138:. In all the arts there is a physical component which can no longer be considered or treated as it used to be, which cannot remain unaffected by our modern knowledge and power. For the last twenty years neither matter nor space nor time has been what it was from time immemorial. We must expect great innovations to transform the entire technique of the arts, thereby affecting artistic invention itself and perhaps even bringing about an amazing change in our very notion of art.
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303:. Consequently, the audience takes the position of the camera; approach is that of testing. This is not the approach to which cult values may be exposed." Therefore, "the film makes the cult value recede into the background, not only by putting the public in the position of the critic, but also by the fact that, at the movies, this position requires no attention."
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Benjamin said that in "the photographic image, exhibition value, for the first time, shows its superiority to cult value." In emphasising exhibition value, "the work of art becomes a creation with entirely new functions," which "later may be recognized as incidental" to the original purpose for which the artist created the
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Our fine arts were developed, their types and uses were established, in times very different from the present, by men whose power of action upon things was insignificant in comparison with ours. But the amazing growth of our techniques, the adaptability and precision they have attained, the ideas and
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The mechanical reproduction of a work of art voids its cult value, because removal from a fixed, private space (a temple) and placement in a mobile, public space (a museum) allows exhibiting the work of art to many spectators. Further explaining the transition from cult value to exhibition value,
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no longer venerated) increases the exhibition value of the artefact as art created for the spectators' appreciation, because "it is easier to exhibit a portrait bust, that can be sent here and there , than to exhibit the statue of a divinity that has its fixed place in the interior of a temple."
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of the mechanical reproduction of art also emancipated "the work of art from its parasitical dependence on ritual", thereby increasing the social value of exhibiting works of art; a social and cultural practice that has progressed from the private sphere of life (the owner's enjoyment of the
129:, to establish how works of art created and developed in past eras are different from contemporary works of art; that the understanding and treatment of art and of artistic technique must progressively develop in order to understand a work of art in the context of the modern time.
231:(uniqueness) and locale (physical and cultural); Benjamin explains that "even the most perfect reproduction of a work of art is lacking in one element: Its presence in time and space, its unique existence at the place where it happens to be" located. That the "sphere of
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independent of the mechanically accurate reproduction; yet, by changing the cultural context of where the artwork is located, the existence of the mechanical copy (an art-product) diminishes the aesthetic value of the original work of art. In that way, the
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of the original work of art, Benjamin said that "the uniqueness of a work of art is inseparable from its being embedded in the fabric of tradition", which separates the original work of art from the reproduction. Moreover, Benjamin noted that the
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value; with the other, on the exhibition value of the work. Artistic production begins with ceremonial objects destined to serve in a cult. One may assume that what mattered was their existence, not their being on view." The cult value of
179:. By reviewing the historical and technological developments of the mechanical means for reproducing a work of art, Benjamin establishes that artistic reproduction is not a modern human activity, such as the industrial arts of the
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remain covered nearly all year round; certain sculptures on medieval cathedrals are invisible to the spectator on ground level." In practice, the diminished cult value of a religious artefact (an
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of the public follow "the manner in which human sense-perception is organized the medium in which it is accomplished determined not only by Nature, but by historical circumstances, as well."
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In "The Work of Art in the Age of
Mechanical Reproduction" (1935), Walter Benjamin addresses the artistic and cultural, social, economic, and political functions of art in a capitalist society.
117:", in 1936; and (iii) the German revised edition in 1939, from which derive the contemporary English translations of the essay titled "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction".
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of art: "For the first time ever, images of art have become ephemeral, ubiquitous, insubstantial, available, valueless, free," because they are commercial products that lack the
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aesthetics of the artefacts, usually high art) to the public sphere of life, wherein the public enjoy the same aesthetics in a gallery displaying works of art.
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that permit greater accuracy in the mechanical reproduction of a work of art than would an artist manually reproducing an artefact created by a master artist.
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A paralipomena of
Benjamin's "Work of Art..." called a "A Short History of Photography", read together with the main-essay, provide a theoretical basis for
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The original essay, "The Work of Art in the Age of its
Technological Reproducibility", was published in three editions: (i) the German edition, "
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The social value of a work of art changes as a society change their value systems; thus the changes in artistic styles and in the
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760:(1932-1941) - Download the original text in French, "L'œuvre d'art à l'époque de sa reproduction méchanisée," in the
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Benjamin presents the thematic bases for a theory of art by quoting the essay "The
Conquest of Ubiquity" (1928), by
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is outside the technical " of mechanised reproduction. Therefore, in being unique, the original work of art is an
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Scannell, Paddy. (2003) "Benjamin
Contextualized: On 'The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction'" in
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habits they are creating, make it a certainty that profound changes are impending in the ancient craft of
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Benjamin, Walter. "The Work of Art in the Age of
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A Philosophical
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Notes on Walter Benjamin, "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction"
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Canonic Texts in Media Research: Are There Any? Should There Be? How About These?
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which proposes and explains that mechanical reproduction devalues the
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Sontag, Susan; Benjamin, Walter. "Introduction (by Susan Sontag)".
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of a work of art – is absent from the mechanically produced copy.
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Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit
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661:. Internet Archive. New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
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495:, a commentary by Gareth Griffiths, Aalto University, 2011.
533:"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,"
59:(1933–1945) in Germany, in the essay Benjamin presents a
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Jahrgang V, Félix Alcan, Paris, 1936, pp. 40–68 (23MB)
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Benjamin, Walter. ""A Short History of Photography"".
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Ideas initially presented in this article also inform
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The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
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The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
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L'œuvre d'art à l'époque de sa reproduction mécanisée
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The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
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70:The subject and themes of Benjamin's essay: the
147:In the preface to the essay, Benjamin presents
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531:Walter Benjamin (1968). Hannah Arendt (ed.).
505:Paul Valéry, La Conquête de l'ubiquité (1928)
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630:. Penguin Books, London, 1972, pp. 32–34.
191:(12th–9th c. BC), and the modern arts of
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295:As a medium of artistic production, the
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776:, with commentary by Detlev Schöttker
747:Complete text of the essay, translated
737:Complete text of the essay, translated
111:", in 1935; (ii) the French edition, "
3177:Contemporary philosophical literature
751:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
256:Regarding the social functions of an
211:, which are industrial techniques of
159:in a capitalist society, both in the
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538:. London: Fontana. pp. 214–18.
642:One-Way Street & Other Writings
51:would be inherently based upon the
687:Sontag, Susan. "Walter Benjamin".
406:famous slogan or conception that "
151:analyses of the organisation of a
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3182:Books in philosophy of technology
783:A comment to the essay on diségno
594:"Cult vs. Exhibition, Section II"
442:(2011) Routledge, London, p. 0000
2983:The Closing of the American Mind
2903:Civilization and Its Discontents
2883:A Vindication of Natural Society
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674:One Way St. & Other Writings
461:(Eds.) Polity Press, Cambridge.
380:of authenticity of the original
55:of politics. Written during the
762:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Sozialforschung
758:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Sozialforschung
301:identification with the camera
227:of a work of art derives from
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2873:Oration on the Dignity of Man
16:1935 essay by Walter Benjamin
2943:The Society of the Spectacle
1658:Aestheticization of politics
313:Aestheticization of politics
155:society and of the place of
84:aestheticization of politics
82:of the work of art; and the
702:Russell, Catherine (2004).
561:(2008). "Benjamin's Aura,"
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482:, Routledge, London, 2011.
372:, cultural, and political
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252:Value: cult and exhibition
3162:Essays in literary theory
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3013:Intellectuals and Society
2963:The Culture of Narcissism
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774:Partial text of the essay
408:the medium is the message
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3172:Works by Walter Benjamin
3003:The Malaise of Modernity
2953:The History of Sexuality
2052:Catholic social teaching
689:Under the Sign of Saturn
3083:Philosophy of education
1678:Evolutionary aesthetics
1628:The Aesthetic Dimension
769:Complete text in German
480:Benjamin for Architects
440:Benjamin for Architects
193:woodcut relief-printing
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1558:Lectures on Aesthetics
655:Sontag, Susan (1977).
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74:of a work of art; the
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3078:Philosophy of culture
2973:A Conflict of Visions
1753:Philosophy portal
169:economic exploitation
78:of the artefact; the
76:artistic authenticity
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3093:Political philosophy
2893:Democracy in America
1698:Philosophy of design
1578:In Praise of Shadows
1568:The Critic as Artist
565:No. 34 (Winter 2008)
559:Hansen, Miriam Bratu
92:architectural theory
2933:One-Dimensional Man
1708:Philosophy of music
1683:Mathematical beauty
246:aesthetic authority
143:Artistic production
3053:Cultural pessimism
3048:Cultural criticism
1947:National character
1703:Philosophy of film
1693:Patterns in nature
1663:Applied aesthetics
1638:Why Beauty Matters
1424:Life imitating art
1285:Art for art's sake
420:Art for art's sake
404:Marshall McLuhan's
177:abolish capitalism
80:cultural authority
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37:cultural criticism
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1985:Social alienation
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2049:
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2028:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1973:
1968:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1915:Invisible hand
1912:
1907:
1902:
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1900:
1890:
1885:
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1875:
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1869:
1868:
1858:
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1715:
1710:
1705:
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1695:
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1688:Neuroesthetics
1685:
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1668:Arts criticism
1665:
1660:
1654:
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1624:
1614:
1604:
1594:
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1538:On the Sublime
1534:
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1514:
1503:
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1497:
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1458:
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1409:
1404:
1402:Interpretation
1399:
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1379:
1374:
1369:
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1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
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1317:
1312:
1302:
1297:
1295:Artistic merit
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1249:
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1079:
1074:
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1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
983:
981:
977:
976:
974:
973:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
944:Psychoanalysis
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
895:
893:
889:
888:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
829:
827:
823:
822:
817:
815:
814:
807:
800:
792:
786:
785:
780:
771:
766:
754:
744:
732:
731:External links
729:
726:
725:
708:Cinema Journal
694:
679:
664:
658:On photography
647:
632:
628:Ways of Seeing
626:Berger, John.
619:
610:
585:
567:
551:
544:
516:
507:
498:
484:
471:
444:
430:
429:
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396:On Photography
391:Susan Sontag's
345:Ways of Seeing
339:
336:
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250:
220:
217:
189:Ancient Greece
165:private sphere
144:
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122:
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15:
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2:
3194:
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3120:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Social theory
3106:
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3101:
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3096:
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3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
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2762:Radhakrishnan
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2529:
2527:
2523:20th and 21st
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
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2327:
2325:
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2319:
2315:18th and 19th
2313:
2307:
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2299:
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2201:
2198:
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2185:
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2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
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2137:
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2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2092:
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2077:
2076:
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2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
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2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1955:
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1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
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1918:
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1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
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1718:Theory of art
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1540:
1539:
1535:
1530:
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1525:
1520:
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1515:
1510:
1509:
1508:Hippias Major
1505:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
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1417:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1405:
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1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
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1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:Entertainment
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
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1335:
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1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:Art manifesto
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:Appropriation
1278:
1277:
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1193:
1190:
1188:
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1183:
1180:
1178:
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1173:
1172:Merleau-Ponty
1170:
1168:
1165:
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1160:
1158:
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1018:
1015:
1013:
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1008:
1005:
1003:
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998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
987:Abhinavagupta
985:
984:
982:
978:
972:
971:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
939:Postmodernism
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
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890:
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849:
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839:
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813:
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799:
794:
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765:
763:
759:
755:
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748:
745:
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734:
730:
721:
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713:
709:
705:
698:
695:
690:
683:
680:
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668:
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660:
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643:
636:
633:
629:
623:
620:
614:
611:
599:
595:
589:
586:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
552:
547:
545:9781407085500
541:
537:
535:Illuminations
534:
527:
525:
523:
521:
517:
511:
508:
502:
499:
496:
494:
488:
485:
481:
475:
472:
468:
467:9780745629346
464:
460:
456:
455:
448:
445:
441:
435:
432:
425:
421:
418:
417:
413:
411:
409:
405:
400:
398:
397:
392:
387:
385:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:
337:
335:
332:
331:ritualization
327:
322:
320:
314:
306:
304:
302:
298:
293:
291:
285:
282:
278:
274:
273:
268:
267:religious art
263:
259:
251:
249:
247:
244:– the unique
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
218:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:public sphere
158:
154:
150:
142:
139:
137:
136:the Beautiful
130:
128:
120:
118:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
66:
62:
61:theory of art
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
31:" (1935), by
30:
21:
3011:
3001:
2991:
2981:
2971:
2961:
2951:
2941:
2931:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2891:
2881:
2871:
2861:
2281:Guicciardini
2264:Early modern
2100:Philosophers
2074:Conservatism
2069:Confucianism
2057:Distributism
1990:Social norms
1978:Sittlichkeit
1964:Ressentiment
1910:Institutions
1888:Human nature
1636:
1626:
1616:
1597:
1586:
1576:
1556:
1546:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1506:
1453:
1429:Magnificence
1411:
1261:
1227:Schopenhauer
1062:Coomaraswamy
980:Philosophers
968:
899:Aestheticism
761:
757:
741:Marxists.org
714:(3): 81–85.
711:
707:
697:
688:
682:
673:
667:
657:
650:
641:
635:
627:
622:
613:
602:. Retrieved
600:. 2016-07-20
597:
588:
562:
554:
536:
532:
510:
501:
492:
487:
479:
474:
469:. pp. 74–89.
458:
452:
447:
439:
434:
401:
394:
388:
381:
377:
362:racial caste
358:social class
343:
341:
325:
323:
316:
294:
289:
286:
270:
255:
241:
236:
233:authenticity
229:authenticity
224:
222:
219:Authenticity
146:
132:
124:
104:
100:media theory
71:
69:
65:mass culture
40:
28:
26:
3157:1936 essays
3068:Historicism
2897:(1835–1840)
2863:De Officiis
2587:de Beauvoir
2557:Baudrillard
2509:Vivekananda
2499:Tocqueville
2414:Kierkegaard
2230:Ibn Khaldun
2200:Alpharabius
2091:Personalism
2000:Stewardship
1957:Reification
1952:Natural law
1873:Familialism
1839:Culturalism
1522:(c. 335 BC)
1512:(c. 390 BC)
1491:Work of art
1444:Picturesque
1300:Avant-garde
1257:Winckelmann
1132:Kierkegaard
1057:Collingwood
1027:Baudrillard
954:Romanticism
924:Historicism
858:Mathematics
778:(in German)
383:objet d'art
350:John Berger
290:objet d'art
237:objet d'art
209:photography
205:lithography
173:proletariat
163:and in the
127:Paul Valéry
88:art history
57:Nazi régime
45:work of art
3141:Categories
3073:Humanities
3033:Agnotology
2692:Kołakowski
2255:Ibn Tufayl
2235:Maimonides
2179:Thucydides
2174:Tertullian
2129:Lactantius
2024:Volksgeist
2005:Traditions
1819:Convention
1461:Recreation
1439:Perception
1332:Creativity
1032:Baumgarten
1022:Baudelaire
904:Classicism
819:Aesthetics
604:2020-05-22
426:References
311:See also:
275:; certain
185:stamp mill
153:capitalist
3113:Sociology
3063:Historism
2772:Santayana
2742:Oakeshott
2712:MacIntyre
2697:Kropotkin
2672:Heidegger
2525:centuries
2439:Nietzsche
2404:Jefferson
2389:Helvétius
2354:Condorcet
2317:centuries
2301:Montaigne
2124:Confucius
2114:Augustine
2031:Worldview
1925:Modernity
1898:Formation
1466:Reverence
1372:Eroticism
1342:Depiction
1315:Masculine
1217:Santayana
1177:Nietzsche
1122:Hutcheson
1112:Heidegger
1097:Greenberg
1052:Coleridge
1017:Balthasar
1002:Aristotle
964:Theosophy
959:Symbolism
934:Modernism
919:Formalism
720:0009-7101
374:authority
370:aesthetic
366:commodity
338:Influence
197:engraving
3126:Category
3038:Axiology
3026:See also
2817:Voegelin
2807:Spengler
2782:Shariati
2737:Nussbaum
2722:Maritain
2682:Irigaray
2662:Habermas
2627:Foucault
2612:Durkheim
2514:Voltaire
2479:de Staël
2454:Rousseau
2379:Franklin
2240:Muhammad
2225:Gelasius
2210:Avempace
2193:Medieval
2169:Polybius
2164:Plutarch
1930:Morality
1905:Ideology
1893:Identity
1802:Concepts
1741:Category
1673:Axiology
1542:(c. 500)
1532:(c. 100)
1407:Judgment
1362:Emotions
1357:Elegance
1337:Cuteness
1310:Feminine
1273:Concepts
1242:Tanizaki
1222:Schiller
1207:Richards
1197:Rancière
1167:Maritain
1102:Hanslick
1042:Benjamin
914:Feminism
883:Theology
863:Medieval
853:Japanese
848:Internet
676:. Verso.
644:. Verso.
414:See also
348:(1972),
277:madonnas
258:artefact
183:and the
157:the arts
2867:(44 BC)
2797:Sombart
2792:Skinner
2777:Scruton
2757:Polanyi
2732:Niebuhr
2717:Marcuse
2652:Gramsci
2647:Gentile
2607:Du Bois
2597:Deleuze
2567:Benoist
2537:Agamben
2494:Thoreau
2484:Stirner
2474:Spencer
2424:Le Play
2374:Fourier
2359:Emerson
2344:Carlyle
2329:Bentham
2306:MĂĽntzer
2276:Erasmus
2250:Plethon
2245:Photios
2205:Aquinas
2139:Mencius
2107:Ancient
2040:Schools
1920:Loyalty
1878:History
1866:Counter
1861:Culture
1829:Customs
1736:Outline
1651:Related
1518:Poetics
1486:Tragedy
1476:Sublime
1449:Quality
1434:Mimesis
1392:Harmony
1377:Fashion
1352:Ecstasy
1347:Disgust
1263:more...
1232:Scruton
1157:Lyotard
1092:Goodman
1072:Deleuze
1007:Aquinas
997:Alberti
970:more...
949:Realism
929:Marxism
909:Fascism
892:Schools
878:Science
833:Ancient
457:, Katz
201:etching
181:foundry
171:of the
149:Marxist
121:Summary
3058:Ethics
3017:(2010)
3007:(1991)
2997:(1990)
2987:(1987)
2977:(1987)
2967:(1979)
2957:(1976)
2947:(1967)
2937:(1964)
2927:(1949)
2917:(1935)
2907:(1930)
2887:(1756)
2877:(1486)
2822:Walzer
2812:Taylor
2802:Sowell
2787:Simmel
2752:Pareto
2747:Ortega
2657:Guénon
2642:Gehlen
2637:Gandhi
2592:Debord
2577:Butler
2572:Berlin
2562:Bauman
2552:Badiou
2542:Arendt
2532:Adorno
2464:Ruskin
2419:Le Bon
2394:Herder
2369:Fichte
2364:Engels
2334:Bonald
2324:Arnold
2296:Milton
2291:Luther
2271:Calvin
2149:Origen
2119:Cicero
2079:Social
2015:Family
2010:Values
1971:Rights
1935:Public
1883:Honour
1814:Anomie
1809:Agency
1642:(2009)
1632:(1977)
1622:(1946)
1612:(1939)
1602:(1935)
1592:(1934)
1582:(1933)
1572:(1891)
1562:(1835)
1552:(1757)
1419:Kitsch
1397:Humour
1327:Comedy
1305:Beauty
1247:Vasari
1237:Tagore
1212:Ruskin
1152:Lukács
1142:Langer
1087:Goethe
1012:Balázs
992:Adorno
873:Nature
838:Africa
718:
542:
465:
459:et al.
297:cinema
207:, and
98:, and
53:praxis
2855:Works
2842:Žižek
2827:Weber
2767:Röpke
2727:Negri
2707:Lasch
2677:Hoppe
2632:Fromm
2622:Evola
2602:Dewey
2582:Camus
2489:Taine
2469:Smith
2459:Royce
2449:Renan
2384:Hegel
2349:Comte
2339:Burke
2286:Locke
2220:Dante
2215:Bruni
2184:Xunzi
2159:Plato
2154:Philo
2134:Laozi
1942:Mores
1854:Multi
1844:Inter
1731:Index
1500:Works
1481:Taste
1471:Style
1252:Wilde
1192:Plato
1187:Pater
1147:Lipps
1107:Hegel
1077:Dewey
1067:Danto
1047:Burke
868:Music
843:India
826:Areas
272:cella
2837:Zinn
2832:Weil
2702:Land
2687:Kirk
2547:Aron
2504:Vico
2444:Owen
2434:Mill
2429:Marx
2409:Kant
2399:Hume
2144:Mozi
1849:Mono
1455:Rasa
1413:Kama
1387:Gaze
1322:Camp
1202:Rand
1137:Klee
1127:Kant
1117:Hume
1037:Bell
716:ISSN
540:ISBN
463:ISBN
378:aura
360:and
326:aura
281:icon
262:cult
242:aura
225:aura
223:The
195:and
90:and
72:aura
41:aura
2667:Han
2617:Eco
1382:Fun
1162:Man
1082:Fry
410:".
356:of
187:in
49:art
3143::
1610:"
1600:"
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712:43
710:.
706:.
596:.
570:^
519:^
399:.
386:.
292:.
203:,
199:,
102:.
94:,
67:.
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1780:t
1773:v
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743:)
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