved
863:
852:. Retrieved
843:
834:
801:
795:
782:Pleomorphism
772:Cell biology
764:
738:Eye cytology
607:
604:Body regions
594:
590:
583:
576:
561:
530:
518:
505:May–Grünwald
478:
471:
455:
437:
425:
420:
411:
402:
394:
387:
366:
352:
331:bronchoscope
315:
287:
263:
247:
245:
237:precancerous
225:
198:
188:
178:
165:
164:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
51:verification
44:
2294:Wikiproject
2083:Venereology
2028:Neonatology
1925:Dermatology
1780:Gynaecology
1772:gynaecology
1755:Pulmonology
1573:Eye surgery
1535:Specialties
1309:Hemosiderin
1190:Hyperplasia
1185:Hypertrophy
1161:Cell damage
705:and airways
694:lymph nodes
661:pericardium
564:cell growth
551:amyloidosis
417:Preparation
248:smear tests
143:micrographs
45:needs more
2329:Categories
2056:Psychiatry
2042:(PM&R)
2035:Phlebology
2023:Pediatrics
1850:Anatomical
1815:Diagnostic
1795:Obstetrics
1745:Nephrology
1730:Hematology
1725:Geriatrics
1718:Hepatology
1703:Cardiology
1693:Immunology
1475:Blood bank
1318:Lipofuscin
1314:Lipochrome
1290:Karyolysis
1219:Cell death
1200:Metaplasia
1001:2023-08-28
854:2018-03-21
840:"Cytology"
653:peritoneum
568:metabolism
556:autoimmune
515:Parameters
378:ultrasound
327:Pap smears
302:micrograph
274:Micrograph
141:A pair of
117:April 2017
87:newspapers
18:Smear test
2244:Physician
2128:education
1986:Neurology
1981:Narcology
1845:Pathology
1823:Radiology
1698:Angiology
1662:Andrology
1330:Steatosis
1273:Apoptosis
1210:Glandular
1195:Dysplasia
1127:Neoplasia
1122:Infection
1103:Pathology
991:249746919
879:30 August
820:cite book
526:nucleolus
310:Pap stain
233:screening
229:Pap smear
205:pathology
2274:Category
1750:Oncology
1681:medicine
1679:Internal
1527:Medicine
1485:Serology
1280:Pyknosis
1226:Necrosis
1205:Squamous
1149:Ischemia
995:Archived
983:35712848
873:Archived
848:Archived
749:See also
572:division
558:diseases
511:stains.
509:Leishman
426:Smearing
382:CAT scan
306:Pap test
217:cytology
2314:Outline
2284:Commons
2229:Therapy
2126:Medical
1689:Allergy
1657:Urology
1550:Surgery
1358:Autopsy
1323:Melanin
1303:pigment
1180:Atrophy
1117:Disease
639:urethra
631:ureters
614:tissues
521:nucleus
373:syringe
335:trachea
101:scholar
66:removed
2304:Portal
2171:MD–PhD
989:
981:
931:
905:
808:
670:breast
657:pleura
641:. See
610:organs
570:, and
497:Wright
493:Jenner
489:Giemsa
369:needle
200:-logia
194:-λογία
189:pathos
168:(from
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1886:Other
1132:Cause
987:S2CID
703:lungs
546:aging
544:cell
501:Field
483:, or
390:gauge
221:cells
184:πάθος
179:kytos
174:κύτος
170:Greek
108:JSTOR
94:books
1016:link
979:PMID
929:ISBN
903:ISBN
881:2020
826:link
806:ISBN
659:and
637:and
612:and
519:The
507:and
231:, a
80:news
49:for
1620:ENT
1538:and
971:doi
380:or
321:or
223:".
157:An
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312:)
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115:(
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20:)
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