Template:Cite thesis/sandbox

65: 5612: 5468: 2674:(e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. Not normally used for periodicals. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes 5603: 5457: 96: 5621: 5479: 2692:, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: 2254:: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword 5419:. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to 5825: 5438: 134: 31: 2351:: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations. Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher. 3229:: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates. Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See 5555:

are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read,

914:

Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A

2863:

fields; volume numbers should be entered just as a numeral (e.g. 37). Volume values that are wholly digits, wholly uppercase Roman numerals, or fewer than five characters will appear in bold. Any alphanumeric value of five or more characters will not appear in bold. In rare cases, publications carry

4137:

Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information –

5777:

Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation.

4581:

In very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums. These would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers

2318:. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of 3624:

Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.

3798:

The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g.

5293:

will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as

713:, which are acceptable for use). Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then 5206:); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use 6208:

Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Knowledge (XXG) article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in italics. If script-title is defined, title holds romanized transliteration of title in script-title.

4142:. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without 3046:

Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket,

5365:

Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example,

4146:

additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases:

2809:) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO), or if the deliverer requests attribution. 2577:: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these: 5917:

Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:

4138:

usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use

4910:: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supports 4701:: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If 6532:

Format of the work referred to by url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. HTML is implied and should not be specified. Automatically added when a PDF icon is displayed.

894:

Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example

4723:: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in 5778:

When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as

2024:: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in 6232:

Date of source being referenced. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.

3426:; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the 2709:. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of 672: 3408:– Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in 6090:

A Citation Style 1 template used to create citations for theses or dissertations submitted to and approved by an educational institution recognized as capable of awarding higher degrees.

5398:

empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message.

7429: 7424: 1465:: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of 2934:, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by 2322:. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form, e.g. 2498: 3409: 7257: 3482:; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) 3434:; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) 7419: 7150: 647: 6147:

Surname of author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases

2315: 7214: 3695: 4833:

is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use

3395:

no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities, such as vice, reseller and advertising sites; links to

7490: 4255: 7651: 5463:: a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration 5277:

to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with

3412:

when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately.

4380: 665: 7636: 4203:

additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases:

2627:

Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates.

7624: 2944:

Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use

80: 5310:

or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g.

7269: 5560:. If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add 7475: 7343: 6725: 84: 7247: 4618:). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message. 7663: 7620: 658: 76: 7434: 5495:

As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.

2831:: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so 2166:: Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows 5991: 2907:), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert 7579: 7207: 3703: 3191: 1754:

Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of

7169: 3844: 2319: 7561: 7480: 4214: 4061: 2701:: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example, 3639:

Access-date and archive-date in references should all have the same format – either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD.

847:

Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.

7701: 7305: 7145: 4188: 2406:

The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a

7606: 7348: 4293: 4199:

or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without

4118: 640: 5175:

If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds."

6025: 6006: 5975: 4168: – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher. 7242: 7200: 2191:: English translation of the chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after the 754:{{cite thesis |last=Ducklover |first=Arnold A. |date=1901 |title=On some aspects of Ducks |degree=MSc |publisher=Duck University}} 738:{{cite thesis |last=Ducklover |first=Arnold A. |date=1901 |title=On some aspects of Ducks |degree=PhD |publisher=Duck University}} 7485: 4654:

are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for

3763: 3168: 2366:

target full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate

3087:

is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g.

37: 7439: 4744:: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none. 4518: 579: 7353: 3536: 7646: 7414: 7401: 6718: 3117:

to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.

2374:

links to multiple works by the same author in the same year, unless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case,

112: 51: 7391: 7295: 7338: 6607:

Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'

5415:

Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Knowledge (XXG) as documented in

7333: 864: 7252: 3855:. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example 1895:: Title of existing Knowledge (XXG) article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: 7093: 6054: 5190:: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For 210: 7381: 7368: 7300: 7285: 5370:

will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors).

7696: 6907: 6509:

The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name; do not use icons or templates

3474:.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the 770:{{cite thesis |last=Ducklover |first=Arnold A. |date=1901 |title=On some aspects of Ducks |publisher=Duck University}} 491: 151: 7315: 7264: 4686: 3699: 1969: 705:

Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as

7183: 6851: 6795: 2847:: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted. 2242:

will display unquoted; any other value will display in quotation marks. The author of the contribution is given in

2045:: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after 392: 312: 7237: 7223: 6653:

Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')

6963: 6711: 5050:: title of existing Knowledge (XXG) article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: 4016: 1972:

styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.

1629:: Title of existing Knowledge (XXG) article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: 590: 120: 6348:

URL of an online location where the text of the publication can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked.

6179:

Given or first names of author, including title(s). Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty.

6050: 6042: 4064:

for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a

728:{{cite thesis |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |degree= |chapter= |publisher= |docket= |oclc= |access-date=}} 7659: 7614: 7386: 6767: 5295: 3475: 3427: 3202: 2493: 2363: 1965: 280: 72: 2060:

Titles containing certain characters will not display and link correctly unless those characters are encoded.

7038: 6893: 6809: 5172:

If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work.

459: 344: 261: 116: 7082: 6837: 6781: 6046: 6029: 3244: 3236: 3162: 3154: 2559: 2551: 2465: 2457: 2294:: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the 697:

submitted to and approved by an educational institution recognized as capable of awarding higher degrees.

694: 376: 296: 194: 3371: 3100: 915:

full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the

7455: 7328: 7323: 7115: 7104: 7049: 7027: 6823: 6734: 6394:

Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place

6017:. If there are multiple journals with the same DOI prefix, they can be grouped together with the format 5127: 4911: 4834: 4728: 4640: 4622: 4603: 3741: 3485: 3437: 2945: 2864:

both an ongoing volume and a year-related value; if so, provide them both, for example |volume=IV / #10.

2431: 2427: 2354: 2175: 2029: 1983: 1786: 1718: 1474: 686: 475: 424: 360: 328: 226: 164: 5504: 4872:

instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use

3539:

contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be

3367: 4825:. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by 2496:

target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a

7126: 6977: 6949: 6921: 6069: 6058: 4487: 4469: 4319: 4158: 3143:. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that 606: 555: 523: 507: 41: 17: 5522: 5416: 3140: 3139:

is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see

1949:

listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.

7460: 7016: 4006: 1955:: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write 875:

As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:

175: 147: 6371:

Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')

3833:(since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: 3400: 3375: 7509: 7470: 7060: 6935: 6879: 6753: 5169:

to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included.

3779: 3284: 2512:

format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.)

571: 539: 443: 245: 7597: 4710: 2167: 2154: 2011: 870: 6001:

The template is also able to recognize known free-to-read journals, assuming they have a clear

4296:. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example 2434:

templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as

7610: 7542: 7290: 6991: 6865: 5995: 4646:, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when 4556: 3759: 1431:

instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use

622: 408: 6630:

May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient

5198:); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For 4128: 3734:

be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set

2583:– set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified; 690: 7531: 7465: 7358: 5611: 5467: 5301: 4536: 3775: 3186: 3106: 2341: 2100: 3479: 3431: 140: 7678: 7520: 5485:: the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source (" 5123: 5103: 4845: 4788: 4402: 3540: 3147:

is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See

2956: 2897: 2721:

is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if

1714: 1694: 7376: 5971: 5098:, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to 4685:) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a 4398: 1689:, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to 5420: 7690: 4344: 4100: 3976: 3720: 3642: 3366:

are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead

3197: 3182: 2630: 2106: 5701:

For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription:

3762:, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an 3662:: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set, 2416:

date=2021-12-25|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01

7409: 4362: 3770:

will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as

3710: 2540:

does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by

2502: 2369: 3219:) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: 3024:: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by 2877:: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either 2805:, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer (e.g. 5474:: free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required 3528:

may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided.

7571: 4337: 3127:

was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires

1473:. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports 2182:... |chapter=Tōkyō tawā |script-chapter=ja:東京タワー |trans-chapter=Tokyo Tower ... 1994:: Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Knowledge (XXG) article or 5982:

part of the DOI associated with the registrant can be added to the list under

5374:

is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al.

5094:, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to 3493: 2112: 1685:, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to 103: 6319:

Name of awarding institution, e.g. university; may be wikilinked if relevant.

4103:

identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example

3998: 3988: 3344:

is still 'live' but no-longer supports the text in a Knowledge (XXG) article

2751:: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If 2651: 2482:

parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the

269: 3094:?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=... 2520:: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the 2328:

at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases:

59: 3869:: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: 3818: 3131:; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. 2835:

produces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined.

1477:. Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata. 5386:: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period ( 4735:... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ... 4341: 2806: 2689: 2258:

can be used to disable the display of a type. Defaults to Thesis. Alias:

2036:... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ... 1520: 7192: 6417:

International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible

3358:

links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, or other unsuitable

2763:

displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, following

2678:

newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after

6284:

The degree qualification received for the given thesis or dissertation.

5486: 4196: 3968: 3954: 3079:: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by 2926:: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either 2855:: For one publication published in several volumes. Displays after the 2601:– set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format; 2295: 1840:

is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each

1524: 1519:

is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with

432: 234: 5034:). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use 3742:

Template:Citation/doc § Anchors for Harvard referencing templates

2340:"Knowledge (XXG):Undated" redirects here. For undated signatures, see 2127:: Title of existing Knowledge (XXG) article about the source named in 1613:. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use 906:, should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata. 5763: 4444: 4218: 4065: 3011: 2783:. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. 4052:. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none. 3185:

snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as

6703: 1556:

is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each

7593: 6072:

uses unique and standard parameter sets; TemplateData has errors:

5378:

displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.

4275: 3815: 2141:: The chapter heading of the source. May be wikilinked or may use 860: 183: 107:

and changes may be widely noticed. Test changes in the template's

6584:

Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'

6258:

The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink

6005:

DOI pattern. Once that pattern is identified, it can be added to

5449: 3980: 3451: 5250: 4689:

to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.

4222: 4217:; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a 4132: 4069: 4007:

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341

3529: 7196: 6707: 4920:: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: 4764:, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in 4001:

id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g.

2298:

language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples:

1998:

may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in

4727:(if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the 3957:; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: 2662:

or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. Do

128: 90: 25: 6186:

Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr.

4817:, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in 888:|date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September) 851:

By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.).

4853:|quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)) 3547:. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with: 5430: 5082:: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to 4164:

template within the parameter – in the form

4048:: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at 3478:(except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include 3430:(except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include 1673:: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to 6486:

If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.

6024:

If you add a free registrant/free journal to the lists in

5194:, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period ( 3726:

templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair

3466:; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after 3399:

are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at

3099:

For linking to pages in PDF files or in Google Books, see

3004:

notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where

2470:

template. See those templates' documentation for details.

1795:: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use 4851:

to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:

2962:

to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:

2741:

is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and

2650:: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. The 1937:: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires 7640: 5512: 4606:

which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as

3730:

has no special meaning; this deprecated setting should

715: 45: 4456:

parameter, above; these are two different identifiers.

4365:

identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example

2964:|pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)) 2528:). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: 5970:

The template is able to recognize known free-to-read

5134:|veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal 4415:

parameter, below; these are two different identifiers

3133:

Not required for linked documents that do not change.

2613:– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD 2595:– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD 1725:|vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal 1717:; enclose corporate or institutional author names in 4621:

For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the

3410:

Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown

1578:

parameters to change how many authors are displayed.

7570: 7554: 7499: 7448: 7400: 7367: 7314: 7278: 7230: 7159: 7138: 7072: 7006: 6741: 4876:to include the same format as the source. Aliases: 4826: 4777: 4501:Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate 4236:Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate 4171:Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate 4083:Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate 4034:Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate 4024: 3698:, especially useful with short-form citations like 3105:Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as 3001: 2997: 2935: 2886: 2505:, usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.) 795:Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters: 634: 618: 602: 586: 567: 551: 535: 519: 503: 487: 471: 455: 439: 420: 404: 388: 372: 356: 340: 324: 308: 292: 276: 257: 241: 222: 206: 190: 171: 5762: 5620: 5602: 5478: 5456: 4049: 3977:http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733 1427:: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use 6463:The date that the DOI was determined to be broken 5984:local function build_free_doi_registrants_table() 5794:Named-identifier and access-indicator parameters 3706:. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with 919:section near the top of this documentation page. 4673:It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link 4431:goes live; if this date is in the future, then 3694:identifies the template as a target and allows 2174:(if present). Must be prefixed with one of the 2028:(if present). Must be prefixed with one of the 1483:: Given or first names of author; for example: 5957:that will become available in the future, see 5126:; enclose corporate or institutional names in 4731:to help browsers properly display the script: 4677:to a link also produced by an identifier. The 4666:) for auto-linking or to disable the feature ( 4435:is not linked until that date. Aliases: none. 4381:Office of Scientific and Technical Information 2178:to help browsers properly display the script: 2032:to help browsers properly display the script: 910:COinS metadata is created for these parameters 7208: 6719: 5249:Replaces the name of the (first) author with 4837:to tell the template to display the value of 4260:; do not include "JFM" in the value; example 4256:Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik 2948:to tell the template to display the value of 2382:is required to disambiguate the link targets. 1765:: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use 666: 8: 6440:Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.' 6087: 5978:. Once a free registrant is identified, the 5572:URL-holding and access-indicator parameters 5499:Access indicators for url-holding parameters 5450:access indicators for url-holding parameters 4554: 4253: 3504:will be supported by all browsers; however, 3452:Access indicators for url-holding parameters 2323: 2131:– do not use a web address; do not wikilink. 163: 6061:in articles based on its TemplateData. 5390:); for no terminating punctuation, specify 3543:. For example, a space must be replaced by 3230: 3148: 3123:: Full date when the content pointed to by 1984:Help:Citation Style 1 § Titles and chapters 1523:and use honorifics only in accordance with 7679:pipe trick does not work inside references 7630:Editors can experiment in this template's 7215: 7201: 7193: 7151:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates 6726: 6712: 6704: 6093: 5792: 5570: 5122:: comma separated list of editor names in 4023:. It is checked to ensure it begins with ( 2817:parameters to display access restrictions. 1854:, but not the other way around). Aliases: 1713:: comma-separated list of author names in 673: 659: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6278: 6252: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6129: 5824: 5437: 4868:: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use 3989:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400 3462:: File format of the work referred to by 3422:: File format of the work referred to by 3233:above for details about interaction with 3192:Knowledge (XXG):Using the Wayback Machine 3151:above for details about interaction with 2759:) is also defined and is different, then 2478:: Year of publication. The more flexible 2316:See the list of supported codes and names 5153:may be used for the individual names in 4752:: The number of a single page quoted in 4087:eISSNs using a non-standard format, see 3549: 3532:host-names are currently not supported. 2530:|orig-date=First published 1859 2454:in the style specified by the article's 2063: 1738:may be used for the individual names in 1350: 1323: 7681:, so be sure to insert a full wikilink. 7670: 5444:: the source is free to read for anyone 4240:ISSNs using a non-standard format, see 4175:ISBNs using a non-standard format, see 3629: 3259:: A control parameter to select one of 2812: 2620: 2145:, but not both. Displays in quotes. If 716: 5992:Category:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI 5990:is not set, it will place the page in 5987: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5909: 5904: 5897: 5892: 5885: 5880: 5873: 5868: 5861: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5837: 5832: 5815: 5810: 5773:Access indicator for named identifiers 5693: 5688: 5681: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5657: 5652: 5645: 5640: 5633: 5628: 5593: 5588: 5565: 5561: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5431:access indicator for named identifiers 5399: 5395: 5391: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5311: 5199: 5191: 5154: 5133: 5041: 5038: 5035: 4852: 4838: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4795: 4794:to indicate this is intentional (e.g. 4781: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4682: 4678: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4658:to manually select a specific source ( 4655: 4651: 4647: 4626: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4505:SBNs using a non-standard format, see 4038:DOIs using a non-standard format, see 3771: 3767: 3735: 3727: 3688: 3663: 3635: 3633: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3337: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3307: 3294: 3290: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3216: 3114: 3110: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3009: 3005: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2949: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2903:to indicate this is intentional (e.g. 2890: 2882: 2878: 2832: 2565: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2509: 2483: 2479: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2401: 2390: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2277: 1739: 1724: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1470: 1466: 1436: 1400: 1392: 1384: 1376: 1371: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 887: 881: 863:metadata in the HTML output, allowing 710: 706: 162: 7476:Converting between references formats 6789:short, stand-alone, offline documents 5411:Subscription or registration required 4805:: A list or range of pages quoted in 4409:. Do not include "PMC" in the value. 4405:full-text of a journal article, e.g. 3845:Amazon Standard Identification Number 2885:, but not both. Displays preceded by 2607:– as above for month day, year format 2589:– as above for month day, year format 2544:(or, if it exists in the article, by 2490:of the following conditions are met: 2320:Category:CS1 foreign language sources 2312:|language=French, Portuguese 2222:s book. May be wikilinked or may use 304:short, stand-alone, offline documents 119:. Consider discussing changes on the 7: 6100:This template has custom formatting. 6055:See a monthly parameter usage report 5298:. Do not use in a list generated by 4215:International Standard Serial Number 4062:International Standard Serial Number 2789:: Name of the content deliverer (if 2414:date; a comment for editors such as 2385:For approximate year, precede with " 2203:is included in the link. Use of the 2113:Help:Table § Rendering the pipe 1352:Recently removed CS1/CS2 parameters 867:to retrieve bibliographic metadata. 630:web sources not covered by the above 7491:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC 7430:Referencing without using templates 7425:Referencing with citation templates 5720:https://example.com/nifty_data.php 5307: 4340:for looking up publications in the 4189:International Standard Music Number 4166:|isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}} 3680: 3669:generates an anchor with the given 2972:|at=pp. 3-1–3-15 50:See also the companion subpage for 5658:|contribution-url-access= 5318:) to apply the mask to a specific 5285:—in this case, the value of 4796:|quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12 4294:Library of Congress Control Number 4119:International Standard Book Number 2355:Help:Citation Style 1 § Dates 1906:OR: for multiple translators, use 1814:OR: for multiple translators, use 1573: 648:Citation Style 1 wrapper templates 24: 6026:Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration 6007:Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration 5976:Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration 5417:Verifiability § Access to sources 4447:; use unique identifier; example 3492:URLs must begin with a supported 2534:|orig-date=Composed 1904 2353:For acceptable date formats, see 1570:, but not the other way around). 1515:; first name will not display if 6011:local extended_registrants_t = { 5994:, which is routinely cleared by 5823: 5619: 5610: 5601: 5477: 5466: 5455: 5436: 5426:Four access levels can be used: 5202:, element separator is a comma ( 5130:. End with etal if appropriate: 3829:(April 2007 – December 2014) or 3083:can be found. Cannot be used if 3063: 2280:→ (PhD thesis); overridden when 2215:: A separately-authored part of 1721:. End with etal if appropriate: 882:|date=27 September 2007 132: 94: 63: 29: 7481:Reference display customization 4841:without processing it, and use 4565:For zbMATH search results like 4519:Social Science Research Network 4278:reference number; for example: 3971:id, as in the entire DOI (e.g. 2952:without processing it, and use 2671: 2400:For no date, or "undated", use 2157:(if available) of the title in 2014:(if available) of the title in 104:approximately 38,000 pages 5376:|display-authors=etal 5057:OR: for multiple editors, use 4959:OR: for multiple editors, use 4713:(if available) of the text in 3981:https://doi.org/10.1101/078733 3696:wikilinking to full references 3327:is preemptively archived with 3171:by registered editors. Alias: 1644:OR: for multiple authors, use 1530:OR: for multiple authors, use 1325:Deprecated CS1/CS2 parameters 973:|script-contribution= 764:(MSc thesis). Duck University. 748:(PhD thesis). Duck University. 1: 7248:Biographies of living persons 6310:Publisher (likely university) 5694:|section-url-access= 5646:|chapter-url-access= 5634:|article-url-access= 4912:accept-this-as-written markup 4604:accept-this-as-written markup 2564:template), or as used in the 1787:accept-this-as-written markup 1475:accept-this-as-written markup 865:reference management software 776:Ducklover, Arnold A. (1901). 760:Ducklover, Arnold A. (1901). 744:Ducklover, Arnold A. (1901). 709:have upper-case aliases like 7184:Citation Style 1 noticeboard 7170:Citation Style documentation 6064:TemplateData for Cite thesis 5421:verifying claims in articles 5308:<references /> 3766:as applicable. For example, 3679:attribute in the citation's 3537:citation template parameters 3215:. By default (overridden by 2913:|pages=3{{ndash}}12 2905:|page=3{{hyphen}}12 2670:parameter for the name of a 1435:or one of its aliases (e.g. 1015:|publication-place= 7600:for background information. 7486:References and page numbers 7420:Introduction to referencing 7224:Knowledge (XXG) referencing 6555:The OCLC code of the thesis 5670:|entry-url-access= 5653:|contribution-url= 5541:|contribution-url= 5372:|display-authors=0 5368:|display-authors=2 5036:|editor-first1=... 4451: 4410: 4126: 3772:|id={{NCJ|122967}} 3739: 3640: 3483: 3449: 3435: 3374:. Bot help is available at 3300:Accepts multiple keywords: 3231:"Automatic date formatting" 3200: 3189: 3149:"Automatic date formatting" 3098: 2810: 2628: 2440:|publication-date= 2352: 2272:: if set, modifies default 2110: 1981: 1571: 1106:|contribution-url= 1036:|publication-date= 868: 689:template is used to create 7718: 7702:Templates generating COinS 7604: 7435:Referencing dos and don'ts 7146:Citation Style 1 templates 6326:Texas A & M University 6045:for this template used by 6032:so the bot knows about it. 6019:= {'YYYY', 'ZZZZ', '...'}, 5520: 5502: 5039:|editor-last1=... 4506: 4241: 4176: 4088: 4039: 3310:omitted or empty) selects 3306:– (default condition when 3006:|page=Front cover 2688:: For news stories with a 2339: 2226:, but not both. Values of 1341:none deprecated at present 1135:|author#-surname= 1131:|author-surname#= 916: 780:(Thesis). Duck University. 7664:Subpages of this template 7580:Parenthetical referencing 7415:Citations quick reference 7382:Punctuation and footnotes 7181: 6106: 6080:is not a valid alias of: 5988:|doi-access=free 5903: 5891: 5879: 5867: 5855: 5843: 5831: 5819: 5816:|bibcode-access= 5809: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5687: 5682:|map-url-access= 5675: 5663: 5651: 5639: 5627: 5597: 5587: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5527:Online sources linked by 5392:|postscript=none 5114:forms of name parameters. 4668:|title-link=none 4555: 4401:; use article number for 4017:Digital object identifier 3985:10.1101/2020.07.24.220400 3704:parenthetical referencing 3587: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3470:. (For media format, use 3217:|url-status=live 3058:used in conjunction with 2801:is not a replacement for 2745:is shown after the title. 2424:Automatic date formatting 2207:parameter is recommended. 2099: 2053:parameter is recommended. 1970:parenthetical referencing 1957:Illustrated by John Smith 1847:requires a corresponding 1705:forms of name parameters. 1563:requires a corresponding 1127:|author-surname= 997:|script-section= 989:|script-article= 965:|script-chapter= 654: 641:Specific-source templates 123:before implementing them. 115:subpages, or in your own 102:This template is used on 7615:Template:Cite thesis/doc 7598:COinS in Knowledge (XXG) 7334:Citation Style Vancouver 5703: 4729:supported language codes 4664:|title-link=doi 4660:|title-link=pmc 4625:using the corresponding 3847:; if first character of 3203:Help:Using archive.today 2304:|lang=fr, pt-br 2176:supported language codes 2030:supported language codes 1200:|author#-given= 1196:|author-given#= 1188:|author#-first= 1184:|author-first#= 952:|encyclopaedia= 832:—may be used instead of 808:—may be used instead of 778:On some aspects of Ducks 762:On some aspects of Ducks 746:On some aspects of Ducks 7592:This template produces 7562:Knowledge (XXG) Library 7231:Policies and guidelines 6385:Location of publication 5910:|s2cid-access= 5862:|jstor-access= 5566:|archive-date= 5556:they are not marked as 5106:when the lists use the 5102:displays name lists in 4776:. Displays preceded by 3825:(before April 2007) or 3768:|id=NCJ 122967 2823:Edition, series, volume 2448:|archive-date= 1697:when the lists use the 1693:displays name lists in 1192:|author-given= 1180:|author-first= 1123:|author#-last= 1119:|author-last#= 1006:|script-title= 981:|script-entry= 969:|contribution= 948:|encyclopedia= 695:theses or dissertations 7658:Add categories to the 7500:Template documentation 7440:Citing Knowledge (XXG) 6030:User talk:Citation bot 5898:|ssrn-access= 5886:|osti-access= 5689:|section-url= 5641:|chapter-url= 5629:|article-url= 5562:|archive-url= 5553:|section-url= 5537:|chapter-url= 5533:|article-url= 4839:|quote-pages= 4815:|quote-pages= 4762:|quote-pages= 4254: 3851:value is a digit, use 3764:external link template 3385:|archive-url= 3352:|archive-url= 3338:|archive-url= 3329:|archive-url= 3312:|archive-url= 3295:|archive-url= 3265:|archive-url= 3056:|quote-pages= 2444:|access-date= 2391:|date=c. 1900 2324: 2308:|lang=Russian 1115:|author-last= 1110:|section-url= 1102:|chapter-url= 1093:|institution= 1079:|quote-pages= 531:audio or video serials 384:magazines, periodicals 202:audio and visual media 68:Template documentation 5974:, based on a list in 5965:Tracking of free DOIs 5850:|hdl-access= 5838:|doi-access= 5594:|url-access= 5400:|postscript= 5396:|postscript= 5042:|editor2=... 4930:Dr. Firstname M., Sr. 4811:|quote-page= 4784:. If hyphenated, use 4758:|quote-page= 4683:|title-link= 4656:|title-link= 4652:|title-link= 3823:|arxiv=hep-th/9205027 3308:|url-status= 3052:|quote-page= 2966:. Alternatively, use 2893:. If hyphenated, use 2833:|edition=2nd 2300:|language=ru 1621:|author2=... 1437:|author=Bono 1330:Deprecated parameter 1278:|message-id= 1075:|quote-page= 1010:|book-title= 956:|dictionary= 924:|periodical= 871:Knowledge (XXG):COinS 859:This template embeds 7270:Scientific citations 7243:No original research 6859:public mailing lists 6161:First name of author 6070:Template:Cite thesis 6059:Template:Cite thesis 5933:|citeseerx= 5874:|ol-access= 5764:"Nifty example data" 5665:|entry-url= 5568:values if possible. 5545:|entry-url= 5348:display-interviewers 5336:display-contributors 5269:em spaces wide; set 5157:, as described above 4932:Do not wikilink—use 4922:Firstname Middlename 4602:) support a special 4488:Standard Book Number 4470:Request for Comments 4320:Mathematical Reviews 4225:or a space; example 4133:ISBN § Overview 4129:Knowledge (XXG):ISBN 4072:or a space; example 4021:10.1038/news070508-7 2546:|cs1-dates= 2538:|orig-date= 2452:|orig-date= 2278:|degree=PhD 1615:|first1=... 1495:Do not wikilink—use 1485:Firstname Middlename 1238:|citeseerx= 1089:|publisher= 932:|newspaper= 400:public mailing lists 336:radio or TV episodes 218:AV media liner notes 139:This template uses 42:Template:Cite thesis 18:Template:Cite thesis 7387:Shortened footnotes 7094:Cite AV media notes 7073:Audiovisual-related 6929:unpublished reports 6702: 6688:The chapter heading 6103: 6096:Template parameters 5795: 5573: 5360:display-translators 5296:shortened footnotes 5261:to a numeric value 5155:|veditors= 5128:doubled parentheses 4831:|no-pp=yes 4782:|no-pp=yes 4539:corpus ID; example 3959:1974AJ.....79..819H 3687:HTML tag). Setting 3486:Using |format= 3438:Using |format= 2940:|no-pp=yes 2909:|page=3-12 2891:|no-pp=yes 2869:In-source locations 2494:Shortened footnotes 2450:, etc.) except for 2402:|date=n.d. 2364:Shortened footnotes 1966:shortened footnotes 1799:instead. Aliases: 1769:instead. Aliases: 1740:|vauthors= 1719:doubled parentheses 1618:|last1=... 1401:|vauthors= 1353: 1326: 1167:|subject#= 1151:|surname#= 1023:|location= 936:|magazine= 836:(and is ignored if 821:(and is ignored if 724:Horizontal format: 211:Cite AV media notes 168: 148:Module:Citation/CS1 7697:Template sandboxes 7402:Help for beginners 7354:Citation templates 7306:Referencing styles 7007:Preprint templates 6908:Cite press release 6803:edited collections 6094: 6092: 6028:, leave a note at 5938:|medrxiv= 5928:|biorxiv= 5811:|bibcode= 5793: 5757:which renders as: 5750:Nifty example data 5677:|map-url= 5571: 5549:|map-url= 5200:|mode=cs2 5192:|mode=cs1 4936:instead. Aliases: 4835:double parentheses 4009:). Aliases: none. 3991:). Aliases: none. 3736:|ref=none 3728:|ref=harv 3476:external link icon 3428:external link icon 3032:. Use only one of 2946:double parentheses 2775:) is not defined, 2733:are defined, then 2707:The Times of India 2676:The New York Times 2568:parameter. Alias: 2486:parameter, unless 1771:translator-surname 1742:as described above 1499:instead. 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Alias: none. 4799: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4694: 4691: 4681:parameter (or 4679:|url= 4648:|url= 4628: 4613: 4609: 4600:|sbn= 4584:|doi= 4579: 4578: 4567:JFM 35.0387.02 4548: 4530: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4481: 4463: 4449:|pmid=17322060 4438: 4437: 4436: 4399:PubMed Central 4392: 4374: 4356: 4331: 4313: 4298:|lccn=79-57364 4287: 4280:|jstor=3793107 4269: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4208: 4182: 4181: 4180: 4169: 4145: 4112: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4043: 4010: 4003:10.1.1.176.341 3992: 3973:10.1101/078733 3962: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3838: 3796: 3795: 3784: 3783: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3690: 3689:|ref= 3682: 3671: 3665: 3664:|ref= 3655: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3628: 3627: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3490: 3489: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3420:archive-format 3417: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3413: 3403: 3397:|url= 3393:|url= 3378: 3364:|url= 3356:|url= 3345: 3342:|url= 3331: 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274: 273: 267: 262:Cite CiteSeerX 255: 254: 251: 239: 238: 232: 220: 219: 216: 204: 203: 200: 188: 187: 181: 159: 158: 156: 155: 144: 137: 125: 124: 99: 61: 60: 56: 55: 34: 23: 15: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7714: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7680: 7674: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7653: 7648: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7626: 7622: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7607:documentation 7602: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7569: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7544: 7538: 7533: 7527: 7522: 7516: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7498: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7471:Cite messages 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449:Advanced help 7447: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7313: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 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6181: 6180: 6177: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6145: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6097: 6091: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6012: 6008: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5985: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5869:|ol= 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5814: 5808: 5797: 5791: 5772: 5767:. 2021-04-15. 5765: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5730:registration 5702: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5592: 5586: 5575: 5569: 5524: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5498: 5496: 5488: 5476: 5465: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5410: 5405: 5385: 5382: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5303: 5297: 5292: 5284: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5253:or text. Set 5252: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5152: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5105: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5067: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5033: 5026: 5018: 5011: 5003: 4995: 4988: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4965:editor-first1 4962: 4958: 4955: 4954:editor1-given 4951: 4950:editor-given1 4947: 4943: 4942:editor1-first 4939: 4938:editor-first1 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4847: 4836: 4823:|at= 4809:. Use either 4804: 4800: 4790: 4774:|at= 4756:. Use either 4751: 4748: 4743: 4740: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4676: 4671: 4642: 4634: 4624: 4623:access status 4619: 4605: 4576: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4523:|ssrn=1900856 4520: 4516: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4455: 4452:See also the 4446: 4442: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4414: 4411:See also the 4404: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4385:|osti=4367507 4382: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4349:|oclc=9355469 4346: 4345:union catalog 4343: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4258: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4224: 4221:, but not an 4220: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4143: 4141: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4102: 4101:Handle System 4098: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4071: 4068:, but not an 4067: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4027:). Aliases: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3733: 3722: 3712: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3644: 3643:MOS:DATEUNIFY 3636: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3495: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3411: 3404: 3402: 3390: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3346: 3332: 3315: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3298: 3289:to mark dead 3286: 3280: 3275: 3274: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3245:use mdy dates 3238: 3237:use dmy dates 3232: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3199: 3198:archive.today 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3163:use mdy dates 3156: 3155:use dmy dates 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3135:For example, 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3108: 3102: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3049: 3042:|at= 3023: 3019: 3013: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2970:, like this: 2968:|at= 2958: 2947: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2899: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2632: 2631:MOS:DATEUNIFY 2624: 2621: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2561: 2560:use mdy dates 2553: 2552:use dmy dates 2542:|df= 2527: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2507: 2504: 2503:disambiguator 2500: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2467: 2466:use mdy dates 2459: 2458:use dmy dates 2433: 2429: 2422: 2421: 2418:can be added. 2405: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2225: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2201:trans-chapter 2198: 2194: 2190: 2189:trans-chapter 2187: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2097: 2096: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2052: 2049:. 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