Template:Cite thesis - Knowledge (XXG)

21: 5568: 5424: 2630:(e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. Not normally used for periodicals. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes 5559: 5413: 52: 5577: 5435: 2648:, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: 2210:: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword 5375:. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to 5781: 5394: 90: 2307:: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations. Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher. 3185:: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates. Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See 5511:

are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read,

870:

Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A

2819:

fields; volume numbers should be entered just as a numeral (e.g. 37). Volume values that are wholly digits, wholly uppercase Roman numerals, or fewer than five characters will appear in bold. Any alphanumeric value of five or more characters will not appear in bold. In rare cases, publications carry

4093:

Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information –

5733:

Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation.

4537:

In very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums. These would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers

2274:. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of 3580:

Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.

3754:

The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g.

5249:

will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as

669:, which are acceptable for use). Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then 5162:); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use 6164:

Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Knowledge (XXG) article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in italics. If script-title is defined, title holds romanized transliteration of title in script-title.

4098:. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without 3002:

Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket,

5321:

Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example,

4102:

additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases:

2765:) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO), or if the deliverer requests attribution. 2533:: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these: 5873:

Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:

4094:

usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use

4866:: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supports 4657:: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If 6488:

Format of the work referred to by url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. HTML is implied and should not be specified. Automatically added when a PDF icon is displayed.

850:

Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example

4679:: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in 5734:

When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as

1980:: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in 6188:

Date of source being referenced. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.

3382:; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the 2665:. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of 628: 3364:– Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in 6046:

A Citation Style 1 template used to create citations for theses or dissertations submitted to and approved by an educational institution recognized as capable of awarding higher degrees.

5354:

empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message.

7652: 7385: 7380: 1421:: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of 2890:, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by 2278:. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form, e.g. 2454: 3365: 7213: 3438:; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) 3390:; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) 7375: 7106: 603: 6103:

Surname of author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases

2271: 7170: 3651: 4789:

is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use

3351:

no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities, such as vice, reseller and advertising sites; links to

7446: 4211: 7607: 5419:: a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration 5233:

to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with

3368:

when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately.

4336: 621: 7592: 4159:

additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases:

2583:

Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates.

7580: 2900:

Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use

36: 5266:

or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g.

7225: 5516:. If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add 7431: 7299: 6681: 7203: 4574:). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message. 7619: 7576: 614: 32: 7390: 5451:

As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.

2787:: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so 2122:: Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows 5947: 2863:), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert 7535: 7163: 3659: 3147: 1710:

Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of

7125: 3800: 2275: 7517: 7436: 4170: 4017: 2657:: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example, 3595:

Access-date and archive-date in references should all have the same format – either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD.

803:

Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.

7662: 7657: 7261: 7101: 4144: 2362:

The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a

7562: 7304: 4249: 4155:

or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without

4074: 596: 40: 5131:

If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds."

5981: 5962: 5931: 4124: – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher. 7198: 7156: 2147:: English translation of the chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after the 710:{{cite thesis |last=Ducklover |first=Arnold A. |date=1901 |title=On some aspects of Ducks |degree=MSc |publisher=Duck University}} 694:{{cite thesis |last=Ducklover |first=Arnold A. |date=1901 |title=On some aspects of Ducks |degree=PhD |publisher=Duck University}} 7441: 4610:

are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for

3719: 3124: 2322:

target full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate

3043:

is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g.

7395: 4700:: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none. 4474: 535: 7309: 3492: 7602: 7370: 7357: 6674: 3073:

to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.

2330:

links to multiple works by the same author in the same year, unless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case,

68: 7347: 7251: 7294: 6563:

Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'

5371:

Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Knowledge (XXG) as documented in

7289: 820: 7208: 3811:. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example 1851:: Title of existing Knowledge (XXG) article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: 7587: 7049: 6010: 5146:: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For 166: 64: 7337: 7324: 7256: 7241: 5326:

will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors).

6863: 6465:

The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name; do not use icons or templates

3430:.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the 726:{{cite thesis |last=Ducklover |first=Arnold A. |date=1901 |title=On some aspects of Ducks |publisher=Duck University}} 447: 107: 7271: 7220: 4642: 3655: 1925: 661:

Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as

7139: 6807: 6751: 2803:: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted. 2198:

will display unquoted; any other value will display in quotation marks. The author of the contribution is given in

2001:: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after 348: 268: 7193: 7179: 6609:

Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')

6919: 6667: 5006:: title of existing Knowledge (XXG) article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: 3972: 1928:

styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.

1585:: Title of existing Knowledge (XXG) article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: 546: 76: 6304:

URL of an online location where the text of the publication can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked.

6135:

Given or first names of author, including title(s). Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty.

6006: 5998: 4020:

for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a

684:{{cite thesis |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |degree= |chapter= |publisher= |docket= |oclc= |access-date=}} 7615: 7570: 7342: 6723: 5251: 3431: 3383: 3158: 2449: 2319: 1921: 236: 28: 2016:

Titles containing certain characters will not display and link correctly unless those characters are encoded.

6994: 6849: 6765: 5128:

If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work.

415: 300: 217: 72: 7038: 6793: 6737: 6002: 5985: 3200: 3192: 3118: 3110: 2515: 2507: 2421: 2413: 2250:: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the 653:

submitted to and approved by an educational institution recognized as capable of awarding higher degrees.

650: 332: 252: 150: 3327: 3056: 871:

full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the

7411: 7284: 7279: 7071: 7060: 7005: 6983: 6779: 6690: 6350:

Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place

5973:. If there are multiple journals with the same DOI prefix, they can be grouped together with the format 5083: 4867: 4790: 4684: 4596: 4578: 4559: 3697: 3441: 3393: 2901: 2820:

both an ongoing volume and a year-related value; if so, provide them both, for example |volume=IV / #10.

2387: 2383: 2310: 2131: 1985: 1939: 1742: 1674: 1430: 642: 431: 380: 316: 284: 182: 120: 5460: 4828:

instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use

3495:

contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be

3323: 4781:. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by 2452:

target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a

7082: 6905: 6877: 4443: 4425: 4275: 4114: 3099:. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that 511: 479: 463: 5478: 5372: 3096: 3095:

is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see

1905:

listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.

7416: 6972: 3962: 1911:: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write 831:

As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:

131: 103: 6327:

Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')

3789:(since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: 3356: 3331: 7465: 7426: 7016: 6891: 6835: 6709: 5125:

to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included.

3735: 3240: 2468:

format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.)

527: 495: 399: 201: 7553: 4666: 2123: 2110: 1967: 826: 5957:

The template is also able to recognize known free-to-read journals, assuming they have a clear

4252:. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example 2390:

templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as

7566: 7498: 7246: 6947: 6821: 5951: 4602:, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when 4512: 3715: 1387:

instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use

578: 364: 6586:

May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient

5154:); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For 4084: 3690:

be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set

2539:– set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified; 646: 7487: 7421: 7314: 5567: 5423: 5257: 4492: 3731: 3142: 3062: 2297: 2056: 3435: 3387: 96: 7634: 7476: 5441:: the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source (" 5079: 5059: 4801: 4744: 4358: 3496: 3103:

is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See

2912: 2853: 2677:

is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if

1670: 1650: 7332: 5927: 5054:, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to 4641:) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a 4354: 1645:, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to 5376: 7646: 4300: 4056: 3932: 3676: 3598: 3322:

are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead

3153: 3138: 2586: 2062: 5657:

For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription:

3718:, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an 3618:: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set, 2372:

date=2021-12-25|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01

7365: 4318: 3726:

will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as

3666: 2496:

does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by

2458: 2325: 3175:) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: 2980:: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by 2833:: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either 2761:, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer (e.g. 5430:: free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required 3484:

may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided.

7527: 4293: 3083:

was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires

1429:. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports 2138:... |chapter=Tōkyō tawā |script-chapter=ja:東京タワー |trans-chapter=Tokyo Tower ... 1950:: Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Knowledge (XXG) article or 5938:

part of the DOI associated with the registrant can be added to the list under

5330:

is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al.

5050:, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to 3449: 2068: 1641:, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to 59: 6275:

Name of awarding institution, e.g. university; may be wikilinked if relevant.

4059:

identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example

3954: 3944: 3300:

is still 'live' but no-longer supports the text in a Knowledge (XXG) article

2707:: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If 2607: 2438:

parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the

225: 3050:?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=... 2476:: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the 2284:

at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases:

15: 3825:: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: 3774: 3087:; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. 2791:

produces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined.

1433:. Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata. 5342:: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period ( 4691:... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ... 4297: 2762: 2645: 2214:

can be used to disable the display of a type. Defaults to Thesis. Alias:

1992:... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ... 1476: 7148: 6373:

International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible

3314:

links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, or other unsuitable

2719:

displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, following

2634:

newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after

6240:

The degree qualification received for the given thesis or dissertation.

5442: 4152: 3924: 3910: 3035:: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by 2882:: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either 2811:: For one publication published in several volumes. Displays after the 2557:– set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format; 2251: 1796:

is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each

1480: 1475:

is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with

388: 190: 4990:). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use 3698:

Template:Citation/doc § Anchors for Harvard referencing templates

2296:"Knowledge (XXG):Undated" redirects here. For undated signatures, see 2083:: Title of existing Knowledge (XXG) article about the source named in 1569:. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use 862:, should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata. 5719: 4400: 4174: 4021: 2967: 2739:. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. 4008:. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none. 3141:

snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as

6659: 1512:

is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each

7549: 6028:

uses unique and standard parameter sets; TemplateData has errors:

5334:

displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.

4231: 3771: 2097:: The chapter heading of the source. May be wikilinked or may use 816: 139: 63:

and changes may be widely noticed. Test changes in the template's

6540:

Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'

6214:

The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink

5961:

DOI pattern. Once that pattern is identified, it can be added to

5405: 3936: 3407: 5206: 4645:

to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.

4178: 4173:; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a 4088: 4025: 3963:

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341

3485: 7152: 6663: 4876:: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: 4720:, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in 3957:

id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g.

2254:

language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples:

1954:

may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in

4683:(if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the 3913:; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: 2618:

or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. Do

84: 46: 6142:

Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr.

4773:, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in 844:|date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September) 807:

By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.).

4809:|quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)) 3503:. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with: 5386: 5038:: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to 4120:

template within the parameter – in the form

4004:: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at 3434:(except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include 3386:(except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include 1629:: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to 6442:

If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.

5980:

If you add a free registrant/free journal to the lists in

5150:, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period ( 3682:

templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair

3422:; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after 3355:

are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at

3055:

For linking to pages in PDF files or in Google Books, see

2960:

notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where

2426:

template. See those templates' documentation for details.

1751:: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use 4807:

to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:

2918:

to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:

2697:

is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and

2606:: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. The 1893:: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires 7596: 5468: 4562:

which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as

3686:

has no special meaning; this deprecated setting should

671: 4412:

parameter, above; these are two different identifiers.

4321:

identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example

2920:|pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)) 2484:). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: 5926:

The template is able to recognize known free-to-read

5090:|veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal 4371:

parameter, below; these are two different identifiers

3089:

Not required for linked documents that do not change.

2569:– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD 2551:– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD 1681:|vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal 1673:; enclose corporate or institutional author names in 4577:

For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the

3366:

Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown

1534:

parameters to change how many authors are displayed.

7526: 7510: 7455: 7404: 7356: 7323: 7270: 7234: 7186: 7115: 7094: 7028: 6962: 6697: 4832:to include the same format as the source. Aliases: 4782: 4733: 4457:Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate 4192:Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate 4127:Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate 4039:Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate 3990:Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate 3980: 3654:, especially useful with short-form citations like 3061:Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as 2957: 2953: 2891: 2842: 2461:, usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.) 751:Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters: 590: 574: 558: 542: 523: 507: 491: 475: 459: 443: 427: 411: 395: 376: 360: 344: 328: 312: 296: 280: 264: 248: 232: 213: 197: 178: 162: 146: 127: 5718: 5576: 5558: 5434: 5412: 4005: 3933:http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733 1383:: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use 6419:The date that the DOI was determined to be broken 5940:local function build_free_doi_registrants_table() 5750:Named-identifier and access-indicator parameters 3662:. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with 875:section near the top of this documentation page. 4629:It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link 4387:goes live; if this date is in the future, then 3650:identifies the template as a target and allows 2130:(if present). Must be prefixed with one of the 1984:(if present). Must be prefixed with one of the 1439:: Given or first names of author; for example: 7653:Templates based on the Citation/CS1 Lua module 5913:that will become available in the future, see 5082:; enclose corporate or institutional names in 4687:to help browsers properly display the script: 4633:to a link also produced by an identifier. The 4622:) for auto-linking or to disable the feature ( 4391:is not linked until that date. Aliases: none. 4337:Office of Scientific and Technical Information 2134:to help browsers properly display the script: 1988:to help browsers properly display the script: 866:COinS metadata is created for these parameters 7164: 6675: 5205:Replaces the name of the (first) author with 4793:to tell the template to display the value of 4216:; do not include "JFM" in the value; example 4212:Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik 2904:to tell the template to display the value of 2338:is required to disambiguate the link targets. 1721:: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use 622: 8: 6396:Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.' 6043: 5934:. Once a free registrant is identified, the 5528:URL-holding and access-indicator parameters 5455:Access indicators for url-holding parameters 5406:access indicators for url-holding parameters 4510: 4209: 3460:will be supported by all browsers; however, 3408:Access indicators for url-holding parameters 2279: 2087:– do not use a web address; do not wikilink. 119: 6017:in articles based on its TemplateData. 5346:); for no terminating punctuation, specify 3499:. For example, a space must be replaced by 3186: 3104: 3079:: Full date when the content pointed to by 1940:Help:Citation Style 1 § Titles and chapters 1479:and use honorifics only in accordance with 7635:pipe trick does not work inside references 7586:Editors can experiment in this template's 7171: 7157: 7149: 7107:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates 6682: 6668: 6660: 6049: 5748: 5526: 5078:: comma separated list of editor names in 3979:. It is checked to ensure it begins with ( 2773:parameters to display access restrictions. 1810:, but not the other way around). Aliases: 1669:: comma-separated list of author names in 629: 615: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6234: 6208: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6085: 5780: 5393: 4824:: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use 3945:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400 3418:: File format of the work referred to by 3378:: File format of the work referred to by 3189:above for details about interaction with 3148:Knowledge (XXG):Using the Wayback Machine 3107:above for details about interaction with 2715:) is also defined and is different, then 2434:: Year of publication. The more flexible 2272:See the list of supported codes and names 5109:may be used for the individual names in 4708:: The number of a single page quoted in 4043:eISSNs using a non-standard format, see 3505: 3488:host-names are currently not supported. 2486:|orig-date=First published 1859 2410:in the style specified by the article's 2019: 1694:may be used for the individual names in 1306: 1279: 7637:, so be sure to insert a full wikilink. 7626: 5400:: the source is free to read for anyone 4196:ISSNs using a non-standard format, see 4131:ISBNs using a non-standard format, see 3585: 3215:: A control parameter to select one of 2768: 2576: 2101:, but not both. Displays in quotes. If 672: 5948:Category:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI 5946:is not set, it will place the page in 5943: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5865: 5860: 5853: 5848: 5841: 5836: 5829: 5824: 5817: 5812: 5805: 5800: 5793: 5788: 5771: 5766: 5729:Access indicator for named identifiers 5649: 5644: 5637: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5613: 5608: 5601: 5596: 5589: 5584: 5549: 5544: 5521: 5517: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5387:access indicator for named identifiers 5355: 5351: 5347: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5267: 5155: 5147: 5110: 5089: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4808: 4794: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4751: 4750:to indicate this is intentional (e.g. 4737: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4638: 4634: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4614:to manually select a specific source ( 4611: 4607: 4603: 4582: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4461:SBNs using a non-standard format, see 3994:DOIs using a non-standard format, see 3727: 3723: 3691: 3683: 3644: 3619: 3591: 3589: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3293: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3267: 3263: 3250: 3246: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3172: 3070: 3066: 3015: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2965: 2961: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2905: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2859:to indicate this is intentional (e.g. 2846: 2838: 2834: 2788: 2521: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2465: 2439: 2435: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2357: 2346: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2233: 1695: 1680: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1426: 1422: 1392: 1356: 1348: 1340: 1332: 1327: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 996: 991: 987: 983: 978: 974: 970: 965: 961: 957: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 843: 837: 819:metadata in the HTML output, allowing 666: 662: 118: 7432:Converting between references formats 6745:short, stand-alone, offline documents 5367:Subscription or registration required 4761:: A list or range of pages quoted in 4365:. Do not include "PMC" in the value. 4361:full-text of a journal article, e.g. 3801:Amazon Standard Identification Number 2841:, but not both. Displays preceded by 2563:– as above for month day, year format 2545:– as above for month day, year format 2500:(or, if it exists in the article, by 2446:of the following conditions are met: 2276:Category:CS1 foreign language sources 2268:|language=French, Portuguese 2178:s book. May be wikilinked or may use 260:short, stand-alone, offline documents 75:. Consider discussing changes on the 7: 6056:This template has custom formatting. 6011:See a monthly parameter usage report 5254:. Do not use in a list generated by 4171:International Standard Serial Number 4018:International Standard Serial Number 2745:: Name of the content deliverer (if 2370:date; a comment for editors such as 2341:For approximate year, precede with " 2159:is included in the link. Use of the 2069:Help:Table § Rendering the pipe 1308:Recently removed CS1/CS2 parameters 823:to retrieve bibliographic metadata. 586:web sources not covered by the above 7447:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC 7386:Referencing without using templates 7381:Referencing with citation templates 5676:https://example.com/nifty_data.php 5263: 4296:for looking up publications in the 4145:International Standard Music Number 4122:|isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}} 3636: 3625:generates an anchor with the given 2928:|at=pp. 3-1–3-15 5614:|contribution-url-access= 5274:) to apply the mask to a specific 5241:—in this case, the value of 4752:|quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12 4250:Library of Congress Control Number 4075:International Standard Book Number 2311:Help:Citation Style 1 § Dates 1862:OR: for multiple translators, use 1770:OR: for multiple translators, use 1529: 604:Citation Style 1 wrapper templates 14: 5982:Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration 5963:Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration 5932:Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration 5373:Verifiability § Access to sources 4403:; use unique identifier; example 3448:URLs must begin with a supported 2490:|orig-date=Composed 1904 2309:For acceptable date formats, see 1526:, but not the other way around). 1471:; first name will not display if 5967:local extended_registrants_t = { 5950:, which is routinely cleared by 5779: 5575: 5566: 5557: 5433: 5422: 5411: 5392: 5382:Four access levels can be used: 5158:, element separator is a comma ( 5086:. End with etal if appropriate: 3785:(April 2007 – December 2014) or 3039:can be found. Cannot be used if 3019: 2236:→ (PhD thesis); overridden when 2171:: A separately-authored part of 1677:. End with etal if appropriate: 838:|date=27 September 2007 88: 50: 19: 7437:Reference display customization 4797:without processing it, and use 4521:For zbMATH search results like 4475:Social Science Research Network 4234:reference number; for example: 3927:id, as in the entire DOI (e.g. 2908:without processing it, and use 2627: 2356:For no date, or "undated", use 2113:(if available) of the title in 1970:(if available) of the title in 60:approximately 38,000 pages 5332:|display-authors=etal 5013:OR: for multiple editors, use 4915:OR: for multiple editors, use 4669:(if available) of the text in 3937:https://doi.org/10.1101/078733 3652:wikilinking to full references 3283:is preemptively archived with 3127:by registered editors. Alias: 1600:OR: for multiple authors, use 1486:OR: for multiple authors, use 1281:Deprecated CS1/CS2 parameters 929:|script-contribution= 720:(MSc thesis). Duck University. 704:(PhD thesis). Duck University. 1: 7204:Biographies of living persons 6266:Publisher (likely university) 5650:|section-url-access= 5602:|chapter-url-access= 5590:|article-url-access= 4868:accept-this-as-written markup 4560:accept-this-as-written markup 2520:template), or as used in the 1743:accept-this-as-written markup 1431:accept-this-as-written markup 821:reference management software 732:Ducklover, Arnold A. (1901). 716:Ducklover, Arnold A. (1901). 700:Ducklover, Arnold A. (1901). 665:have upper-case aliases like 7140:Citation Style 1 noticeboard 7126:Citation Style documentation 6020:TemplateData for Cite thesis 5377:verifying claims in articles 5264:<references /> 3722:as applicable. For example, 3635:attribute in the citation's 3493:citation template parameters 3171:. By default (overridden by 2869:|pages=3{{ndash}}12 2861:|page=3{{hyphen}}12 2626:parameter for the name of a 1391:or one of its aliases (e.g. 971:|publication-place= 7556:for background information. 7442:References and page numbers 7376:Introduction to referencing 7180:Knowledge (XXG) referencing 6511:The OCLC code of the thesis 5626:|entry-url-access= 5609:|contribution-url= 5497:|contribution-url= 5328:|display-authors=0 5324:|display-authors=2 4992:|editor-first1=... 4407: 4366: 4082: 3728:|id={{NCJ|122967}} 3695: 3596: 3439: 3405: 3391: 3330:. Bot help is available at 3256:Accepts multiple keywords: 3187:"Automatic date formatting" 3156: 3145: 3105:"Automatic date formatting" 3054: 2766: 2584: 2396:|publication-date= 2308: 2228:: if set, modifies default 2066: 1937: 1527: 1062:|contribution-url= 992:|publication-date= 824: 645:template is used to create 7679: 7663:Citation Style 1 templates 7658:Templates generating COinS 7560: 7391:Referencing dos and don'ts 7102:Citation Style 1 templates 6282:Texas A & M University 6001:for this template used by 5988:so the bot knows about it. 5975:= {'YYYY', 'ZZZZ', '...'}, 5476: 5458: 4995:|editor-last1=... 4462: 4197: 4132: 4044: 3995: 3266:omitted or empty) selects 3262:– (default condition when 2962:|page=Front cover 2644:: For news stories with a 2295: 2182:, but not both. Values of 1297:none deprecated at present 1091:|author#-surname= 1087:|author-surname#= 872: 736:(Thesis). Duck University. 7620:Subpages of this template 7536:Parenthetical referencing 7371:Citations quick reference 7338:Punctuation and footnotes 7137: 6062: 6036:is not a valid alias of: 5944:|doi-access=free 5859: 5847: 5835: 5823: 5811: 5799: 5787: 5775: 5772:|bibcode-access= 5765: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5643: 5638:|map-url-access= 5631: 5619: 5607: 5595: 5583: 5553: 5543: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5483:Online sources linked by 5348:|postscript=none 5070:forms of name parameters. 4624:|title-link=none 4511: 4357:; use article number for 3973:Digital object identifier 3941:10.1101/2020.07.24.220400 3660:parenthetical referencing 3543: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3426:. (For media format, use 3173:|url-status=live 3014:used in conjunction with 2757:is not a replacement for 2701:is shown after the title. 2380:Automatic date formatting 2163:parameter is recommended. 2055: 2009:parameter is recommended. 1926:parenthetical referencing 1913:Illustrated by John Smith 1803:requires a corresponding 1661:forms of name parameters. 1519:requires a corresponding 1083:|author-surname= 953:|script-section= 945:|script-article= 921:|script-chapter= 610: 597:Specific-source templates 79:before implementing them. 71:subpages, or in your own 58:This template is used on 7571:Template:Cite thesis/doc 7554:COinS in Knowledge (XXG) 7290:Citation Style Vancouver 5659: 4685:supported language codes 4620:|title-link=doi 4616:|title-link=pmc 4581:using the corresponding 3803:; if first character of 3159:Help:Using archive.today 2260:|lang=fr, pt-br 2132:supported language codes 1986:supported language codes 1156:|author#-given= 1152:|author-given#= 1144:|author#-first= 1140:|author-first#= 908:|encyclopaedia= 788:—may be used instead of 764:—may be used instead of 734:On some aspects of Ducks 718:On some aspects of Ducks 702:On some aspects of Ducks 7548:This template produces 7518:Knowledge (XXG) Library 7187:Policies and guidelines 6341:Location of publication 5866:|s2cid-access= 5818:|jstor-access= 5522:|archive-date= 5512:they are not marked as 5062:when the lists use the 5058:displays name lists in 4732:. Displays preceded by 3781:(before April 2007) or 3724:|id=NCJ 122967 2779:Edition, series, volume 2404:|archive-date= 1653:when the lists use the 1649:displays name lists in 1148:|author-given= 1136:|author-first= 1079:|author#-last= 1075:|author-last#= 962:|script-title= 937:|script-entry= 925:|contribution= 904:|encyclopedia= 651:theses or dissertations 7614:Add categories to the 7456:Template documentation 7396:Citing Knowledge (XXG) 5986:User talk:Citation bot 5854:|ssrn-access= 5842:|osti-access= 5645:|section-url= 5597:|chapter-url= 5585:|article-url= 5518:|archive-url= 5509:|section-url= 5493:|chapter-url= 5489:|article-url= 4795:|quote-pages= 4771:|quote-pages= 4718:|quote-pages= 4210: 3807:value is a digit, use 3720:external link template 3341:|archive-url= 3308:|archive-url= 3294:|archive-url= 3285:|archive-url= 3268:|archive-url= 3251:|archive-url= 3221:|archive-url= 3012:|quote-pages= 2400:|access-date= 2347:|date=c. 1900 2280: 2264:|lang=Russian 1071:|author-last= 1066:|section-url= 1058:|chapter-url= 1049:|institution= 1035:|quote-pages= 487:audio or video serials 340:magazines, periodicals 158:audio and visual media 24:Template documentation 5930:, based on a list in 5921:Tracking of free DOIs 5806:|hdl-access= 5794:|doi-access= 5550:|url-access= 5356:|postscript= 5352:|postscript= 4998:|editor2=... 4886:Dr. Firstname M., Sr. 4767:|quote-page= 4740:. If hyphenated, use 4714:|quote-page= 4639:|title-link= 4612:|title-link= 4608:|title-link= 3779:|arxiv=hep-th/9205027 3264:|url-status= 3008:|quote-page= 2922:. Alternatively, use 2849:. If hyphenated, use 2789:|edition=2nd 2256:|language=ru 1577:|author2=... 1393:|author=Bono 1286:Deprecated parameter 1234:|message-id= 1031:|quote-page= 966:|book-title= 912:|dictionary= 880:|periodical= 827:Knowledge (XXG):COinS 815:This template embeds 7226:Scientific citations 7199:No original research 6815:public mailing lists 6117:First name of author 6026:Template:Cite thesis 6015:Template:Cite thesis 5889:|citeseerx= 5830:|ol-access= 5720:"Nifty example data" 5621:|entry-url= 5524:values if possible. 5501:|entry-url= 5304:display-interviewers 5292:display-contributors 5225:em spaces wide; set 5113:, as described above 4888:Do not wikilink—use 4878:Firstname Middlename 4558:) support a special 4444:Standard Book Number 4426:Request for Comments 4276:Mathematical Reviews 4181:or a space; example 4089:ISBN § Overview 4085:Knowledge (XXG):ISBN 4028:or a space; example 3977:10.1038/news070508-7 2502:|cs1-dates= 2494:|orig-date= 2408:|orig-date= 2234:|degree=PhD 1571:|first1=... 1451:Do not wikilink—use 1441:Firstname Middlename 1194:|citeseerx= 1045:|publisher= 888:|newspaper= 356:public mailing lists 292:radio or TV episodes 174:AV media liner notes 95:This template uses 7343:Shortened footnotes 7050:Cite AV media notes 7029:Audiovisual-related 6885:unpublished reports 6658: 6644:The chapter heading 6059: 6052:Template parameters 5751: 5529: 5316:display-translators 5252:shortened footnotes 5217:to a numeric value 5111:|veditors= 5084:doubled parentheses 4787:|no-pp=yes 4738:|no-pp=yes 4495:corpus ID; example 3915:1974AJ.....79..819H 3643:HTML tag). Setting 3442:Using |format= 3394:Using |format= 2896:|no-pp=yes 2865:|page=3-12 2847:|no-pp=yes 2825:In-source locations 2450:Shortened footnotes 2406:, etc.) except for 2358:|date=n.d. 2320:Shortened footnotes 1922:shortened footnotes 1755:instead. Aliases: 1725:instead. Aliases: 1696:|vauthors= 1675:doubled parentheses 1574:|last1=... 1357:|vauthors= 1309: 1282: 1123:|subject#= 1107:|surname#= 979:|location= 892:|magazine= 792:(and is ignored if 777:(and is ignored if 680:Horizontal format: 167:Cite AV media notes 124: 104:Module:Citation/CS1 7358:Help for beginners 7310:Citation templates 7262:Referencing styles 6963:Preprint templates 6864:Cite press release 6759:edited collections 6050: 6048: 5984:, leave a note at 5894:|medrxiv= 5884:|biorxiv= 5767:|bibcode= 5749: 5713:which renders as: 5706:Nifty example data 5633:|map-url= 5527: 5505:|map-url= 5156:|mode=cs2 5148:|mode=cs1 4892:instead. Aliases: 4791:double parentheses 3965:). Aliases: none. 3947:). Aliases: none. 3692:|ref=none 3684:|ref=harv 3432:external link icon 3384:external link icon 2988:. Use only one of 2902:double parentheses 2731:) is not defined, 2689:are defined, then 2663:The Times of India 2632:The New York Times 2524:parameter. Alias: 2442:parameter, unless 1727:translator-surname 1698:as described above 1455:instead. 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Alias: none. 4755: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4650: 4647: 4637:parameter (or 4635:|url= 4604:|url= 4584: 4569: 4565: 4556:|sbn= 4540:|doi= 4535: 4534: 4523:JFM 35.0387.02 4504: 4486: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4437: 4419: 4405:|pmid=17322060 4394: 4393: 4392: 4355:PubMed Central 4348: 4330: 4312: 4287: 4269: 4254:|lccn=79-57364 4243: 4236:|jstor=3793107 4225: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4164: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4125: 4101: 4068: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4011: 4010: 4009: 3999: 3966: 3959:10.1.1.176.341 3948: 3929:10.1101/078733 3918: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3794: 3752: 3751: 3740: 3739: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3702: 3646: 3645:|ref= 3638: 3627: 3621: 3620:|ref= 3611: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3584: 3583: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3446: 3445: 3413: 3412: 3411: 3399: 3398: 3397: 3376:archive-format 3373: 3372: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3359: 3353:|url= 3349:|url= 3334: 3320:|url= 3312:|url= 3301: 3298:|url= 3287: 3281:|url= 3277:|url= 3270: 3247:|url= 3233: 3217:|url= 3210: 3132: 3045:#ixzz2rBr3aO94 3028: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3004: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2876: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2805: 2804: 2793: 2792: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2740: 2702: 2652: 2639: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2528: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2462: 2445: 2428: 2427: 2376: 2375: 2360: 2351: 2350: 2345:", like this: 2339: 2316: 2315: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2242: 2241: 2223: 2204: 2203: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2120:script-chapter 2115:script-chapter 2103:script-chapter 2091: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2073: 2072: 2061:| or 2059: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2010: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1917: 1916: 1906: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1880: 1869: 1860: 1846: 1841: 1829: 1821: 1806: 1799: 1788: 1781: 1768: 1716: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1684: 1683: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1624: 1618: 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230: 229: 223: 218:Cite CiteSeerX 211: 210: 207: 195: 194: 188: 176: 175: 172: 160: 159: 156: 144: 143: 137: 115: 114: 112: 111: 100: 93: 81: 80: 55: 17: 16: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7675: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7636: 7630: 7627: 7621: 7617: 7609: 7604: 7598: 7594: 7589: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7563:documentation 7558: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7509: 7500: 7494: 7489: 7483: 7478: 7472: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7427:Cite messages 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405:Advanced help 7403: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7233: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7194:Verifiability 7192: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7174: 7169: 7167: 7162: 7160: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7141: 7136: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116:Documentation 7114: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7084: 7078: 7073: 7067: 7062: 7056: 7051: 7045: 7040: 7039:Cite AV media 7034: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7018: 7012: 7007: 7001: 6996: 6990: 6985: 6979: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6954: 6949: 6943: 6940: 6935: 6929: 6926: 6921: 6915: 6912: 6907: 6901: 6898: 6893: 6887: 6884: 6879: 6873: 6870: 6865: 6859: 6856: 6851: 6845: 6843:news articles 6842: 6837: 6831: 6828: 6823: 6817: 6814: 6809: 6803: 6800: 6795: 6794:Cite magazine 6789: 6786: 6781: 6775: 6772: 6767: 6761: 6758: 6753: 6747: 6744: 6739: 6738:Cite document 6733: 6730: 6725: 6719: 6716: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6696: 6692: 6685: 6680: 6678: 6673: 6671: 6666: 6665: 6662: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6584: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6561: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6525: 6522: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6486: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6440: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6325: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6286: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6241: 6238: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6053: 6047: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5968: 5964: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5825:|ol= 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5770: 5764: 5753: 5747: 5728: 5723:. 2021-04-15. 5721: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5686:registration 5658: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5548: 5542: 5531: 5525: 5480: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5462: 5454: 5452: 5444: 5432: 5421: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5366: 5361: 5341: 5338: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5259: 5253: 5248: 5240: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5209:or text. Set 5208: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5108: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5061: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5023: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5002: 4989: 4982: 4974: 4967: 4959: 4951: 4944: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4921:editor-first1 4918: 4914: 4911: 4910:editor1-given 4907: 4906:editor-given1 4903: 4899: 4898:editor1-first 4895: 4894:editor-first1 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4803: 4792: 4779:|at= 4765:. Use either 4760: 4756: 4746: 4730:|at= 4712:. Use either 4707: 4704: 4699: 4696: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4632: 4627: 4598: 4590: 4580: 4579:access status 4575: 4561: 4532: 4514: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4479:|ssrn=1900856 4476: 4472: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4411: 4408:See also the 4402: 4398: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4370: 4367:See also the 4360: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4341:|osti=4367507 4338: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4305:|oclc=9355469 4302: 4301:union catalog 4299: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4214: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4180: 4177:, but not an 4176: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4116: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4099: 4097: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4058: 4057:Handle System 4054: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4027: 4024:, but not an 4023: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3983:). Aliases: 3974: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3919: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3689: 3678: 3668: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3600: 3599:MOS:DATEUNIFY 3592: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3507: 3504: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3487: 3451: 3443: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3367: 3360: 3358: 3346: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3302: 3288: 3271: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3245:to mark dead 3242: 3236: 3231: 3230: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3201:use mdy dates 3194: 3193:use dmy dates 3188: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3155: 3154:archive.today 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3119:use mdy dates 3112: 3111:use dmy dates 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3091:For example, 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3064: 3058: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3005: 2998:|at= 2979: 2975: 2969: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2926:, like this: 2924:|at= 2914: 2903: 2881: 2877: 2874: 2855: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2588: 2587:MOS:DATEUNIFY 2580: 2577: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2517: 2516:use mdy dates 2509: 2508:use dmy dates 2498:|df= 2483: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2463: 2460: 2459:disambiguator 2456: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2423: 2422:use mdy dates 2415: 2414:use dmy dates 2389: 2385: 2378: 2377: 2374:can be added. 2361: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2181: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2157:trans-chapter 2154: 2150: 2146: 2145:trans-chapter 2143: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2060: 2058: 2053: 2052: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2008: 2005:. 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Aliases: 4506: 4500: 4499:. Aliases: 4488: 4482: 4481:. Aliases: 4470: 4458: 4451: 4450:. Aliases: 4439: 4433: 4432:. Aliases: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4383:: Date that 4380: 4374: 4373:. Aliases: 4368: 4350: 4344: 4343:. Aliases: 4332: 4326: 4325:. Aliases: 4323:|ol=7030731M 4319:Open Library 4314: 4308: 4307:. Aliases: 4289: 4283: 4282:. Aliases: 4271: 4265: 4264:. Aliases: 4245: 4239: 4238:. Aliases: 4227: 4221: 4220:. Aliases: 4205: 4193: 4186: 4185:. Aliases: 4166: 4160: 4156: 4140: 4128: 4118:}} 4112:{{ 4104: 4095: 4070: 4064: 4063:. Aliases: 4052: 4040: 4033: 4032:. Aliases: 4013: 4001: 3991: 3984: 3968: 3950: 3920: 3906: 3822: 3816: 3815:. 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