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Firmin, S., Labidi, S., Fontaine, J., Laruelle, F., Tisserant, B., Nsanganwimana, F., Pourrut, B., Dalpé, Y., Grandmougin, A., Douay, F., Shirali, P., Verdin, A. and Lounès-Hadj
Sahraoui, A. (2015). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation protects MiscanthusĂ—giganteus against trace element toxicity
139:
commonly applied as inoculants include nitrogen-fixers, phosphate-solubilisers and other root-associated beneficial bacteria which enhance the availability of the macronutrients nitrogen and phosphorus to the host plant. Such bacteria are commonly referred to as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
1061:
Waller, F., Achatz, B., Baltruschat, H., Fodor, J., Becker, K., Fischer, M., Heier, T., Huckelhoven, R., Neumann, C., Von
Wettstein, D., Franken, P. & Kogel, K.-H. (2005) The endophytic fungus Piriformis indica reprograms barley to salt-stress tolerance, disease resistance, and higher yield.
1045:
Nguyen, T. H., Kennedy, I. R. & Roughley, R. J. (2002) The response of field-grown rice to inoculation with a multi-strain biofertiliser in the Hanoi district, Vietnam. IN I. R. Kennedy & A. T. M. A. Choudhury (Eds.) Biofertilisers in Action. Barton, ACT, Rural
Indrustries Research &
1018:
Belimov, A. A., Kunakova, A. M., Vasilyeva, N. D., Gruzdeva, E. V., Vorobiev, N. I., Kojemiakov, A. P., Khamova, O. F., Postavskaya, S. M. & Sokova, S. A. (1995b) Relationship between survival rates of associative nitrogen-fixers on roots and yield response of plants to inoculation. FEMS
60:). While microbial inoculants are applied to improve plant nutrition, they can also be used to promote plant growth by stimulating plant hormone production. Although bacterial and fungal inoculants are common, inoculation with archaea to promote plant growth is being increasingly studied.
935:
Galal, Y. G. M., El-Ghandour, I. A., Osman, M. E. & Abdel Raouf, A. M. N. (2003), The effect of inoculation by mycorrhizae and rhizobium on the growth and yield of wheat in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization as assessed by 15n techniques, Symbiosis, 34(2),
759:
Kohler, J., Caravaca, F., AzcĂłn, R., DĂaz, G. and Roldán, A. (2015). The combination of compost addition and arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation produced positive and synergistic effects on the phytomanagement of a semiarid mine tailing. Science of the Total
Environment, 514,
550:
Galal, Y. G. M., El-Ghandour, I. A., Osman, M. E. & Abdel Raouf, A. M. N. (2003), The effect of inoculation by mycorrhizae and rhizobium on the growth and yield of wheat in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization as assessed by 15n techniques, Symbiosis, 34(2),
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association. This symbiotic relationships is present in nearly all land plants and give both the plant and fungi advantages to survival. The plant can give upwards of 5-30% of its energy production to the fungi in exchange for increasing the root absorptive area with
769:
Diedhiou, A., Mbaye, F., Mbodj, D., Faye, M., Pignoly, S., Ndoye, I., Djaman, K., Gaye, S., Kane, A., Laplaze, L., Manneh, B. and
Champion, A. (2016). Field Trials Reveal Ecotype-Specific Responses to Mycorrhizal Inoculation in Rice. PLOS ONE, 11(12),
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Singh, S. & Kapoor, K. K. (1999) Inoculation with phosphate-solubilising microorganisms and a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus improves dry matter yield and nutrient uptake by wheat grown in sandy soil. Biology and
Fertility of Soils, 28,
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Liu, L., Li, J., Yue, F., Yan, X., Wang, F., Bloszies, S. and Wang, Y. (2018). Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation and biochar amendment on maize growth, cadmium uptake and soil cadmium speciation in Cd-contaminated soil. Chemosphere, 194,
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Mawarda, P.C., Le Roux, X., van Elsas, J.D. & Falcao Salles J. (2020) Deliberate introduction of invisible invaders: A critical appraisal of the impact of microbial inoculants on soil microbial communities. Soil
Biology and Biochemistry, 148,
1025:
Gutierrez Manero, F. J. (2008) Systemic disease protection elicited by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria strains: relationship between metabolic responses, systemic disease protection, and biotic elicitors. Phytopathology, 98 (4),
363:(PGPR) has been shown to benefit rice and barley. The main benefit from dual inoculation is increased plant nutrient uptake from both soil and fertilizer. Multiple strains of inoculant have also been demonstrated to increase total
882:
Cacciari, Isabella; Lippi, Daniela; Ippoliti, Silvia; Pietrosanti, Tito; Pietrosanti, Walter (July 1989). "Response to oxygen of diazotrophic
Azospirillum brasilense ? Arthrobacter giacomelloi mixed batch culture".
277:(AM) has received attention as a potential agriculture amendment for its ability to access and provide the host plant phosphorus. Under a reduced fertilization greenhouse system that was inoculated with a mixture of
1022:
Caballero-Mellado, J., Carcano-Montiel, M. G. & Mascarua-Esparza, M. A. (1992), Field inoculation of wheat (triticum aestivum) with azospirillum brasilense under temperate climate, Symbiosis, 13, 243-253.
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Khaosaad, T., Garcia-Garrido, J. M., Steinkellner, S. & Vierheilig, H. (2007) Take-all disease is systemically reduced in roots of mycorrhizal barley plants. Soil
Biology and Biochemistry, 39, 727-734.
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Hirrel, M.C. and
Gerdemann, J.W., 1980. Improved Growth of Onion and Bell Pepper in Saline Soils by Two Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi 1. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44(3), pp.654-655.
1014:
Bashan, Y., Holguin, G. & E., D.-B. L. (2004) Azospirillum-plant relationships: physiological, molecular, agricultural, and environmental advances (1997-2003). Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 50,
794:
Belimov, A. A., Kojemiakov, A. P. & Chuvarliyeva, C. V. (1995a) Interaction between barley and mixed cultures of nitrogen fixing and phosphate-solubilising bacteria. Plant and Soil, 173, 29-37.
1032:
Khammas, K. M. & Kaiser, P. (1992) Pectin decomposition and associated nitrogen fixation by mixed cultures of Azospirillum and Bacillus species. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 38, 794-797.
740:
Ferrazzano, S. and Williamson, P. (2013). Benefits of mycorrhizal inoculation in reintroduction of endangered plant species under drought conditions. Journal of Arid Environments, 98, pp.123-125.
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is a common household amendment for personal gardens, agriculture, and nurseries. It has been observed that this pairing can also promote microbial functions in soils that have been affected by
1049:
Rabie, G. H. & Almadini, A. M. (2005) Role of bioinoculants in development of salt-tolerance of Vicia faba plants under salinity stress. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4 (3), 210-222.
213:, 1995a; 1995b; Singh & Kapoor, 1999). As the name suggests, PSB are free-living bacteria that break down inorganic soil phosphates to simpler forms that enable uptake by plants.
1029:
Heitefuss, R. (2001) Defence reactions of plants to fungal pathogens: principles and perspectives, using powdery mildew on cereals as an example. Naturwissenschaften, 88, 273-283.
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Lippi, D., Cacciari, I., Pietrosanti, T. & Pietrosanti, W. (1992) Interactions between Azospirillum and Arthrobacter in diazotrophic mixed culture. Symbiosis, 13, 107-114.
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Fungal inoculants can be used with or without additional amendments in private gardens, homesteads, agricultural production, native nurseries, and land restoration projects.
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Bashan, Y. & Holguin, G. (1997), Azospirillum-plant relationships: environmental and physiological advances (1990-1996), Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, 103-121.
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association. Plants can give upwards of 5-30% of their photosynthetic production to this relationship, represented by G, in exchange for enhanced nutrient uptake, via
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166:. This increases host nitrogen nutrition and is important to the cultivation of soybeans, chickpeas and many other leguminous crops. For non-leguminous crops,
285:, tomato yields that were given from 100% fertility were attained at 70% fertility. This 30% reduction in fertilizer application can aid in the reduction of
839:
Khammas, K. M.; Kaiser, P. (August 1992). "Pectin decomposition and associated nitrogen fixation by mixed cultures of Azospirillum and Bacillus species".
270:, which extend the plants root absorptive area, giving it access to nutrients it would otherwise not be able to attain, which is represented by N and P.
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71:(SAR) of crop species to several common crop diseases (provides resistance against pathogens). So far SAR has been demonstrated for powdery mildew (
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Sullivan, P. (2001) Alternative soil amendments. Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas, National Center for Appropriate Technology.
82:
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in combination can be useful in increasing wheat growth in nutrient poor soil and improving nitrogen-extraction from fertilised soils.
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inoculation paired with plant growth promoting bacteria resulted in a higher yield and quicker maturation in upland rice paddys.
440:
Bashan, Yoav; Holguin, Gina (1997). "Azospirillum – plant relationships: Environmental and physiological advances (1990–1996)".
72:
305:
Fungal inoculation alone can benefit host plants. Inoculation paired with other amendments can further improve conditions.
68:
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However, it is increasingly recognized that microbial inoculants often modify the soil microbial community (Mawarda
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associations are most commonly found in woody-species, and have less implications for agricultural systems.
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For cereal crops, diazotrophic rhizobacteria have increased plant growth, grain yield (Caballero-Mellado
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which gives the plant access to nutrients it would otherwise not be able to attain. The two most common
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has been demonstrated to be beneficial in some cases for nitrogen fixation and plant nutrition.
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679:"Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Allow Reduced Application Rates of Chemical Fertilizers"
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To improve phosphorus nutrition, the use of phosphate-solubilising bacteria (PSB) such as
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in a highly metal-contaminated site. Science of the Total Environment, 527-528, pp.91-99.
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Research into the benefits of inoculants in agriculture extends beyond their capacity as
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Ramos Solano, R., Barriuso Maicas, J., Pereyra De La Iglesia, M. T., Domenech, J. &
495:"An Archaic Approach to a Modern Issue: Endophytic Archaea for Sustainable Agriculture"
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relationship between a plants roots and a fungus partner, which is referred to as a
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401:
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Chow, Chanelle; Padda, Kiran Preet; Puri, Akshit; Chanway, Chris P. (2022-09-20).
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activity compared to single strains of inoculants, even when only one strain is
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574:. Weil, Ray R. (Third ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J. pp. 343–346.
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195:, 1992). Rhizobacteria live in root nodes, and are associated with legumes.
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53:
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Symbiotic relationships between fungi and plant roots is referred to as a
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179:, 1992), nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, and nitrogen (Caballero-Mellado
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bacteria that form symbiotic associations within nodules on the roots of
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https://web.archive.org/web/20080509170441/http://mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu/
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102 (38), 13386-13391.
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Mycorrhiza Literature Exchange, Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee
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tolerance, drought tolerance, and resistance to trace metal toxicity.
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Adesemoye, A. O.; Torbert, H. A.; Kloepper, J. W. (November 2009).
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Chapin, F. Stuart; Matson, Pamela A.; Vitousek, Peter M. (2011).
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289:, and help prolong finite mineral resources such as phosphorus (
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ATTRA – National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service
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to promote plant health. Many of the microbes involved form
482:(Report). Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas.
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Kennedy, Ivan R. (2001). "Biofertilisers in action".
648:. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 243–244.
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56:with the target crops where both parties benefit (
41:, are agricultural amendments that use beneficial
191:, 1995) and potassium content (Caballero-Mellado
572:Elements of the nature and properties of soils
27:Agricultural amendment to promote plant health
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331:Maize growth improved after an amendment of
320:Certain fungal partners do best in specific
148:The most commonly applied rhizobacteria are
646:Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology
618:"Mycorrhiza | David Sylvia's Web Resources"
602:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1073:http://www.satavic.org/biofertilisers.htm
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961:This article includes a list of general
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392:Biological control with micro-organisms
183:, 1992), phosphorus (Caballero-Mellado
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361:Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
339:. This amendment can also decrease
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967:it lacks sufficient corresponding
258:This diagram shows the beneficial
67:. Microbial inoculants can induce
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841:Canadian Journal of Microbiology
442:Canadian Journal of Microbiology
199:Phosphate-solubilising bacteria
359:The combination of strains of
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154:and closely related genera.
69:systemic acquired resistance
477:Alternative Soil Amendments
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511:10.1007/s00284-022-03016-y
475:Sullivan, Preston (2001).
309:inoculation combined with
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654:10.1007/978-1-4419-9504-9
206:Agrobacterium radiobacter
131:Rhizobacterial inoculants
1046:Development Corporation.
885:Archives of Microbiology
806:Functional Plant Biology
417:Plant disease resistance
144:Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
982:more precise citations.
570:Brady, Nyle C. (2010).
324:or with certain crops.
84:Gaeumannomyces graminis
54:symbiotic relationships
379:arbuscular mycorrhizae
333:arbuscular mycorrhizae
326:Arbuscular mycorrhizal
307:Arbuscular mycorrhizal
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236:arbuscular mycorrhizae
105:, 2008) and root rot (
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275:Arbuscular mycorrhiza
257:
250:Arbuscular mycorrhiza
499:Current Microbiology
355:Composite inoculants
98:Pseudomonas syringae
95:, 2007), leaf spot (
31:Microbial inoculants
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407:List of endophytes
397:Carnivorous fungus
287:nutrient pollution
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683:Microbial Ecology
343:uptake by crops.
217:Fungal inoculants
108:Fusarium culmorum
74:Blumeria graminis
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505:(11): 322.
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232:mycorrhizae
91:, Khaosaad
1100:Categories
963:references
812:(9): 825.
627:2019-10-24
424:References
264:mycorrhiza
223:Mycorrhiza
47:endophytic
1126:Symbiosis
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861:0008-4166
826:1445-4408
760:pp.42-48.
703:0095-3628
598:cite book
590:276340542
535:252376815
519:1432-0991
260:symbiotic
156:Rhizobium
151:Rhizobium
126:Bacterial
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111:, Waller
58:mutualism
1111:Mycology
1106:Bacteria
1026:451-457.
1015:521-577.
936:171-183.
926:139-144.
913:10850392
711:19466478
551:171-183.
527:36125558
385:See also
322:ecotones
295:salinity
279:AM fungi
140:(PGPR).
50:microbes
1042:107874.
976:improve
869:1458371
719:8789559
462:6840330
341:cadmium
337:biochar
311:compost
164:legumes
115:2005).
88:tritici
76:f. sp.
965:, but
911:
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315:mining
268:hyphae
228:hyphae
211:et al.
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189:et al.
185:et al.
181:et al.
177:et al.
120:et al.
113:et al.
103:et al.
93:et al.
78:hordei
909:S2CID
715:S2CID
531:S2CID
480:(PDF)
458:S2CID
86:var.
901:ISSN
865:PMID
857:ISSN
822:ISSN
707:PMID
699:ISSN
658:ISBN
604:link
586:OCLC
576:ISBN
523:PMID
515:ISSN
377:and
375:PGPR
335:and
281:and
238:and
234:are
158:are
135:The
893:doi
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849:doi
814:doi
691:doi
650:doi
507:doi
450:doi
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