164:, on which the Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis is based, is criticized by a number of researchers for overlooking the availability of food as a common limiting factor for brain size and social group size. Among primates as well as cetaceans, there are some opportunistic species that eat most types of food and other species that are specialised in particular types of food, as well as differences in the overall availability of food between different geographical regions in which the animals live. Some critics of Machiavellian intelligence argue that species that have to keep their use of nutrients down due to food poverty or specialisation in a rare type of food lowers average brain size for species that live in smaller groups, making big brains falsely appear to be linked to large groups due to the common causes of opportunistic foraging for nutritious food and a rich supply of food. These critics also cite that the "exceptions" in the form of small-brained primates in very large groups typically eat abundant but nutrient-poor foods (such as
28:
441:"MI should therefore not be conflated – though it sometimes has been – with the human personality trait of “Machiavellianism” (Christie and Geis 1970) which refers specifically to an ability to detach from conventional morality and emotionality in order better to deceive and manipulate other people. MI is not about morality, and not restricted to “nasty” actions."
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were instrumental in developing this theory. They observed that primates, particularly great apes, displayed intricate social behaviors such as alliance formation, deception, and reconciliation. These behaviors seemed to require cognitive abilities beyond what was necessary for basic survival tasks
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that eat grass), as predicted by the food-based model, and argue that the higher individual need for nutrients put on by large brains causes groups to become smaller if the species have the same degree of digestive specialisation and environmental availability of food.
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personality construct, which focuses on the affective-interpersonal traits of human beings, such as unemotionality and exploitativeness, while
Machiavellian Intelligence deals with the social behaviors of primates and is not focused on immoral actions.
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This hypothesis posits that large brains and distinctive cognitive abilities of humans have evolved via intense social competition in which social competitors developed increasingly sophisticated strategies as a means to achieve higher social and
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The term "Machiavellian intelligence" originates from the primatologist Franz de Waal, who noted that the behaviors of primates was so elaborate that it could perhaps be compared to political behavior today.
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Byrne, R.W. (2022). Machiavellian
Intelligence. In: Vonk, J., Shackelford, T.K. (eds) Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. Springer, Cham.
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Whiten, A., & Byrne, R. W. (Eds.). (1997). Machiavellian intelligence II: Extensions and evaluations (Vol. 2). Cambridge
University Press.
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DeCasien, Alex R.; Williams, Scott A.; Higham, James P. (27 March 2017). "Primate brain size is predicted by diet but not sociality".
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59:(1982). In the book de Waal notes that chimpanzees performed certain social maneuvering behaviors that reminded him of the works of
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Carlson, N.R., et al. (2007). Psychology: The
Science of Behaviour - 4th Canadian ed.. Toronto, ON: Neil R. Carlson.
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646:. In P. P. G. Bateson & R. A. Hinde (eds.). Growing points in ethology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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Macachiavellian
Intelligence: How Rhesus Macaques and Humans Have Conquered the World.
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Venditti, Chris (27 March 2017). "Evolution: Eating away at the social brain".
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Byrne, R. W., & Whiten, A. (1988). Machiavellian intelligence. Oxford:
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hypothesis describes the capacity of primates to manuever in complex
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The claim that large brains are linked to large social groups in
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As a concept, it is also conflated with, and mistaken for the
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Complex group manuevers, such as co-operation and competition
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Machiavellian intelligence may be demonstrated by primate
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51:. The first introduction of this concept came from
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456:Whiten, Andrew; Byrne, Richard W. (1997-09-25).
308:Waal, Frans de; Waal, Frans B. M. (2007-09-30).
341:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
237:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
489:Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior
445:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_781
335:Vose, Aaron; Gavrilets, Sergey (2006-11-07).
311:Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes
231:Gavrilets, Sergey; Vose, Aaron (2006-11-07).
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644:The social function of the intellect
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133:Acts of reciprocity and aggression
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578:Nature Ecology & Evolution
527:Nature Ecology & Evolution
462:. Cambridge University Press.
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497:10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_781
105:Relations with other research
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485:"Machiavellian Intelligence"
655:University of Chicago Press
141:misdirection by the primate
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483:Byrne, Richard W. (2022),
41:Machiavellian intelligence
411:Chimpanzee Politics, pg 4
152:Food and nutrient factors
632:Oxford University Press
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547:10.1038/s41559-017-0112
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69:reproductive success
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243:(45): 16823–16828.
57:Chimpanzee Politics
80:Origin of the term
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670:Cognitive science
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195:References
147:Criticisms
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