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convective sedimentation leads to a rapid vertical transfer of material to the sloping lake or ocean bed, potentially forming a secondary turbidity current. The vertical speed of the convective plumes can be much greater than the Stokes settling velocity of an individual particle of sediment. Most examples of this process have been made in the laboratory, but possible observational evidence of a secondary turbidity current was made in Howe Sound, British
Columbia, where a turbidity current was periodically observed on the delta of the Squamish River. As the vast majority of sediment laden rivers are less dense than the ocean, rivers cannot readily form plunging hyperpycnal flows. Hence convective sedimentation is an important possible initiation mechanism for turbidity currents.
379:
89:
592:, and the models rely upon simplifying assumptions in order to achieve a result. The accuracy of the individual models thus depends upon the validity and choice of the assumptions made. Experimental results provide a means of constraining some of these variables as well as providing a test for such models. Physical data from field observations, or more practical from experiments, are still required in order to test the simplifying assumptions necessary in
744:. In the late 1800s he made detailed observations of the plunging of the Rhône river into Lake Geneva at Port Valais. These papers were possibly the earliest identification of a turbidity current and he discussed how the submarine channel formed from the delta. In this freshwater lake, it is primarily the cold water that leads to plunging of the inflow. The sediment load by itself is generally not high enough to overcome the summer
434:
78:
36:
194:(i.e. opaque with sediment). Kneller & Buckee, 2000 define a suspension current as 'flow induced by the action of gravity upon a turbid mixture of fluid and (suspended) sediment, by virtue of the density difference between the mixture and the ambient fluid'. A turbidity current is a suspension current in which the
1434:
Mulder, T., Lecroart, P., Hanquiez, V., Marches, E., Gonthier, E., Guedes, J.-., Thiébot, E., Jaaidi, B., Kenyon, N., Voisset, M., Perez, C., Sayago, M., Fuchey, Y. & Bujan, S. 2006, "The western part of the Gulf of Cadiz: Contour currents and turbidity currents interactions", Geo-Marine
Letters,
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Goldfinger, C., Grijalva, K., Burgmann, R., Morey, A.E., Johnson, J.E., Nelson, C.H., Gutierrez-Pastor, J., Ericsson, A., Karabanov, E., Chaytor, J.D., Patton, J., and Gracia, E., 2008, Late
Holocene Rupture of the Northern San Andreas Fault and Possible Stress Linkage to the Cascadia Subduction Zone
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Goldfinger, C., Nelson, C.H., Morey, A., Johnson, J.E., Gutierrez-Pastor, J., Eriksson, A.T., Karabanov, E., Patton, J., Gracia, E., Enkin, R., Dallimore, A., Dunhill, G., and
Vallier, T., 2011, Turbidite Event History: Methods and Implications for Holocene Paleoseismicity of the Cascadia Subduction
1056:
Brothers, D.S., Kent, G.M., Driscoll, N.W., Smith, S.B., Karlin, R., Dingler, J.A., Harding, A.J., Seitz, G.G., and
Babcock, J.M., 2009, New Constraints on Deformation, Slip Rate, and Timing of the Most Recent Earthquake on the West Tahoe-Dollar Point Fault, Lake Tahoe Basin, California: Bulletin of
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When the energy of a turbidity current lowers, its ability to keep suspended sediment decreases, thus sediment deposition occurs. When the material comes to rest, it is the sand and other coarse material which settles first followed by mud and eventually the very fine particulate matter. It is this
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in the form of fluidization and physical shaking both contribute to their formation. Earthquakes have been linked to turbidity current deposition in many settings, particularly where physiography favors preservation of the deposits and limits the other sources of turbidity current deposition. Since
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As such currents flow, they often have a "snow-balling-effect", as they stir up the ground over which they flow, and gather even more sedimentary particles in their current. Their passage leaves the ground over which they flow scoured and eroded. Once an oceanic turbidity current reaches the calmer
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A buoyant sediment-laden river plume can induce a secondary turbidity current on the ocean floor by the process of convective sedimentation. Sediment in the initially buoyant hypopycnal flow accumulates at the base of the surface flow, so that the dense lower boundary become unstable. The resulting
112:
Researchers from the
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute found that a layer of water-saturated sediment moved rapidly over the seafloor and mobilized the upper few meters of the preexisting seafloor. Plumes of sediment-laden water were observed during turbidity current events but they believe
587:
The extreme complexity of most turbidite systems and beds has promoted the development of quantitative models of turbidity current behaviour inferred solely from their deposits. Small-scale laboratory experiments therefore offer one of the best means of studying their dynamics. Mathematical models
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interstitial water entering the sea) has been investigated to find that the front speed decreases more rapidly than that of currents with the same density as the ambient fluid. These turbidity currents ultimately come to a halt as sedimentation results in a reversal of buoyancy, and the current
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of passive margins. With an increasing continental shelf slope, current velocity increases, as the velocity of the flow increases, turbulence increases, and the current draws up more sediment. The increase in sediment also adds to the density of the current, and thus increases its velocity even
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turbidity currents have been correlated along all or part of the approximately 1000 km long plate boundary stretching from northern
California to mid-Vancouver island. The correlations are based on radiocarbon ages and subsurface stratigraphic methods. The inferred recurrence interval of
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for the fluid phase. With dilute suspension of particles, a
Eulerian approach proved to be accurate to describe the evolution of particles in terms of a continuum particle concentration field. Under these models, no such assumptions as shallow-water models are needed and, therefore, accurate
1595:
Mikada, H., Mitsuzawa, K., Matsumoto, H., Watanabe, T., Morita, S., Otsuka, R., Sugioka, H., Baba, T., Araki, E. & Suyehiro, K. 2006, "New discoveries in dynamics of an M8 earthquake-phenomena and their implications from the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake using a long term monitoring cabled
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The so-called depth-averaged or shallow-water models are initially introduced for compositional gravity currents and then later extended to turbidity currents. The typical assumptions used along with the shallow-water models are: hydrostatic pressure field, clear fluid is not entrained (or
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whose exact nature is often unclear. The turbulence within a turbidity current is not always the support mechanism that keeps the sediment in suspension; however it is probable that turbulence is the primary or sole grain support mechanism in dilute currents (<3%). Definitions are further
1094:
Gràcia, E., Vizcaino, A., Escutia, C., Asiolic, A., Garcia-Orellanad, J., Pallàse, R., Lebreiro, S., and
Goldfinger, C., 2010, Holocene earthquake record offshore Portugal (SW Iberia): Applying turbidite paleoseismology in a slow-convergence margin: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 29, p.
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detrained), and particle concentration does not depend on the vertical location. Considering the ease of implementation, these models can typically predict flow characteristic such as front location or front speed in simplified geometries, e.g. rectangular channels, fairly accurately.
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and other soil disturbances. They are characterized by a well-defined advance-front, also known as the current's head, and are followed by the current's main body. In terms of the more often observed and more familiar above sea-level phenomenon, they somewhat resemble flash floods.
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can also provide significant insights into current dynamics. In the long term, numerical techniques are most likely the best hope of understanding and predicting three-dimensional turbidity current processes and deposits. In most cases, there are more variables than governing
596:. Most of what is known about large natural turbidity currents (i.e. those significant in terms of sediment transfer to the deep sea) is inferred from indirect sources, such as submarine cable breaks and heights of deposits above submarine valley floors. Although during the
322:, earthquake triggered turbidites have been investigated and verified along the Cascadia subduction Zone, the Northern San Andreas Fault, a number of European, Chilean and North American lakes, Japanese lacustrine and offshore regions and a variety of other settings.
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Nelson, A.R., Sawai, Y., Jennings, A.E., Bradley, L., Gerson, L., Sherrod, B.L., Sabean, J., and Horton, B.P., 2008, Great-earthquake paleogeodesy and tsunamis of the past 2000 years at Alsea Bay, central Oregon coast, USA: Quaternary
Science Reviews, v. 27, p.
532:= 0.7–1.1, flow thickness = 24–645 m, and flow velocity = 31–82 cm·s. Generally, on lower gradients beyond minor breaks of slope, flow thickness increases and flow velocity decreases, leading to an increase in wavelength and a decrease in height.
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Goldfinger, C., Nelson, C.H., and Johnson, J.E., 2003, Holocene Earthquake Records From the Cascadia Subduction Zone and Northern San Andreas Fault Based on Precise Dating of Offshore Turbidites: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 31, p.
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Sanders, J.E. 1965 Primary sedimentary structures formed by turbidity currents and related resedimentation mechanisms. In: Primary Sedimentary Structures and Their Hydro-Dynamic Interpretation – a Symposium Middleton, G. V.), SEPM Spec. Publishers, 12,
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Piper, D.J.W., Cochonat, P. & Morrison, M.L. 1999, "The sequence of events around the epicentre of the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake: Initiation of debris flows and turbidity current inferred from sidescan sonar", Sedimentology, vol. 46, no. 1, pp.
342:, storms or smaller turbidity currents. Canyon-flushing associated with surge-type currents initiated by slope failures may produce currents whose final volume may be several times that of the portion of the slope that has failed (e.g. Grand Banks).
425:, where the ocean current leaving the Mediterranean Sea (also known as the Mediterranean outflow water) pushes turbidity currents westward. This has changed the shape of submarine valleys and canyons in the region to also curve in that direction.
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is so large that the density of river water is greater than the density of sea water a particular kind of turbidity current can form called a hyperpycnal plume. The average concentration of suspended sediment for most river water that enters the
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Hsu, S.-., Kuo, J., Lo, C.-., Tsai, C.-., Doo, W.-., Ku, C.-. & Sibuet, J.-. 2008, "Turbidity currents, submarine landslides and the 2006 Pingtung earthquake off SW Taiwan", Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, vol. 19, no. 6, pp.
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Moernaut, J., De Batist, M., Charlet, F., Heirman, K., Chapron, E., Pino, M., Brümmer, R., and Urrutia, R., 2007, Giant earthquakes in South-Central Chile revealed by Holocene mass-wasting events in Lake Puyehue: Sedimentary Geology, v. 195, p.
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current is gravity acting on the high density of the sediments temporarily suspended within a fluid. These semi-suspended solids make the average density of the sediment bearing water greater than that of the surrounding, undisturbed water.
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Hage, Sophie; Cartigny, Matthieu J.B.; Sumner, Esther J.; Clare, Michael A.; Hughes Clarke, John E.; Talling, Peter J.; Lintern, D. Gwyn; Simmons, Stephen M.; Silva Jacinto, Ricardo; Vellinga, Age J.; Allin, Joshua R. (2019-10-28).
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Atwater, B.F., and Hemphill-Haley, E., 1997, Recurrence intervals for great earthquakes of the past 3500 years at northeastern Willapa Bay, Washington, Professional Paper, Volume 1576: Reston, VA., U.S. Geological Survey, p. 108
492:(36°S–39°S) contains numerous turbidite layers that were cored and analysed. From these turbidites the predicted history of turbidity currents in this area was determined, increasing the overall understanding of these currents.
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were broken in sequence from 1500 to 4000 m deep, as a consequence of the associated turbidity currents. From the timing of each cable break the velocity of the current was determined to have a positive relationship with
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of usually rapidly moving, sediment-laden water moving down a slope; although current research (2018) indicates that water-saturated sediment may be the primary actor in the process. Turbidity currents can also occur in other
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is a hot spot for submarine turbidity currents as there are large amounts of sediment suspended in rivers, and it is seismically active, thus large accumulation of seafloor sediments and earthquake triggering. During the
712:, off the northwestern coast of North America, has a record of earthquake triggered turbidites that is well-correlated to other evidence of earthquakes recorded in coastal bays and lakes during the Holocene. Forty–one
624:. The use of numerical modelling and flumes are commonly used to help understand these questions. Much of the modelling is used to reproduce the physical processes which govern turbidity current behaviour and deposits.
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Kelsey, H.M., Nelson, A.R., Hemphill-Haley, E., and Witter, R.C., 2005, Tsunami history of an Oregon coastal lake reveals a 4600 yr record of great earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone: GSA Bulletin, v. 117, p.
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is much lower than the sediment concentration needed for entry as a hyperpycnal plume. Although some rivers can often have continuously high sediment load that can create a continuous hyperpycnal plume, such as the
1066:
Nakajima, T., 2000, Initiation processes of turbidity currents; implications for assessments of recurrence intervals of offshore earthquakes using turbidites: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, v. 51, p.
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calculations and measurements are performed to study these currents. Measurements such as, pressure field, energy budgets, vertical particle concentration and accurate deposit heights are a few to mention. Both
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Kelsey, H.M., Witter, R.C., and Hemphill-Haley, E., 2002, Plate-boundary earthquakes and tsunamis of the past 5500 yr, Sixes River estuary, southern Oregon: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, p.
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Völker, D., Reichel, T., Wiedicke, M. & Heubeck, C. 2008, "Turbidites deposited on Southern Central Chilean seamounts: Evidence for energetic turbidity currents", Marine Geology, vol. 251, no. 1–2, pp.
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Ercilla, G., Alonso, B., Wynn, R.B. & Baraza, J. 2002, "Turbidity current sediment waves on irregular slopes: Observations from the Orinoco sediment-wave field", Marine Geology, vol. 192, no. 1–3, pp.
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from the earthquake's epicenter, snapping the cables as it passed. Subsequent research of this event have shown that continental slope sediment failures mostly occurred below 650 meter water depth. The
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Kneller, B. & Buckee, C. 2000, "The structure and fluid mechanics of turbidity currents: A review of some recent studies and their geological implications", Sedimentology, vol. 47, no. SUPPL. 1, pp.
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Because turbidity currents occur underwater and happen suddenly, they are rarely seen as they happen in nature, thus turbidites can be used to determine turbidity current characteristics. Some examples:
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With the increase in computational power, depth-resolved models have become a powerful tool to study gravity and turbidity currents. These models, in general, are mainly focused on the solution of the
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Kassem, A. & Imran, J. 2004, "Three-dimensional modeling of density current. II. Flow in sinuous confined and uncontined channels", Journal of Hydraulic Research, vol. 42, number. 6, pp. 591–602.
684:. Twelve cables were snapped in a total of 28 places. Exact times and locations were recorded for each break. Investigators suggested that an estimated 60 mile per hour (100 km/h) submarine
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lifts off, the point of lift-off remaining constant for a constant discharge. The lofted fluid carries fine sediment with it, forming a plume that rises to a level of neutral buoyancy (if in a
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Noda, A., TuZino, T., Kanai, Y., Furukawa, R., and Uchida, J.-i., 2008, Paleoseismicity along the southern Kuril Trench deduced from submarine-fan turbidites: Marine Geology, v. 254, p. 73–90.
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Necker, F., Hartel, C., Kleiser, L. & Meiburg, E. 2002, "High-resolution simulations of particle-driven gravity currents", International Journal of Multiphase Flow, vol. 28, pp. 279–300.
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Mulder, T. & Syvitski, J.P.M. 1995, "Turbidity currents generated at river mouths during exceptional discharges to the world oceans", Journal of Geology, vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 285–299.
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Rottman, J.W. & Simpson, J.E. 1983, "Gravity currents produced by instantaneous releases of a heavy fluid in a rectangular channel", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 135, pp. 95–110.
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Salles, T., Lopez, S., Eschard, R., Lerat, O., Mulder, T. & Cacas, M.C. 2008, "Turbidity current modelling on geological time scales", Marine Geology, vol. 248, no. 3–4, pp. 127–150.
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Bruce C. Heezen and Maurice Ewing, "Turbidity Currents and Submarine Slumps, and the 1929 Grand Banks Earthquake," American Journal of Science, Vol. 250, December 1952, pp. 849–873.
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Oehy, C.D. & Schleiss, A.J. 2007, "Control of turbidity currents in reservoirs by solid and permeable obstacles", Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, vol. 133, no. 6, pp. 637–648.
366:
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Huh, C.A., Su, C.C., Liang, W.T., and Ling, C.Y., 2004, Linkages between turbidites in the southern Okinawa Trough and submarine earthquakes: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 31.
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by turbidity currents, and of the distribution of turbidite deposits, such as their extent, thickness and grain size distribution, requires an understanding of the mechanisms of
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Schnellmann, M., Anselmetti, F.S., Giardini, D., and Ward, S.N., 2002, Prehistoric earthquake history revealed by lacustrine slump deposits: Geology, v. 30, p. 1131–1134.
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continental margins. Simple numerical modelling has been enabled to determine turbidity current flow characteristics across the sediment waves to be estimated: internal
421:, they can change their direction. This ultimately shifts submarine canyons and sediment deposition locations. One example of this is located in the western part of the
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Pantin, H.M. 1979 Interaction between velocity and effective density in turbidity flow: phase-plane analysis, with criteria for autosuspension. March Geol., 31, 59–99.
1328:"Dynamics of settling-driven convection beneath a sediment-laden buoyant overflow: Implications for the length-scale of deposition in lakes and the coastal ocean"
1125:"Dynamics of settling-driven convection beneath a sediment laden buoyant overflow: implications for the length-scale of deposition in lakes and the coastal ocean"
410:. Understanding where turbidity currents flow on the ocean floor can help to decrease the amount of damage to telecommunication cables by avoiding these areas or
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Heezen, B.C., and Ewing, M., 1952, Turbidity currents and submarine slumps, and the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake: American Journal of Science, v. 250, p. 849–873.
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Piper, D.J.W. & Aksu, A.E. 1987 The source and origin of the 1929 Grand Banks turbidity current inferred from sediment budgets. Geo-March Lett., 7, 177–182.
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are deposited in the deep ocean troughs below the continental shelf, or similar structures in deep lakes, by turbidity currents which slide down the slopes.
508:, South America. This sediment-wave field covers an area of at least 29 000 km at a water depth of 4400–4825 meters. These antidunes have
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Adams, J., 1990, Paleoseismicity of the Cascadia subduction zone: Evidence from turbidites off the Oregon-Washington Margin: Tectonics, v. 9, p. 569–584.
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In the most typical case of oceanic turbidity currents, sediment laden waters situated over sloping ground will flow down-hill because they have a higher
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environment) or to the water surface, and spreads out. Sediment falling from the plume produces a widespread fall-out deposit, termed hemiturbidite.
53:
45:
137:(main oceanic floor), the particles borne by the current settle out of the water column. The sedimentary deposit of a turbidity current is called a
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Stow, D.A.V. & Wetzel, A. 1990 Hemiturbidite: a new type of deep-water sediment. Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 116, 25–34.
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Bonnecaze, R.T., Huppert, H.E. & Lister, J.R. 1993, "Particle-driven gravity currents", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 250, pp. 339–369.
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and field observations suggest that the shape of the lobe deposit formed by a lofting plume is narrower than for a similar non-lofting plume
229:(China), which has an average suspended concentration of 40.5 kg/m. The sediment concentration needed to produce a hyperpycnal plume in
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Parker, G., Fukushima, Y. & Pantin, H.M. 1986, "Self-accelerating turbidity currents", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 171, pp. 145–181.
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that occurred in shallow waters (5–25 meters) passed down slope into turbidity currents that evolved ignitively. The turbidity currents had
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moving during the events. The belief of the researchers is that the water flow is the tail-end of the process that starts at the seafloor.
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McCave, I.N. & Jones, K.P.N. 1988 Deposition of ungraded muds from high-density non-turbulent turbidity currents. Nature, 333, 250–252.
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Hürzeler, B.E., Imberger, J. & Ivey, G.N. 1996 Dynamics of turbidity current with reversing buoyancy. J. Hydraul. Eng., 122, 230–236.
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slope. Current velocities were 20 m/s (45 mph) on the steepest slopes and 3.7 m/s (8.3 mph) on the shallowest slopes.
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for determining origins, grain distribution shows flow dynamics over time and sediment thickness indicates sediment load and longevity.
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Cascadia great earthquakes is approximately 500 years along the northern margin, and approximately 240 years along the southern margin.
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of 1–15 m. Turbidity currents responsible for wave generation are interpreted as originating from slope failures on the adjacent
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Turbidites are commonly used in the understanding of past turbidity currents, for example, the Peru-Chile Trench off Southern Central
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Laboratory images of how convective sedimentation beneath a buoyant sediment-laden surface can initiate a secondary turbidity current.
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complicated by an incomplete understanding of the turbulence structure within turbidity currents, and the confusion between the terms
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Atwater, B.F., 1987, Evidence for great Holocene earthquakes along the outer coast of Washington State: Science, v. 236, p. 942–944.
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over the course of two days, damaging two submarine communications cables. The current was a result of sediment deposited by the
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The longest turbidity current ever recorded occurred in January 2020 and flowed for 1,100 kilometers (680 mi) through the
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a large turbidity current was observed by the cabled observatory which provided direct observations, which is rarely achieved.
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Goldfinger, C., 2011, Submarine Paleoseismology Based on Turbidite Records: Annual Review of Marine Science, v. 3, p. 35–66.
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on Earth are formed by turbidity currents. One observed sediment-wave field is located on the lower continental slope off
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Vincent, Warwick F.; Bertola, Carinne (2014). "Lake Physics to Ecosystem Services: Forel and the Origins of Limnology".
859:& Kneller, B. 2010, "Turbidity currents and their deposits", Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 42, pp. 135–156.
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Seafloor turbidity currents are often the result of sediment-laden river outflows, and can sometimes be initiated by
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in which sediment is suspended by fluid turbulence. However, the term "turbidity current" was adopted to describe a
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354:, particularly at the heads of submarine canyons can create turbidity current due to overloading, thus consequent
289:, where the sediments can affect the operation of the bottom outlet and the intake structures. Controlling this
1263:"Enhanced sedimentation beneath particle-laden flows in lakes and the ocean due to double-diffusive convection"
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257:, the suspended sediment concentration needed to produce a hyperpycnal plume is quite low (1 kg/m).
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Steel, Elisabeth; Buttles, James; Simms, Alexander R.; Mohrig, David; Meiburg, Eckart (2016-11-03).
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into the ocean floor of continental margins and cause damage to artificial structures such as
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Oil and gas companies are also interested in turbidity currents because the currents deposit
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Zone, USGS Professional Paper 1661-F, Reston, VA, U.S. Geological Survey, 332 p, 64 Figures.
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Steel, Elisabeth; Simms, Alexander R.; Warrick, Jonathan; Yokoyama, Yusuke (2016-05-25).
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or turbidity current of water saturated sediments swept 400 miles (600 km) down the
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An underwater current of usually rapidly moving, sediment-laden water moving down a slope
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An example of steep submarine canyons carved out by turbidity currents, located along
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the famous case of breakage of submarine cables by a turbidity current following the
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zone. Most rivers produce hyperpycnal flows only during exceptional events, such as
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flow for many hours due to the delayed retrogressive failure and transformation of
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1504:"The role of buoyancy reversal in turbidite deposition and submarine fan geometry"
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instability, which is common with steep underwater slopes, and especially with
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Parsons, Jeffrey D.; Bush, John W. M.; Syvitski, James P. M. (2001-04-06).
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began breaking sequentially, farther and farther downslope, away from the
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water is 35 to 45 kg/m, depending on the water properties within the
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When turbidity currents interact with regular ocean currents, such as
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Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 98, p. 861–889.
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off SW Taiwan, eleven submarine cables across the Kaoping canyon and
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1216:"Sediment-laden fresh water above salt water: nonlinear simulations"
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Forel (1887). "Le ravin sous-lacustre du Rhône dans le lac Léman".
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Bulletin de la Société vaudoise des ingénieurs et des architectes
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One of the earliest observations of a turbidity currents was by
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sediment that has previously been introduced into the canyon by
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When the concentration of suspended sediment at the mouth of a
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Longitudinal section through an underwater turbidity current
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observatory", Tectonophysics, vol. 426, no. 1–2, pp. 95–105
971:
969:
164:
slopes of convergent plate margins, continental slopes and
1326:
Davarpanah Jazi, Shahrzad; Wells, Mathew G. (2019-11-17).
1261:
Davarpanah Jazi, Shahrzad; Wells, Mathew G. (2016-10-28).
828:. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. 5 October 2018
1057:
the Seismological Society of America, v. 99, p. 499–519.
293:
within the reservoir can be achieved by using solid and
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is often caused by turbidity currents. They follow the
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current is one in which the interstitial fluid is gas.
156:
Turbidity currents can sometimes result from submarine
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Turbidity currents are traditionally defined as those
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124:
than the adjacent waters. The driving force behind a
1672:
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477:
size can give indication of current velocity, grain
1828:"Underwater avalanche continued for two whole days"
874:Wells, Mathew G.; Dorrell, Robert M. (2021-01-05).
1749:
1747:
1745:
461:sequence of deposition that creates the so called
1123:Jazi, Shahrzad Davarpanah; Wells, Mathew (2020).
1013:
1011:
876:"Turbulence Processes Within Turbidity Currents"
705:into turbidity currents through hydraulic jumps.
1881:Depth-resolved simulation of turbidity currents
113:that these were secondary to the pulse of the
398:Large and fast-moving turbidity currents can
362:Convective sedimentation beneath river plumes
350:Sediment that has piled up at the top of the
253:flows. In fresh water environments, such as
8:
544:fluid (such as currents with warm, fresh or
305:Turbidity currents are often triggered by
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1393:
1343:
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1140:
540:The behaviour of turbidity currents with
334:they may become self-sustaining, and may
285:of the lake to the deepest area near the
408:telecommunication cables on the seafloor
330:When large turbidity currents flow into
816:
814:
810:
1555:Geological Society of America Bulletin
663:Notable examples of turbidity currents
1766:Limnology and Oceanography E-Lectures
1214:Burns, P.; Meiburg, E. (2014-11-27).
1154:
1152:
7:
1786:10.4319/lol.2014.wvincent.cbertola.8
869:
867:
865:
58:move details into the article's body
900:10.1146/annurev-fluid-010719-060309
309:disturbances of the sea floor. The
659:are used to model these currents.
133:waters of the flatter area of the
25:
297:obstacles with the right design.
198:is a liquid (generally water); a
1185:10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001.00384.x
880:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
414:the cables in vulnerable areas.
34:
784:High-density turbidity currents
580:, which in turn depends on the
555:Experimental turbidity currents
190:(i.e. disturbed by eddies) and
1826:Amos, Jonathan (7 June 2021).
678:transatlantic telephone cables
441:with finegrained dusky-yellow
1:
1868:Start of a turbidity current
1374:Geophysical Research Letters
1267:Geophysical Research Letters
761:2019–2020 Congo River floods
1856:Turbidity current in motion
670:1929 Grand Banks earthquake
653:Direct numerical simulation
598:2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake
452:that occur in graded beds,
320:1929 Grand Banks earthquake
261:Sedimentation in reservoirs
249:outbursts, dam breaks, and
1923:
1435:vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 31–41.
1220:Journal of Fluid Mechanics
672:occurred off the coast of
668:Within minutes after the
726:2006 Pingtung earthquake
710:Cascadia subduction zone
1273:(20): 10, 883–10, 890.
742:François-Alphonse Forel
648:Navier-Stokes equations
512:of 110–2600 m and
799:Sediment gravity flows
746:thermal stratification
457:
390:
371:
179:sediment gravity flows
93:
85:
642:Depth-resolved models
620:and transformed into
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394:Effect on ocean floor
381:
369:
301:Earthquake triggering
100:is most typically an
91:
80:
1561:(11–12): 1717–1724.
1395:10.1029/2019gl084526
1287:10.1002/2016gl069547
1232:10.1017/jfm.2014.645
633:Shallow-water models
500:Some of the largest
454:Point Loma Formation
1778:2014LOEL....4....1V
1567:2016GSAB..128.1717S
1386:2019GeoRL..4611310H
1380:(20): 11310–11320.
1279:2016GeoRL..4310883D
1177:2001Sedim..48..465P
892:2021AnRFM..53...59W
794:Submarine landslide
657:Turbulence modeling
628:Modeling approaches
594:mathematical models
1873:2004-11-21 at the
1861:2004-09-05 at the
574:sediment transport
536:Reversing buoyancy
465:that characterize
458:
391:
372:
196:interstitial fluid
183:natural phenomenon
102:underwater current
94:
86:
1345:10.1111/sed.12660
1142:10.1111/sed.12660
690:continental slope
584:of the currents.
496:Antidune deposits
352:continental slope
315:continental crust
277:in narrow alpine
211:Hyperpycnal plume
166:submarine canyons
115:seafloor sediment
98:turbidity current
75:
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54:length guidelines
16:(Redirected from
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419:contour currents
162:submarine trench
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52:Please read the
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779:Gravity current
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606:
604:Oil exploration
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481:and the use of
463:Bouma sequences
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328:
326:Canyon-flushing
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109:besides water.
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48:may be too long
43:This article's
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1850:External links
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788:Lowe sequence
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423:Gulf of Cadiz
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388:Central Coast
385:
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358:and sliding.
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1835:. Retrieved
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1514:(1): 35–38.
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886:(1): 59–83.
883:
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830:. Retrieved
825:
757:Congo Canyon
703:debris flows
685:
674:Newfoundland
645:
636:
622:hydrocarbons
607:
586:
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539:
514:wave heights
499:
487:
483:foraminifera
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459:
416:
402:gulleys and
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311:displacement
304:
264:
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176:
155:
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97:
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63:
46:lead section
44:
1772:(3): 1–47.
1226:: 156–195.
857:Meiburg, E.
826:EurekAlert!
750:Lake Geneva
735:bathymetric
655:(DNS) and
510:wavelengths
439:interbedded
412:reinforcing
227:Haile River
200:pyroclastic
146:earthquakes
1891:Categories
1729:1009–1032.
1296:1807/81129
1095:1156–1172.
805:References
618:compressed
612:that over
578:deposition
566:Prediction
561:Prediction
551:stratified
469:deposits.
437:Turbidite
384:California
279:reservoirs
271:deposition
173:Definition
82:Turbidites
18:Turbiditic
1794:2164-0254
1583:0016-7606
1536:132607431
1528:0091-7613
1404:0094-8276
1354:0037-0746
1305:0094-8276
1240:0022-1120
1201:128481974
1193:0037-0746
916:224957150
908:0066-4189
832:8 October
699:sustained
686:landslide
682:epicenter
590:equations
518:Venezuela
502:antidunes
479:lithology
467:turbidite
445:and gray
443:sandstone
295:permeable
275:sediments
267:transport
188:turbulent
169:further.
139:turbidite
126:turbidity
66:June 2024
56:and help
1871:Archived
1859:Archived
1832:BBC News
1754:767–772.
1739:747–768.
1719:298–314.
1469:171–187.
1422:31894170
1313:55359245
1248:53663402
1047:239–256.
1018:555–577.
847:192–219.
768:See also
714:Holocene
695:slumping
546:brackish
526:Suriname
429:Deposits
356:slumping
346:Slumping
307:tectonic
206:Triggers
150:slumping
1774:Bibcode
1563:Bibcode
1508:Geology
1413:6919390
1382:Bibcode
1275:Bibcode
1173:Bibcode
888:Bibcode
570:erosion
542:buoyant
404:ravines
336:entrain
332:canyons
283:thalweg
273:of the
247:glacier
235:coastal
158:seismic
122:density
1837:7 June
1815:: 1–2.
1792:
1677:79–97.
1581:
1534:
1526:
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1402:
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1311:
1303:
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1238:
1199:
1191:
1067:79–87.
936:62–94.
914:
906:
721:Taiwan
522:Guyana
506:Guyana
243:floods
239:storms
231:marine
192:turbid
107:fluids
1532:S2CID
1448:15–31
1309:S2CID
1244:S2CID
1197:S2CID
912:S2CID
490:Chile
475:grain
450:shale
400:carve
255:lakes
251:lahar
222:ocean
217:river
1839:2021
1790:ISSN
1579:ISSN
1524:ISSN
1418:PMID
1400:ISSN
1350:ISSN
1301:ISSN
1236:ISSN
1189:ISSN
904:ISSN
834:2018
708:The
576:and
524:and
447:clay
269:and
265:The
1782:doi
1571:doi
1559:128
1516:doi
1408:PMC
1390:doi
1340:doi
1291:hdl
1283:doi
1228:doi
1224:762
1181:doi
1137:doi
896:doi
748:in
568:of
386:'s
313:of
287:dam
1893::
1830:.
1813:11
1811:.
1788:.
1780:.
1768:.
1744:^
1709:p.
1682:^
1667:^
1601:^
1577:.
1569:.
1557:.
1553:.
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