1008:• The claim "... making commercially farmed cattle a major contributor to the greenhouse effect", predicated on alleged methane emission from an average cow, is an unattributed, misinformed opinion. Examination of the claim is a bit simpler than if the claim had specified contribution to anthropogenic global warming, and although the calculation below may seem rough, more precise calculation would be unnecessary for demonstrating that the Knowledge claim is false. (1) In 1980, water vapor, carbon dioxide and clouds, which are the major contributors, together accounted for about 91 to 95 percent of the greenhouse effect, and methane accounted for between 0.7 and 1.6 percent (Schmidt et al. 2010. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 115: D20106). Atmospheric methane content has increased somewhat since then (IPCC AR5, i.e. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 5th Assessement Report). If methane's contribution since 1980 has increased, but no more than in simple proportion to that increase in atmospheric methane content, the contribution now would be within the range 0.7 to 1.9 percent. (3) The atmospheric lifetime of methane is short, recently estimated at about 9 years (IPCC AR5). Thus, recent data on sources of methane emission are sufficient for partitioned attribution of current atmospheric methane between cattle and other sources, i.e. approximate attribution need not take account of long-term historical data, because the relative proportions of emissions from cattle versus other sources have not changed greatly in recent years. (4) Enteric fermentation in cattle recently accounts for only about 11 to 13 percent of total (natural plus anthropogenic) methane emissions, and because of (3), cattle can therefore be inferred to account for only about 11 to 13 percent of atmospheric methane recently. The methane emission percentages are based on IPCC AR5 and FAOSTAT figures (where the latter were calculated by IPCC Tier 1 methods). (5) Although the FAO compiles global statistics on cattle numbers, there are no global statistics on "commercially farmed" cattle numbers or their emissions. However, because "commercially farmed" cattle represent a subset of total cattle, the methane from this subset is some fraction of that from all cattle. (6) From the above, one can estimate that methane from all cattle accounts for between about 0.08 and 0.25 of one percent of the greenhouse effect, and that the contribution from "commercially farmed" cattle will be only some fraction of that from all cattle. Thus, to claim that methane emission from cows makes "commercially farmed" cattle a major contributor to the greenhouse effect is an egregious error.
1005:• No source is cited to support the claim that "An average cow is thought to emit between 542 litres (if located in a barn) and 600 litres (if in a field) of methane per day through burping and exhalation, making commercially farmed cattle a major contributor to the greenhouse effect." Although temperature and pressure for these volume expressions are not specified, making the meaning of the numbers vague, these figures seem much too high for emission by eructation and exhalation from an average cow. The numbers and description suggest that the claim might be based on misinterpretation of the data of Kaharabata and Schuepp (2000), who estimated 542 and 631 L/d per dairy cow for a barn and a feedlot, respectively. These amounts represent methane from not only eructation and exhalation, but also emission from the anus and any emission due to methanogenesis within the sampled area outside the cows, e.g. in manure within the areas where the measurements were made. (The measurements used SF6 methodology in a spatial sampling grid.) Moreover, the dairy cows of one barn and one feedlot cannot be assumed to be average cows, considering relative numbers and characteristics of dairy cows and beef cows, and variation among herds and feeding practices. The US EPA "Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2013, Annex 3", has estimated that average annual methane production of US beef cows and dairy cows in 2013 was 95 and 144 kg per head, respectively. The EPA calculations were carefully and expertly done, taking account of many factors in different regions of the US, and there are arguably no better estimates of the averages for US beef and dairy cows for 2013. The average of these figures, weighted according to relative numbers of US beef cows and dairy cows in 2013 (from US EPA figures, verified by consulting USDA Agricultural Statistics 2014), is 107 kg per year, equivalent to 445 L per cow per day at 25 deg. C and 1 atm. pressure (or 413 L at standard temperature and pressure as defined by IUPAC), considerably below the lower of the two figures claimed in the Knowledge article. Predicating a claim about methane from "commercially farmed" cattle on alleged methane data from average cows is also problematic. For example, US EPA estimates indicate that the average methane emission per head of US feedlot cattle is less than half the average per US cow, and the average per head of US beef calves is about a tenth of the average per US cow.
993:• The section claims: "One reason why cows burp so much is that they are often fed foods that their digestive systems cannot fully process, such as corn and soy." The rationale is incorrect. Feed constituents that are not digestively processed at all do not contribute to ruminal gas production. When feeds are more fully processed by digestion in the rumen, considerable gas may be produced, The claim may also mislead because, per unit amount of metabolizable energy consumed, corn (maize) grain can be expected to produce no more ruminal gas than the grasses, legume forages, non-leguminous forbs and other roughages in the diet of cattle. This is partly because the volatile fatty acid anions produced in ruminal fermentation of the forages tend to include a smaller propionate fraction and a larger acetate fraction: production of acetate from pyruvate is accompaned by release of carbon dioxide (some of which is reduced to form methane). If more eructation does occur with feeding of more corn and soy, it may be due to increased digestion of feed, related not only to higher average digestibility of feed, but also higher voluntary intake of feed, facilitated by rumen volume made available by more rapid passage of feeds with lower average fiber concentration. However, if a feed is subject to more rapid passage, the fraction of its digestible dry matter digested in the rumen may be lessened, with more fermentation (and thus, very likely, increased gas production) occurring in the hindgut, from which gases do not contribute to eructation. Also, the degree to which the digestive system of cattle can process corn grain varies significantly, depending on whether and how the grain is processed before feeding. For example, digestion of the starch of corn grain in cattle tends to be higher if the grain was processed (e.g. by grinding, rolling or steam-flaking) before feeding, rather than being fed whole.
996:• The section states: "Some farmers have reduced burping in their cows by feeding them alfalfa and flaxseed, which are closer to the grasses that they had eaten in the wild before they were domesticated." The article cited in connection to this claim is focused on methane release and its reduction; it contains no claim that eructation is reduced wih this diet. Flaxseed is not at all close to a grass, either botanically or in terms of its composition. There is no basis for assuming or implying that any feed so extremely high in lipids would have been a significant part of the diet of pre-domestication cattle. The cited source does not claim that feeding of alfalfa has any effect on either eructation or methane. It simply states that alfalfa was being fed to cattle in the study. (Although there is also no explicit claim that feeding of flaxseed was responsible for reduced methane production in this study, one would expect, from evidence presented in peer-reviewed research papers, that methane emission would be reduced by inclusion of flaxseed in the diet of the cows.)
1002:• With reference to methane produced by cows, the section states: "95% of this gas (wind) is emitted through burping." The source cited for this is a newspaper column by a journalist who actually states, with regard to methane, "About 95% of the gas originates, not as flatulence, but as exhalation." Exhalation is not equivalent to burping. Moreover, the journalist does not attribute the claim to an expert or a credible source. Nowhere have I found research data to justify suggesting an eructation figure as high as 95 % of the total methane produced in a cow or other ruminant. Many sources cite data of Murray et al. (1976), who found that in sheep, 95 % of rumen methane is emitted by eructation, but in their study, rumen methane accounted for only 87 % of total methane production, the remainder being produced in the hindgut and emitted by processes other than eructation. Thus, of the total methane produced in that study, only 83 % was emitted by eructation.
1011:• The article's mention of an anti-methane vaccine cites an abbreviated secondary account of a study which examined effects only over a very short period. There is no acknowledgment of the more recent study (published nearly seven years ago) involving many of the same researchers, showing that in the longer run, use of anti-methanogen vaccine resulted in no significant reduction of methane production. This result was apparently due to induction of a different methanogen population, occupying the ecological niche of methanogens whose numbers had been reduced by the vaccine.
1014:• The section refers to bloat in ruminants. It might be helpful to readers if there were some explanation of how ruminant eructation occurs and of the mechanism involved in bloat that occurs due to prevention of eructation. With regard to bloat treatment, the section mentions use of rubber hose or trochar, but does not acknowledge any alternative treatments or preventatives, such as administration of poloxalene, alcohol ethoxylate, pluronic detergents, various oils, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, or various ionophores.
999:• The section states: "Escherichia coli (E. coli) and other bacteria lack the enzymes and cofactors required for methane production." In relation to eructation by ruminants, why mention Escherichia coli at all? E. coli is abundant in the hindgut, but hindgut gases are not subject to eructation. Gases produced in the rumen are subject to eructation, but E. coli is unimportant in the rumen, because it tends to be strongly inhibited by rumen fluid constituents within the normal rumen pH range, as shown by Wolin (1969).
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strangely lengthy discussion on bovine burps which mention nothing about cows swallowing air. The cow discussion is also supported by a scientific article. To me, it seems unlikely that "swallowing air" is a real or significant cause of burping. Regardless of my belief, this myth or folk wisdom should not be perpetuated by
Knowledge unless the context is explained or a reliable citation found.
990:• The section states "In the case of ruminants, the gas (wind) expelled is methane produced as a byproduct of the animal's digestive process." In fact, the eructated gas is mostly carbon dioxide; it also contains small amounts of several other gases, in addition to the significant methane fraction. There are several credible sources of information on rumen gas composition.
1749:, This is indeed, an astounding and astonishing rendition! It is not particularly elegant, but perhaps it does provide an excellent example of the various sounds. I don't have experience in judging the appropriateness of audio clips for our encyclopedia. Yes, it is a bit weird, but illustrative....(and pretty gross, from my US cultural viewpoint). Ah, well...Best wishes,
1539:(depending on the newspaper) use "urination", "defecation" or "flatulence" which, unlike "eructation", are terms familiar to nearly everyone. Since burping / belching are extremely common terms and frequently occur in print, while "eructation" is a term which is most likely unknown to 99% of the English-speaking population, the title of this article needs to be either
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1017:• The description of a 'burp" in fish indicates that it does not correspond to a burp, belch or eructation as described in the article's lede or to the subject of the article as characterized on the Burp disambiguation page. Discussion of such release of gas by a fish presumably belongs in an article elsewhere in Knowledge.
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carry similar opprobrium as urination, defecation, and flatulence. Burping, like the others, isn't discussed in polite company or in public, and it isn't done in polite company or in public either. Actually, urination and defecation are dealt with by excusing oneself to the bathroom, and flatulence
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The way found this page was another
Knowledge page that discussed the differences between Arianism and Orthodox Christianity. That article mentions the word eructation as one of the possible other reasons for Jesus Christ's birth. I can understand there not being a link like this to either page. And
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would cause it to explode. If true, this is worth mentioning in the section about animal distress and bloat; if not true, it might be worth mentioning as a curious popular belief about burping (akin to burping to show approval of a meal). However, I have no data about this matter (indeed, I have not
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The
Cultural Acceptance section is wrong. Burping is not any more or less acceptable in Japan than it is in western countries. This is bogus information. In fact, the referenced web page actually says burping is not polite at meals in Japan. I will remove Japan from this reference, unless there
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I doubt the validity of the passage "in Saudi Arabia, Japan, and many other countries, burping after a meal is considered a compliment to the chef", since I know for a fact that this is definitely not true for Japan. This might be simple rumor or stereotype, as in reality it is considered as much a
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Knowledge isn't censored. Most
English-speakers call it either burping or belching anyway, and both are considered appropriate terms. Just because it may not expand your personal knowledge on the topic, many people on the web may be actually searching for information, and this article would help
708:. That is exactly where I feel the vibration. I would modify the article myself to reflect that, but I'm waiting for someone with actual medical experience to reply, since I cannot prove it nor deny it (I'd have to perform an endoscopy on myself while I'm burping to do that) and I may be wrong.
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In this article, and many supposedly informative sites on burping, claim burping is primarily and almost exclusively caused by swallowing air. This is done without citation or explanation. No mention is made of digestive processes causing burps beyond carbonated beverages. The exception is the
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in similar discussions, we would rely upon standard sources, primarily newspapers, for common terms. While words such as "peeing", "pooping" or "farting" would be most likely heard in an informal conversation, newspapers stories which have need to report on such subjects would almost certainly
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The article says that the sound of burping is caused by the vibration of the cardia, the lower esophageal sphincter connecting the esophagus and the stomach. Is this true? As a personal experience, I do not feel the mouth of my stomach vibrate when I burp; instead, I feel the gas come up in my
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The way I heard it, 'burp-talking' or forcing air repeatedly up and down through the esophageal valve is likely to pick up a bit of acid each time, and over time erode the poor thing til it can't do its job anymore. I used to make myself burp for fun all the time, now I have chronic
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As for it being the "normal term", vastly more people use the terms "poop" and "crap" than feces, more people use "pee" than urine, and more people use "fart" than flatus/flatulence. "Pee", "poop", "fart", and "burp" are similar and comparable terms.
721:: "As the fluid level in the fundus of the stomach rose toward the sphincter with escape of the gas, the sphincter snapped shut just in time to prevent the escape of gastric contents"), but I can't find any references to what is actually vibrating.
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I agree. Sources would be good for any of these (when I added it I believe it referred only to the Middle East, but people have been slowly adding countries ever since), pending which I'll remove it entirely.
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Sure but the register of "burping" is simply acceptable and normal. It's a bodily function that doesn't carry the same opprobrium as the others you've compared it with. Hence it is the normal term.
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Let this discussion stand for the record and, since
Knowledge will be around for centuries or even millennia, a subsequent discussion on this subject can call upon this one for guidance.
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It does seem unlikely that the cardia are vibrating, as they necessarily have to snap shut very quickly following the release of gas in order to prevent stomach acid refluxing (see
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Burping is a natural phenomenon; most health people burp six or more times each day. You don't get that sense from this overheated write-up. For a more balanced treatment, see,
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I've heard rumors that over-burping can be unhealthy. A section should be added to the article about the issue. I'll add if I find anything. --UVnet 04:25, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
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the "word" "burp" is unacceptable for wikipedia and should be removed. also this article does not expand our knowledge on the subject so I feel it should be deleted entirely.--
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I have a hard time believe that cows can generate 542 to 600 liters of methane per day, perhaps 600 liters of methane-containing gas that is still air to a large proportion
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In western culture, burping in public is often considered as rude. But young people have fun with it. - wow.. i wonder what grade i'd get for such bs in elementary school?
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That's what the
Finnish article says. I'm not the one to tell whether either is true, but what I'm concerned is it's not in the English article. --
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instead of "farting". Many reliable sources do also use the term "eructation", so the fact that this page is at "burping" seems like an anomaly.
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and eructation just don't happen. People who burp freely in public or who didn't say "excuse me" are simply rude, and now we're going off topic.
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I could go on, but my point is that "eructation" is clearly not some stuffy formal term nobody ever uses. It is a widely used term, and
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Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a
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Does anyone agree with me when I say that the burp sounds like a BURP SOLO. Why am I getting the feeling that we should change it...
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When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
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you are advocating for sounds like the half hearted forced burping of a child, I used to burp like that when I was 6 years old. --
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The first of the external links seems to confirm that the cardia does not vibrate. It mentions supragastric belching, defined as:
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I don't really see the linkage between the two ideas and how this idea could have worked for anyone. Maybe the word in the
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about moving the page to "fart" (just like this page is burp instead of eructation). Let the world know how you feel! -
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really given it any thought for 30+ years), but if anyone has this information, he or she might add it to the article.
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to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the
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is being misspelled or misquoted. An online historical time line led me to the whole story to begin with.
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If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot, you can report them with
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Well, if someone can answer the question here, then that information could be added to the article.
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Much of this section consists of erroneous and misleading claims. Thorough revision is needed.
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https://archive.is/20120717175430/http://wrongdiagnosis.com/symptoms/belching/book-causes-8c.htm
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Sounds like a urban legend but it's hard to tell. There is an ongoing discussion on snopes.com
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Some people don't call farting farting. Take my mom for example. Flatulencece, very good name.
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esophagus to neck level, and when I actually burp, that zone inside my neck is what vibrates.
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explains it in the lead sentence "Eructation (belching)" and 5) from the scientific database
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When I was growing up my friends all told me that seagulls cannot burp and thus feeding an
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is not electronically distorted, that's just how a normal grown up's burping sound. The
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Finally, while on the subject of common terms, while newspapers commonly use the term "
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I don't know where you're from, but where I live (and have my whole life), eructation
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If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves, you can fix them with
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does use the terms "poop" and "pooping".) I fail to see anybody's logic here.
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Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a
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http://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/tc/gas-bloating-and-burping-topic-overview
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It's not true in the Middle East either. Definitely a rumor/stereotype.
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Please restrict comments on this page to a discussion of *this* article.
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Your mom is called
Flatulencece? Extraordinary. Are you from America? --
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Question: do cats burp? More generally, what other mammals are able to?
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1388:(the medical term for burping) is rarely a sign of anything serious."
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Knowledge level-5 vital articles in
Biology and health sciences
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I FEEL THIS ARTICLE SHOULD NOT EXIST AT ALL OR BE HIGHLY EDITED
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gas from the oesophagus that never made it down to the stomach
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The link to "Cow
Methane Production" does not work anymore.
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for
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Just please be more, uh, succinct if you edit the article!
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for additional information. I made the following changes:
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seems to indicate vibration in the upper esophagus too...
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Start-Class vital articles in Biology and health sciences
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even Urban Dictionary of all sites has a definition of it
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and thus that article should be moved there. (Besides,
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Does anyone know where the article can be found again?
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Contributor Mare Nostrum 14:52, 14 September 2010 (UTC)
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Knowledge vital articles in Biology and health sciences
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burping is not slang and occurs even in medical texts.
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The esophagus also has an upper sphincter, that is the
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The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a
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Do Italians accept burping? Article doesn't say so.
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clinical publications about evidence-based medicine
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1516:also explains it ("What Is Eructation?"), 3) from
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1770:They say birds can't burp, but what about the
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816:20:32, 10 August 2010 (UTC)
714:, 19 Mar 2006, 19:22 (MET)
50:New to Knowledge? Welcome!
1854:
1798:Start-Class vital articles
1760:02:39, 10 April 2021 (UTC)
1741:20:47, 21 March 2021 (UTC)
1315:per In ictu oculi and Huw.
1237:instead of "pooping", and
1124:(last update: 5 June 2024)
1060:Hello fellow Wikipedians,
1050:07:08, 10 March 2016 (UTC)
800:05:31, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
746:, 20 Mar 2006, 19:43 (MET)
730:01:07, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
685:06:14, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
475:19:05, 10 March 2011 (UTC)
350:project's importance scale
1784:02:02, 14 June 2024 (UTC)
1287:over technical ones, and
1283:. Per policy, we prefer
1161:19:38, 27 July 2017 (UTC)
1027:23:26, 4 March 2016 (UTC)
873:01:20, 22 July 2010 (UTC)
706:cricopharingeal sphincter
665:16:45, 27 June 2008 (UTC)
540:07:02, 18 June 2016 (UTC)
343:
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80:Be welcoming to newcomers
1702:06:02, 5 June 2018 (UTC)
1659:Please do not modify it.
1532:also knows its audience.
1180:Please do not modify it.
498:23:59, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
1056:External links modified
822:Eructation and Arianism
930:is some objection. --
75:avoid personal attacks
1567:Myocardial infarction
1509:Prevention (magazine)
1233:instead of "peeing",
550:farting & burping
228:level-5 vital article
123:Find medical sources:
100:Neutral point of view
1423:this reliable source
1105:regular verification
1032:Woah, you're right!!
657:Milton P Terriwinkle
413:free review articles
389:. Here are links to
301:WikiProject Medicine
105:No original research
1095:After February 2018
1042:I like to saw logs!
925:Cultural Acceptance
753:Non-functional Link
532:AdventurousSquirrel
1149:InternetArchiveBot
1100:InternetArchiveBot
964:Italian acceptance
886:Belch: UGGGGGHHHT
554:There's a vote on
385:and are typically
237:content assessment
129:
86:dispute resolution
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19:This is the
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1664:move review
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1332:per above.
1185:move review
932:Westwind273
889:Burp: ught
865:77.8.246.88
859:—Preceding
833:—Preceding
762:—Preceding
671:—Preceding
233:Start-class
31:not a forum
1792:Categories
1727:Burp Solo!
1686:audio file
1597:How about
1419:defecation
1386:eructation
1361:: Pinging
1301:flatulence
1297:defecation
1289:eructation
1239:flatulence
1235:defecation
1226:Eructation
1156:Report bug
1038:WP:SOFIXIT
853:phrasing..
604:heartburn.
595:Unhealthy?
410:(limit to
1633:Steel1943
1514:Study.com
1293:urination
1231:urination
1194:not moved
1139:this tool
1132:this tool
1019:Schafhirt
768:Barakitty
423:provides
404:provides
231:is rated
88:if needed
71:Be polite
21:talk page
1694:Yukterez
1599:belching
1545:Belching
1375:Seppi333
1145:Cheers.—
861:unsigned
835:unsigned
776:contribs
764:unsigned
727:Ziggurat
673:unsigned
644:Ziggurat
567:Ziggurat
321:Medicine
262:Medicine
178:Springer
143:Cochrane
56:get help
29:This is
27:article.
1772:hoatzin
1714:Cpbm727
1553:", two
1541:Burping
1359:Comment
1347:Insert
1221:Burping
1203:Strauss
1069:my edit
1065:Burping
808:Zoombus
806:them.
395:Burping
348:on the
25:Burping
1622:Oppose
1606:bd2412
1373:, and
1330:Oppose
1313:Oppose
1299:, and
1281:Oppose
1264:Oppose
792:Isshii
402:PubMed
239:scale.
166:OpenMD
136:PubMed
1555:WP:RM
1336:Seppi
507:PeepP
452:Birds
220:This
192:Wiley
84:Seek
1780:talk
1737:talk
1718:talk
1698:talk
1684:the
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1561:and
1468:does
1452:talk
1305:╠╣uw
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681:talk
661:talk
653:here
622:talk
585:talk
536:talk
527:Done
495:T@lk
477:RKH
471:talk
462:gull
438:and
419:The
185:Trip
159:Gale
151:DOAJ
73:and
1656:.
1569:to
1543:or
1367:Huw
1340:333
1113:RfC
1083:to
530:.
490:JFW
441:CDC
340:Mid
199:TWL
1794::
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1498:A7
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1254:A7
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