Talk:Accommodation (vertebrate eye)

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steepen, the central thickness of the lens to increase (anterior-posterior diameter), and the peripheral surfaces of the lens to flatten. While the tension on equatorial zonules is increased during accommodation, the anterior and posterior zonules are simultaneously relaxing. As a consequence of the changes in lens shape during human in vivo accommodation, the central optical power of the lens increases and spherical aberration of the lens shifts in the negative direction. Because of the increased equatorial zonular tension on the lens during accommodation, the stress on the lens capsule is increased and the lens remains stable and unaffected by gravity. The same shape changes that occur to the crystalline lens during accommodation are observed when equatorial tension is applied to any encapsulated biconvex object that encloses a minimally compressible material (volume change less than approximately 3%) and has an elliptical profile with an aspect ratio ≤ 0.6 (minor axis/major axis ratio). Equatorial tension is very efficient when applied to biconvex objects that have a profile with an aspect ratio ≤ 0.6. Minimal equatorial tension and only a small increase in equatorial diameter causes a large increase in central curvature. This explains why the aspect ratio of a vertebrate crystalline lens can be used to predict the qualitative amplitude of accommodation of the vertebrate eye. Vertebrates that have lenses with aspect ratios ≤ 0.6 have high amplitudes of accommodation; e.g., primates and falcons, while those vertebrates with lenticular aspect ratios : -->

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is a legitimate researcher, but his theory is by no means mainstream. I think the introduction proposed above by TerryE is a good placeholder, but that the article be rewritten to follow the standard wikipedia format, i.e. Function of Accommodation; Mechanisms of accommodation (There are at least 6 different ways to solve the focusing problem -- change lens shape, change lens distance, change retina distance, change cornea shape, etc -- and there are examples of all of them in the animal kingdom. It's fascinating.) History of accommodation research (in which Dr. Schachar will get an appropriate mention, along with Scheiner, Donders, Young, Helmholtz, Crane, Charman, etc); Neurological Aspects of Accommodation (E-W nucleus, AC/A, etc); Disorders of Accommodation (including presbyopia).

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possible the word focus appear in the title. Also it currently seems to be an article only on the human lens with other vertebrates left out. While the human lens is the most studied there is plenty to include from other vertebrates, at least a summary outlining differences among vertebrates and referring within the article to fish, reptile and amphibian mechanisms. Another article on the vertebrate lens is getting quite long and the section on accommodation within it needs expanding. It would be better to expand this shorter article and refer to from that article. If there are no objections I'll go ahead with the ideas outlined here if no one else is currently interested in doing it.

769:(which I suspect is the given names of RA Schachar) has expanded the Schachar section, which is entirely acceptable because the published and reviewed theories have a right to be presented. However, what really worries me about these edits is that RA has also modified the Helmoltz entry to undermine its validity, even though this is the theory accepted by most ophthalmologists. To me this is crossing the bias line, and is counter to the Knowledge (XXG) guidelines. What I find mildly irritating me that in focusing on this dispute, the contributors are focusing on the area of conflict and forgetting to explain how accommodation actually works! 158: 473: 223: 1535:

not being bent at the cornea, but being bent at the two surfaces of the lens. The refractive indices of the aqueous humour, the vitreous humour, and the eye lens itself are quite close one to another, and so the bending of light introduced by the lens is comparatively small. There is a huge difference between the refractive index of the cornea and of the surrounding air, and so that surface has the potential to introduce large changes in the direction of a ray of light.

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that and make a new article on it, referring to that article from this one and visa versa. This article could then be shortened again as needed. Unless I hear other preferences I'll work towards covering vertebrates under Land, Water and Amphibious categories for now, rather than narrowing to human only. I'll assume if someone feels a strong need for a human specific page they can create a new article and pad it out with medical debates and diseases as they see fit.

693:. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that this article deserves to stand-alone, or even be the recipient of the redirect. First of all, given that various google searchs of "accommodation" with "lens" or "eye" reveal hits in the neighborhood of 1,200,000 to 4,250,000 whereas "accommodation reflex" gets a bit over 9,000, common usage dictates "notability" for it having its own article. Secondly, accommodation can be a voluntary process and not a reflex action. 1691:

chunk of the current article. The rest of the current article seems to be mainly on defects or diseases in focusing, something which would be better in another article in my opinion. Accommodation is hard enough for the average reader to get your head around without the complexities of diseases that effect the incompletely understood mechanism. While I don't think they contribute much I intend to leave them for someone else to tidy up of move to a new article.

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My feeling is that the article would not get to long in the short term if it covered vertebrate eyes, at least with the currently accepted firm knowledge base and the amount of time I have. Having an article on human eyes only would end up as inconclusive debate around who has the best model, a large

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Editing the article is surely a good idea. Before you start, however, perhaps let’s consider what would be a good scope. The title – until very recently – was “Accommodation (Eye)” (if I remember correctly), until someone noticed that that title was too general since the article mostly just described

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My problem with this page is the diagram of the eye optics. The eye lens is only a small part of the focussing system of the eye; most of the bending of the light entering the eye takes place at the cornea. Most eye diagrams (including the ones associated with this article) incorrectly show the light

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some birds and reptiles, would probably cover most of the main vertebrate focusing mechanisms currently understood to some degree without making the article too long. If other editors want to expand any one area, human focusing for example, to the point it makes this article too long they could take

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Sub-issue: I'm perplexed by the claims in the lede paragraph that a vast majority of humans cannot focus at 5cm by age 40. While this may be true for a defined percentage of the population, I doubt it is true for 50% at that age-- but to return to a point relevant above, we need verifiability,

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Nov.7, 2014 -- As a physicist teaching some optics to BIMS majors, I wanted to teach more (than in the physics text) about accommodation by the human eye. So I found my way to this article. Unfortunately, it does not get to the point the way the "Accommodation reflex" article does, with its simple

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I have taught this material to medical stduents for 30 years and I think this article will only confuse the lay person who most needs a simple, clear explanation of accommodation. Put simply, in humans, contraction of the ciliary muscle REDUCES tension on the margins of the lens allowing it to relax

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You can cause double vision using eyeglasses, broken ones (with temples or earpieces off) would be best for this. Put the glasses before your eyes and look at some object. If you have good vision and the lenses are +2 or +3 dioptres, the object has to be quite near for good focus. Now move one lens

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Hi, I did my doctoral dissertation on accommodation (I'm in a different area now), and this article doesn't reflect the subject properly. It violates both the conflict-of-interest and no-original-research rules. Essentially the article has become boilerplate from Dr. Schachar's papers. Dr. Schachar

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Given that this article is underthreat of a COI embargo I have asked for a stay until the weekend. If no one has any comments / changes, then I will swap in this intro on Sunday. At the same time I will backout AR's changes to the Helmholtz section and reinstate the pro Helmholtz references here.

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I am a lay contributor, but not only does th Schachar's theory seem barking from a mechanical point of view, the attributed reference is in fact a rebuttal of the theory. If we are going to include a reference shouldn't it be to Schirars original paper? Also having tracked down various references

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This article seems to focus on accommodation in the human eye. However, other animals have different strategies for accommodation. For instance, some fish accommodate by adjusting the position of the lens relative to the retina, rather than changing the lens shape. Animals with compound eyes do

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The article would be greatly improved by a (possibly small) section describing the Visceromotor Nerves that innervate the Ciliary Body and effect contraction/relaxation. While the theoretical explanations are highly valuable, the well understood Nervous aspects of Accommodation should be included

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What I suggest is that the article should first explain how accommodation works and then present the alternative theories for how the ciliary muscle act together with zonular tension to vary the curvature of the lens. The pro RAS editors should focus on clarifying the Schachar theory (adding some

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I'm not sure if anyone is active on this page. If not I'll be going ahead in the near future with a revision that I think is required as it's a C class article. Firstly, for a member of the public, accommodation means a place to stay. "Focusing" of the eye has to also point to this article and if

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I'm a layperson with respect to the scientific understanding of accommodation but wanted to note that I believe the article is of great importance (addressing the categorization of Unknown Importance - Biology). The reason is that accommodation is one of the few remaining problems to be solved in

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contain accessible descriptions of Schachar's Accommodation Hypothesis. Both include critiques of several papers supporting the Helmholtz Theory. To date, I have been unable to find articles supporting the Helmholtz Theory that explicitly address Schachar's criticisms. Personally, the Schachar

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As the equatorial diameter of the lens continuously increases over life, baseline zonular tension simultaneously declines. This results in a reduction in baseline ciliary muscle length that is associated with both lens growth and increasing age. Since the ciliary muscle, like all muscles, has a

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Accommodation includes a number of factors, of which relaxation into a more biconcave shape of the lens is one - but only one. Other factors include anterior movement of the lens (resulting in a shallowing of the anterior chamber), contraction (miosis) of the pupil, convergence of the eyes, and

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has proposed an alternative theory which indicates that focus by the human lens is associated with increased tension on the lens via the equatorial zonules; that when the ciliary muscle contracts, equatorial zonular tension is increased, causing the central surfaces of the crystalline lens to

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has proposed (contrary to Helmholtz's theory) that the ciliary muscle actually pulls on the crystalline lens' equator in an outwardly radial manner, and the consequent changes in lens shape increase the lens power. and a derived "Scleral Expansion Band" surgical technique for the reversal of

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Convergence -- this does not help focus the image on the retina as stated in the article, it helps to center the image over the macula and fovea, the center (densest part) of the retina. Accomodation is what focuses the image on the retina. Convergence controls the position of the image,

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who can add perhaps 20 diopters of optical power enabling objects less than 10 cms from the nose to be brought into focus. This declines steadily with age so that the healthy eye will typically have about 1 diopter accommodation remaining by the age of 70 years. This condition is known as

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I have decided to remove some of the content that Schachar added: claims of falsifying the mainstream Helmholtz theory, clear self-promotion, content already covered in the presbyopia article and references to an unapproved and no widely accepted surgical procedure. It's detail is still

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It seems to me after 5 minutes, that this article still needs work. The explanation is too technical and complex; you want something that is *simple* and *clear*. As well, remnants of the COI and other disputes, above, still remain; the majority of footnotes are still the same...

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who can add perhaps 20 diopters of optical power enabling objects 5 cms from the nose to be brought into focus. This declines steadily with age so that the healthy eye will typically have about 1 diopter accommodation remaining by the age of 70 years. This condition is known as

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Is it really necessary to include the information that this is about vertebrate eyes in the title? It's already mentioned in the lead, and there's no other animal taxon with accommodation like the one discussed in this article that could be mistaken for the vertebrate one.

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How is that 13 diopters calculated? Since 7 cm is equal to .07 meters and 1/.07 = 14.3 it seems to me that the change in focal power is just over 14 diopters, and the "13" in the quoted sentence ought to be "14". Is my reasoning correct or am I missing something?

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The section for Schachar seems quite biased, it reads like Schachar defending his own, questionable, hypothesis. Refer to the following papers for some decent numerical studies severely calling into question the model that Schachar based his initial claims upon:

1275:). There are further several papers that effectively disprove that theory. I have removed the entire section to a chapter here in the talk page (below), so as to conserve it for reference. I kept the introductory paragraph, as a pointer to that theory. 1323:

length-tension relationship, the maximum force the ciliary muscle can apply decreases, as its length shortens with increasing age. This is the etiology of the age-related decline in accommodative amplitude that results in presbyopia.

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The obvious bias on the part of the pro RAS editors leads me to worry about the info's creditability. Are there non-Schachar affiliated papers supporting his hypothesis? Also, did the numerous "in press" sources ever get published?

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and its interfaces some 20 diopters when focusing on a far object . Whilst the cornea is relatively rigid and therefore its power is fixed, the lens is flexible and varies in geometry due to contraction of the surrounding

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up and the other down by, say, 3 mm each. One image will go up and the other down. After a second your vision will align the images back. Now question: Is the adjustment made on "software" or "hardware" level? --

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some 15 diopters when focusing on a far object . In humans the shape of the cornea does not change with accommodation, but the lens is flexible and varies in geometry due to contraction of the surrounding

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figure showing how the lens changes shape during accommodation. Moreover, the discussion of mechanism, especially of the work of Schachar, is inscrutable, largely because of its technicality and length.

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accommodation in the human eye. Someone commented that many other vertebrate eyes are similar to the human eye and it was decided to narrow it down to the vertebrate eye and change the title accordingly.

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Ronaldaaron (22:02, 12 July 2007) replaced the previous intro synopsis with a complete rewrite. The previous synopsis was short and specific to the main theme of this article. The new synopsis:

1176:+1, Schachar's content is mostly his own and from my non-expert reading seems to be a very minority view that isn't well cited. Yes, it needs to be covered but in my view this level of detail is 1430:

Schachar RA, Abolmaali A, Le T. "Insights into the etiology of the age related decline in the amplitude of accommodation using a nonlinear finite element model of the accommodating human lens".

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Schachar RA. "Equatorial lens growth predicts the age-related decline in accommodative amplitude that results in presbyopia and the increase in intraocular pressure that occurs with age".

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You are correct, there are three main points where the rays are bent, and none of those is the one shown. However, there is a simplified model of the eye's optics known as the simplified

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Schachar RA, Pierscionek BK, Abolmaali A, Le, T. "The relationship between accommodative amplitude and the ratio of central lens thickness to its equatorial diameter in vertebrate eyes".

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EDIT: Sorry about the 'unsigned' just an undergraduate (not an expert) doing some related reading, seems like pretty clear bias even without expert level knowledge of the topic though.

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two of which quote that Schachar's theories have no support in the profession outside his immediate group, then wouldn't it be more appropriate to leave in but play down this section:

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It seems to me now that either the scope should be narrowed down further, to eyes that are similar to that of the human, or keep the vertebrate and proceed as you proposed.

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All in all I feel that the new intro is not an improvement. If we want to introduce the age dynamics of accommodation then this should be moved to a small linking section.

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0.6 have low amplitudes of accommodation; e.g. owls and antelopes. The decline in the amplitude of accommodation eventually results in the clinical manifestation of

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into a more biconvex shape changing the focal length of the lens allowing the image of the close-up object to be in focus at the level of the neural retina.

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Schachar RA, Fygenson DK. "Topographical changes of biconvex objects during equatorial traction: An analogy for accommodation of the human lens".

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several more factors. Signed: Spencer P. Thornton, M.D. Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology University of Tennessee Health Science Center

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Schachar RA, Davila C, Pierscionek BK, Chen W, Ward WW. "The effect of human in vivo accommodation on crystalline lens stability".

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creating practical head-mounted displays. When these devices become mainstream they will have a huge impact on our society.

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Helmholtz's theory is almost universally accepted, but Schachar's theory appears to be generating some serious interest. -

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eye model. In that model the three points are collapsed into one for simplicity. I forgot, though, where that point is.

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Yes, warning flag is a better term for it. Wikipedians usually just say "tag" about templates like this and others in

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Reference 3 (Chen et al., 2000, Fig. 5) reports 15 dpt, which converts to 6.7 dpt. I have put these two numbers in.

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Hypothesis seems to do a better job explaining eye strain, though I have yet to find references either pro or con.

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seems to be a forgotten vestige of the early days of Knowledge (XXG) which should probably be redirected here, to

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as the object varies in distance from the eye. There are various ways this is accomplished in vertebrate eyes:

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not accommodate at all, as far as I know. The article should probably touch on this sort of thing somewhere.

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Thanks! I think it would be good to add that information to the article; it helps the reader a lot. Cheers,

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on Knowledge (XXG). If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join

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Colloquial use of "theory". How can there be competing theories? Surely they are competing hypotheses?

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While I don't intend to do it all at once, categorizing vertebrate eye focusing into something like

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shifts the content of the paragraph to discussion of presbyopia which is already an existing article

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presbyopia. However, both the theory and the efficacy of the procedure has gained little support. "

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For now I have just flagged the article, but I do think most of the section should be removed.

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Abolmaali A, Schachar RA, Le T. "Sensitivity study of human crystalline lens accommodation".

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Does changing focal distance from infinity to 7 cm imply a 13 diopter change in focal power?

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as the object varies in distance from the eye. The optical power of the eye is a result of

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as light travels within the body of eye, with the interface between the air and the curved

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What is the degree of support of the various theories in current mainstream ophthamology?

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accomodation the focus. -- I am a practicing board certified ophthalmologist in the USA.

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Proof: Covering one eye eliminates convergence, but does not prevent adaptation.

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I believe the problem is typically solved by using a Fresnel lens in the display.

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paragraphing would help readability), and not undermine the counter argument.

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I've modified the introduction suggested above to be less anthropocentric:

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I don't know what you imagine when you say COI "embargo". All I said at

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Judge (2002): Modelling the Mechanics of Accommodation and Presbyopia

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Knowledge (XXG) level-5 vital articles in Biology and health sciences

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I don't dispute your view, but it is just that a POV isn't it? -

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Mammals-human/primate, carnivore, herbivore, birds, reptile

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Schachar RA. "The mechanism of accommodation and presbyopia".

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Schachar RA. "The mechanism of accommodation and presbyopia".

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Knowledge (XXG) vital articles in Biology and health sciences

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IMHO, but I am not sufficiently expert to précis further. --

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Burd (2002): Numerical Modelling of the Accommodating Lens.

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removes most references to the related Knowledge (XXG) pages

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removes discussion of the cornea in accommodation mechansim

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Burd (1999): Mechanics of Accommodation of the Human Eye

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Schachar RA. "The lens is stable during accommodation".

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Changing the position of the lens relative to the retina

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Vertebrate eye or human eye, accommodation or focusing?

1060:. This ability to flex the lens is at a maximum in an 889:. This ability to flex the lens is at a maximum in an 921:

Knowledge (XXG):Help desk#Undeleting a Deleted Article

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on Knowledge (XXG). Leave messages on the WikiProject

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C-Class vital articles in Biology and health sciences

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OK not CIO "embargo"; how about "CIO warning flag" ?

1180:. PS, 58.172.106.11, remember to add the ~~~~ :-) 1043:, with the interface between the air and the curved 537:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of 197: 1294:(taken from the article namespace in Oct. 2015) 1035:Humans accommodate by changing the shape of the 738:do we dont get more information about theories? 33:for general discussion of the article's subject. 1263:Schachar's theory has not found any support in 422:and that biomedical information in any article 1039:. The optical power of the eye is a result of 796:I have added a critical reference (Atchison). 828:is neutral to the Helmholtz / Schachar camps. 420:Manual of Style for medicine-related articles 157: 8: 1880:Physiology articles about an unassessed area 1354:Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 661: 499: 358: 250: 1769:Accommodation (vertebrate eye)#Human eyes 1721:Sounds great -- go ahead (from my side). 1098:not speculation and unreferenced claims. 1025:Changing the axial length of the eyeball. 429:Knowledge (XXG) talk:WikiProject Medicine 1332: 501: 360: 252: 211: 1855:High-importance ophthalmology articles 1800:Knowledge (XXG) level-5 vital articles 1008:to maintain the image of an object in 860:to maintain the image of an object in 551:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Physiology 183: 7: 765:A footnote to this issue I see that 531:This article is within the scope of 438:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Medicine 412:This article is within the scope of 1875:High-importance Physiology articles 1445:International Ophthalmology Clinics 1419:International Ophthalmology Clinics 1341:International Ophthalmology Clinics 612:Simplicity is better than confusion 321:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Biology 241:It is of interest to the following 23:for discussing improvements to the 1570:Accommodation in non-human animals 14: 1860:Ophthalmology task force articles 1594:I'm curious about the following: 50:New to Knowledge (XXG)? Welcome! 1845:Mid-importance medicine articles 1432:British Journal of Ophthalmology 1406:British Journal of Ophthalmology 1393:British Journal of Ophthalmology 1367:British Journal of Ophthalmology 1028:Changing the shape of the cornea 524: 503: 424:use high-quality medical sources 399: 389: 362: 285: 275: 254: 221: 212: 45:Click here to start a new topic. 1885:WikiProject Physiology articles 1830:Mid-importance Biology articles 1380:Ophthalmic Physiological Optics 571:This article has been rated as 554:Template:WikiProject Physiology 458:This article has been rated as 341:This article has been rated as 1865:All WikiProject Medicine pages 1850:C-Class ophthalmology articles 1810:C-Class level-5 vital articles 1516:03:11, 21 September 2011 (UTC) 1019:Changing the shape of the lens 989:18:59, 25 September 2007 (UTC) 880:of this in the human eye, the 806:07:26, 30 September 2018 (UTC) 631:) 21:13, 26 October 2007 (UTC) 299:Accommodation (vertebrate eye) 25:Accommodation (vertebrate eye) 1: 1585:20:59, 12 December 2012 (UTC) 1116:Biased towards Schachar Claim 961:Category:Neutrality templates 731:04:01, 18 November 2006 (UTC) 722:21:20, 17 November 2006 (UTC) 712:21:08, 17 November 2006 (UTC) 545:and see a list of open tasks. 480:This article is supported by 441:Template:WikiProject Medicine 42:Put new text under old text. 1835:WikiProject Biology articles 1611:08:04, 9 February 2013 (UTC) 1564:12:47, 15 January 2017 (UTC) 1545:22:04, 4 December 2012 (UTC) 1530:01:33, 26 October 2011 (UTC) 1456:No Mention of Nervous System 1238:02:06, 26 October 2011 (UTC) 1000:is the process by which the 852:is the process by which the 698:08:39, 7 December 2005 (UTC) 676:14:34, 7 November 2014 (UTC) 483:the Ophthalmology task force 324:Template:WikiProject Biology 1870:C-Class Physiology articles 1495:16:30, 8 October 2015 (UTC) 1471:03:23, 8 October 2010 (UTC) 1304:17:28, 8 October 2015 (UTC) 1285:17:28, 8 October 2015 (UTC) 1256:17:52, 2 October 2012 (UTC) 1108:22:10, 5 January 2012 (UTC) 1093:22:10, 5 January 2012 (UTC) 1077:08:16, 1 October 2007 (UTC) 811:The Content of the Synopsis 595:has not yet been associated 1901: 1765:Amplitude of accommodation 1758:Amplitude of accommodation 1647:10:39, 15 March 2016 (UTC) 1501:Proper role of convergence 1213:00:44, 20 April 2011 (UTC) 1051:in the human eye, and the 965:Category:Dispute templates 682:Recreation of this article 464:project's importance scale 347:project's importance scale 1840:C-Class medicine articles 1781:20:12, 12 July 2024 (UTC) 1731:08:05, 29 June 2023 (UTC) 1717:05:17, 29 June 2023 (UTC) 1686:09:43, 19 June 2023 (UTC) 1667:23:35, 18 June 2023 (UTC) 1476:This article is important 972:10:39, 27 July 2007 (UTC) 955:01:54, 27 July 2007 (UTC) 938:23:49, 26 July 2007 (UTC) 911:19:16, 26 July 2007 (UTC) 837:02:32, 24 July 2007 (UTC) 780:00:19, 23 July 2007 (UTC) 689:previously redirected to 654:01:32, 17 July 2008 (UTC) 592: 570: 519: 479: 457: 384: 340: 270: 249: 80:Be welcoming to newcomers 1825:C-Class Biology articles 1748:14:16, 26 May 2024 (UTC) 1421:. 48(1): In press, 2008. 1190:01:37, 18 May 2010 (UTC) 1170:10:37, 17 May 2010 (UTC) 1149:10:41, 17 May 2010 (UTC) 758:17:30, 2 June 2007 (UTC) 1626:08:08, 5 May 2015 (UTC) 1408:. 91(6): 812–817, 2007. 1369:. 91(6): 790–793, 2007. 1047:accounting for some 45 876:accounting for some 45 597:with a particular area. 1795:C-Class vital articles 1434:. 90: 1304–1309, 2006. 1289: 589: 534:WikiProject Physiology 476: 75:avoid personal attacks 1447:. 46(3): 39–61, 2006. 923:was that I might add 588: 475: 235:on Knowledge (XXG)'s 228:level-5 vital article 123:Find medical sources: 100:Neutral point of view 1356:. 85(1): 77–90, 2007 1343:. 46(3): 39–61, 2006 1224:and Schachar's book 691:Accommodation reflex 415:WikiProject Medicine 105:No original research 687:Accommodation (eye) 642:Spencer P. 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